Saurashtra University
Rajkot, Gujarat
Arya, K. A. 2010. A study of the existing values in Trainees of Education
Faculty of Saurashtra University. Thesis (Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)).
Saurashtra University.
http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/id/eprint/1
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;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8LGL lX1F6 lJnFXFBFGF
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A Study of The Existing Values in
Trainees of Education Faculty of Saurashtra University
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STATEMENT UNDER UNIVERSITY Ph. D. RULES
ORDI. Ph.D. 7
I here by declare that,
(1)
The research work embodied in this thesis on A Study of the
Existing Values in Trainees of Education Faculty of
Saurashtra University submitted for Ph. D. degree has not been
submitted for my other degree of this or any other University on
any previous occasion.
(2)
To the best of my knowledge no work of this type has been reported
on the above subject Since I have discovered new relations of facts,
this work can be considered to be contributory to the advancement
of knowledge on psychology and education ; and
(3)
All the work presented in the thesis is original and wherever
references have been made to the work of others; it has been clearly
indicated as such and the sources of information are included in
the bibliography.
Counter signed by
Signature of the
the Guiding Teacher
Research Student
Date :
Date :
Registration No . 3148, Date : 31/03/2004
II
CERITIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This thesis is directed and supervised by the candidate’s
guide has been accepted by the Smt. J.J. Kundaliya Graduate
Teachers' College, Rajkot in fulfillment of the requirement for
the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
[ EUDCATION ]
Title :
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8LGL lX1F6 lJnFXFBFGF
TF,LDFYL"VMDF\ 5|JT"DFG D}<IM o V[S VeIF;
A Study of the Existing Values in
Trainees of Education Faculty of Saurashtra University
Candidate: Dr. KALADHAR A. ARYA
(Dr. K.V. Rathod )
( Dr. K.M. Donga)
Guide
Principal
Smt.J.J. Kundaliya Graduate
Smt.J.J. Kundaliya Graduate
Teachers' College, Rajkot
Teachers' College,
Rajkot - 360 003
Rajkot - 360 003
Date :
Date :
III
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VYF"TŸ H[ 5|SFZG]\ 7FG CX[ V[JL H .rKF VG[ 5|J'l¿ CX[4 5lZ6FD[ H[JL .rKF HFU'T YX[ T[JL H
S'lTG]\ lGDF"6 YX[P VFGF 5ZYL VF56[ V[JF lGQSQF" 5Z 5CM\RL XSLV[ S[ p¿D O/ DF8[ jIlSTG[ p¿D
5|SFZGF lJRFZM4 A]lâ VG[ lX1F6 ;CH ZLT[ 5|F%T YJF HF[.V[P
SM.56 ZFQ8= VYJF ;DFHG] \ :YFGF\ S G VG[ D} < IF\ S G T[ ZFQ8= G F GFUlZSM VG[ T[ ;DFHGF
jIlSTVMGF D}<IF\SGG[ DF5N\0 TZLS[ :JLSFZLG[ SZJFDF\ VFJT]\ CMI K[P D},To jIlSTGF U]6,1F6GF
VFWFZ[ ;DU| ;DFHG]\ ccRFlZœIcc 5ZBFT]\ CMI K[P ;rRlZ+ ;DFH VG[ ZFQ8=GF lGDF"6 VY[" VF AgG[GF
V[SD[J T[DH VlGJFI" 38S U6FTF jIlSTG]\ RlZ+ D}<IAâ CMJ]\ H~ZL K[P 5|:T]T VeIF;GF VFWFZ[
lX1F61F[+ VG[ TTŸ;\NE[" lX1F6 lJnFXFBFGF lJnFYL"VM VG[ EFlJ lX1FSMGL D}<IM,1FL lJEFJGF VG[
VlEWFZ6FGL HF6SFZLGF DFwIDYL D}<IAâTF S[/JJF V\U[GM lNXFlGN["X 5|F%T Y. XSX[P
7
7FGXlST4PP SFI"XlST4PP VG[ .rKFXlSTGM ;DgJI ;FWLG[ lX1FS :J~5[ lJlJW D}<IMG[ VFtD;FTŸ
SZLG[ DFGJÒJGGL S[0LG[ S\0FZJFG]\ SFI" H[D6[ ;\5gG SZJFG]\ K[ T[JF EFlJ lX1FSMDF\ D}<I,1FL ;EFGTF
S[/JJFGF zLU6[X 5|:T]T ;\XMWGGF DFwIDYL Y. XSX[P
lJlJW lJnFXFBFVMDF\YL :GFTSvVG]:GFTSGL 5NJL 5|F%T SZL lX1F6 lJnFXFBFDF\ lJlXQ8 7FG
5|F%T SZJFGL h\BGF ;FY[ SFI"ZT YI[,F lJnFYL"VM lX1F6 lJnFXFBFGF ;FDFlHS DCÀJG[ ;DH[v:JLSFZ[
VG[ D}<IlGQ9 ;DFH ZRGFGF ;FZlY :J~5[ 5MTFG]\ ;FDFlHS p¿ZNFlItJ lGEFJJF 5|J'¿ AGL XS[ T[
DF8[GF\ :JI\ :5Q8 TFZ6M 5|:T]T ;\XMWGGF VFWFZ[ 5|F%T Y. XSX[P
!P) VeIF;GM jIF5 o
5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[DF ;G[ Z__$v_5 GF X{1Fl6S JQF"
NZdIFG VeIF; SZTF\ TF,LDFYL"VMG[ GD}GF TZLS[ 5;\N SZJFDF\ VFjIF CTFP
!P!_ VeIF;GL DIF" N FVM o
5|:T]T VeIF;DF\ ;\XMWS[ GLR[ NXF"jIFG];FZ DIF"NFVMGM :JLSFZ SIM" CTMP
!P
5|:T]T VeIF; ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[DF\ X{1Fl6SvJQF" Z__$v_5
NZdIFG VeIF; SZTF TF,LDFYL"VM 5}ZTM DIF"lNT CTMP
ZP
5|:T]T VeIF; ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸPSM,[HF[ 5{SL OST U]HZFTL DFwIDGL
ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[ 5}ZTM H DIF"lNT CTMP
#P
5|:T]T VeIF; ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8LGL lX1F6 lJnFXFBF C[9/ VFJZL ,[JFDF\ VFJ[,F
lJlJW VeIF;ÊDM H[JF S[ ALPV[0ŸP4 ALP5LPV[0ŸP4 V[DPV[0ŸP4 V[DP5LPV[0ŸP4 V[DPlO,P4
5LPV[RP0LP 5{SL OST ALPV[0ŸP GF TF,LDFYL"VM 5}ZTM DIF"lNT CTMP
$P
5|:T]T VeIF; ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[DF\ VeIF; SZTF\ TF,LDFYL"VMDF\
5|JT"TF jIlSTUT4 ;FDFlHS4 ;F\:S'lTS4 VFlY"S4 ZFQ8=LI4 G{lTS VG[ VFwIFltDS D}<IMGF
VeIF; 5}ZTM H ;LlDT CTMP
!P!! CJ[ 5KLGF\ 5| S Z6MGL ~5Z[ B F
5|:T]T VeIF;GF 5lZ5FS ~5[ T{IFZ SZJFDF\ VFJGFZF ;\XF[WGVC[JF,G[ GLR[ NXF"jIFG];FZ
5|SZ6F[DF\ lJEFlHT SZJFDF\ VFJ[, K[
5| S Z6v Z ;\ A \ l WT ;FlCtIGL ;DL1FF
5|:T]T 5|SZ6DF\ ;\XMWGGL ;D:IFG[ ;\A\lWT V[JF E}TSF/DF\ CFY WZFI[,F ;\XMWGMG[ 8}\SDF\
ZH} SZJFDF\ VFjIF\ K[P tIFZAFN VF ;\XMWGGL ;DL1FF 56 NXF"JJFDF\ VFJL K[P K[J8[ 5|:T]T ;\XMWGGF
VeIF;GL lJX[QFTF 56 ZH} SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P
5| S Z6 v # ;\ X MWGGL VFWFZlX,F VG[ ;\ X MWGIF[ H GF
5|:T]T 5|SZ6DF\ VeIF;GL ;\XMWGIMHGF V\U[GL lJUTM ZH} SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P H[DF\ jIF5lJ`J4
GD}GF 5;\NUL4 ;\XMWG 5âlT4 p5SZ64 p5SZ6 ;\ZRGF4 p5SZ6GL lJ`J;GLITF VG[ IYFY"TF4
DFlCTLG]\ V[S+LSZ6 VG[ 5'YÞZ6 V\U[GL lJUTM NXF"JJFDF\ VFJL K[P
8
5| S Z6 v $ DFlCTLG] \ 5' Y ÞZ6 VG[ VY" 3 8G
;DU| ;\XF[WGGF\ ìNI;ZLBF 5|:T]T 5|SZ6DF\ 5|F%T YI[,F 5|F%TF\SF[G]\ J{7FlGS -A[ VF\S0F XF:+LI
5âTLVF[GF[ p5IF[U SZL DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G ZH] SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ K[P
5| S Z6v 5 VG]SFI" v D] , FSFT (interview)
5|:T]T D}<I 5|JT"G DF5N\0 äFZF DFlCTLG]\ VY"38G VG[ 5'YÞZ6 SI"] o
T[GF 5ZYL TFZ6M TFZJJFDF\ VFjIFP H]NL H]NL lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VMGL 5F;[YL GÞL SZ[,F
D}<IM lJX[ TFZ6M D?IFP CJ[4 VwIF5SM 56 D}<I lX1F6G]\ X]\ D\TjI WZFJ[ K[ T[ Ô6J]\ H~ZL ,FuI]\P T[YL D],FSFT
äFZF VG]SFI" SZJFG]\ ;\XMWS[ DFU"NX"SzL ;FY[ A[;LG[ GÞL SI]"P
T[YL D],FSFT5+S T{IFZ SZL T[GF VFWFZ[ D}<IlX1F6 V\U[GF\ VwIF5SzLVMGF D\TjIM D[/JJFDF\
VFjIFP T[GL RRF" 5|:T]T 5|SZ6DF\ SZJFDF\ VFJ[, K[P
5| S Z6v& ;FZF\X4 TFZ6F[4 Ol,TFYF[" VG[ E,FD6F[
5|:T]T 5|SZ6DF\ VeIF;G[ V\T[ 5|F%T YI[,F\ TFZ6M4 Ol,TFYM"4 EFlJ ;\XMWG V\U[GL lJUTM
NXF"JLG[;\XF[WG VC[JF,G\] ;DF5G SZJFDF\ VFJ[, K[P ;DU| VC[JF, S], K 5|SZ6DF\ ZH} SZLG[ V\T[ ;\NE"
;FlCtIGL ;}lR NXFJLG[ ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GL IFNL GD}GFDF\ ;DFlJQ8 SM,[HF[GL IFNL4
D}<I5|JT"G DF5N\0GF\ lJWFGF[4 D}<I5|JT"G DF5N\0 VG[ D],FSFT 5+S 5lZlXQ8 :J~5[ NXF"JJFDF\ VFJ[, K[P
9
5| S Z6 v Z
;\ N E" ; FlCtIGL ;DL1FF
ZP! 5| : TFJGF
;\XMWG 5|lS|IFDF\ ;\NE" ;FlCtIGM é\0F65}J"SGM VeIF; VlGJFI" K[P XMW4 XMWG VG[ ;\XMWGGF
5Y 5ZGL VlJZT IF+FDF\ SNDM DF\0JF DF8[GL NLW"¹lQ8 ;}h4 ;\NE";FlCtIGF Z;5}J"SGF é\0F6I]ST
VeIF;YL 5|F%T YFI K[P H[GF ;CFZ[ ;\XMWGIF+FGM 5|JF; VFZ\EFI K[ T[JF plRT ;\NE"U|\YM ;\XMWSGF\
;DU| SFI" NZdIFG 5|SFX5}\H 5|;ZFJL4 ;\XMWG DFU"G[ h/FC/F\ SZL XMWIF+FG[ VFU/ W5FJJFDF\ 5Y
5|NX"S AG[ K[P
5|:T]T 5|SZ6DF\ ;\NE";FlCtI ;DL1FFG]\ DCÀJ4PP ;{âF\lTS VFWFZ4PP jIJCFZ] VFWFZ4PP 5]ZMUFDL
;\XMWGMGL ,F1Fl6STFVMG]\ lJ`,[QF6 VG[ ;\XMWGGL lJX[QFTFG[ VFJZL ,. T[GL RRF" SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P
ZPZ ;\ N E" ; FlCtI ;DL1FFG] \ DCÀJ
38GFVMG]\ SFI" 38T]\ ZC[J]\ VG[ ;DIG]\ SFI" 5;FZ Y. HJ]\4PP ;'lQ8GL pt5l¿YL VFZ\ELG[ VFH
5I"\T VG[S 38GFVM 38L R}SL K[ VG[ ;DIGF JC[6 JCF. R}SIF K[P VFD KTF\ 38L R}S[,L 38GFGF VFWFZ[
JT"DFG S[ EFlJGM lJRFZ SZLG[4PP T[GL ;FY[ ;]IMuI VG]A\W AF\WLV[ TF[ V[SND ;Z/TFYL VFU/ W5L
HJFI K[ T[ :JLSFZJ]\ H Zæ]\ ;\XMWGGF p5,1IDF\ ;\NE";FlCtIGM VeIF; VYJF ;\NE";FlCtIGL ;DL1FF
V[ ;F\5|T ;DIGL ;D:IFGF ;DFWFG DF8[ YGFZF 5]Z]QFFY"DF\ VG]EJFTL D}\hJ6MG[ N}Z SZGFZ]\ VlT DCÀJG]\
5F;]\ 5]ZJFZ YFI K[P
;\NE" ;FlCtIGL ;DL1FF SZJFYL ;\XMWS ;D1F SFIF"Z\E[ H SFI" DF8[GL :JI\:5Q8 ~5Z[BF ;FY[ GJF
1F[ + DF\ SFI" SZJF DF8[ G M lNXFlGN[ " X 4PP SF{ ; <I;EZ 5| I MUXL,TF4PP ;\ X MWGSFI" G L VUtI VG[
VFJxISTF,1FL ;EFGTFI]ST lNXFGF åFZM B],L HFI K[P
;\NE";FlCtIGF VeIF;G]\ DCÀJ VG[ H~lZIFT NXF"JTF lJlJW lJ£HŸHGMGF lJRFZM 5Z V[S
GHZ GFBLV[4PP
"A Review of related literature help the investigator to get the
frontier in the field of his/her research and develop a research
project which will contribute something to the knowledge
already existing in the field "
- Kulabirsing Sidhu
"The review of the reference literature is essential to the
development of the problem and to the derivation of effective
approach to it's solution "
- George J. Moully
10
;\XMWSG[ T[DGL ;\XMWGIF+FDF\ 5|tI[S 5U,[ 5Y5|NX"S 5]ZJFZ YTF\ ;\NE";FlCtIGF\ ;DL1FF,1FL
5F;F\GL V;ZSFZSTF GLR[ NXF"J[,F\ S[8,F\S lJWFGMYL :5Q8 éEZL VFJ[ K[P
’
lAGH~ZL 5]GZFJT"G V8SFJL XSFI K[P
’
;D:IFGF :J~5 V\U[GL VF\TZ¹lQ8GM VFlJEF"J YFI K[P
’
:5Q8 VG[ V;ZSFZS ptS<5GFVMGL ZRGFDF\ p5IMUL GLJ0[ K[P
’
;\XMWG DF8[GL plRT 5âlTVM lJX[G]\ ;CH DFU"NX"G 5|F%T YFI K[P
’
;D:IF ;FY[ ;\A\lWT VG[S AFATMGM T],GFtDS VeIF; SZJFGM VJ;Z 5|F%T YFI K[P
8}\SDF\4 5}J[" YI[,F VeIF;MG]\ lJC\UFJ,MSG SZJFYL ;\XMWS 5MTFGL ;D:IFG[ JWFZ[ GÒSYL VG[
é\0F65}J"S lGCF/L XSJFGL 1FDTF 5|F%T SZ[ K[ H[GF ;CFZ[ ;EFGTFI]ST VJ:YF WFZ6 SZL ;\XMWGSFI"
VFU/ W5FJJFG]\ ;\EJ[ K[P
ZP# ;{ w WF\ l TS VFWFZ
ccD}<IMcc G[ DwIGHZ ZFBL VFZ\EJFDF\ VFJ[,F ;\XMWG SFI"DF\ VFU/ W5LV[ T[ 5}J[" D}<I lJQFIS
lJRFZM VG[ H[GF DFwIDYL D}<IMG]\ 5|JT"G YFI K[ T[ S[/J6L VYJF lX1F6lJQFIS lJRFZMYL :5Q8 Y.V[
T[ 5}J[" D}<IlX1F6 V\U[GF zL VZlJ\NGF lJRFZM p5Z NlQ85FT SZLV[4PPP
cc DFGJLGL G{ l TS 5| S ' l T ;FY[ SFD ,[ J F DF8[ +6 AFATM VUtIGL K[ 4 PPP
s!f EFJM (Emotions)
sZf ;\ : SFZM VYJF ~- AG[ , L VFNTM T[ D H ;FCRIM" (Associations)
s#f RFlZ
RFlZœœ I v :JEFJ (Character)
DFGJ[ G{ l TS S[ / J6L D[ / JJL CMI TM T[ G M V[ S DF+ DFU" K[ ;FRF EFJM4PPP ;JM" r R
;\ : SFZM VG[ z[ Q 9 DFGl;SvEFJFtDS XFZLlZS VFNTMGM :JI\ D F\ VFlJEF" J SZLG[ 5MTFGL
;FRL 5| S ' l TGF D} / E} T VFJ[ U MG[ ;FRF JT" G DF\ D} S JFPcc
zL VZlJ\ N
zL VZlJ\NGF pST lJRFZ 5ZYL V[8,]\ Ol,T YFI K[ S[ ;FRM EFJ4 p¿D ;\:SFZ VG[ z[Q9 :JEFJGL
S[/J6L VF5T]\ lX1F6 V[ D}<IlX1F6 K[P
CJ[ D}<I lX1F6GF ;\NE"DF\ ccD}<IMcc VG[ cclX1F6cc XaNMG[ V,U V,U lJ£FGMGL jIFbIF VYJF
lJRFZMYL ;DÒV[P
ZP#P! D} < IGM VY"
D}<I ;\7F V[ TÀJMGL nMTSvJFRS K[4 H[G[ N[BLTL ZLT[ H D}, ;FY[ V[8,[ S[ ÒJG VG[ HUTGF\
D}/E}T TÀJM ;FY[ ;\A\W K[P D}<I V[ l+SF,FAFlWT ;tI K[4 D}<IG[ DFGJ ;FY[ GCÄ 5Z\T] DFGJTF ;FY[
;\A\W K[4 D}<I V[ DFGJTFGF\ DC[\STF\ :5\NGM K[4 ÒJG VG[ HUTDF\ H[ S\. GÞZv;\ULGv8SFp VG[ ÒJ\T
K[4 ZRGFtDS VG[ z[I:SZ K[4 ;TŸvlR¿vVFG\N H[JF\ TÀJMG[ ;\JFNL K[ T[ AWF\GL ;FY[ D}<IMG[ UF- ,UFJ
VG[ ê0F6EIM" ;\A\W K[P D}<I :Y/ v SF/GF\ A\WGMYL D]ÉT J{l`JS VG[ lRZ\TG K[4 D}<IMGM D},FWFZ
ÔU|T VFtDFG]\ VF\TlZS V[StJ K[P X{1Fl6S TÀJ7FGDF\ D}<IGL ;\S<5GF +6 :J~5[ ZH} SZJFDF\ VFJL K[4
s!f XFlaNS :J~5[
sZf lJJZ6FtDS :J~5[
s#f jIJCFZ] :J~5[
11
VF +6[I :J~5DF\ XFlaNS lJEFJGF XaNSMQFGF VFWFZ[4 lJJZ6FtDS lJEFJGF E}TSF/DF\
:J~5Aâ SZLG[ VG[ jIJCFZ] lJEFJGF lJJZ6FtDS jIFbIFGF SM. V[SFN 5F;FG[ VFJZL ,.G[ ZH}
SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
" XFlaNS :J~5[ XaNSMQF VG] ; FZ o
D}<I V[8,[ SX]\S p5IMUL4PP U]6J¿FI]ST4PP DCÀJG\]4PP D[/JJF IMuI4PP S[ D},JL XSFI T[[J]\ 4PP V[JM
VY" 5|F%T YFI K[P VCL\ jIlSTG[ DG H[ T[ J:T]G\] DCtJ4PP U]6J¿F S[ D[/JJF DF8[GL VFJxISTFGM ;\NE"
:JLSFZJFDF\ VFjIM K[P
D}<IGL J:T],1FL NlQ8SM6 V5GFJLG[ lJRFZ6F SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ tIFZ[4 H[ 5;\NUL DF8[ IMuI K[ T[
J:T]GL jIlST,1FL V\TZ\U U]6J¿F4 D}<I TZLS[ :JLSFZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VY"XF:+LI ;\S<5GF VG];FZ
lS\DT ;\NE"DF\ J:T]GL J:T],1FL AFæ jIJCFZFWLG U]6J¿F wIFG[ ,[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P J:T]GF :YFG[ SM.56
5|SFZGL 38GF4PP 5lZl:YlT4PP jIlST4PP jIJCFZ4PP :Y/ JU[Z[GL jIlST,1FL V\TZ\U U]6J¿F V[8,[ D}<I
V[J\] lJXF/ VY"DF\ :JLSFZJFDF\ VFjI]\ K[P
" lJJZ6FtDS :J~5[ D} < IGL jIFbIF T[ G F\ ,1F6MGF ;\ N E" D F\ VF5JFDF\ VFJ[ K[ H[ VG] ; FZ o
’
D}<I V[8,[ DFGJ .rKFVMGL 5lZ5}lT" SZT]\ 5lZA/P
’
DGMJ{7FlGS :J~5[ 5|U8 YT]\ H{lJS 5lZA/ V[8,[ D}<IP
’
ÒJGDF\ SX]\S DCÀJ5}6" CMJF lJX[GM lJRFZ H[DF\ jIST YFI K[ T[ D}<IP
’
DFGJLG[ VFtDF S[ VFtD ;F1FFtSFZGM lNXFlGN["X H[DF\YL 5|F%T YFI K[ T[ V[8,[ D}<IP
" jIJCF~ :J~5[ D} < IGL H[ jIFbIFVM SZJFDF\ VFJL K[ T[ VG] ; FZ o
’
SM.56 J:T]G[ DFGJLV[ VF5[,M VY" V[8,[ D}<IP
’
5MTFGL ;\:S'lTDF\ jIlST H[G[ DCtJG]\ U6[ K[ T[ V[8,[ D}<IP
’
jIlSTYL DF\0LG[ ;DlQ8G[ ;DU|TIF :5X"TM ;\N[X V[8,[ D}<IP
’
lJQFI J:T]GM X{1Fl6S Ol,TFY" H[DF\YL lGQ5gG YFI K[ T[ V[8,[ D}<IP
’
jIlST4PP lJRFZ4PP XF:+GF V[SlGQ9 VG[ wI[IlGQ9 lJRFZM V[8,[ D}<IP
p5ZMST lJEFJGFVMGF VFWFZ[ V[J]\ SCL XSFI S[ D}<I V[8,[ V[S V[J]\ VF\TlZS TÀJ VG[ ;ÀJ H[
DFGJLG[ ;JM"tS'Q8 ÒJG ÒJJF DF8[GL Ý[Z6F VF5JFGL ;FY[ 5ZDG[ 5FDJFGL lNXFGM lGN["X SZ[ K[P
DG]QIGL ÒJGX{,LDF\ VG[SlJW :J~5[ ¹lQ8UMRZ YT]\ VG[ jIJCFZ NZdIFG lEgGvlEgG 5;\NUL :J~5[
VlEjIST YT]\ D}<I DFGJÒJGG[ DC[SFJTL4 lNXFlJCLGG[ lNXFlGN["X SZFJTL NLJFNF\0L K[P
ZP#PZ D} < IGF 5| S FZ
VG[SlJW :J~5[ lJCZTF\ D}<IMG[ RMÞ; JU"DF\ JUL"S'T SZJF DF8[GL DYFD6 VG[S THŸ7MV[ SZL
K[P VF 5|SFZGF 5|IF;MDF\ lJX[QF~5DF\ J{lJwI p5;L VFjI]\ K[4 5Z\T] T[DF\YL TFlÀJS lJUT V[S;DFG
HMJF D/[ K[P THŸ7MV[ SZ[,L DYFD6GF V\T[ 5|F%T YI[,] JUL"SZ6 VF 5|DF6[ HMJF D/[ K[o
! 5Z\5ZFUT (Traditional) VG[ jIJCFZ S[ p5IMUGM C[T] 5FZ 5F0GFZF\ (Functional) D}<IMP
Z ;F5[1F VG[ lGZ5[1F D}<IMP
# VFNX",1FL (Idealistic) VG[ jIJCFZUT (Behavioural) D}<IMP
12
$ lRZ:YFIL VG[ VlRZ:YFIL D}<IMP
5 ;FWG :J~5 (Instrumental) VG[ ;FwI :J~5 (Goal-centred) D}<IMP
& VF\TlZS D}<I VG[ AFæD}<I (Internal and Extenral Value)
* 1Fl6S D}<I VG[ XF`JT D}<I (Temporary and Permanent Value)
( VFtDlGQ9 D}<I VG[ J:T]lGQ9 D}<I (Subjective and Objective Value)
" D} < IMGF JUL" S Z6GM VgI V[ S VlEUD D} < IMG[ +6 EFUDF\ lJEFlHT SZ[ K[ o
’ jIlSTUT D}<IMP
’ ;FDFlHS D}<IMP
’ J{l`JS D}<IMP
D}<IMG]\ VF 5|SFZG]\ JUL"SZ6 GLR[ NXF"jIF\G];FZ :5Q8 SZL XSFIP
’ jIlSTUT D} < IM o
jIlSTGM HgDHFT JFZ;M4 SF{8]\lAS AFATM4 ;\:SFZ T[DH JT"GvlJQFIS Z]lR p5Z VFWFlZS V[JF\
D}<IM jIlSTUT ELgGTFG[ SFZ6[ pNŸEJ[ K[P DGMlJ7FG VF lNXFDF\ :JI\:5Q8 NlQ8SM6 WZFJTL ;DH
VF5[ K[P jIlSTGM HMDvH]:;M4 XFZLlZS :JF:yI4 VFtDFlEjIlST4 .DFGNFZL4 zDG]\ UF{ZJ H[JF\ VG[S
D}<IMGM VF JUL"SZ6DF\ ;DFJ[X SZL XSFIP ;FDFlHS ÒJG ;O/TFGM D]bI VFWFZ VF 5|SFZGF\ D}<IM
AG[ K[4 J/L jIlSTGL DFGl;S lS|IFVM T[DH jIlSTUT jIJCFZ 56 VF 5|SFZGF\ D}<IM p5Z VFWFlZT
CMJFYL jIlSTGF 5|tI[S SFI"DF\ jIlSTV[ :JI\ ;DH[,F\ VG[ VFtD;FTŸ SZ[,F VF 5|SFZGF\ D}<IM 5Y5|NX"SGL
E}lDSF EHJ[ K[P VF NlQ8V[ jIlSTUT D}<IG[ ;FWG U6LV[ TM ;FDFlHS D}<IG[ ;FwI :J~5 U6JFDF\
CZST ;ZB]\ GYLP
’ ;FDFlHS D} < IM o
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19
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21
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23
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24
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p5ZF[ST 5F\R D}<IM p5ZF\T GLR[ NXF"J[,F NX 5[8F D}<IM 56 5|F%T YI[,F CTF o
!PJ{7FlGS ¹lQ8lA\N]
&P H]:;M
ZP ;CGXlST
*P ;CSFZ
#P :JlX:T
(P SZ]6F
$P pnDXL,TF
)P A\W]tJ
5P ;BT DC[GT
!_P 1FDF
e IF
;v 5
% V
Ve
IF;
;D
;D:: IF
o DFwIlDSXF/F VG[ lJ`JlJnF,IGF lX1FSMGL SFI" D } < I VlED] B TFGM
T] , GFtDS VeIF;P
;\ X MWS
o HIzLA[ G 0LP ;M,\ S L
SÙF
o V[ D PV[ 0 Ÿ P
JØ
JØ""
o !)))
I]lGJl;"8L
o ;ZNFZ 58[ , I] l GJl;" 8 L
25
’ C[T]VM o
!P DFwIlDS XF/FGF lX1FSMGF\ SFI"D}<IMGM VeIF; SZJMP
ZP lJ`JlJnF,IGF lX1FSMGF\ SFI"D}<IGM VeIF; SZJMP
#P AN,FTF ;DIDF\ lX1FSM 56 5{;F DF8[ H SFI" SZ[ K[P T[JL DFgITFVM ;DFHDF\ ~- YJF ,FUL K[4
;NZ DFgITF S[8,F V\X[ ;FRL K[ T[GL RSF;6L SZJLP
$PDFwIlDS XF/FGF lX1FSM VG[ lJ`JlJnF,IGF lX1FSM JrR[ SFI"D}<IMGF ;\NE"DF\ S[8,]\ ;FdI K[4
S[8,M TOFJT K[ TYF SM6 SIF SFI"D}<IMG[ VU|TFS|D VF5[ K[ T[GM VeIF; SZJMP
’ jIF5lJ`J o
;\XMWS[ S], K X}gI ptS<5GFVMGL ZRGF SZL CTLP
;\XMWGDF\ &5 lX1FSM VG[ lJ`JlJnF,IGF 5Z VwIF5SMGM GD}GM ,[JFDF\ VFjIM CTMP
’ p5SZ6 o
5|MPALPV[;P58[,G]\ 5|DFl6T p5SZ6 ;\XMWlGSFGM p5IMU SIM" CTMP
’ DFlCTLG]\ lJ
lJ`` ,[ Ø 6 o 8Lv8[:84 ;ZF;ZL VG[ 5|DF6lJR,G âFZF 5'YÞZ6 SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P
’ TFZ6M o
!P 5|lTQ9F SFI"D}<IGL AFATDF\ DFwIlDS XF/FGF lX1FSM VG[ lJ`JlJnF,IGF lX1FSM JrR[ ;FY"S
TOFJT HMJF D/[, GYLP
ZP ÒJG5âlT SFI"D}<IGF ;\NE"DF\ DFwIlDS XF/FGF lX1FSM VG[ lJ`JlJnF,IGF lX1FSM JrR[
;FY"S TOFJT HMJF D/[, K[P
#P lJlJWTF J'lwWv lJSF; SFI"D}<I 5ZtJ[ DFwIlDS XF/FGF lX1FSM VG[ lJ`JlJnF,IGF lX1FSM
JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT HMJF D/[,F[ GYLP
eIF
; v&
Ve
IF;
% V
;D
;D:: IF
o X{ 1 Fl6S VG[ lAGX{ 1 Fl6S jIJ;FI TF,LDFYL" V MGF SFI" D } < IGM S[ 8 ,FS R,MGF
;\ N E" D F\ VeIF;P
;\ X MWS
o l:DTF ALP l+J[ N L
SÙF
o V[ D PV[ 0 Ÿ P
JØ
JØ""
o !)))
I]lGJl;"8L
o ;ZNFZ 58[ , I] l GJl;" 8 L
’ C[T]VM o
!P X{1Fl6S VG[ lAGX{1Fl6S jIJ;FI TF,LDFYL"VMGF SFI"D}<IGM VeIF; SZJMP
ZP ALPV[0ŸPGF lX1FFYL"VMGF\ SFI"D}<IMGM VeIF; SZJMP
#P V[DPALPV[P4 .HG[ZL VG[ D[l0S, lJnFXFBFGF SFI"D}<IGM VeIF; SZJMP
26
’ jIF5lJ`J o
GD}GF TZLS[ ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HGF S], $) TF,LDFYL"VM4 .HG[ZL SM,[HGF !5 lJnFYL"VM4 VG]:GFTSGF
!5 lJnFYL"VM4 D[l0S,GF !Z lJnFYL"VMG[ 5;\N SZJFDF\ VFjIF CTFP C[T]GL RSF;6L DF8[ S], K
X}gI ptS<5GFVMGL RSF;6L SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
’ p5SZ6 o
p5SZ6 TZLS[ 0MGF<0 .P ;]5ZGL SFI"D}<I ;\XMWlGSFGM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFjIF[ CTF[P
’ DFlCTLG]\ lJ
lJ``,[ Ø 6 o DFlCTLGF 5'YÞZ6DF\ 8Lv8[:84 5|PlJPVG[ ;ZF;ZLGM p5IMU SZ[,M CTF[P
’ TFZ6M o
!PALPV[0ŸP VG[ .HG[ZL 5|JFCGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF SFI"D}<IGF ;Z[ZFX 5|F%TF\SM JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT GYLP
ZP ALPV[0ŸP VG[ D[l0S, lJnFXFBFGF lJnFYL"VMGF ;Z[ZFX 5|F%TF\S JrR[ TOFJT GYLP
#P H]NL H]NL lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VMV[ H]NF\ H]NF\ D}<IG[ ;F{YL JW] 5;\NUL VF5L CTLP
eIF
;v *
% V
Ve
IF;
;D
;D:: IF
o lCTM5N[XGL JFTF"VMDF\YL VFJZFI[,F\ D}<IMGM VeIF;
;\ X MWS
o S[P ALP VU|FJT
SÙF
o V[ D PV[ 0 Ÿ P
JØ""
JØ
o Z___
I]lGJl;"8L
o ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L
’ C[T]VM o
!P lCTM5N[XGL 5|tI[S JFTF"DF\ VFJZFI[,F\ D}<IM VG[ T[GF 5|SFZ VM/BJF T[DH JUL"SZ6 :5Q8 SZJ]\P
ZP VF JFTF"VMDF\ VFJZFI[,M AMWv;\N[X VG[ ZH} YI[,F\ 5F+M ;FY[ HM0FI[,F\ U]6,1F6M TFZJJF\
’ jIF5lJ`J o
5\l0T GFZFI6 EÎ ZlRT lCTM5N[XGL $# JFTF"VMGF[[ jIF5lJ`JDF\ ;DFJ[X SZJFDF VFjIF[ CTMP
VF jIF5lJ`JG[ H GD}GF TZLS[ 5;\N SZ[, CT]\P
’ DFlCTLG]\ lJ
lJ`` ,[ Ø 6 o U]6FtDS 5'YÞZ6 J0[ 5'YÞZ6 SZJFDF VFjI]\ CT]\P
’ TFZ6M o
lCTM5N[XGL JFTF"VMDF\YL D]bItJ[ K 5|SFZGF\ D}<IM 5|F%T YI[,F\ H[ VF 5|DF6[ K[ o
!P jIlSTUT D}<I
$P G{lTS D}<I
ZP ;FDFlHS D}<I
5P ZFQ8=LI D}<I
#P ;F\:S'lTS D}<I
&P VFwIFltDS D}<IP
;\XMWGGF lGRM0 TZLS[ JFTF"VMDF\YL SFU0FG[ lD+TF4 ;CSFZ4 RT]ZF.4 ,]rRF. JU[Z[ H[JF U]6 ,1F6MI]ST
NXF"JJFDF\ VFJ[, CTMP
27
eIF
;v (
% V
Ve
IF;
;D
;D:: IF
o 5LP8LP;LP VG[ ALPV[ 0 Ÿ P GF TF,LDFYL" V MGF SFI" D } < IGM S[ 8 ,F\ S R,MGF
;\ N E" D F\ VeIF; SZJMP
;\ X MWS
o VR" G F H[ P 5ZDFZ
SÙF
o V[ D PV[ 0 Ÿ P
JØ
JØ""
o Z___P
I]lGJl;"8L
o ;ZNFZ 58[ , I] l GJl;" 8 L
’ C[T]VM o
!P 5LP8LP;LPGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF\ SFI"D}<IMGM VeIF; SZJMP
ZPALPV[0ŸPGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF\ SFI"D}<IMGM VeIF; SZJMP
#P TF,LDFYL"VMGF HFlTUT TOFJTMGF ;\NE"DF\ VeIF; SZJMP
$P 5LP8LP;LP VG[ ALPV[0ŸPGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF[ D}<IMDF\ V5FTF VU|TFS|DGM VeIF; SZJMP
’ jIF5lJ`J o
C[T]VMGL RSF;6L DF8[ K X}gI ptS<5GFVMGL RSF;6L SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
VF6\N lH<,FDF\ VFJ[,L ALPV[0ŸPVG[ 5LP8LP;LP SM,[HMGF !Z_ 5]Z]QF TF,LDFYL" VG[ !Z_ :+L
TF,LDFYL" D/LG[ S], Z$_ TF,LDFYL"VMG[ GD}GF TZLS[ ,[JFDF\ VFJ[, CTFP
’ DFlCTLG]\ lJ
lJ`` ,[ Ø 6 o 8LvS;M8L âFZF DFlCTLG\] lJ`,[QF6 SI]"\ CT]\P
’ TFZ6M o
!P 5LP8LP;LP VG[ ALPV[0ŸPGF TF,LDFYL"VMV[ ;F{YL VMKL 5;\NUL 5|lTQ9F4 GF6FSLI AFATM VG[
:JT\+TF D}<IG[ VF5L CTLP
ZP 5LP8LP;LP VG[ ALPV[0ŸP GF TF,LDFYL"VMGF\ GJ SFI"D}<IMGL ;ZF;ZLDF\ SM. ;FY"S TOFJT HMJF
D?IM G CTMP
#P ALPV[0ŸPGF 5]Z]QF VG[ :+L TF,LDFYL"VMDF\ HFlTUT ;FY"S TOFJT HMJF D?IM G CTMP
eIF
;v )
% V
Ve
IF;
;D
;D:: IF
o E"TClZ S'T GLlTXTSDF\ jIST YTF\ D}<IMGM VeIF;
;\ X MWS
o V[GP V[DP SG[lZIF
SÙF
o V[ D PV[ 0 Ÿ P
JØ
JØ""
o Z___
I]lGJl;"8L
o ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L
’ C[T]VM o
!P ET'"ClZGF GLlTXTSDF\YL lGQ5gG YTF\ D}<IMG]\ JUL"SZ6 :5Q8 SZJ]\
ZP ET'"ClZ S'T GLlTXTSDF\ D}<IMGF\ ;\NE"DF\ ET'ClZGL DFgITFVMGM VeIF; SZJMP
#P D}<IMGF JUL"SZ6GF ;\NE"DF\ ET'"ClZ S'T GLlTXTS DF\ J6FI[,F\ D}<IMGF\ JUL"SZ6GM lGN["X SZJMP
28
’ p5SZ6 o
GLlTXTS `,MS v 5'YSSZ65+ p5SZ6 TZLS[ ZRJFDF\ VFJ[,]\P
’ DFlCTLG]\ lJ
lJ`` ,[ Ø 6 o U]6FtDS 5'YSSZ6 J0[ 5'YSSZ6 SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P
’ TFZ6M o
ET'ClZ S'T GLlTXTS GF `,MSDF\YL lGQ5gG YTF D]bI D}<IM VG[ 5[8F lJEFUM VF 5|DF6[ CTF\P
!P VFwIFltDS D}<I TZLS[ .`JZ XlST4 7FGDlCDF4 5ZFEF{lTS ;FDyI"4 VFwIFltDS 0CF564 ;t;\U4
D'tI] 5ZtJ[GL GL0ZTF
ZP jIlSTD}<I TZLS[ .lgãI7FG4 :JlX:T4 5MT[ :JLSFZ[,L J:T]G]\ DCtJ4 .lgãIM 5ZGM SFA] JU[Z[P
#P G{lTS D}<I TZLS[ GLlTDI jIJCFZ lJJ[S A]lwW4 tIFU4 ;NŸU]6MGM lJSF;4 5|FDFl6STF JU[Z[P
$P ;FDFlHS D}<I TZLS[ ,MS;[JF4 A\W]tJ4 ST"jI5ZF56TFP
5P ;F\:S'lTS D}<I TZLS[ ;F\:S'lTS JFZ;FGL HF/J6L4 ;tI4 ;tI 5F,GP
&P ZFQ8=LI D}<I TZLS[ ZFQ8=LITF4 ZFQ8=5|[DP
eIF
; v !_
% V
Ve
IF;
;D
;D:: IF
/B VG[
o DFwIlDS XF/FGF VeIF;ÊDGF ;\:S'TGF ;]EFlQFTMGF D}<IMGL VM
VM/B
JUL"SZ6
;\ X MWS
o VFZP5LP T0JL
SÙF
o V[ D PV[ 0 Ÿ P
JØ
JØ""
o Z__$
I]lGJl;"8L
o ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L
’ C[T]VM o
WMZ6 (4)4 !_GF ;\:S'T 5F9I 5]:TSDF ZH] YI[,F ;]EFlQFTMDF\ 5|lTlA\lAT ;\N[X p5N[X TFZJJMP
’ jIF5lJ`J o
WMZ6 (4 ) VG[ !_ ;\:S'T 5F9I5]:TSDF\ ;DFlJQ8 ;]EFlQFTMGM jIF5lJ`JDF\ ;DFJ[X SZJFDF
VFjF[, CTMP jIF5lJ`J V[ H GD]GM CTMP DFlCTL V[S+LSZ6 DF8[ SFI"5+GL ZRGF SZJFDF VFjFL CTLP
’ DFlCTLG]\ lJ
lJ``,[ Ø 6 o U]6FtDS 5'YSSZ6 äFZF 5'YSSZ6 YI[,]\P
’TFZ6M o
WM v ( GF 5F9I5]:TSGF ;]EFlQFTMDF\ Ol,T YTF\ D]<I VF 5|DF6[ CTF\P
!P jIlSTUT ZP :JFwIFltDS #P ;F\:S'lTS $P ZFQ8=LI D}<IP
WM v ) GF 5F9I5]:TSGF ;]EFlQFTMDF\ HMJF D/[,F 5F\R D]<IM VF 5|DF6[ CTF\P
!P jIlSTUT ZP VFwIFltDS #P G{lTS $P ;FDFlHS 5P ZFQ8=LI D]<IP
WM v !_ GF 5F9I5]:TSGF ;]EFlQFTMDF\ HMJF D/[,F +6 D}<IM VF 5|DF6[ CTF\P
! jIlSTUT4 ZP VFwIFltDS #P G{lTS D}<IP
29
ZP$PZ 5LV[ R P0LP SÙFV[ ;\5gG
5 gG YI[,F\
, F\ 5] Z MUFDL ;\ X MWGMGM ;FZF\ X
eIF
;v !
&V
Ve
IF;
;D
;D:: IF
o lN<CLGF prRTZ DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL" V MGL A] l wW4 l;lâ VG[ ;FDFlHS
VFlY" S :TZGF ;\ N E" D F\ SFI" D } < IMGM VeIF; SZJMP
;\ X MWS
o J;gIF V[ P
SÙF
o 5LV[ R P0LP
JØ
JØ""
o !)*Z
I]lGJl;"8L
o lN<CL I] l GJl;" 8 L
’ C[T]VM o
!P SFI"D}<I ;\XMWGLSFGL ZRGF SZJL
ZP prRTZ DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VMDF\ D}<I:TZ XMWJF
#PD}<IMDF\ HFlTUT TOFJT K[ S[ GCL\ T[ RSF;J]\P
$P jIFJ;FlIS D}<IM VG[ jIFJ;FlIS 5;\NUL JrR[GM ;\A\W T5F;JMP
5P SFI"D}<I 5Z jIFJ;FlIS DFlCTL SFI"S|DGL YTL V;Z T5F;JLP
’ jIF5lJ`J o
GD}GFDF\ prRTZ DFwIlDS XF/FGF TFlDl,IG ;\:S'lTGF )#$ EF.VM v AC[GMG[ 5;\N SIF" CTFP
’ p5SZ6 o
p5SZ6 TZLS[ Z[JGGL 5|UlT lGüFIS S;M8L4 ;FDFlHS4 VFlY"S 5|lTQ9F DF5N\0 VG[ SFI"D}<I
;\XMlWGL CTFP
’ DFlCTLG]\ lJ
lJ`` ,[ Ø 6 o DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6 SZJF DF8[ ;C;\A\WF\S VG[ SF.JU"GM p5IMU SIM" CTMP
’ TFZ6M o
!P ;H"GXL,TF4 VFlY"S ,FE4 ;CSFZ4 jIlSTUT wI[IM VG[ 5|lTQ9F VF 5F\R D}<IM 5|YD 5;\NUL
5FdIF\ CTF\P
ZPVMKFDF\ VMKL 5;\NUL 5FD[,F\ D}<IMDF\ ;FC;4 XlST4 5IF"JZ64 lJlJWTF VG[ ;FDFlHS XF[BGM
p5IMU YIM CTMP
#P 5\NZDF\YL VF9 D}<IM HFTLI TOFJTG[ SFZ6[ CTF\ H[DF\ ;FC;4 XlST4 ;D}C VFlY"S ,FE4
5IF"JZ64 ;H"GFtDSTF4 jIlSTUT wI[IM VG[ 5|lTQ9F CTF\P
e IF
;v Z
& V
Ve
IF;
;D
;D:: IF
o G[ X G, ,[ A Z .g:8L8I] 8 GJL lN<CLGL TALAL SM,[ H GF lJnFYL" V MGF\
SFI" D } < IMGL TZFCMGM VeIF;P
;\ X MWS
o H{ G V[ P
SÙF
o 5LV[ R P0LP
JØ
JØ""
o !)**
I]lGJl;"8L
o lN<CL I] l GJl;" 8 L
30
’ C[T]VM o
!P TALAL lJnFYL"VMGF\ SFI"D}<IM lJX[ HF6SFZL D[/JJLP
ZP H]NF\ H]NF\ D}<IM JrR[GF ;\A\WM RSF;JFP
’ jIF5lJ`J o
GD}GFDF\ G[XG, ,[AZ .lg:88I]8 GJL lN<CLGF 5|YD JQF"GF Z(4 ALHF JQF"GF !(4 T'TLI JQF"GF
5& VG[ K[<,F JQF"GF 55 lJnFYL"VMGF[ ;DFJ[X SZJFDF VFjF[, CTMP
’ p5SZ6 o
p5SZ6 TZLS[ ZFJGL D}<I ;\XMWlGSFGM p5IMU SIM" CTMP
’ DFlCTLG]\ lJ
lJ`` ,[ Ø 6 o ;C;\A\WF\S âFZF DFlCTL lJ`,[QF6 YI]\ CT]\P
’ TFZ6M o
!P H]NF H]NF H}YGF lJnFYL"VMGL ;\bIF T5F;TF\ X{1Fl6S D}<I ;DFG ZLT[ GLR]\ CT\] VG[ ;H"GFtDS
D}<I é\R\] CT]\P
ZP U|FDL6 D}<IG[ ;H"GFtDSTF4 :JT\+TF VG[ CMÛFGL ;FY[ GSFZFtDS ;\A\W CTMP
#P ;,FDTL D}<I VG[ ;H"GFtDSTF JrR[ SM. ;\A\W G CTMP
$P lJnFYL"VMV[ D[/J[, é\RFDF\ é\RF 5|F%TF\S ;FDFlHS ;[JF VG[ ;H"GFtDS D}<I CT]\P
e IF
;v #
& V
Ve
IF;
;D
;D:: IF
o lX1F6 VG[ lAGlX1F6 jIJ;FIJF/F ,MSMGL SFI" D } < IGL U| C 6XlSTGM
VeIF; SZJMP
;\ X MWS
o RgN= F 0LP
SÙF
o 5LV[ R P0LP
JØ
JØ""
o !)**
I]lGJl;"8L
I]lGJl;"8L
o V[ P V[ D PPI]
’ C[T]VM o
!P 0MS8Z4 .HG[ZM VG[ JSL, H[JM jIJ;FI SZTF ,MSMGF VG[ lX1FSMGF SFI"D}<IGL U|C6XlSTGM
TOFJTGM VeIF; SZJMP
ZP H]NF H]NF jIJ;FI SZTL jIlSTGF U|C6XlST SFI"D}<I 5Z V;Z SZTF\ 5lZA/MGM VeIF;
SZJMP
#P VM;U]0GL ;[D[lg8Sl0OZgXLI, 8[SlGS VFWFlZT SFI"D}<I ;\XMWlGSFGL ZRGF SZJLP
’ jIF5lJ`J o
S], !Z SFI"D}<IMGL 5;\NUL SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
GD}GFDF\ Z_5 jIlSTGM ;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTMP
’ DFlCTLG]\ lJ
lJ``,[ Ø 6 o DFlCTL 5'YÞZ6 VJIJ 5'YÞZ6 âFZF SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ CT\]P
31
’ TFZ6M o
!P .HG[ZMV[ :JFT\œI l;JFIGF SFI"D}<IDF\ Z; NXF"jIMP
ZP 0MS8ZM VG[ lX1FSM SFI"D}<IMGL AFATDF\ ;DFG HMJF D?IF
#P lX1FSM VG[ .HG[ZM TYF lX1FSM VG[ JCLJ8NFZMGF\ SFI"D}<IMGL 5;\NULDF\ TOFJT CTMP
$P lX1FSMG[ H6FI]\ S[ ;FDFlHS ;[JFGL JW] TS T[DGF jIJ;FIDF\ CTLP
5PVFlY"S 5|Fl%T VG[ ;FDFlHS ;[JFGL AFATDF\ lX1FSMDF\ V;ZSFZS VG[ lAGV;ZSFZ V[ EFUCTF\P
&P AWF H}YDF\ 5lZ6FD VG[ D}<IF\SG ;DFG CTF\P
eIF
;v $
& V
Ve
IF;
;D
;D:: IF
o ;FDFlHS 5lZJT" G DF\ jIlSTtJ5lZA/M4 D} < IJ' l wW VG[ p\ D ZGL J,6 5ZGL V;Z
;\ X MWS
o RT] J [ " N L VFZP0LP
SÙF
o 5LV[ R P0LP
JØ
JØ""
o!)((
!)((
I]lGJl;"8L
oVFU|
VFU| F I]lGJl;"8L
’ jIF5lJ`J o
GD}GFDF\ +6 5|SFZGF\ H}YM 5;\N SZJFDF\ VFjIF CTF\P
!P lSXMZFJ:YFGL jIlSTVM
ZP I]JFJ:YFGL jIlSTVM
#P J'wWFJ:YF s&_YL JW] p\DZfGL jIlSTVM
’ p5SZ6 o
NZ[S R, DF8[ 5|DFl6T p5SZ6M JF5ZJFDF\ VFjIF\ CTF\P
’ TFZ6M o
!P jIlSTtJ p5Z V;Z SZTF\ 5lZA/MGM +6[ H}Y DF8[ VeIF; SZJFDF\ VFjIMP 5lZA/MGL p\DZ
5Z V;Z HMJF D/LP
ZP ;CFG]E}lTGL +6[ H}YGL jIlSTVM 5Z V;Z HMJF D/LP
#P D}<I ;\A\lWT SFI"S|DMGL p\DZ ;FY[ J,6 ;\A\lWT V;ZM HMJF D/L
$P;FDFlHS 5lZJT"GGL J,6 5Z V;Z HMJF D/LP
eIF
; v 5P
& V
Ve
IF;
;D
;D:: IF
o DFwIlDS VG[ prR DFwIlDS XF/FVMGF lJnFYL" V MGF\ V5[ l 1FT JT" G
s5| [ Z 6Ff 5lZJT" G VG[ D} < IM 5Z lJnFYL" 5ZGF 5| l T;FNGL V;Z RSF;JLP
;\ X MWS
o EF\ 0 ] Z L H[ P
SÙF
o 5LV[ R P0LP
JØ
JØ""
o !)()
I]lGJl;"8L
o ptS, I] l GJl;" 8 L
32
’ jIF5lJ`J o
DFwIlDS VG[ prR DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VMGM GD}GFDF\ ;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTMP
’ p5SZ6 o
SM;, Sd5Z[l8J :80L v 5âlTGM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTMP
’ TFZ6M o
!P 5|lT;FN (Feedback) GL DFwIlDS XF/FGF VG[ prR DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL"VM 5Z
V;Z HMJF D/L
ZP V5[l1FT JT"GM DF8[ 5|lT5F[QF6 (Feedback) V;ZSFZS H6FI]\P
#P jIlSTtJ ;]WFZ6F VG[ 5|M;Ml;I, J[<I} 5Z 5|lT;FNGL ;FZL V;Z HMJF D/LP
eIF
;v &
& V
Ve
IF;
;D
;D:: IF
o VF\ W | 5 | N [ X GL ;tI;F\ . CFIZ ;[ [ \ S 0ZL :S} , 4 lDXGZL :S} , VG[ ;[ g 8= , :S} , GF
lJnFYL" V M 5Z J[ < I} 5 [ 8 G" VG[ jIlSTtJ5lZAM
GL
jIlSTtJ5lZAM(PersonalityVariables)GL
V;Z RSF;JLP
;\ X MWS
o ;F\ E L 5} G D
SÙF
o 5LV[ R P0LP
JØ
JØ""
o !)()
I]lGJl;"8L
o lCDFR, 5| N [ X I]lGJl;"8L
’ jIF5lJ`J o
DIF"lNT VFG]QF\lUS GD}GF (Incidentel Sample) 5Z 5|IMU SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTMP
lJnFYL"VMGL 5;\NUL DwI5|N[XGL ;tI;F\. CFIZ ;\[\S0ZL :S},4 lDXGZL :S}, VG[ ;[g8=, :S},GF
lJnFYL"DF\YL SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP 5;\lNT lX1F6 5[8G" âFZF lX1F6 VF5JFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P
’ DFlCTLG]\ lJ
lJ`` ,[ Ø 6 o DFlCTL 5'YÞZ6 8Lv8[:8 VG[ VJIJ 5'YÞZ6 SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P
’ TFZ6M o
!P+6[ H}YGF lJnFYL"VM A\G[ 5[8G"DF\ ;FY"S ZLT[ H]NF\ 50TF\ H6FIFP
ZP5lZ6FDDF\ S[8,LS lJlXQ8 BFl;ITM HMJF D/LP
#PJU" ;[l8\UDF\ 36L lJlXQ8TF HMJF D/LP
$PJU"DF\ l:YZTF DF8[ +6[ H}YM ;DFG G CTF\P
eIF
; v *P
& V
Ve
IF;
;D
;D:: IF
o lX1FSMGF AF/SM VG[ lAGlX1FSMGF\ AF/SMDF\ D} < IM4 VG] S } , G VG[ J,6MGF
lJnFYL" G L l;lâ 5Z V;ZGM VeIF; SZJMP
;\ X MWS
o V[ G P;LPG\ N F6L
SÙF
o 5LV[ R P0LP
JØ
JØ""
o !))!P
33
I]lGJl;"8L
o ;F{ Z FQ8= I] l GJl;" 8 L
’ jIF5lJ`J o
Z$ XF/FVMGF &)! lX1FSMGF AF/SM VG[ T[8,L H ;\bIFDF\ lAGlX1FSMGF AF/SMGM GD}GFDF\
;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTMP
’ p5SZ6 o
p5SZ6 TZLS[ !P D}<I 5|JT"G DF5N\0s;\XMWS ZlRTf ZPVG]S},G ;\XMWlGSFsS[PÒPN[;F.
5|:YFl5Tf VG[ #P VG]S},G 5âlTGM J,6 DF5N\0s;\XMWS ZlRTfGM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTMP
’ TFZ6M o
!P ;FDFlHS D}<IMGL AFATDF\ lAGlX1FSMGF AF/SMGL l;lâ é\RL HMJF D/L VG[ AFSLGF 5F\R[I
D}<IMDF\ A\G[ 5|SFZGF AF/SMGL l;lâ ;DFG CTLP
ZP lX1FSMGF AF/SM VG[ lAGlX1FSMGF AF/SMDF\ D}<I HFlTUT TOFJT HMJF D?IM G CTMP
#P 5FJZ J[<I]GL AFATDF\ 5|FYlDS XF/FGF lX1FSMGF AF/SM XlST D}<IMDF VG[ WFlD"S D}<IGL
AFATDF\ SM,[H lX1FSMGF AF/SM JW] VFU/ CTFP
$P SM,[H lX1FSMGF AF/SM ;{wWF\lTS D}<IM VG[ ;FDFlHS D}<IMDF\ 5|FYlDS XF/FGF lX1FSMGF AF/SM
SZTF\ prR 5|F%TF\SM WZFJTF CTF\P
eIF
;v (
Ve
IF;
& V
;D
;D:: IF
o HFTLITF4;FDFlHS VFlY" S :TZ VG[ lJnFXFBFGF ;\ N E" D F\ 5 } J " : GFTS
lJnFYL" V MG] \ SFI" D } < IP
;\ X MWS
o V[ P 0LP A0U] H Z
SÙF
o 5LV[ R P0LP
JØ
JØ""
o !))Z
I]lGJl;"8L
o ;F{ Z FQ8= I] l GJl;" 8 L
’ jIF5lJ`J o
:TZLS'lT VFSl:DS GD}GF 5âlTYL jIF5lJ`JDF\YL !_ 8SF GD}GM 5;\N SZ[,MP !)()v)_
GF X{1Fl6S JQF"DF\ VeIF; SZTF 5&* S]DFZM VG[ 5*& SgIFVM D/L S], !!$# 5F+M GD}GF
DF8[ 5;\N SZJFDF\ VFJ[, CTF\P
’ p5SZ6 o
p5SZ6M TZLS[ !PS[PÒPN[;F. ZlRT ;FDFlHS4 VFlY"S DF5N\0 VG[ ZP ;]5Z 0LP.PGL SFI"D}<I
;\XMWlGSFG\] U]HZFTL ~5F\TZ 5|DFl6T SZL JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[, CTFP
’ DFlCTLG]\ lJ
lJ`` ,[ Ø 6 o ;ZSFZL4 DwI:Y4 5|PlJP4 SS}NTF VG[ lJ~5TF TYF 8LvD}<IGM p5IMU DFlCTL
5'YÞZ6DF\ SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTMP
’ TFZ6M o
!P lJGIG lJnFXFBFGF S]DFZM VG[ SgIFVMDF ;H"GFtDSTF4 AF{lâS 5|[Z6F4 VFlY"S J/TZ4
34
X{l1Fl6S l;lâ VG[ 5ZM5SFZJ'l¿ VF 5F\R SFI"D}<IM JW] DCÀJGF\ CTF\P
ZP lJ7FG lJnFXFBFGF S]DFZM AF{lwWS 5|[Z6F4 5ZM5SFZJ'l¿4 ;H"GFtDSTF4 ;F{\NI"S,FDF\ ;]~lR
VG[ VFlY"S J/TZG[ JW] DCtJ VF5TF CTF\P HIFZ[ SgIFVM 5ZM5SFZJ'l¿4 ;H"GFtDSTF4 AF{lwWS
5|[Z6F4 N[BZ[B VG[ l;lwWG[ JW] DCtJ VF5TF CTF\P
#P JFl6HI lJnFXFBFGF S]DFZM ;H"GFtDSTF4 5ZM5ZSFZ J'l¿4 AF{lwWS 5|[Z6F4 VFlY"S J/TZ
VG[ ;F{\NI" S,FDF\ ;]Z]lRSFI" D]<IMG[ JW] 5;\N SZTF CTFP HIFZ[ SgIFVM 5ZM5SFZJ'l¿4
;H"GFtDSTF4 AF{lwWS 5|[Z6F4 l;lwW VG[ VFlY"S J/TZG[ JW] 5;\N SZTF CTFP
$P .HG[ZL lJnFXFBFGF lJnFYL"VM 5ZM5SFZJ'l¿4 ;H"GFtDSTF4 AF{lwWS 5|[Z6F4 ;F{\NI" S[ S,FDF\
;]Z]lRG[ JW] DCtJ VF5TF\ CTF\P
5P D[l0S, lJnFXFBFDF\ AF{lwWS 5|[Z6F4 ;H"GFtDSTF VG[ :JT\+TF D}<IMG[ S]DFZM VG[ SgIFVM
;DFG ZLT[ 5;\N SZTF\ CTF\P
eIF
; v )P
& V
Ve
IF;
;D
;D::IF
o DGMlJ7FG U| F dI VG[ XC[ Z L lJ:TFZGF 5] ~ QFM VG[ :+LVMGL ;FDFlHSvVFlY" S
l:YlT ;FY[ jIlSTtJ VG[ WFlD" S D} < IMGM ;\ A \ W T5F;JMP
;\ X MWS
o NFN] 5| l TEF
SÙF
o 5LV[ R P0LP
JØ
JØ""
o !))Z
I]lGJl;"8L
o Vl,U- D] l :,D I]lGJl;"8L
’ jIF5lJ`J o
XC[ZL VG[ U|FdI lJ:TFZGF 5]Z]QFM VG[ :+LVMGM GD}GM 5;\N SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTMPP
’ p5SZ6 o
5|DFl6T p5SZ6MGM p5IMU SZL DFlCTL D[/JJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
’ DFlCTLG]\ lJ
lJ`` ,[ Ø 6 o DFlCTLG]\ 5'YSSZ6 lJRZ6 5'YSSZ6 VG[ 8L v D}<I äFZF SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ CT]\P
’ TFZ6M o
!P U|FdI lJ:TFZGF :+L VG[ 5]Z]QFM JrR[ jIlSTtJ VG[ ;FDFlHS VFlY"S l:YlT JrR[ ;FY"S TOFJT
HF[JF D?IMP D}<IMGL AFATDF\ 56 ;FY"S TOFJT CTMP
ZP XC[ZL lJ:TFZGF :+Lv5]Z]QFM JrR[ D}<IMDF\ ;FY"S TOFJT CTMP
eIF
; v !_
& V
Ve
IF;
;D
;D:: IF
o jIFJ;FlIS :GFTS 5NJLGF lJnFYL" V MGF SFI" D } < IMGM 5;\ l NT R,MGF
;\ N E" D F\ VeIF;P
;\ X MWS
o DLGF VF. ZFH5} T
SÙF
o 5LV[ R P0LP
JØ
JØ""
o Z__$P
I]lGJl;"8L
o U] H ZFT I]lGJl;"8L
35
’ jIF5lJ`J o
lJlJW lJnFXFBFDF\ VeIF; SZTF lJnFYL"VMGL h}DBF 5âlTYL GD}GF 5;\NUL Y. CTLP
TALAL lJnFXFBFGF !))4 .HG[ZL lJnFXFBFGF Z5_4 lX1F6 lJnFXFBFGF #_# VG[
jIJ:YF5G lJnFXFBFGF Z$( D/L S], !___ lJnFYL"VM GD}GFDF\ ;DFlJQ8 CTFP
’ p5SZ6 o
p5SZ6 TZLS[ ;\XMWSGL 5|DFl6T ;\\XMlWGL VG[ 5<,JL 58[,GM ;FDFlHS4 VFlY"S DF5N\0GF[
p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTMP
’ DFlCTLG]\ lJ
lJ`` ,[ Ø 6 o DFlCTLG]\ 5'YSSZ6 ;L D}<I VG[ V[O U]6M¿Z äFZF YI[,]\P
’ TFZ6M o
!P S], lJnFYL"VM äFZF 5;\lNT 5|YD 5F\R SFI"D}<IM VF 5|DF6[ CTFP !P lJlJWTF4 ZP 5|lTQ9F4
#P ;H"GFtDSTF4$P ;,FDlT 5P ÒJG5wWlTP
ZP .HG[ZL lJnFXFBFGF lJnFYL"VMV[ 5;\N SZ[, 5|YD 5F\R SFI"D}<IM !P lJlJWTF4 ZP 5|lTQ9F4
#P ;H"GFtDSTF $P ;,FDlT VG[ 5P ÒJG5wWlTGM ;DFJ[X YI[, CTMP
#P lX1F6 lJnFXFBFGF lJnFYL"VM wJFZF 5;\lNT 5|YD 5F\R SFI" D}<IM !PlJlJWTF4 ZP 5|lTQ9F4
#P ;H"GFtDSTF $P ;,FDlT VG[ 5P ÒJG5wWlT CTF\P
$P TALAL XFBFGF lJnFYL"VM äFZF 5;\lNT 5|YD 5F\R SFI"D}<IM !P 5|lTQ9F4 ZP lJlJWTF4
#P ;,FDlT4 $P ÒJG5wWlT VG[ 5P ;FDFlHS ;]B CTF\P
5P RFZ[I lJnFXFBF äFZF 5;\lNT +6 D}<IM ;FDFgI CTF\P !P 5|lTQ9F4 ZP lJlJWTF VG[
#P ;,FDlT CTF\P
ZP5 5] Z MUFDL ;\ X MWGMGL ,F1Fl6STFVMG] \ lJ`,[ Q F6
;\XMWS[ 5|:T]T VeIF;DF\ ;\NE" ;FlCtI TZLS[ S], Z_ ;\XMWGMGM VeIF; SIM" CTMP H[ 5{SL
V[DPV[0ŸP S1FFGF\ N; ;\XMWGM VG[ 5LV[RP0LP S1FFGF\ N; ;\XMWGMGL 5;\NUL SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
V[DP V[0ŸP S1FFGF\ ;\XMWGMDF\ K ;\XMWGF[ ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8LDF\ YI[,F\ CTF VG[ AFSLGF RFZ
;\XMWGM ;ZNFZ 58[, I]lGJl;"8LDF\ YI[,F\ CTFP
5LV[RP0LP S1FFGF ;\XMWGMDF\ lN<CL I]lGJl;"8LGF A[ ;\XMWGM4 ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8LGF A[ ;\XMWGM4
Vl,U- D]l:,D I]lGJl;"8LGF A[ ;\XMWGM4 VFU|F I]lGJl;"8L G]\ V[S4 ptS, I]lGJl;"8LG]\ V[S4 lCDFR,
I]lGJl;"8L G]\ V[S4 U]HZFT I]lGJl;"8LG]\ V[S ;\XMWG CT]\P VFD S], VF9 I]lGJl;"8LGF\ N; ;\XMWGMGM
VeIF;DF\ ;DFJ[X YI[,M CTF[P
JQF"GL ¹lQ8V[ HF[.V[ TM ;G[ !)*Z YL Z__$ ;]WLDF ;\5gG YI[<FF\ ;\XMWGMGM VeIF; SZJFDF\
VFjIM CTF[P V[DP V[0ŸP GF ;\XMWGMDF\ 5|DFl6T p5SZ6MGM VG[ :JZlRT ;\XMWlGSFGM p5IMU SZJFDF\
VFJ[,FP GZ[X C[ZDF s!))5f V[ S[P ÒP XFC ZlRT ;FDFlHS v VFlY"S NZHHFGM DF5N\0 p5IMUDF\
,LW[,FP HIzL ;M,\SL s!)))f ALP V[;P 58[,G]\ 5|DFl6T p5SZ6 JF5Z[, CT]\P GD}GFGL ¹lQ8V[ H]NL
36
H]NL lJnFXFBFGF lJnFYL"VM4 prRTZ DFwIP XF/FGF lJnFYL"VM VG[ 5L8L;L v ALP V[0ŸP SM,[HGF
TF,LDFYL"VM CTF\P lX1FSM VG[ VwIF5SMGM GD}GFG]\ SN )_ YL 5_* JrR[G]\ CT]\P D/[,L DFlCTLG]\ 5'YSSZ6
SZJF DF8[ AWF ;\XMWSMV[ ;ZF;ZL4 5|PlJP VG[ 8LvD}<IGM p5IMU SZ[, CTF[P
5LV[RP0LP S1FFGF ;\XMWGMDF\ GD}GFDF\ lJnFYL"VM4 SM,[HGF lJnFYL"VM4 H]NF H]NF jIJ;FI ;FY[
;\S/FI[,F ,MSM4 H]NL H]NL p\DZGL jIlSTVM V[D J{lJwI HF[JF D?I]\ CT]\P
DLGF ZFH5}T sZ__$f GF ;\XMWGDF\ GD}GM VgI AWF\ ;\XMWGM SZTF\ ;F{YM DM8M !___ GM CTMP
+6 ;\XMWGMDF\ lJnFYL" l;JFIGF\ 5F+M GD}GFDF\ ;DFlJQ8 CTFP R\N=F s!)**f GF ;\XMWGDF\ 0MS8ZM4
.HG[ZM4 JSL,M VG[ lX1FSM4 RT]J["NL s!)((f GF ;\XMWGDF\ lSXMZFJ:YF4 I]JFJ:YF4 J'âFJ:YF V[D p\DZ
VFWFlZT GD}GM VG[ NFN] s!))Zf GF GD}GFDF\ 5]Z]QFM VG[ :+LVM CTFP
5LV[RP0LP GF ;\XMWGMDF\ S[P ÒP N[;F. ZlRT ;FDFlHS VFlY"S 5|lTQ9FDF5N\0GM p5IMU A[ ;\XMWSM
J;gIF s!)**f VG[ DLGF ZFH5}T sZ__$f V[ SZ[, CTMP AFSLGF ;\XMWSMV[ :J5|DFl6T ;\XMWlGSFGM
p5IMU SZ[,P D/[, DFlCTLG]\ 5'YSSZ6 SZJF DF8[ 8LvD}<IG\] VJIJ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ SF.JU"GM p5IMU
SZJFDF\ VFJ[, CTMP
ZP& 5| : T] T ;\ X MWGGL lJX[ Q FTF
! ;\XMWS[ 5MTFGL ;D:IFG[ VG]~5 S], Z_ H[8,F ;\XMWGMGM VeIF; SIM" CTMP H[ 5{SL !_
;\XMWGM V[DP V[0P S1FFGF VG[ !_ ;\XMWGM 5LV[RP0LP S1FFGF CTF\P
! 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ jIlSTUT D}<I4 ;FDFlHS D}<I4 ;F\:S'lTS D}<I4 VFlY"S D}<I4 ZFQ8=LI D}<I4
G{lTS D}<I VG[ VFwIFltDS D}<I V[D S], ;FT 5FIFGF D}<IMGL 5;\NUL SZLG[ T[GF VFWFZ[
DF5N\0 5|DFl6T SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTMP VgI ;\XMWGMDF\ T{IFZ 5|DFl6T DF5N\0 VG[
;\XMWlGSFVMGM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTMP VF ;FT D}<IMG[ H wIFGDF\ ZFBLG[ VUFp
SM. ;\XMWG HF[JF D/T]\ GYLP
! GD}GF 5;\NULDF\ V+[ VF5[,F AWF\ H ;\XMWGMDF\ GD}GFGF\ 5F+MGL ;\bIF JW]DF\ JW] !___
H[8,L CTLP HIFZ[ 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ GD}GMDF\ 5F+MGL ;\bIF !(__ H[8,L 36L DM8L CTLP
J/L 8SFJFZLGL ¹lQ8V[ HF[TF\ 56 ;DU| jIF5lJ`JGF &( 8SF H[8,F\ 5F+M 5;\N SZJFDF\
VFjIF CTFP
! GD}GFDF\ U|FdI lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VMGM 56 ;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFJ[, K[P VUFp SM.
;\XMWGDF\ U|FdI lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VMGM ;DFJ[X YIM GYLP
! VgI ;\XMWGMDF\ ALPV[0ŸP GF H TF,LDFYL"VMGM GD}GFDF\ ;DFJ[X YI[,M GYLP 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\
ALPV[0ŸP GF TF,LDFYL"VMGM GD}GFDF\ ;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTF[P
! 5|:T'T ;\XMWGMDF\ ALPV[0ŸP GM VeIF; SZTF\ AWL H lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VMGM GD}GFDF\
;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTF[P
!
;\bIFGL ¹lQ8V[ GD}GFDF\ ;DFlJQ8 SM,[HF[GL 8SFJFZL *5P(@ H[8,L 36L êRL CTLP
! VF p5ZF\T 5|:T'T ;\XMWGDF\ D],FSFTGM 56 p5SZ6 TZLS[ p5IMU SZLG[ DFlCTL D[/JJFDF\
VFJL K[P VUFpGF SM. ;\XMWGDF\ D],FSFTGM p5SZ6 TZLS[ p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFjIM GYLP VwIF5SMGL
~A~ D],FSFT ,.G[ T[DG[ lGIT 5|`GM 5}KLG[ DFlCTL D[/JJFDF\ VFJL CTLP
CJ[ 5KLGF 5|SZ6v# DF\ ;\XMWGGL VFWFZlX,F VG[ ;\XMWG IMHGFGL RRF" SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P
37
V\tI GF[\W
!P VFZP S[P RFJ0F4 lUH]EF. AW[SF ZlRT AF/JFTF"VMDF\ lGQ5gG YTF U]6M V[DPV[0ŸP V5|SFlXT
,W]XMW lGA\W4 ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L4 !))5
ZP GZ[X h[0PC[ZDF4 5} J " : GFTS lJnFYL" V MGF\ D} < IMGM S[ 8 ,F\ S R,MGF ;\ N E" D F\ VeIF;
VeIF;PP V[DPV[0PŸ
V5|SFlXT ,3]XMW lGA\W4 ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L4 ZFHSM84 !))5P
#P 3GxIFD V[DPSM/L4 prRTZ DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL" V MGF SFI" D } < I VG[ jIJ;FI
5;\ N ULGM VeIF;P V[DPV[0ŸP V5|SFlXT ,3]XMW lGA\W4 ;ZNFZ 58[, I]lGJl;"8L !))(
$P S[P0LP BFl6IF4 5\RT\+GL JFTF"VMDF\YL lGQ5gG YTF\ D}<IM V[DP V[0ŸP V5|SFlXT ,W]XMW lGA\W4
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L4 !)))
5P HIzLA[G 0LP ;M,\SL4 DFwIlDSXF/F VG[ lJ`JlJnF,IGF lX1FSMGL SFI" D } < I VlED] B TFGM
T] , FGtDS VeIF;P V[DPV[0ŸP V5|SFlXT ,3]XMW lGA\W4 ;ZNFZ 58[, I]lGJl;"8L !)))
&P l:DTF ALP l+J[NL4 X{ 1 Fl6S VG[ lAGX{ 1 Fl6S jIJ;FI TF,LDFYL" V MGF\ SFI" D } < IGM S[ 8 ,F\ S
R,MGF ;\ N E" D F\ VeIF;P
VeIF;PV[DPV[0ŸP V5|SFlXT ,3]XMW lGA\W4 ;ZNFZ 58[, I]lGJl;"8L !)))
*P S[PALP VU|FJT4 lCTM5N[XGL JFTF"VMDF\YL VFJZFI[,F\ D}<IMGM VeIF;
VeIF;4 V[DP V[0ŸP V5|SFlXT
,W]XMW lGA\W4 ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L4 Z___
(P VR"GF H[P 5ZDFZ4 5LP8LP;LP VG[ ALPV[ 0 Ÿ P GF TF,LDFYL" V M SFI" D } < IGM S[ 8 ,F\ S R,MGF
;\ N E" D F\ VeIF;P V[DPV[0ŸP V5|SFlXT ,3]XMW lGA\W4 ;ZNFZ 58[, I]lGJl;"8L Z___P
)P V[GPV[DP SG[lZIF ET'\ClZS'T GLlTXTSDF\ jIST YTF\ D}<IMGM VeIF; V[DPV[0ŸP V5|SFlXT
,W]XMW lGA\W4 ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L4 Z___
!_P VFZP5LP T0JL DFwIlDS XF/FGF VeIF; ÊDDF\ ;\:S'TGF\ ;]EFlQFTMGF\ D}<IMGL VM/B VG[
JUL"SZ6 V[DPV[ŸP V5|SFlXT ,W]XMW lGA\W4 ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L 4 Z__$4
38
!!P J;gIF V[[4lN<CLGF prRTZ DFwIlDS XF/FGF lJnFYL" V MGL A] l wW4 l;lâ VG[ ;FDFlHS
VFlY" S :TZGF ;\ N E" D F\ SFI" D } < IMGM VeIF;
VeIF;P 5LV[RP0LP V5|SFlXT DCFlG\AW4 lN<CL
I]lGJl;"8Lv!)*ZP
!ZP H{G V[P4 G[ X G, ,[ A Z .g:8L8I] 8 GJL lN<CLGL TALAL SM,[ H GF lJnFYL" V MGF\ SFI" D } < IMGL
TZFCMGM VeIF;P 5LV[RP0LP V5|SFlXT DCFlG\AW4 lN<CL I]lGJl;"8L4 !)**P
!#P RgN=F 0LP4 lX1F6 VG[ lAGlX1F6 jIJ;FIJF/F ,MSMGL SFI" D } < IGL U| C 6XlSTGM VeIF;P
5LV[RP0LP V5|SFlXT DCFlG\AW4 V[PV[DPI]lJl;"8L4 !)**P
;FDFlHS 5lZJT" G DF\ jIlSTtJ5lZA/M4 D} < IJ
!$P RT]J["NL VFZP0LP4;FDFlHS
IJ'lâ
l â VG[ p\ D ZGL J,6
5ZGL V;ZP 5LV[RP0LP V5|SFlXT DCFlG\AW4 VFU|F I]lGJl;"8L4 !)((P
DFwIlDS VG[ prR DFwIlDS XF/FVMGF lJnFYL" V MGF V5[ l 1FT JT" G 5lZJT" G
!5P EF\0]ZL H[P4DFwIlDS
VG[ D} < IM 5Z lJnFYL" 5ZGF 5| l T5MQF6
GL V;Z RSF;JLP 5LV[RP0LP
T5MQF6(Feedback)GL
V5|SFlXT DCFlG\AW4 ptS, I]lGJl;"8L4 !)()P
VF\ W | 5 | N [ X GL ;tI;F\ . CFIZ ;[ [ \ S 0ZL :S} , 4 lDXGZL :S} , VG[ ;[ g 8= , :S} , GF
!&P ;F\EL 5}GDP4VF\
lJnFYL" V M 5Z J[ < I} 5 [ 8 G" VG[ jIlSTtJ5lZA/M (Personality Variables)
GL V;Z RSF;JLP
RSF;JLP5LV[RP0LP V5|SFlXT DCFlG\AW4 lCDFR, 5|N[X I]lGJl;"8LP !)()P
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cc ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GF TF,LDFYL"VMGF D}<I5|JT"G DF5N\0GF
5|tI[S D}<IGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[ HFlTUT SM. ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIccP
lJGIG lJnFXFBF4 JFl6HI lJnFXFBF4 lJ7FG lJnFXFBF VG[ U|FdI lJnFXFBFVMGF 5]Z]QF VG[
:+L TF,LDFYL"VMDF\ NZ[S D}<I DF8[ D/[, 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL VG[ 5|DF6lJR,G äFZF 8LvD}<IGL U6TZL
SZJFDF\ VFJLP H[ ;FZ6L $P! DF\ NXF"J[, K[P
;FZ6L $P!
lJlJW lJnFXFBFGF 5] Z ] Q F VG[ :+L TF,LDFYL" V MGF 5| F %TF\ S MG] \ 8LvD} < I
5] Z ] Q F
S| D D} < I 5| S FZ
:+L
s;\ b IFv)#Zf
s;\ b IFv(&(f
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;ZF;ZL
5| D F6 lJR,G
;ZF;ZL
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;FZ6L $P! 5ZYL HMJF D/[ K[ S[ jIlSTUT D}<I DF8[ 8LvD}<I ZP_( D?I]\ CT]\P H[ _P_5 S1FFV[
;FY"S CT]\P VFYL VeIF;GL 5|YD X}gI ptS<5GF ! cc ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GF
TF,LDFYL"VMGF D}<I5|JT"G DF5N\0GF 5|tI[S D}<IGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[ HFlTUT SM. ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\
CMIPcc GM V:JLSFZ YIM CTMP V[8,[ jIlSTUT D}<IGL AFATDF\ 5]Z]QF VG[ :+L TF,LDFYL"VMDF\ VF\lXS
HFlTUT TOFJT HMJF D/[ K[P :+L SZTF\ 5]Z]QFMGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL é\RL HMJF D/[ K[P AFSLGF\ ;FDFlHS4
;F\:S'lTS4 VFlY"S4 ZFQ8=LI4 G{lTS VG[ VFwIFltDS V[ K D}<IM DF8[ 8LvD}<I VG]S|D[ _PZ_4 !P$Z4 _P#Z4
!P__4 _P#( VG[ _P## HMJF D?I]\P VF D}<I _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S GYLP VFYL HFlTUT TOFJT HMJF
D/TM GYLP
52
’ ptS<5GFvZ
cc ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GF TF,LDFYL"VMGF D}<I5|JT"G DF5N\0GF
5|tI[S D}<IGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[ lJ:TFZUT SM. ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMI ccP
lJGIG lJnFXFBF4 JFl6HI lJnFXFBF4 lJ7FG lJnFXFBF VG[ U|FdI lJnFXFBFVMGF\ XC[ZL lJ:TFZ
VG[ U|FdI lJ:TFZGF TF,LDFYL"VMDF\ NZ[S D}<I DF8[ D/[, 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL VG[ 5|DF6lJR,G âFZF 8LvD}<IGL
U6TZL SZJFDF\ VFJLP H[ ;FZ6L $PZ DF\ NXF"J[, K[P
;FZ6L $PZ
lJlJW lJnFXFBFGF XC[ Z L VG[ U| F dI TF,LDFYL" V MGF 5| F %TF\ S MG] \ 8LvD} < I
S| D D} < I 5| S FZ
XC[ Z L
U| F dI
s;\ b IFv!_)5f
s;\ b IFv*_5f
;ZF;ZL
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5| D F6 lJR,G
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;FZ6L $PZ 5ZYL HMJF D/[ K[ S[ jIlSTUT4 ;FDFlHS4 ;F\:S'lTS4 VFlY"S4 ZFQ8=LI4 G{lTS VG[
VFwIFltDS D}<IM DF8[ D/[,F\ 8LvD}<IM VG]S|D[ _P#$4 _P$Z4 !P_Z4 _P_! _P_Z4 !P#5 VG[ _P5_ CTFP
VF AWF 8LvD}<IM _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S G CTF\P T[YL X}gI ptS<5GF Z cc ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG
ALPV[0ŸPSM,[HF[GF TF,LDFYL"VMGF D}<I5|JT"G DF5N\0GF 5|tI[S D}<IGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[ lJ:TFZUT
SM. ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIcc GM V:JLSFZ YIM G CTMP V[8,[ S[ D}<I 5|F%TF\SDF\ XC[ZL lJ:TFZ VG[ U|FdI
lJ:TFZGF TF,LDFYL"VMDF\ TOFJT HMJF D?IM G CTMP
71
;FZ6L $PZ!
lJlJW lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL" V MGF ZFQ8= L I D} < IGF 5| F %TF\ S MG] \ lJRZ6 5' Y ÞZ6
S| D lJRZ6GM pNŸ U D
!P H}YM JrR[
ZP H}YM V\TU"T
JUM" G F ;ZJF/F
:JFT\œ I ;\ b IF
$5P$_
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#
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;FZ6L $PZ! 5ZYL HF6JF D/[ K[ S[ lJGIG4 JFl6HI4 lJ7FG VG[ U|FdI lJnFXFBFVMGF
TF,LDFYL"VMGF\ H}Y JrR[GF JU"GM ;ZJF/M $5P$_ CTMP H[GL :JFT\þI ;\bIF # VG[ JUM"GM DwIS
!5P!# CTFP HIFZ[ H}YM V\TU"T JUM"GM ;ZJF/M Z(&$5P(( CTMP H[GL :JFT\þI ;\bIF !*)& VG[
JUM"GM DwIS !5P)5 D?IF\ CTF\P lJlJW lJnFXFBFGF ZFQ8=LI D}<IGF lJRZ6 5'YÞZ6GL U6TZL SZTF\
T[G]\ V[O D}<I _P5_ D?I]\ CT]\P H[ _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S G CT\]P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GF Z! cc ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L
;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GF lJGIG4 JFl6HI4 lJ7FG VG[ U|FdI lJnFXFBFGFVMGL ccZFQ8=LI D}<Icc GF 5|F%TF\SMGL
;ZF;ZL JrR[ SM. ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIcc GM V:JLSFZ YIM G CTM V[8,[ S[ lJGIG4 JFl6HI4 lJ7FG
VG[ U|FdI lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF ZFQ8=LI D}<IGF 5|F%TF\SMDF\ TOFJT GYLP
’ ptS<5GFvZZ
cc;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GF lJGIG4 JFl6HI4 lJ7FG VG[ U|FdI
lJnFXFBFGFVMGF ccG{lTS D}<Icc GF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[ SM. ;FY"S TOFJT
GCL\ CMIccP
lJGIG4 JFl6HI4 lJ7FG VG[ U|FdI lJnFXFBFVMGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF G{lTS D}<IGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL
JrR[GM TOFJT RSF;JF lJlJW lJnFXFBFVMGF G{lTS D}<I 5|F%TF\SMG]\ lJRZ6 5'YÞZ6 SZL V[O U]6M¿Z
XMWJFDF\ VFjIM H[ ;FZ6L $PZZ DF\ NXF"J[, K[P
;FZ6L $PZZ
lJlJW lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL" V MGF G{ l TS D} < IGF 5| F %TF\ S MG] \ lJRZ6 5' Y ÞZ6
S| D lJRZ6GMpNŸ U D
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TF,LDFYL"VMGF H}Y JrR[GF JUM"GM ;ZJF/M Z!(P$$ CTM H[GL :JFT\œI ;\bIF # VG[ JUM"GM DwIS
*ZP(Z CTFP HIFZ[ H}YM V\TU"T JUM"GM ;ZJF/M &Z#Z*P)! CTMP H[GL :JFT\œI ;\bIF !*)& VG[ JUM"GM
72
DwIS #$P*_ D?IF\ CTF\P lJlJW lJnFXFBFGF G{lTS D}<IGF lJRZ6 5'YÞZ6GL U6TZL SZTF\ T[G]\ V[O
D}<I ZP!_ D?I]\ CT]\P H[ _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GF ZZ cc ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG
ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GF lJGIG4 JFl6HI4 lJ7FG VG[ U|FdI lJnFXFBFGFVMGL ccG{lTS D}<Icc GF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL
JrR[ SM. ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMI cc GM V:JLSFZ YIM G CTMP V[8,[ S[ lJGIG4 JFl6HI4 lJ7FG VG[ U|FdI
lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF G{lTS D}<IGF 5|F%TF\SMDF\ TOFJT GYLP
’ ptS<5GFvZ#
cc;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GF lJGIG4 JFl6HI4 lJ7FG VG[ U|FdI
lJnFXFBFGFVMGF ccVFwIFltDS D}<Icc GF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[ SM. ;FY"S TOFJT
GCL\ CMIccP
lJGIG4 JFl6HI4 lJ7FG VG[ U|FdI lJnFXFBFVMGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF VFwIFltDS D}<IGF 5|F%TF\SMGL
;ZF;ZL JrR[GM TOFJT RSF;JF lJlJW lJnFXFBFVMGF VFwIFltDS D}<I 5|F%TF\SMG]\ lJRZ6 5'YÞZ6 SZL V[O
U]6M¿Z XMWJFDF\ VFjIM H[ ;FZ6L $PZ# DF\ NXF"J[, K[P
;FZ6L $PZ#
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S| D lJRZ6GM pNŸ U D
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TF,LDFYL"VMGF H}Y JrR[GF JUM"GM ;ZJF/M !#PZ* CTMP H[GL :JFT\œI ;\bIF # VG[ JUM"GM DwIS $P$Z
CTF\P HIFZ[ H}YM V\TU"T JUM"GM ;ZJF/M 55$(*P*5 CTMP H[GL :JFT\œI ;\bIF !*)& VG[ JUM"GM
DwIS #_P)_ D?IF\ CTF\P lJlJW lJnFXFBFGF VFwIFltDS D}<IGF lJRZ6 5'YÞZ6GL U6TZL SZTF\
T[G]\ V[O D}<I _P!$ D?I]\ CT]\P H[ _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P VFYL X}gI ptS<5GF Z# cc ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L
;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GF lJGIG4 JFl6HI4 lJ7FG VG[ U|FdI lJnFXFBFGFVMGL ccVFwIFltDS D}<Icc GF
5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[ SM. ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMI cc GM V:JLSFZ YIM G CTMP V[8,[ S[ lJGIG4 JFl6HI4
lJ7FG VG[ U|FdI lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF VFwIFltDS D}<IGF 5|F%TF\SMDF\ TOFJT G CTFP
CJ[ 5KLGF 5|SZ6v5 DF\ D],FSFT sVG]SFI"f GL RRF" SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P
73
5| S Z6 v 5
VG] S FI" v D] , FSFT (Interview)
5P! 5| : TFJGF
D],FSFT V[ ;\XMWGG]\ VUtIG]\ p5SZ6 U6FI K[P T[GM VY" VF 5|DF6[ VF5L XSFI ccV[S jIlST S[
jIlSTVMGF H}YG[ ;FD[ A[9[,L V[S jIlST S[ jIlSTVMG]\ H}Y JFTRLT äFZF S[ 5|`GM 5}KLG[ VUFpYL wIFGDF\
,LW[,L AFATM lJX[ DFlCTL D[/J[4 DFlCTLGL RSF;6L SZ[ S[ DFlCTLDF\ 5}ZJ6L SZ[ S[ H[ T[DG[ ;\XMWGDF\4
JT"GNMQFDF\ lGNFGDF\ S[ p5RFZDF\ S[ DFU"NX"GDF\ p5IMUL YFI T[ 5|lS|IFG[ D],FSFT SC[JFI K[Pcc
5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ J{IlSTS 5|SFZGL lGI\l+T D],FSFTGM sVF{5RFlZS D],FSFTf p5IMU SZJFDF\
VFjIM CTMP D],FSFTGF OFINF VF 5|DF6[ U6FJL XSFIP
' D{+LEIF" ;FCRI"GM ,FE D/[ K[P
' 5F+MGF 5|[Z6F äFZF D]ST lJRFZM HF6L XSFIP
' D],FSFT NZdIFG 5F+GL lGQ9F VG[ ;}hGM bIF, VFJ[ K[P
' GFGF\ AF/SM VG[ VE6 ,MSM 5F;[YL DFlCTL D[/JL XSFIP
' S[8,FS DF6;M ,BJF SZTF DF{lBS VlEjIlST äFZF lJRFZM jIST SZJFG]\ 5;\N SZ[ K[P
;\XMWS[ D}<I5|JT"G DF5N\0 äFZF ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8LGL ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HGF TF,LDFYL"VMG[ DF5N\0
VF5L T[DGF 5|lTRFZM GM\wIF\P D/[,L DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6 VG[ VY"38G SI]"\P T[GF VFWFZ[ H]NF\ H]NF\ H}YM
H]NF\ H]NF\ D}<IM 5Z S[8,]\ DCÀJ VF5[ K[ T[ XMWL SF-JFDF\ VFjI]\P SM,[HDF\ VeIF; SZTF\ NZ[S lJnFXFBFGF
TF,LDFYL"VM 5F;[YL T[DGM 5|lTRFZ D[/JL 5FZ:5lZS ;\A\W T5F;JFDF\ VFjIMP
ALPV[0ŸPSM,[HGF TF,LDFYL"VM 5F;[YL DFlCTL D[/jIF AFN ALPV[0ŸPGF SM,[HGF VwIF5SzLVM
D}<I lJX[ X]\ DFG[ K[4 T[DGF DT[ D}<IGL ;\S<5GF XL K[ VG[ D}<I lX1F6G[ JU"B\0DF\ S. ZLT[ ,. H.
XSFI T[ HF6JFGF C[T]YL ;\XMWS[ VwIF5SMGL ~A~ D],FSFT ,.G[ T[DGF\ SL\DTL ;}RGM VG[ VlE5|FIM
D[/JJFG]\ GÞL SI]"\P
5|:T]T 5|SZ6DF\ D],FSFT 5|lJlW4 D],FSFT5+S VG[ D],FSFTGF VFWFZ[ D/[,L DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6
VG[ VY"38GGL RRF" SZJFDF\ VFJL K[P
5PZ D] , FSFT 5| l JlW
ALPV[0ŸPGF TF,LDFYL"VM 5F;[YL D/[,L DFlCTLGF VFWFZ[ VF\S0FXF:+LI 5'YÞZ6 SZL VY"38G
SZJFDF\ VFjI]\P T[GF VFWFZ[ H[ TFZ6M D?IF\ T[GL V,U GM\W SZJFDF\ VFJL T[GF VFWFZ[ D],FSFT 5+DF\
S. AFATMGL RRF" SZJFGL T[GL DFlCTL T{IFZ SZJFDF\ VFJLP H[ VwIF5SMGL D],FSFT ,[JFGL CTL T[DG[
VUFpYL D],FSFTGM C[T]4 D],FSFTGM VG]S}/ ;DI VG[ D],FSFTG]\ DCÀJ ;DHFJJFDF\ VFjI]\P tIFZAFN
;\XMWS[ 5MT[ H NZ[S VwIF5SGL ~A~ D],FSFT ,.G[ GÞL SZ[,F 5|`GMGF VFWFZ[ RRF" SZJFDF\ VFJLP
D],FSFT NZdIFG H ;\XMWS[ D],FSFT 5+SDF\ D/[,F p¿ZMGL GM\W SZL VF ZLT[ lGI\l+T D],FSFT
äFZF VwIF5SMGF\ ;}RGM VG[ VlE5|FIM D[/JJFDF\ VFjIF\P 5;\N SZ[, VwIF5SMGL DFlCTL ;FZ6L 5P!
DF\ VF5JFDF\ VFJL K[P
74
;FZ6L 5P!
H] N L H] N L lJnFXFBFGF VwIF5SM
S|D
lJnFXFBF
VwIF5SMGL ;\ b IF
!
lJGIG
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Z
lJ7FG
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#
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;FZ6L 5P! 5ZYL TFZJL XSFI K[ S[ S], &_ VwIF5SMGL D],FSFT ,[JFDF\ VFJLP T[DF\ H]NL H]NL
lJnFXFBFGF VwIF5SMGM ;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFjIM CTMP VF VwIF5SMGL ;FY[ H ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HGF &
H[8,F\ VFRFIM"GL 56 D],FSFT ,[JFDF\ VFJ[,LP VF ;\bIFGM p5ZMST ;FZ6LDF\ H ;DFJ[X Y. HFI K[P
5P# D] , FSFT 5+S
D],FSFT 5+S äFZF H[ T[ jIlSTG[ ~A~ D/LG[ D{+LEIF"4PP lGBF,;4PP JFTFJZ6DF\ ~A~ RRF" SZJFDF
VFJ[ K[P ~A~ RRF" SZJFYL4
( DFlCTL :5Q856[ D/L XS[ K[P
( ;\XF[WS 5lZl:YTL 5|DF6[ 5|`G lJnFGDF\ H~ZL O[ZOFZ SZL XS[ K[P
( D],FSFT VF5GFZ 5F+ S[8,LS DFlCTL ,[BLT :J~5[ G VF5L XS[ T[ DFlCTL D],FSFT NZdIFG
ZH] SZL XS[ K[P
(
A\G[ 5Ù[ SF[> X\SF CF[I S[ V:5ÚTF CF[I T[ N]Z SZL XSFI K[P
( D],FSFT ,[GFZGL VFJ0T[4PP S]G[C4PP VG[ JFTRLT SZJFGL ZLT ;FZ]\ 5lZ6FD VF5[ K[P
( D],FSFTDF\ VGFtD ,ÙL S[ VFtD ,ÙL V[D A\G[ 5|SFZGF 5|`GMGF[ p5IF[U SZL XSFI K[P
( D],FSFT ;C[T]S CF[JL HF[>V[ VG[ 5|`GF[¿ZL 5}J" VFIF[lHT CF[JL HF[>V[ VFYL H~ZL A3L H
DFlCTL D/L XS[ K[P
D],FSFT ,[JF DF8[ ;\XF[WS[ D],FSFT 5+S T{IFZ SZ[,]\P
D],FSFT 5+SDF\ VwIF5SGL 5|FYlDS DFlCTL D[/jIF AFN D}<IG[ ,UTF 5|`GMGL IFNL T{IFZ
SZL CTLP D],FSFT 5+S 5lZlXQ8v5DF\ VF5JFDF\ VFJ[, K[P D],FSFT 5+SDF\ CF q GF HJFA D/[ T[JF
VGFtD,1FL 5|`GM VG[ D]ST HJFAL 5|`GM 56 CTFP D],FSFT 5+SDF\ H NZ[S 5|`G lJnFGGL GLR[ HJFA
GM\WL XSFI T[ ZLT[ NZ[S 5|`G ;FY[ BF,L HuIF OF/JJFDF\ VFJL CTLP 5|`GM :JFEFlJS ZLT[ JFTRLT
NZdIFG H ;\XMWS[ D],FSFTLVM ;D1F ZH} SIF" CTFP H[YL VF{5RFlZS56]\ ZC[ VG[ D]ST VlE5|FI D/L ZC[P
5P$ DFlCTLG] \ 5' Y ÞZ6 VG[ VY" 3 8GP
D],FSFT NZdIFG ;\XF[WS VG[ D],FSFT VF5GFZ JrR[ D{+L ;EZ4PP lGBF,;4PP VG[ D]ÉT4PP JFTFJZ6
CT]\P J/L ;\XF[WG NZdIFG D}<I 5|JT"G DF5N\0 p5SZ6 âFZF D/[,F\ TFZ6MGL 56 ;\XMWS[ VwIF5SM
âFZF OMG p5Z VYJF ~A~ RRF SZ[,L CTLP D],FSFT5+SDF\ GÞL SZ[,F\ 5|`GM A\G[ 5|SFZGF\ CTF\
s!f D]STHJFAL VG[ sZf VGFtD ,1FLP
75
D]ST HJFAL 5|`GM 8\}SF p¿Z 5|SFZGF CTF\P H[YL B}A H VMKF ;DIDF\ VG[ VMKF\ JFSIDF\ HJFA D[/JLG[
GM\WL XSFIP
DFlCTLG]\ 5'YÞZ6 VFJ'l¿GF :J~5DF\ SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ K[P
VwIF5SMGL ¹lQ8V[ D}<IGM VY" HF6JF D?IMP VFGL DFlCTL ;FZ6L 5PZ DF\ NXF"J[, K[P
;FZ6L 5PZ
D} < IF[ G F VY" V\ U [ G F 5| l TEFJM
S|D
!P
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86
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CMIPcc
VF p<S<5GFGL RSF;6L DF8[ D/[, 8LvD}<I ZP*_ CT]\ H[ _P_! S1FFV[ ;FY"S CT]\ T[YL X}gI
ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM CTMP V[8,[ S[ JFl6HI lJnFXFBF VG[ U|FdI lJnFXFBF TF,LDFYL"VMDF\
D}<IMDF\ TOFJT HMJF D/[ K[P
&P#P( VF9DL X} g I ptS<5GF VF 5| D F6[ CTL o
cc ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸPSM,[HF[GF lJ7FG VG[ U|FdI lJnFXFBFVMGF
TF,LDFYL"VMGF D}<I 5|JT"G DF5N\0GF 5|tI[S D}<IGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[ SM.
;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP cc
VF ptS<5GFGL RSF;6L DF8[ D/[, 8LvD}<I ZP_Z D?I]\ H[ _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P T[YL X}gI
ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM CTMP V[8,[ S[ lJ7FG lJnFXFBF VG[ U|FdI lJnFXFBF TF,LDFYL"VMGF\ D}<IMDF\
TOFJT HMJF D/[ K[P
&P#P) GJDL X} g I ptS<5GF VF 5| D F6[ CTL o
cc ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GF lJGIG lJnFXFBFGF 5]~QF VG[ :+L
TF,LDFYL"VMGF D}<I 5|JT"G DF5N\0GF 5|tI[S D}<IGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[ SM.
;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP cc
VF ptS<5GFGL RSF;6L DF8[ D/[, 8LvD}<I _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S G CT\] T[YL VF X}gI ptS<5GFGM
V:JLSFZ YIM G CTM V[8,[ S[ D}<IMDF\ lJGIG lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VMDF\ HFlTUT TOFJT HMJF D/
TM GYLP
&P#P!_ N;DL X} g I ptS<5GF VF 5| D F6[ CTL o
cc ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GF lJGIG lJnFXFBFGF XC[ZL VG[ U|FdI
lJ:TFZGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF D}<I 5|JT"G DF5N\0GF 5|tI[S D}<IGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL
JrR[ SM. ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP cc
87
VF ptS<5GFGL RSF;6L DF8[ D/[, 8LvD}<I _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S G CT\]P T[YL VF X}gI ptS<5GFGM
V:JLSFZ YIM G CTM V[8,[ S[ D}<IMDF\ lJGIG lJnFXFBFGF XC[ZL lJ:TFZ VG[ U|FdI lJ:TFZGF
TF,LDFYL"VMDF\ TOFJT HMJF D?IM G CTMP
&P#P!! VlUIFZDL X} g I ptS<5GF VF 5| D F6[ CTL o
cc ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GF JFl6HI lJnFXFBFGF 5]~QF VG[ :+L
TF,LDFYL"VMGF D}<I 5|JT"G DF5N\0GF 5|tI[S D}<IGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[ SM.
;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP cc
VF ptS<5GFGL RSF;6L DF8[ D/[, 8LvD}<I ZPZ# CT]\P H[ _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P T[YL X}gI
ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM CTM V[8,[ S[ D}<IMDF\ JFl6HI lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VMDF\ HFlTUT TOFJT
HMJF D?IM K[P
&P#P!Z AFZDL X} g I ptS<5GF VF 5| D F6[ CTL o
cc ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GF JFl6HI lJnFXFBFGF XC[ZL VG[ U|FdI
lJ:TFZGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF D}<I 5|JT"G DF5N\0GF 5|tI[S D}<IGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[
SM. ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP cc
VF ptS<5GFGL RSF;6L DF8[ D/[, 8LvD}<I _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\ T[YL VF X}gI ptS<5GFGM
V:JLSFZ YIM G CTMP V[8,[ S[ D}<IMDF\ JFl6HI lJnFXFBFGF XC[ZL VG[ U|FdI lJ:TFZGF TF,LDFYL"VMDF\
TOFJT HMJF D/TM GYLP
&P#P!# T[ Z DL X} g I ptS<5GF VF 5| D F6[ CTLP
cccc;F{
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GF lJ7FG lJnFXFBFGF 5]~QF VG[ :+L
TF,LDFYL"VMGF D}<I 5|JT"G DF5N\0GF 5|tI[S D}<IGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[ SM.
;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP
cc
CMIPcc
VF ptS<5GFGL RSF;6L DF8[ D/[, 8LvD}<I _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P T[YL VF X}gI ptS<5GFGM
V:JLSFZ YIM G CTMP V[8,[ S[ D}<IMDF\ lJ7FG lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VMDF\ HFlTUT TOFJT HMJF
D?IM G CTMP
&P#P!$ RF{ N DL X} g I ptS<5GF VF 5| D F6[ CTLP
cc ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GF lJ7FG lJnFXFBFGF XC[ZL VG[ U|FdI
lJ:TFZGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF D}<I 5|JT"G DF5N\0GF 5|tI[S D}<IGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL
JrR[ SM. ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP cc
VF ptS<5GFGL RSF;6L DF8[ D/[, 8LvD}<I _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P T[YL VF X}gI ptS<5GFGM
V:JLSFZ YIM CTMP V[ 8 ,[ S[ D} < IMDF\ lJ7FG lJnFXFBFGF XC[ Z L lJ:TFZ VG[ U| F dI lJ:TFZGF
TF,LDFYL"VMDF\ TOFJT HMJF D/[ K[P
88
&P#P!5 5\ N ZDL X} g I ptS<5GF VF 5| D F6[ CTLP
cc ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GF U|FdI lJnFXFBFGF 5]~QF VG[ :+L
TF,LDFYL"VMGF D}<I 5|JT"G DF5N\0GF 5|tI[S D}<IGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[ SM.
;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP cc
VF ptS<5GFGL RSF;6LDF\ D/[, 8L D}<I *P!! CT]\P H[ _P_! S1FFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P T[YL VF X}gI
ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM CTMP V[8,[ S[ D}<IMDF\ U|FdI lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VMDF\ TOFJT HMJF D/[K[P
&P#P!& ;M/DL X} g I ptS<5GF VF 5| D F6[ CTLP
cc ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GF U|FdI lJnFXFBFGF XC[ZL VG[ U|FdI lJ:TFZGF
TF,LDFYL"VMGF D}<I5|JT"G DF5N\0GF 5|tI[S D}<IGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[ SM.
;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP cc
VF ptS<5GFGL RSF;6L DF8[ D/[, 8LvD}<I *P($ CT]\ H[ _P_! S1FFV[ ;FY"S CT]\P T[YL VF X}gI
ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM CTMP V[8,[ S[ D}<IMDF\ U|FdI lJnFXFBFGF XC[ZL VG[ U|FdI lJ:TFZGF
TF,LDFYL"VMDF\ TOFJT HMJF D/[ K[P
&P#P!* ;¿ZDL X} g I ptS<5GF VF 5| D F6[ CTLP
cc
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GF lJGIG4 JFl6HI4 lJ7FG VG[ U|FdI
cc;F{
lJnFXFBFGFVMGF ccjIlSTUT D}<Icc GF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[ SM. ;FY"S TOFJT
GCL\ CMIP
cc
CMIPcc
VF ptS<5GFGL RSF;6L DF8[ D/[, V[OvD}<I !P5Z CT]\ H[ _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P T[YL VF
X}gI ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM G CTM V[8,[ S[ D}<IMDF\ RFZ[I lJnFXFBFVMGF TF,LDFYL"VMDF\ jIlSUT
D}<IMDF\ TOFJT HMJF D/TM GYLP
&P#P!( V-FZDL X} g I ptS<5GF VF 5| D F6[ CTLP
cc ;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GF lJGIG4 JFl6HI4 lJ7FG VG[ U|FdI
lJnFXFBFGFVMGF cc;FDFlHS D}<Icc GF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[ SM. ;FY"S TOFJT
GCL\ CMIP cc
VF ptS<5GFGL RSF;6L DF8[ D/[, V[OvD}<I _P(_ CT]\ H[ _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\ T[YL VF
X}gI ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM G CTMP V[8,[ S[ D}<IMDF\ H]NL H]NL RFZ[I lJnFXFBFVMGF TF,LDFYL"VMDF\
;FDFlHS D}<IDF\ TOFJT HMJF D/TM GYLP
&P#P!) VMU6L;DL X} g I ptS<5GF VF 5| D F6[ CTLP
cc
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GF lJGIG4 JFl6HI4 lJ7FG VG[ U|FdI
cc;F{
lJnFXFBFGFVMGF cc;F\:S'lTS D}<Icc GF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[ SM. ;FY"S TOFJT
GCL\ CMIP
cc
CMIPcc
89
VF ptS<5GFGL RSF;6L DF8[ D/[, V[OvD}<I _P&5 CT]\ H[ _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S CT]\ T[YL VF X}gI
ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM G CTMP V[8,[ S[ D}<IMDF\ H]NL H]NL RFZ[I lJnFXFBFVMGF TF,LDFYL"DF\ ;F\:S'lTS
D}<IDF\ TOFJT HMJF D/[ K[PP
&P#PZ_ JL;DL X} g I ptS<5GF VF 5| D F6[ CTLP
cc
;F{ Z FQ8= I] l GJl;" 8 L ;\ , uG ALPV[ 0 Ÿ P SM,[ H F[ G F lJGIG4 JFl6HI4 lJ7FG VG[ U| F dI
cc;F{
lJnFXFBFVMGF ccVFlY"S D}<IccGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[ SM. ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP
cc
CMIPcc
VF ptS<5GFGL RSF;6L DF8[ D/[, V[OvD}<I ZP*_ CT]\P H[ _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S CT]P T[YL VF X}gI
ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM CTMP V[8,[ S[ D}<IMDF\ H]NL H]NL RFZ[I lJnFXFBFVMGF TF,LDFYL"VMDF\ VFlY"S
D}<IGF TOFJT HMJF D/[, K[P
&P#PZ! V[ S JL;DL X} g I ptS<5GF VF 5| D F6[ CTLP
cc
;F{ Z FQ8= I] l GJl;" 8 L ;\ , uG ALPV[ 0 Ÿ P SM,[ H F[ G F lJGIG4 JFl6HI4 lJ7FG VG[ U| F dI
cc;F{
lJnFXFBFGFVMGFccZFQ8=LI D}<IccGF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[ SM. ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP
cc
CMIPcc
VF ptS<5GFGL RSF;6L DF8[ D/[, V[OvD}<I _P5_ CT]\ H[ _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\P T[YL VF
X}gI ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM G CTM V[8,[ S[ D}<IMDF\ H]NL H]NL RFZ[I lJnFXFBFVMGF TF,LDFYL"VMDF\
ZFQ8=LI D}<IDF\ TOFJT HMJF D/TM GYLP
&P#PZZ AFJL;DL X} g I ptS<5GF VF 5| D F6[ CTLP
cc
;F{ Z FQ8= I] l GJl;" 8 L ;\ , uG ALPV[ 0 Ÿ P SM,[ H F[ G F lJGIG4 JFl6HI4 lJ7FG VG[ U| F dI
cc;F{
lJnFXFBFGFVMGF ccG{lTS D}<Icc GF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[ SM. ;FY"S TOFJT GCL\ CMIP
cc
CMIPcc
VF ptS<5GFGL RSF;6L DF8[ D/[, V[OvD}<I ZP!_ CT]\P H[ _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S G CT]\ T[YL VF
X}gI ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM G CTM V[8,[ S[ D}<IMDF\ H]NL H]NL RFZ[I lJnFXFBFVMGF TF,LDFYL"VMDF\
G{lTS D}<IDF\ TOFJT HMJF D/TM GYLP
&P#PZ# +[ J L;DL X} g I ptS<5GF VF 5| D F6[ CTLP
cc
;F{ZFQ8= I]lGJl;"8L ;\,uG ALPV[0ŸP SM,[HF[GF lJGIG4 JFl6HI4 lJ7FG VG[ U|FdI
cc;F{
lJnFXFBFGFVMGF ccVFwIFltDS D}<Icc GF 5|F%TF\SMGL ;ZF;ZL JrR[ SM. ;FY"S TOFJT
GCL\ CMIP cc
VF ptS<5GFGL RSF;6L DF8[ D/[, V[OvD}<I _P!$ CT]\ H[ _P_5 S1FFV[ ;FY"S G CT\]P T[YL VF
X}gI ptS<5GFGM V:JLSFZ YIM G CTM V[8,[ S[ D}<IMDF\ H]NL H]NL RFZ[I lJnFXFBFVMGF TF,LDFYL"VMDF\
VFwIFltDS D}<IDF\ TOFJT HMJF D/TM GYLP
90
&P$ ;\ X MWGGF\ TFZ6MP
;DU| ;\ X MWGGF DCÀJGF\ 5F;F\ V MGM lGRM0 TFZ6M :J~5[ ZH} SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ P VFYL
TFZ6M V[ ;\ X MWGG] \ S[ g ãlA\ N ] K[ P HIFZ[ TFZ6MGF VFWFZ[ ZH} SZJFDF\ VFJTF\ X{ 1 Fl6S ;} l RTFYM" V[
;\ X MWGMGL O,z] l T K[ P ;DU| ;\XMWGDF\ HMJF D/[,F\ TFZ6M GLR[ 5|DF6[ CTF\P
&P$P! D} < I5| J T" G DF5N\ 0 GF\ VFWFZ[ TFZ6M o
5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ X}gI ptS<5GFGL RSF;6L SIF" AFN ptS<5GFGF ;\NE"DF\ D/[, VY"38GM 5Z
VFWFlZT ;\XMWGGF\ TFZ6M VF 5|DF6[ CTF\P
!P
H]NL H]NL lJnFXFBFVMGF\ TF,LDFYL"VMGF\ D}<IMDF\ HFlTUT TOFJT GYLP
:+L VG[ 5]Z]QF TF,LDFYL"VM ;DFG K[P
ZP
H]NL H]NL lJnFXFBFVMGF\ TF,LDFYL"VMGF\ D}<IMDF\ lJ:TFZUT TOFJT GYLP
XC[ZL lJ:TFZ VG[ U|FdI lJ:TFZGF TF,LDFYL"VM ;DFG K[P
#P
lJGIG VG[ JFl6HI lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF\ D}<IMDF\ TOFJT GYLP
A\G[ lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VM ;DFG K[P
$P
lJGIG VG[ lJ7FG lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"GF\ D}<IMDF\ TOFJT GYLP
A\G[ lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VM ;DFG K[P
5P
lJGIG VG[ U|FdI lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF\ D}<IMDF\ TOFJT HMJF
D/[ K[P A\G[ lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VM ;DFG GYLP
&P
JFl6HI VG[ lJ7FG lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF\ D}<IMDF\ TOFJT GYLP
A\G[ lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VM ;DFG K[P
*P
JFl6HI lJnFXFBF VG[ U|FdI lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF\ D}<IMDF\
TOFJT
(P
HMJF D/[ K[ A\G[ lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VM ;DFG GYLP
lJ7FG VG[ U|FdI lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF\ D}<IMDF\ TOFJT HMJF
D/[ K[P A\G[ lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VM ;DFG GYLP
)P
lJGIG lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF\ D}<IMDF\ jIlSTUT TOFJT HMJF
D/TM GYLP 5]Z]QF VG[ :+L TF,LDFYL"VM ;DFG K[P
!_P
lJGIG lJnFXFBFGF XC[ZL lJ:TFZ VG[ U|FdI lJ:TFZGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF\
TOFJT HMJF D/TM GYLP A\G[ lJ:TFZGF TF,LDFYL"VM ;DFG K[P
!!P
JFl6HI lJnFXFBFGF 5]Z]QF VG[ :+L TF,LDFYL"VMDF\ ;FDFlHS D}<IGL
AFATDF\ TOFJT HMJF D/[ K[P A\G[ ;DFG GYLP VgI D}<IMDF\ TOFJT HMJF
D/TM GYLP
!ZP
JFl6HI lJnFXFBFGF XC[ZL VG[ U|FdI lJ:TFZGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF\ D}<IMDF\
TOFJT HMJF D/TM GYLP A\G[ TF,LDFYL"VM ;DFG K[P
!#P
lJ7FG lJnFXFBFGF 5]Z]QF VG[ :+L TF,LDFYL"VMGF\ D}<IMDF\ TOFJT GYLP
A\G[ ;DFG K[P
91
!$ P
lJ7FG lJnFXFBFGF XC[ZL VG[ U|FdI lJ:TFZGF TF,LDFYL"VMDF\ ;FDFlHS
VG[ G{lTS D}<IMDF\ TOFJT HMJF D/[ K[P AFSLGF\ D}<IMDF\ TOFJT HMJF
D/TM GYLP V[8,[ S[ AFSLGF D}<IMDF\ XC[ZL VG[ U|FdI lJ:TFZGF TF,LDFYL"VM
;DFG K[P
!5P
U|FdI lJnFXFBFGF 5]Z]QF VG[ :+L TF,LDFYL"VMGF ;F\:S'lTS VG[ ZFQ8=LI
D}<IMDF\ TOFJT HMJF D/[ K[P VG[ AFSLGF\ D}<IMDF\ TOFJT HMJF D/TM GYLP
V[8,[ S[ AFSLGF D}<IMDF\ 5]Z]QF VG[ :+L A\G[ ;DFG K[P
!&P
U|FdI lJnFXFBFGF XC[ZL VG[ U|FdI lJ:TFZGF TF,LDFYL"VMGF\ D}<IMDF\
;FDFlHS D}<I VG[ ZFQ8=LI D}<I DF8[ TOFJT HMJF D/[ K[P AFSLGF D}<IMDF\
TOFJT HMJF D/TM GYLP A\G[ ;DFG K[P
!*P
jIlSTUT D}<IDF\ AWL lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VM ;DFG K[P
!(P
;FDFlHS D}<IDF\ AWL lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VM ;DFG K[P
!)P
RFZ[I lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VM ;F\:S'lTS D}<IDF\ ;DFG GYLP
Z_P
RFZ[I lJnFXFBFVMGF TF,LDFYL"VM VFlY"S D}<IGL AFATDF\ ;DFG GYLP
lJGIG lJnFXFBF VG[ JFl6HI lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VM ;DFG K[P lJ7FG
lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VM lJGIG lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VM SZTF\ é\RF
K[P JFl6HI lJnFXFBF VG[ lJ7FG lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VM ;DFG
K[P JFl6HI lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VM U|FdI lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VM
SZTF\ é\RF K[P T[DH lJ7FG lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VM U|FdI lJnFXFBFGF
TF,LDFYL"VM SZTF\ é\RF K[P
Z!P
RFZ[I lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VM ZFQ8=LI D}<IGL AFATDF\ ;DFG K[P
ZZP
RFZ[I lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VM G{lTS D}<IGL AFATDF\ ;DFG K[P
Z#P
RFZ[I lJnFXFBFGF TF,LDFYL"VM VFwIFltDS D}<IGL AFATDF\ ;DFG K[P
&P$PZ D] , FSFTGF\ VFWFZ[ TFZ6MP
D}<IDF5N\0GF VFWFZ[ D/[, 5lZ6FDMGL RRF" ALPV[0ŸPGF VwIF5SM ;FY[ RRF" SZJFDF\
VFJL tIFZAFN D}<IlX1F6 V\U[G]\ T[DG]\ D\TjI HF6JF D],FSFTG]\ VFIMHG SI]"\ CT]\P
T[GF\ TFZ6M VF 5|DF6[ D?IF\P
!P
ZP
#P
$P
D}<IGM VY" VF5JF DF8[ VwIF5SM VFNX" VG[ prR ÒJGG[ VUtIG]\ U6[ K[
VG[ D}<IlX1F6 H~ZL K[ V[D AWF\ VwIF5SM DFG[ K[P
VwIF5SM jIlSTUT D}<IMDF\ !P ST"jI5ZFI6TF4 ZPprR lJRFZM4 #P:JI\lX:T
VG[ $P ;BT DC[GTG[ VUtIGF U6[ K[P
VwIF5SMGL ¹lQ8V[ VUtIGF\ 5|YD +6 D}<IM VF 5|DF6[ K[P
!P ZFQ8=LI D}<I4 ZP G{lTS D}<I VG[ #P jIlSTUT D}<IP
VwIF5SMGL ¹lQ8V[ D}<IlX1F6 DF8[ VUtIGL 5|J'l¿ VF 5|DF6[ K[P
!P lJX[QF 5|J'l¿VMG]\ VFIMHG SZJ]\ ZPVFwIFltDS U|\YMDF\YL pNFCZ6MGL
RRF" SZJL
92
5P
VwIF5SMGL ¹lQ8V[ VUtIGF\ ;F\:S'lTS D}<IM VF 5|DF6[ K[P
!P WFlD"S ;lCQ6]TF ZP ;F\:S'lTS JFZ;FGL HF/J6L #P V5lZU|C
&P
5|FYlDS S1FFV[ GLR[GF A[ D}<IM 5Z ;F{YL JW] EFZ D}SJM HM.V[ V[D VwIF5SM
DFG[ K[P
!P ;tI AM,J]\ VG[ ZP VFlY"S D}<IM
*P
SM,[H S1FFV[ D}<I lX1F6 VF5J]\ H~ZL K[ V[D AWF VwIF5SM DFG[ K[P SM,[HDF\
VwIF5SMGF DT[ GLR[GF\ D}<IM 5Z ;F{YL JW] EFZ VF5JM HM.V[P
!P ZFQ8=LI D}<IM VG[ ZP VFwIFltDS D}<IM
(P
D}<IM 5|tI[ ;EFGTF DF8[ ALPV[0ŸPGL TF,LD NZdIFG GLR[GF D]ÛF 5Z EFZ D}SJM
HM.V[P
!P J{7FlGS ¹lQ8SM6 S[/JJFGF 5|ItGM4 ZP SM,[H lX1F6GL NZ[S AFATDF\ lGIlDTTFP
#P N[X 5|tI[ 5|[D HFU[ T[JL 5|J'l¿ VG[ $P 5|FY"GF ;EFDF\ ;]lJRFZM VG[ D}<I,1FL
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Buch, M.B. (Ed.) (1974). A Survey of Research in Education. Baroda : CASE.
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PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
#P
;\XMWGDF\ ;DFlJQ8 VF ;FT D}<IMG[ DCtJGL ¹lQ8V[ 5|YD +6 S|D SIF D}<IG[ VF5XM m
!P jIlSUT D}<I
5P ZFQ8=LI D}<I
ZP ;FDFlHS D}<I
&P G{lTS D}<I
#P ;F\:S'lTS D}<I
*P VFwIFltDS D}<I
$P VFlY"S D}<I
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
$P
DFwIlDS XF/FDF\ D}<IlX1F6 VF5J]\ H~ZL ,FU[ K[ m T[ S. ZLT[ VF5J]\ HM.V[ T[ DF8[
GLR[GL ZLT 5{SL UD[ T[ A[G[ 5|YD A[ S|DF\S VF5MP
!P 5]:TSMDF\ V[SD OF/JJF\
ZP BF; 5|J'l¿VMG]\ VFIMHG SZJ]\P
#P V,U TF;GL OF/J6L SZJLP
$P VFwIFltDS U|\YMDF\YL pNFCZ6MGL RRF" SZJLP
5P lX1FSMGF 5MTFGF JT"G jIJCFZ âFZF
&P 5|FY"GF ;EFDF\ DCF5]Z]QFM V\U[ RRF" SZJL
*P lGQ6FTMGF 5|JRGM UM9JJF
(P ;FD}lCS 5|FY"GFDF\ D}<I ;\A\WL RRF" SZJLP
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
5P
SIF\ ;F\:S'lTS D}<IM TDFZL ¹lQ8V[ VUtIGF\ K[ m
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
110
&P
5|FYlDS XF/FDF\ SIF\ A[ D}<IMGF\ lX1F6 5Z JW] EFZ VF5JM HM.V[P m
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
*P
SM,[H S1FFV[ D}<I lX1F6 VF5J]\ H~ZL H6FI K[ m T[ DF8[ SM,[HDF\ SIF\ A[ D}<IM 5Z
EFZ D}SJM HM.V[ m
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
(P
ALPV[0ŸPGL TF,LD NZdIFG TF,LDFYL"VMDF\ D}<IM 5|tI[ ;EFGTF S[/JJF VF5GF ;}RG
VF5MP
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
)P
cD}<IM VG[ DFGJÒJGG]\ V{SI :Y5FIc T[ DF8[ VF5G]\ ;F{YL VUtIG]\ ;}RG VF5MP
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
!_P
cS[/J6L V[8,[ 5}6"tJG]\ 5|U8LSZ6c4 :JFDL lJJ[SFG\N[ VF5[, VF jIFbIFG[ ;lZTFY" SZJFDF\
D}<I lX1F6 VUtIG]\ 5]ZJFZ YX[ V[J]\ VF5 DFGM KM m
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP