Younger Drivers Toolkit for Local Agencies RESEARCH SERVICES & LIBRARY Office of Transportation System Management SRF Consulting Group, Inc. Renae Kuehl, PE, PTOE Cheri Marti Mike Marti, PE August 2015 Research Project Report Number 2015RIC04 Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. 3. Recipients Accession No. MN/RC - 2015RIC04 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Younger Drivers Toolkit for Local Agencies August 2015 6. 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Renae Kuehl, Cheri Marti, Michael Marti 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. SRF Consulting Group, Inc. One Carlson Parkway North, Suite 150 Minneapolis, MN 55477-4443 11. Contract (C) or Grant (G) No. 12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Minnesota Department of Transportation Research Services Section 395 John Ireland Boulevard Mail Stop 330 St. Paul, Minnesota 55155 Final Report 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes Report: http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/TS/2015/2015RIC04.pdf PowerPoint file: http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/documents/YoungerDrivers.pptx 16. Abstract (Limit: 200 words) This Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies is intended to provide Minnesota local city and county transportation and traffic safety engineering staff with the information needed to conduct focused presentations to engage local communities to improve safety for Minnesota’s highest risk driving population—younger drivers ages 15-29. The Toolkit is structured to first provide a foundation to understand the “why” behind younger driver severe crashes. Second, the toolkit features ideas and resources to help educate and promote community engagement to reduce younger driver-related traffic deaths and injuries. Toolkit outline: Understanding Younger Driver Safety Challenges 1. The Importance of Driver Behavior to Improve Road Safety 2. Understanding Younger Drivers’ Attitudes and Motivations for High-Risk Driving 3. Minnesota Younger Driver Crash Fact Sheets Resources to Promote Younger Driver Behavior Change 1. Example Community-Based Safety Strategies to Strengthen Younger Driver Safety 2. Public Service Announcement (PSA) Videos 3. Toward Zero Deaths (TZD) Partnerships 4. Younger Driver PowerPoint Presentation Template 17. Document Analysis/Descriptors Toward Zero Deaths TZD Speed Impaired Alcohol Distracted Unbelted 18.Availability Statement PSA Younger driver Safety Crash Crash facts Toolkit No restrictions. Document available from: National Technical Information Services, Springfield, Virginia 22161 19. Security Class (this report) 20. Security Class (this page) 21. No. of Pages Unclassified Unclassified 57 22. Price Younger Drivers Toolkit for Local Agencies FINALReport Preparedby RenaeKuehl CheriMarti MichaelMarti SRFConsultingGroup,Inc. OneCarlsonParkwayNorth,Suite150 Minneapolis,Minnesota55447 August2015 Publishedby: MinnesotaDepartmentofTransportation MinnesotaLocalRoadResearchBoard ResearchServicesSection 395JohnIrelandBoulevard,MS330 St.Paul,Minnesota55155‐1899 Thisreportrepresentstheresultsofresearchconductedbytheauthorsanddoesnotnecessarily representtheviewsorpoliciesoftheMinnesotaDepartmentofTransportationand/ortheCenter forTransportationStudies.Thisreportdoesnotcontainastandardorspecifiedtechnique. TheauthorsandtheMinnesotaDepartmentofTransportationand/orCenterforTransportation Studiesdonotendorseproductsormanufacturers.Tradeormanufacturers’namesappearherein solelybecausetheyareconsideredessentialtothisreport. Acknowledgements We wish to thank the Minnesota Local Road Research Board (LRRB) and its Research ImplementationCommittee(RIC)forthefinancialsupporttomakethisimportanttoolkita reality. The Technical Advisory Panel that steered this project was extremely helpful in identifying key issues and concerns related to young driver traffic safety issues and the resources needed at the local level. They also were very generous with their time in attendingmeetings,reviewingandprovidingoversightforthisfinaldocument. Theauthorswouldliketothankthefollowingindividualsandorganizationsfortheir contributionstothisdocument: Technical Advisory Panel LonAune,MarshallCounty StephanieMalinoff,CTS BradEstochen,MnDOT CheriMarti,CH2M KatieFleming,MnDOT MichaelMarti,SRFConsultingGroup SuzanneHanrahan,DakotaCounty SusiePalmer,MNDPS KristineHernandez,MnDOT MitchRasmussen,ScottCounty(Chair) GuyKohlnhofer,DodgeCounty WayneSandberg,WashingtonCounty JamesKosluchar,CityofFridley ShirleeSherkow,MnDOT KristinKammueller,MnDOT LuaneTasa,MnDOT Communications MarkVizecky,MnDOT SteveKubista,ChippewaCounty RickWest,OtterTailCounty RenaeKuehl,SRFConsultingGroup TonyWiniecki,ScottCounty Inaddition,wewouldliketothanktheOfficeofTrafficSafetyforbehavioralfactsand resourcesextensivelyreferencedinthisToolkitaswellastheMnDOTLibraryfortheir assistanceinsecuringnumerousreferencesincludedintheappendixofthisreport. WewouldalsoliketoacknowledgetheMinnesotaTowardZeroDeathsprogramandthe outstandingworktheydotoreducetrafficcrashes,injuriesanddeathsonMinnesotaroads. Specifically,theprogramco‐leadershipfromthe Office of Traffic Safety, Minnesota Department of Public Safety(DPS–OTS), and the Office of Traffic, Safety, and Technology, Minnesota Department of Transportation(MnDOTOTST). Table of Contents TheProblem:Minnesota’sHigh‐RiskYoungerDrivers.............................................................................2 ToolkitPurposeandContent..................................................................................................................................2 UnderstandingYoungerDriverSafetyChallenges...........................................................................2 ResourcestoPromoteYoungerDriverBehaviorChange.............................................................2 HowtoUsethisToolkit.............................................................................................................................................2 UnderstandingYoungerDriverSafetyChallenges........................................................................................2 1. TheImportanceofDriverBehaviortoImproveRoadSafety.....................................................2 2. UnderstandingYoungerDrivers’AttitudesandMotivationsforHigh‐RiskDriving........4 UnbeltedOccupants.......................................................................................................................................4 ImpairedDrivingandAlcohol‐Related..................................................................................................6 Speeding.............................................................................................................................................................7 DistractedDriving..........................................................................................................................................8 3. MinnesotaYoungerDriverCrashFactSheets................................................................................10 AllYoungerDrivers....................................................................................................................................11 UnbeltedOccupants....................................................................................................................................13 ImpairedDrivingandAlcohol‐Related...............................................................................................15 Speeding..........................................................................................................................................................17 DistractedDriving.......................................................................................................................................19 MinnesotaCrashMappingAnalysisTool(MnCMAT)UserGuide..........................................21 ResourcestoPromoteYoungerDriverBehaviorChange.......................................................................23 1. ExampleCommunity‐BasedSafetyStrategiestoStrengthenYoungerDriverSafety...23 2. PublicServiceAnnouncements.............................................................................................................28 UnbeltedOccupants....................................................................................................................................29 ImpairedDrivingandAlcohol‐Related...............................................................................................30 Speeding..........................................................................................................................................................31 DistractedDriving.......................................................................................................................................32 3. TZDPartnerships........................................................................................................................................33 MinnesotaDepartmentofPublicSafety–OfficeofTrafficSafety..........................................33 MinnesotaDepartmentofTransportation–OfficeofTraffic,Safety,andTechnology.33 TowardZeroDeathsWebsiteResources..........................................................................................33 TZDContacts..................................................................................................................................................48 TZDEvents......................................................................................................................................................49 4. YoungerDriverPowerPointTemplate..............................................................................................50 AppendixA:YoungerDriverAttitudes/MotivationSources................................................................51 Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies The Problem: Minnesota’s High-Risk Younger Drivers Trafficcrashesaretheleadingcauseofdeathforyoungpeople.Acrossthestatein2013, 124motoristsage29andyoungerdiedintrafficcrashesrepresenting32percentofall trafficdeaths;12,262wereinjuredrepresenting40percentofthealltrafficinjuries.2 Minnesotadriversage15‐29areover‐representedintrafficcrashes;thesedriversrepresent 23percentofthelicenseddrivers,yetaccountfor35percentofthecrash‐involveddrivers. Itisbecauseofthisover‐representationandthetragiccommunityimpactoftrafficcrashes onyounglives,thattheMinnesotaLocalRoadResearchBoard(LRRB)directedthe developmentoftheYoungerDriverToolkitforLocalAgencies. Toolkit Purpose and Content ThisYoungerDriverToolkitforLocalAgenciesisintendedtoprovideMinnesotalocalcityand countytransportationandtrafficsafetyengineeringstaffwiththeinformationneededto conductfocusedpresentationstoengagelocalcommunitiestoimprovesafetyfor Minnesota’shighestriskdrivingpopulation—youngerdriversages15‐29.TheToolkitis structuredtofirstprovideafoundationtounderstandthe“why”behindyoungerdriver severecrashes.Second,thetoolkitfeaturesideasandresourcestohelpeducateand promotecommunityengagementtoreduceyoungerdriver‐relatedtrafficdeathsand injuries. Understanding Younger Driver Safety Challenges 1. TheImportanceofDriverBehaviortoImproveRoadSafety 2. UnderstandingYoungerDrivers’AttitudesandMotivationsforHigh‐RiskDriving 3. MinnesotaYoungerDriverCrashFactSheets Resources to Promote Younger Driver Behavior Change 1. ExampleCommunity‐BasedSafetyStrategiestoStrengthenYoungerDriverSafety 2. PublicServiceAnnouncement(PSA)Videos 3. TowardZeroDeaths(TZD)Partnerships 4. YoungerDriverPowerPointPresentationTemplate Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies How to Use this Toolkit Theprimaryintentofthistoolkitistoprovideinformationonyoungerdriversforlocal agenciestousewhengivingpresentationstothecommunity.Whenpreparingmaterialsfor apresentation,considerthefollowing: Identifyprimaryaudience,presentationpurposeandtimeavailable. ContactyourRegionalTZDCoordinatorforlocal/regionalyoungerdriverinitiatives orresourcestoincorporateintopresentation.(SeesectionTZDPartnerships.) Review“UnderstandingYoungerDriverSafetyChallenges”sectionoftheToolkitand noteresearchandfactsmostrelevanttoaudienceandpurpose. Selectappropriate“YoungerDriverFactSheets”fordistribution. Remove/modify“YoungerDriverPowerPointPresentationTemplate”slidesas needed. o IncorporatePSA’sofinterest. o Selectpreferredcommunity‐basedsafetystrategies.(Considerlocal/regional TZDinitiativestoleverageandbuildupon.) Incorporatelocalpeer‐to‐peertestimonyofayoungerdriverseverecrashand lessonslearnedwhenpossible. ConsiderlocalTZDpartnerparticipationtoprovideimportantmulti‐disciplinary perspectivesinadditiontotrafficsafetyengineeringsuchaslocallawenforcement, emergencymedicalandtraumacareproviders,teendrivereducatorsandtraffic safetyadvocates. Understanding Younger Driver Safety Challenges Toimproveyoungerdriversafedrivingpractices,itisimportanttofirstprovidea foundationforthebasisofcommunityinvolvementandtrafficsafetystrategies.This foundationinvolvesunderstanding:1)theroleofdriverbehaviorintrafficcrashes, 2)youngerdriverattitudesandmotivationsforhigh‐riskdriving,and3)Minnesotayounger drivercrashfactstobestfocusresourcesandstrategiestostrengthenyoungerdriver behavioralchange. 1. The Importance of Driver Behavior to Improve Road Safety TheMinnesotaLRRBrecognizesthatdriverbehavioristhemostsignificantfactor contributingtoseriouscrashesonMinnesota’slocalroads.Trafficcrashesmayresultfrom anycombinationofoverlappingcrashfactorsincludingtheroadway,thevehicle,anddriver behavior.ThefollowingdiagramfromtheFederalHighwayAdministration’sOfficeofSafety Programsillustratestheinterrelationshipofthesecrashfactors: Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 2 Figure1:TrafficCrashCausationFactors Source:HumanFactors&HighwaySafety,ElizabethAlicandri,FHWAOfficeofSafetyPrograms Theabovefigurereflectsthatin93percentofvehiclecrashesthecrashwasaresult,inpart, ofdriverbehavior.Researchsupportsandexpertsagreethatinmostcasesdriver behavior—riskydecisions,drivererror,lapsesofattention,anddriverlimitations—isthe chieffactorcontributingtotrafficcrashes.1SerioustrafficcrashesonMinnesota’slocalroad systemcanbelargelypreventedandreducedifmotorists,especiallyyoungerdrivers,were persuadedtoengageinkeysafedrivingpracticessuchas: Wearaseatbelt Driveatsafespeeds Payattention Planaheadtoavoidimpaireddriving Formaximumsafetybenefitandtosupportacomprehensivesafetyapproach,localroad safetyanalysesandstrategiestoaddressyoungerdriversafetyshouldaddressdriver behaviorelementsinadditiontoinfrastructuresafetyelementstohelpensurethesafestand mostforgivingroadwaypossible.Thisisanimportantconceptforlocalelectedofficialsand thecommunitytounderstandastheyseektoimproveroadsafety—youcanhavethebest‐ engineeredandmaintainedroadforsafety,buttheproblemisn’tsolved.Riskydriver behavioristhegreatestcontributortoseverecrashesand,evenmoreso,forhigh‐risk youngerdrivers. Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 3 2. Understanding Younger Drivers’ Attitudes and Motivations for High-Risk Driving Althoughallyoungerdriversages15‐29areathigher‐riskforacrash,teendriversages 15‐19arethreetimesmorelikelythandriversovertheageof20tobeinafatalcrashand havethehighestcrashriskpermiledrivenofallagegroupsapartfromthemostelderly drivers.3Theelevatedriskforteendrivers,highestinthefirstsixmonthsoflicensure,is attributedtoseveraladolescent‐specificriskfactors,including: Immaturityanddevelopmentalcharacteristicssuchasheightenedimpulsivityand sensation‐seekingbehavior4 Alackofdrivingskillsandexperience Exposuretohigherriskdrivingenvironments(e.g.,drivingatnightorwithadolescent passengers) Greaterwillingnesstoengageinrisk‐takingbehavior(e.g.,distracteddriving,speed andseatbeltnon‐use)5,6 Overestimationoftheirabilitytomultitaskwhiledriving7 TheMinnesotaDPSOfficeofTrafficSafetyrevealsthatteencrasheshavepredictableand preventablepatterns,suchas,teens: Arepronetomakingsimpledrivingerrors,oftenwhilespeeding. Aretwiceaslikelytocrashatnight. Commonlycrashwhiledrivingtoandfromschool,especiallyafterschool,andwith otherteensinthecar. Crashriskgreatlyincreaseswiththepresenceofteenpassengers;teenpassengers promoterisk‐takingbehaviors. Tohelpprotectteendrivers,Minnesota’senhancedGraduatedDriversLicensinglawshelp reduceteendrivers’exposuretodrivingriskswhileallowingnovicedriverstogainastrong foundationofdrivingexperience.Whatyoungerdriversage20‐29sharewithteendriversis thepropensitytocarelesslytakeriskswhiledrivingwithoutthinkingthroughthepotential consequencesoftheirlife‐threateningdecisions.Suchhigh‐riskbehaviorstypicallyinclude lackofseatbeltuse,speedinganddistractions;unliketeendrivers,driversage20‐29areat higherriskforimpaireddriving.Teenandyoungadultdriversknowwhattheyare supposedtodotoarriveattheirdestinationsafely;theproblemisnotalackofknowledge, butratheroneofperceptionsofrisk,beliefs,attitudesandmotivationstoengageinrisky drivingbehaviors. Thefollowingareresearchhighlightsprovidinginsightintoyoungerdriverattitudes, perceptionsandmotivationstodriveunbelted,impaired,speed,anddistracted. Unbelted Occupants Minnesotaseatbeltusein2013wasatarecordhighof94percent—yetyoungmotorists ages15–29accountfornearly43percentofallunbelteddeathsandnearly50percentofall unbeltedseriousinjuries—yetthisgrouprepresentsonly23percentofalllicenseddrivers.33 OnMinnesota’sroadways,therewere3,088severecrashes(fatalandseriousinjury) involvingyoungerdriversages15‐29overafiveyearperiodfrom2009‐2013,averaging618 severecrashesperyear.Notwearingaseatbeltwasacontributingfactorin740(24%)of Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 4 thesecrashes,averaging148severecrashesperyear.InMinnesota,teensalsohavethe lowestseatbeltuserateofallagegroups. Teenpassengersareathighestriskforunbeltedseverecrash.Accordingtonational crashrecords,teenpassengerskilledincrashesuseseatbelts25percentlessoften thanpassengersaged20andolderand20percentlessoftenthanfatallyinjuredteen drivers.34 Seatbeltsareproventosavelives.Whenused,seatbeltsreducetheriskoffatal injurytofront‐seatpassengercaroccupantsby45percentandlight‐truckoccupants by60percent.35 Socialpressuretonotbuckleupandpoorcomprehensionoftherisksofinjury contributetolowerseatbeltusageamongteendriversandpassengers.36 Anearlierstudyindicatesdriversarelesslikelytowearsafetybeltswhentravelinga shortdistance,undertimepressure,andrunningerrands/makingalotofstops.In addition,surveyrespondentsindicatedtheywerelesslikelytobuckleontwo‐lane, ruralroads.37 Factorsinfluencingdriverstomorelikelywearsafetybeltsinclude:38 o Poorweatherconditions o Drivingwithachild o Drivingatnight o Strongbeltenforcement o Reminderfromsomeonetobuckle‐up o Higherfines o Increaseininsurance o Work/school‐relatedtrips o Drivingoninterstateroads Researchsupportsthatresistant,seatbeltnon‐users:39 o Harbormistrustabouttheinjurypreventionbenefitsofbeltuse o Maintainanillusionofcontroltoavoidacrashorinjuryintheeventofacrash o Believebeltuseisapersonalchoice,regardlessofexistinglaws o Areresistanttosocialpressuretousesafetybeltsclaimingtheywillwearbelts inthefuture,butdon’t o Aremoreinclinedtowearaseatbeltinthepresenceoflawenforcementand strongerpenalties Considerationstoincreasebeltuseamongresistant,youngadultnon‐users: o Strengthenperceptionofbeingstoppedandticketedthroughhigh‐visibility enforcement,includingcommunicationabouttheenforcement o Advocateforstrongernon‐beltusepenalties o Adoptemployerpoliciesandincentives/consequencesforon‐the‐jobnon‐belt use Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 5 o Developpeermessagingtoaddressbeltnon‐usewheretemptationismore likely(e.g.,timepressure,quietruralroad,shortdistance,etc.)40 o Encouragenon‐usersinplanningforfuturebeltuse.Researchshowsthat peopleconsciouslyplanningwhen,howandwheretheywillimplementnewly formedintentions,arefarmorelikelytoactuallydoit.41 Considerationstoincreasebeltuseamongteenmotorists:42 o Strengthenperceptionofbeingstoppedandticketedthroughpublicizedbelt‐ useenforcement o Implementfriendly,peercompetitionswithincentivestoincreaseobserved beltuse. o Incorporatepeer‐to‐peeroutreachandpersuasiontohelpchangenormsor expectationsandattitudesaroundseatbeltuse. o Effectivelyframebelt‐usemessagingtocompelteenbehaviorchange;shift educationaleffortstothelatestsocialmediaoutletstoreachyounger audiences. o Engageparentstomonitorteenbeltuseandimposeconsequencesfor unbeltedmotoring. o Createculturallyandethnicallysensitivemessagingtoappealtoincreasingly diverseyoungerdriverpopulation. Impaired Driving and Alcohol-Related OnMinnesota’sroadways,therewere3,088severecrashes(fatalandseriousinjury) involvingyoungerdriversages15‐29overafive‐yearperiodfrom2009‐2013,averaging 618severecrashesperyear.Alcohol‐relateddrivingwasacontributingfactorin731(24%) ofthesecrashes,averaging146severecrashesperyear. Driversunderage19arelesslikelythanadultstodriveafterdrinkingalcohol; however,whentheydodrinkanddrive,theirriskofcrashinvolvementisgreater comparedwithadultswhodrinkanddrive,dueto:43 o Thegreaterlikelihoodtoconsumealcoholinlargerquantitiesovershorter periods,resultinginahigherbloodalcoholconcentrationwhentheydodrive. o Theirdrinkingresultsingreaterimpairmentatthesamebloodalcohol concentrationcomparedwithadultseventhoughadolescentsdrinklessoften. o Theeffectsofalcoholexacerbateadolescents'inexperienceandlackofdriving‐ criticalskills. Drivers19andyoungerwhoengageinriskydrivingbehaviors(e.g.,drivingafter midnight,non‐beltuse,distracteddriving,showingoffwhiledriving,tailgatingand speeding)aremorelikelytodrinkanddriveandridewithanintoxicateddriver.44 Perceptionsorbeliefsaboutwhatisacceptabledrinkinganddrivingbehaviorofone’s peers—howmanydrinksitisbelieved“mostfriends”havebeforegettingbehindthe wheel—heavilyinfluencesdrinkinganddrivingdecisions.45 Studieshaveshownthatyoungerdriversoftenholdmisconceptionsandexaggerated viewsoftherisk‐takingbehavioroftheirpeers.Theminorityofyoungerdriverswho recklesslydriveundertheinfluenceofalcoholoftenwronglybelievedtheyareno Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 6 differentfrommostyoungpeopletheirage.Overestimatingtheapprovalofpeers influencesmotivationandthegreaterlikelihoodtoengageindrinkinganddriving. 46 Frequentheavierdrinkers,morecommoninyoungadults,feellessintoxicatedthan bloodalcoholconcentrations(BACs)mayindicateduetodevelopedtoleranceleading toanincreasedlikelihoodfordrivingundertheinfluence.47 Considerationstoreduceimpairedandalcohol‐relatedseverecrashes: o Safetyinterventionsaimedatreducingstudentsalcohol‐relatedexpectancies andcorrectingperceptionsofpeers’attitudestowarddrinkinganddriving reducestudents’motivationstoengageinthisdangerousbehavior.48 o Riskydrivingdecisions(e.g.,lackofbeltuse,speeding)shouldbeincorporated intosubstanceuseandDWIpreventionprogramsaspotentialriskfactors. o InterventionsfamiliarizingstudentsandyoungadultswithstandardBAC thresholdsmaybehelpfulinraisingawarenessofactualasopposedto perceivedintoxicationduringdrinkingoccasions.49 Speeding Between2011‐2013,illegalorunsafespeedaccountsfornearly25percentofthefactors citedinfatalcrashesinMinnesotafordriversunderage30,thehighest‐riskgroupforspeed‐ relatedcrashes,comparedtoonly5percentofthefactorscitedfordriversage65andolder.8 OnMinnesota’sroadways,therewere3,088severecrashes(fatalandseriousinjury) involvingyoungerdriversages15‐29overafiveyearperiodfrom2009‐2013,averaging618 severecrashesperyear.Speedingwasacontributingfactorin648(21%)ofthesecrashes, averaging130severecrashesperyear. Fartoomanydriversspeedandspeedingdriversgenerallyfallintofourspeeding patterns,including:1)Infrequentincidentalspeeding(maybeunintentional), 2)Infrequentsituationalspeeding(e.g.,beinglate),3)Casualspeeding(frequentfor smallportionofthetrip),and4)Habitualspeeding(frequentforlargeportionofthe trip).9 Driverswhospeed(definedas10mphormoreabovethepostedspeed)perceived postedspeedlimitsasmoreofaminimumspeed.10 Drivershavedifferentbeliefsabouthowfasttheycandrivebeforereceivingaticket, andhowfasttheycansafelytravel,whichmayvarybyroad‐type.11 Driverswhospeedbelieveitssafefortheroadwayconditions(e.g.,visibility,wide roads)andcrashesornearmissesexperiencedchangeddrivingbehaviorsinrelated orsimilarenvironmentsonly.12 Factorsinfluencingdriverstoincreasespeedincludesituationalfactors(e.g.,being late),othersinthecar/socialpressure,inattention,andpositivefeelingsabout drivingfast.13 Factorsinfluencingdriverstodecreasespeedincludespeedticketorcrashrisks, othersinthecar/socialpressure,andcriticaldrivingeventsexperiencedinthepast (e.g.,traumaticdrivingevent).14 Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 7 Demographicvariables(e.g.,age,gender,incomelevel,educationlevel,etc.)arepoor predictorsofthefrequencyanddurationofspeeding;habitualspeedersareoften comprisedofdriversfromalldemographicgroups.15 Considerationstoreducespeed‐relatedseverecrashes: o Strengthenperceptionofbeingstoppedandticketedthroughhigh‐visibility enforcement,includingcommunicationabouttheenforcement o Enforcepostedspeedlimitsandprovideconsistentandsustained enforcement o Advocateforstrongerspeedpenalties;considerstrongercityordinancesfor speedingonlocalroads o Educateyoungerdrivers(andparentsofteendrivers)aboutthephysicsof speedandtheimpactofcollisionspeedoncrashseverityandinjuryoutcomes. o Adoptemployerpoliciesandincentives/consequencesforspeedingwhileon‐ the‐job Distracted Driving OnMinnesota’sroadways,therewere3,088severecrashes(fatalandseriousinjury) involvingyoungerdriversages15‐29overafiveyearperiodfrom2009‐2013,averaging 618severecrashesperyear.Distracteddrivingwasacontributingfactorin530(17%)of thesecrashes,averaging106severecrashesperyear. Althoughtherearemanydriverdistractions,cellphoneuseisparticularlyrisky becauseofthefrequencyofdriversengaginginthebehaviorandforgreaterlengths oftime.16 Estimatesindicatethatdriversusingcellphones,whenlookingahead,failtoseeupto 50percentoftheinformationintheirdrivingenvironment.17 Inattentionblindnesspreventsdriversfromprocessingeverythingintheroadway environmentinordertoquicklyidentifypotentialhazardsandrespondto unexpectedsituations.18 Multi‐taskingisamyth.Instead,brains“task‐switch”makingfast‐processing,linear choicesonwhattoattendto‐everythingelsenotinthefirstlineofattentiongets fuzzy.Whenonthephoneordoingothertaskswhiledriving,lookingaheadisn’t enoughtoeffectivelyanticipateandrespondtopreventacrash.19 Engaginginvisual‐manualtasks(e.g.,reachingforphone,dialing,texting)associated withtheuseofhand‐heldphonesandotherportabledevicesincreasedtheriskof gettingintoacrashbythreetimes.20 Youngerdriversareincreasinglyreliantontheirphonestostayconnected. Nationally,78percentofteensandyoungadultssaytheyhavereadatextmessage whiledriving;71percentsaytheyhavecomposed/senttextmessageswhile driving.21 Teendrivers,ascomparedwithadults,diverttheirattentiontosecondarytasksfor longerperiodsatatime,whichisassociatedwithasizeableincreaseincrashrisk.22 Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 8 Stayingsociallyconnectedandappearancetopeersinthevehicleareofgreater importancetoteensandyoungadults.Thepresenceofonepeerpassengerincreases teencrashriskby50percent;add2ormorepassengersandtheriskisfourtimes greater.Thesefactors,combinedwithheightenedsensationseekingandrisktaking, canleadteendriverstotakemuchgreaterrisksduetodistractionsthanadults.23 Distracteddrivingishighlyunder‐reported,dueto: o Driverreluctancetoadmitbehavior–thereisno“bloodalcoholtest”for distracteddriving.24 o Lackofwitnessesanddeathofdistracteddriversleaveslittleevidenceofthe distraction.25 o Timeandresourcelimitationsoflawenforcement;difficultyobtainingcell phonerecordsand/orknowingtheprecisetimeofthecrash.26 DriverattitudesrevealedinaNHTSA‐sponsored2010nationaltelephonesurveyof over6,000drivers18andolderinclude:27 o Driversunderestimatethenegativeeffectsthatcellphoneusehasondriving; morethanhalfbelievethatusingacellphoneandorsendingatext message/e‐mailmakesnodifferenceontheirdrivingperformance. o Aspassengers,90percentsaidtheywouldfeelveryunsafeiftheirdriverwas talkingonahandheldcellphoneortexting/e‐mailingwhiletravelingwith them. o Driversyoungerthan25areupto3Xmorelikelythanolderdriverstoreador sendtextmessagesoremails;abouthalf(49%)ofthose21to24‐yearsold reportdoingso. o Aboutonethirdofdrivers18to24‐yearsoldsaidtheycantaketheireyesoff theroadfor3to10secondsormorebeforedrivingbecomessignificantly moredangerous. The“addictive”natureofcellphoneuse.Researchdemonstratesthathuman’s dopamine“seekingsystem”propelsoneintoactionandisstrongerthantheseparate “likingsystem”whichmakesonefeelsatisfiedandpausesone’sseeking.Dopamine launchesourseekingbehavior—Facebook,Twitter,Internetsearching,andtexting— resultinginnearlyinstantgratificationofourstrongdesiretoseek,whichmay,in turn,fueladopamine‐inducedaddictiveloop.Oneseeksandgetsrewardedfor seeking,whichmakesoneseekmore.Consequently,Itbecomesharderandharderto stoplookingatemail,stoptexting,orstopcheckingyourcellphonetoseeifyouhave amessageoranewtext.28 Thedopamineeffectisfurtherstimulatedby:29 o Smallamountsofinformationcominginsothatitdoesn'tfullsatisfy(e.g.,text message) o Anticipationofareward o Unpredictability(e.g.,unopenedemail). o Specific"cues"thatsignifiessomethingisgoingtohappen(e.g.,text notification) Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 9 Considerationstoreducedistracteddrivingbehaviorsamongteenandyoungadult drivers: o Promoteturningoffcellphones,theuseofcallandtext‐blockingtechnology whiledriving,orplacingphonesoutofreachtoavoidtheurgetodial,answer, read,orsendelectroniccommunication.Encouragepassengerstohandle calls/texts.30 o Parentsandpeersarecriticalinfluencersforteendrivers.Theobserved behavior(safeorunsafe)establishesnormsorexpectationsregarding acceptabledrivingbehaviorandperceiveddistracteddrivingrisk.31 o Safetyinterventionsthattargetparentalmodeling,increaseparental monitoring.Correctingyouthmisperceptionsaboutbothparentandpeer actualdistracteddrivingbehaviorsmayaidindecreasingteendistracted drivingcrashrisk.32 3. Minnesota Younger Driver Crash Fact Sheets Aseriesoffivefactssheetsbasedonseverecrashes(fatalandlife‐changinginjurycrashes only)weredevelopedtohighlightyoungerdriverinvolvementincrashes.Thefirstfact sheetisasummaryofcrashesforallyoungerdrivers,followedbyfourfactsheetsthat highlightyoungerdriverinvolvementinspecificdriverbehaviors: AllYoungerDrivers Unbelted ImpairedDriving Speeding DistractedDriving Thedataforthesefactsheetsincludesdataforyoungerdriversages15‐29fortheyears 2009‐2013andwasprovidedbytheMinnesotaDepartmentofPublicSafety,Officeof TrafficSafety.AsummaryofhowtousetheMinnesotaCrashMappingAnalysisToll (MnCMAT)toaccesssimilaryoungerdrivercrashdataatalocallevelisprovidedinthis toolkitafterthefactsheets. Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 10 Overview Younger Drivers: Fatal and Severe Injury Crashes Severe Crashes Summary (2009-2013) On Minnesota’s roadways, there were 3,088 severe crashes (fatal and serious injury) involving younger drivers ages 15-29 over a five year period from 2009-2013, averaging 618 severe crashes per year. The crash data provided in this fact sheet is for younger drivers ages 15-29, unless otherwise noted. If there was a significant difference in data for the two age groups of 15-20 and 21-29, the data is shown separately. 46% of crashes each year involve younger drivers. 6,764 3,088 Total Total 1,353 618 Per Year All Drivers Per Year Younger Drivers Source: Minnesota severe crash (K+A) data from 2009-2013, MN DPS Number of Crashes Crashes by Year Younger driver severe crashes for ages 21-29 have remained consistent over the past five years, while crashes for ages 15-20 have decreased. 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 429 401 388 400 396 292 259 256 214 2009 2010 2011 15-20 2012 Year 21-29 218 2013 xx = Number of Crashes 8% 66% of younger drivers in severe crashes are male. 66% 6% 186 186 5% 165 4% 127 102 0% 154 144 86 85 80 80 80 156 68 80 70 63 14 13 15 16 Crash Type 27% 23% 136 93 75 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Age Run off road and right angle crashes are the most prevalent severe crash types for younger drivers, 27% and 23% respectively. 162 160 106 2% 1% 163 140 98 3% 195 169 14% 13% 448 Rear End & Sideswipe Passing 411 1% 26 27 28 29 Male Female xx = Number of Crashes Head On & Sideswipe Opposing Left Turn 24 Ages 15-29 23% 18% 551 4% 698 109 27% 847 Run Off Road Right Angle Right Turn Other / Unknown xx Number of Crashes OVERVIEW YOUNGER DRIVERS Percent of Crashes Crashes by Age and Gender 7% Time of Day and Month 21% 21% of severe crashes involving younger drivers occurred between the hours of 3:00 - 5:59PM. 11% 10% 14% 21% 15% 12% 12% 6% 6:00 to 8:59AM 9:00 to 11:59AM 12:00 to 2:59PM 3:00 to 5:59PM 6:00 to 8:59PM 9:00 to 11:59PM 12:00 to 2:59AM 3:00 to 5:59AM 18% Number of Crashes There was a slight increase in severe crashes involving younger drivers in the summer months, but overall, the crashes occur relatively evenly throughout the year. 16% 14% 148 231 12% 118 188 109 104 104 88 96 155 154 147 142 143 10% 8% 210 172 172 152 148 98 93 90 86 105 6% Ages 15-20 4% 2% 21-29 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month 40% of severe crashes involving younger drivers occur on rural 2-lane roadways. Percentage of Crashes 60% Road Type 40% xx = Number of Crashes 50% 1200 40% 30% Rural 549 20% 10% 70 0% 183 118 Freeway (Mainline & Ramps) 33 1 Divided Highway Urban 370 267 77 122 27 One-way Multilane 2-Lane xx = Number of Crashes Other / Unknown Jurisdiction Road Type Traffic Control at Intersections 34% 36% 24% Younger driver severe crashes at intersections for ages 21-29 occurred at signalized and stop-controlled intersections, 34% and 36% respectively. Additional Contributing Factors The majority of severe crashes involving younger drivers were intersection related or lane departure crashes. 24% 125 5% 23 206 All Way Stop Ages 15-20 Thru Stop 3% 3% Yield 17 23 288 Ages 21-29 Other / Unknown 44% xx Number of Crashes 227 3% 36% 22 302 899 554 841 513 Intersection Related 384 192 403 245 Unbelted Speeding Ages 15-20 315 215 Distracted Drugged 34% 24% Signal 120 Lane Departure Focus Area OVERVIEW YOUNGER DRIVERS 44% 44% of younger driver severe crashes at intersections for ages 15-20 occurred at sidestreet stop-controlled intersections. 14 9 Alc-Impaired (BAC>.08) 179 434 219 Alc-Related (BAC<.08) 0% 21-29 432 5% 10% 15% 20% Percentage of Crashes 25% 30% 35% 40% xx = Number of Crashes Distracted Younger Drivers: Fatal and Severe Injury Crashes Severe Crashes Summary (2009-2013) On Minnesota’s roadways, there were 3,088 severe crashes (fatal and serious injury) involving younger drivers ages 15-29 over a five year period from 2009-2013, averaging 618 severe crashes per year. Distracted driving was a contributing factor in 530 (17%) of these crashes, averaging 106 severe crashes per year. 6,764 Number of Crashes Distracted severe crashes involving younger drivers have remained stable from 2009 to 2013. Total 1,353 618 Per Year All Drivers Younger Drivers 71 Percent of Crashes 48 34 2010 2011 2012 Year 21-29 2013 xx = Number of Crashes 34 30 4% 15 3% 29 27 23 23 22 19 18 16 14 12 12 2% 29 25 25 13 12 12 12 13 9 17 13 10 13 2 3 15 16 Crash Type 17 18 19 20 21 12% 62 52% 60 43 43 22 23 24 25 Age 52% of severe crashes involving distracted younger drivers were run off road crashes and rear end/ sideswipe passing crashes. Distracted Younger Drivers 68 60 30 5% 0% All Distracted Drivers Source: Minnesota severe crash (K+A) data from 2009-2013, MN DPS 100 90 80 70 56 60 40 40 47 30 20 10 0 2009 6% 1% Total 106 17% 90 27% 143 26 27 28 29 Male Female xx = Number of Crashes Rear End & Sideswipe Passing 25% 131 Ages 15-29 Head On & Sideswipe Opposing Left Turn Run Off Road Right Angle 16% 86 3% 18 Right Turn / Other / Unknown xx Number of Crashes DISTRACTED YOUNGER DRIVERS 63% 530 Per Year 7% 63% of distracted younger drivers involved in severe crashes are male. Total Per Year 15-20 Crashes by Age and Gender 1,236 Per Year 247 The crash data provided in this fact sheet is for younger drivers ages 15-29, unless otherwise noted. If there was a significant difference in data for the two age groups of 15-20 and 21-29, the data is shown separately. Crashes by Year 3,088 Total Time of Day and Month 22% 21% of severe crashes involving distracted younger drivers occurred between the hours of 3:00 - 5:59PM. 10% Time of Day and Month 16% 22% 12% 11% 6:00 to 8:59AM 9:00 to 11:59AM 12:00 to 2:59PM Number of Crashes Distracted severe crashes involving younger drivers are more predominant in the summer months of June and July. 15% 3:00 to 5:59PM 6:00 to 8:59PM 9:00 to 11:59PM 8% 6% 12:00 to 2:59AM 3:00 to 5:59AM 53 18% 16% 14% 27 25 12% 10% 8% 14 23 11 6% 18 14 21 17 25 16 35 20 28 22 20 25 18 25 23 19 20 11 Ages 15-20 4% 2% 21-29 Jan Feb Mar Apr June May July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Road Type 60% 41% of severe crashes involving distracted younger drivers occurred on rural, 2-lane roads. Percentage of Crashes 41% xx = Number of Crashes 50% 217 40% 30% Rural 20% 49 10% 0% Urban 82 27 21 Freeway (Mainline & Ramps) 53 42 8 0 Divided Highway One-way 8 6 Multilane 2-Lane 8 xx = Number of Crashes Other / Unknown Jurisdiction Road Type Traffic Control at Intersections 34% 34% Distracted younger driver severe 4% 3 crashes at intersections for ages 21-29 occurred at signalized and stop-controlled intersections, 34% and 34% respectively. Additional Contributing Factors 29% 22% 17 18 3% Ages 15-20 2 49% Ages 21-29 Thru Stop Yield Other / Unknown xx Number of Crashes 1% 38 1 2% 34% 2 44 138 91 78 129 42 64 Unbelted 18 27 Speeding Drugged 44 All Way Stop Intersection Related Lane departure and intersection related were the leading contributing factors of severe crashes involving distracted younger drivers. 34% 38 Signal Lane Departure Focus Area DISTRACTED YOUNGER DRIVERS 49% 49% of distracted younger driver severe crashes at intersections for ages 15-20 occurred at side-street 23% stop-controlled intersections. 0 11 Alc-Impaired (BAC>.08) 5 Alc-Related (BAC<.08) 0% Ages 15-20 3 21-29 43 20 5% 10% 15% 20% Percentage of Crashes 25% 30% 35% 40% xx = Number of Crashes Speeding Younger Drivers: Fatal and Severe Injury Crashes Severe Crashes Summary (2009-2013) On Minnesota’s roadways, there were 3,088 severe crashes (fatal and serious injury) involving younger drivers ages 15-29 over a five year period from 2009-2013, averaging 618 severe crashes per year. Speeding was a contributing factor in 648 (21%) of these crashes, averaging 130 severe crashes per year. The crash data provided in this fact sheet is for younger drivers ages 15-29, unless otherwise noted. If there was a significant difference in data for the two age groups of 15-20 and 21-29, the data is shown separately. 6,764 3,088 Total Total 1,353 618 Per Year 1,233 Per Year 648 Total Total 247 130 Per Year All Drivers Younger Drivers Per Year All Speeding Drivers Speeding Younger Drivers Source: Minnesota severe crash (K+A) data from 2009-2013, MN DPS Number of Crashes Crashes by Year Speeding severe crashes involving younger drivers have remained stable from 2009 to 2013. 100 90 87 78 80 60 62 40 52 2009 2010 2011 15-20 40 6% 29 4% 43 43 39 37 28 36 15 17 16 14 9 9 13 10 6 6 15 16 Crash Type 17 18 19 14% 7% 88 51% 11 6 6 1 20 21 22 23 24 25 Age 51% of severe crashes involving speeding younger drivers were run off road crashes. 26 14% 92 47 Rear End & Sideswipe Passing 13% Head On & Sideswipe Opposing 86 Ages 15-29 26 27 28 29 Male Female xx = Number of Crashes 1% 4 Left Turn Run Off Road Right Angle Right Turn / Other / Unknown 51% 331 xx Number of Crashes SPEEDING YOUNGER DRIVERS 2% 16 16 29 26 23 3% 0% xx = Number of Crashes 32 5% 1% 2013 50 7% Percent of Crashes 74% 2012 Year 21-29 8% 74% of speeding younger drivers involved in a severe crash are male. 47 42 42 20 0 Crashes by Age and Gender 76 72 Time of Day and Month 21% There was a slight increase in severe crashes involving speeding younger driver in July, but overall, the crashes do not seem to have a significant pattern throughout the year. 11% 7% 10% 16% 11% 15% 21% 9% 6:00 to 8:59AM 9:00 to 11:59AM 12:00 to 2:59PM 3:00 to 5:59PM 6:00 to 8:59PM 9:00 to 11:59PM 12:00 to 2:59AM 3:00 to 5:59AM Number of Crashes 21% of speeding related severe crashes involving younger drivers occurred between the hours of 12:00 - 2:59AM. 18% 16% 35 14% 12% 24 23 31 10% 8% 32 31 44 21 41 37 40 34 18 28 14 6% 26 21 32 19 28 16 13 15 25 4% 2% 21-29 Jan Feb Mar Apr May July June Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month xx = Number of Crashes 60% 48% of severe crashes involving speeding younger drivers occurred on rural, 2-lane roads. 300 50% Percentage of Crashes Road Type 48% Ages 15-20 40% 30% Rural 136 Urban 20% 53 10% 0% 15 16 Freeway (Mainline & Ramps) 44 37 2 1 Divided Highway 16 5 2 One-way 2-Lane Multilane Road Type xx = Number of Crashes Other / Unknown Jurisdiction Traffic Control at Intersections 20% 33 39% 63 3% Ages 15-29 5 Thru Stop Yield 57 5 Lane departure and lack of seatbelt use were the leading contributing factors of severe crashes involving speeding younger drivers. All Way Stop 35% 3% Additional Contributing Factors Signal Other / Unknown xx Number of Crashes 263 Lane Departure 177 94 Unbelted Speeding Ages 15-20 27 18 Distracted Drugged 6 7 21-29 Alc-Impaired (BAC>.08) 51 Alc-Related (BAC<.08) 0% 154 104 59 Intersection Related Focus Area SPEEDING YOUNGER DRIVERS 35% 35% of speeding related severe crashes involving younger drivers at intersections for ages 1529 occurred at signalized intersections. 39% of intersection related crashes had unknown signal control. 22 5% 163 59 10% 15% 20% Percentage of Crashes 25% 30% 35% 40% xx = Number of Crashes Unbelted Younger Occupants: Fatal and Severe Injury Crashes Severe Crashes Summary (2009-2013) On Minnesota’s roadways, there were 3,088 severe crashes (fatal and serious injury) involving younger drivers ages 15-29 over a five year period from 2009-2013, averaging 618 severe crashes per year. Not wearing a seatbelt was a contributing factor in 740 (24%) of these crashes, averaging 148 severe crashes per year. The crash data provided in this fact sheet is for younger drivers ages 15-29, unless otherwise noted. If there was a significant difference in data for the two age groups of 15-20 and 21-29, the data is shown separately. The crash data is broken down by unbelted drivers and passengers when appropriate. Crashes by Year 6,764 All Drivers Total 148 Younger Drivers Per Year All Unbelted Drivers or Pasengers Unbelted Younger Drivers or Passengers Source: Minnesota severe crash (K+A) data from 2009-2013, MN DPS Number of Crashes 100 92 110 83 87 43 42 2012 2013 60 75 59 40 60 20 2010 2011 Year 21-29 xx = Number of Crashes 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 15 16 17 18 1% 19 91 21 Driver Female 11% 5% 81 38 3 12% 20 23 24 25 26 Passenger Male 416 28 29 Passenger Female Rear End & Sideswipe Passing 14% Head On & Sideswipe Opposing 1% 7 Left Turn Run Off Road Right Angle Right Turn 56% 27 xx = Number of Crashes 104 Ages 15-29 22 Age Other / Unknown xx Number of Crashes UNBELTED YOUNGER OCCUPANTS Percent of Crashes 92 80 Crash Type 56% 740 Total Per Year Driver Male 56% of severe crashes involving unbelted younger drivers or passengers were run off road crashes. 1,286 Per Year 257 15-20 69% 618 Per Year 2009 69% of unbelted younger drivers or passengers involved in a severe crash are male. Total 1,353 120 Unbelted younger driver or passenger severe crashes for ages 21-29 have remained consistent over the past five years, while crashes for ages 15-20 have decreased. Crashes by Age and Gender 3,088 Total Time of Day and Month 21% 21% of unbelted younger driver severe crashes occurred between the hours of 12:00 - 2:59AM. 6% 9% 14% 13% 15% 21% 10% 6:00 to 8:59AM 9:00 to 11:59AM 12:00 to 2:59PM 3:00 to 5:59PM 6:00 to 8:59PM 9:00 to 11:59PM 12:00 to 2:59AM 3:00 to 5:59AM Number of Crashes There was a slight increase in severe crashes involving unbelted younger drivers or passengers in the spring/ summer for driver ages 1520, but overall, the crashes do not seem to have a significant pattern throughout the year. 12% 18% 16% 14% 35 12% 10% 26 23 37 8% 35 35 54 48 26 38 15 6% 33 48 37 22 34 41 38 18 17 14 23 15 31 Ages 15-20 4% 2% 21-29 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec xx = Number of Crashes Month Road Type 59% of severe crashes involving unbelted younger drivers or passengers occurred on rural, 2-lane roads. Percentage of Crashes 59% 427 60% 50% 40% 30% Rural 20% 10% 0% Urban 98 20 38 42 26 31 Freeway (Mainline & Ramps) Divided Highway 19 10 5 3 0 One-way xx = Number of Crashes 2-Lane Multilane Road Type Other / Unknown Jurisdiction 36% 17% 36% of unbelted related severe crashes involving younger drivers and passengers at intersections occurred at sidestreet stop-controlled intersections. 37% of intersection related crashes had unknown signal control. 33 37% 73 Thru Stop Yield Other / Unknown xx Number of Crashes 36% 72 180 340 Lane Departure Intersection Related Lane departure was the leading contributing factor of severe crashes involving unbelted younger drivers and passengers. All Way Stop 8 12 Additional Contributing Factors Signal 4% Ages 15-29 6% Focus Area UNBELTED YOUNGER OCCUPANTS Traffic Control at Intersections 118 42 64 Unbelted 94 177 Speeding Drugged 83 Ages 15-20 3 5 71 Alc-Impaired (BAC>.08) Alc-Related (BAC<.08) 0% 24 5% 21-29 198 58 10% 15% 20% Percentage of Crashes 25% 30% 35% 40% xx = Number of Crashes Alcohol and Younger Drivers: Fatal and Severe Injury Crashes Severe Crashes Summary (2009-2013) On Minnesota’s roadways, there were 3,088 severe crashes (fatal and serious injury) involving younger drivers ages 15-29 over a five year period from 2009-2013, averaging 618 severe crashes per year. Alcohol related driving was a contributing factor in 731 (24%) of these crashes, averaging 146 severe crashes per year. The crash data provided in this fact sheet is for younger drivers ages 15-29, unless otherwise noted. If there was a significant difference in data for the two age groups of 15-20 and 21-29, the data was shown separately. The crash data is broken down by impaired drivers (blood alcohol content > .08) and alcohol involved drivers (blood alcohol content < .08) when appropriate. Number of Crashes Crashes by Year Impaired and alcohol related severe crashes for drivers age 15-20 have decreased in the past 5 years, while crashes for drivers age 21-29 have remained relatively stable. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 6,764 3,088 Total Total 1,353 618 Per Year 1,158 Per Year 731 Total Total 257 146 Per Year All Drivers Younger Drivers Per Year All Alcohol Related Drivers Alcohol Related Younger Drivers Source: Minnesota severe crash (K+A) data from 2009-2013, MN DPS 95 88 84 82 68 20 31 27 20 27 22 14 2009 34 28 24 14 15 2010 2011 23 11 7 2012 2013 Year Impared Driving 15-20 Impared Driving 21-29 Alcohol Related 15-20 Alcohol Related 21-29 xx = Number of Crashes 80 Crashes by Age and Gender 76% Percent of Crashes 21+ 76% of impaired and alcohol related severe crashes involved younger drivers that were 21 years of age or older. 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 15 16 17 Impaired Male Crash Type 54% 18 16% 54% of impaired or alcohol related severe crashes involving younger drivers were run off road crashes. 0% 114 19 93 54% 397 21 22 23 24 25 26 Age Impaired Female Alcohol-Involved Male 5% 39 15% 109 3 9% 20 Ages 15-29 1% 6 27 28 29 Alcohol-Involved Female Rear End & Sideswipe Passing Head On & Sideswipe Opposing Left Turn Run Off Road Right Angle Right Turn Other / Unknown xx Number of Crashes ALCOHOL – YOUNGER DRIVERS 80% 80% of impaired and alcohol related severe crashes involved a male younger driver. 70 Time of Day and Month 34% Impaired or alcohol related severe crashes for younger drivers do not seem to have a significant pattern throughout the year. 7% 3% 3% 6% 11% 19% 34% 16% 6:00 to 8:59AM 9:00 to 11:59AM 12:00 to 2:59PM 3:00 to 5:59PM 6:00 to 8:59PM 9:00 to 11:59PM 12:00 to 2:59AM 3:00 to 5:59AM Number of Crashes 34% of impaired or alcohol related severe crashes involving younger drivers occurred between the hours of 12:00 - 2:59AM. 18% 16% 14% 24 22 12% 10% 14 41 8% 10 6% 32 48 17 42 45 13 19 53 18 53 20 51 14 62 53 46 12 36 8 4% 2% 21-29 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month 51% 51% of impaired or alcohol related severe crashes involving younger drivers occurred on 2-lane rural roads. Percentage of Crashes 60% Road Type Ages 15-20 xx = Number of Crashes 357 50% 40% 30% 10% 0% Rural 143 20% 8 39 19 Freeway (Mainline & Ramps) 39 Divided Highway Urban 55 9 0 24 5 One-way 2-Lane Multilane Road Type 8 xx = Number of Crashes Other / Unknown Jurisdiction 26% 29% Impaired and alcohol related severe crashes at intersections occurred at signalized and stopcontrolled intersections, 26% and 29% respectively. 39% of intersection related crashes had unknown signal control. 26% Signal 52 39% 76 All Way Stop Ages 15-29 Thru Stop 4% 8 29% 2% Yield Other / Unknown xx Number of Crashes 56 4 Additional Contributing Factors 133 385 Lane Departure Lane departure was the leading contributing factor of impaired and alcohol related severe crashes involving younger drivers. 86 Intersection-Related Focus Area ALCOHOL – YOUNGER DRIVERS Traffic Control at Intersections Distracted 318 16 63 Ages 15-20 73 222 Speeding 21-29 Drugged Unbelted 0% 256 5% 10% 15% 20% Percentage of Crashes 95 25% 30% 35% 40% xx = Number of Crashes Minnesota Crash Mapping Analysis Tool (MnCMAT) User Guide Localagencieshavetheabilitytorecreatethedatapresentedinthefactsheets,atthelocal level,usingtheinstructionbelow.UsersshouldbeawarethatthedatainMnCMATisbased oncrashes,whereasdataprovidedbyDPSisbasedonpeople.(e.g.ifacrashoccursin which4peopledie,MnCMATwillreportitas“1fatalcrash”andDPSwillreportitas“Four fatalities”) ConnectingtotheMnCMATWebpage 1. Clickonthefollowinglinktoaccessthehomepage: http://www.dot.state.mn.us/stateaid/crashmapping.html StartingaMnCMATWorkSession 1. OnceontheMnCMAThomepage(linkprovidedabove),under“Applicationand Instructions”clickonthelinktitled“MnCMATProgram.” 2. YouwillthenbedirectedtotheMnCMATinterfacewithaloginwindow.Enteryour emailandpasswordassociatedwithyourMnCMATaccount.Ifyoudonothaveone,you willhavetorequestaccessfrom MnDOTbyclickingontherespective linkprovidedtowardsthebottomof theloginwindow. 3. Onceloggedin,youcanbeginawork sessionbyclickingoneitherthe “CreateNewProject”or“Open ExistingProject”options.Assuming noprojectshavebeencreated,start byfollowingthe“CreateNew Project”tab. 4. Thefinalstepnecessaryforstarting aMnCMATprojectistospecifythe areaofstudy.Thiscannarrowed downbycounty,district,tribal government,oryoucanjustusethe statewidedata.Thejurisdictioncan beselectedbyusingthelistonleftsideofwindowortheinteractivemapadjacenttothe right.Additionally,multiplejurisdictionscanbeselectedusingeitherthelistorthemap bysimplyclickingonanotherarea.Oncetheworkareahasbeenselected,clickthe“Ok” boxonthebottom‐rightcornerofthewindow. BasicOperating 1. Theinterfacewillzoomtotheextentsoftheselectedworkareawithallcrasheson recordwithinthatareabeingrepresentedbyareddot.Navigatingaroundcanbe performedbyclickinganddraggingtothedirectionofinterest,andzoominginoroutcan beachievedbyusingthebaronthetopleftsideoftheuserinterfaceorbyusingthe mousewheel. Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 21 CrashFiltering 1. Crashescanbefilteredbyvarious attributes.Inordertodothis,the windowcontaining“CrashData”mustbe selected.Thiscirculariconislocatedat thetopoftheinterfaceandencompasses acube,asphere,andacylinder.Oncethe “CrashData”optionisselected,awindow ofoptionswillslideouttotheright. 2. Theiconcontainingthecrashfiltersissix spotsfromtheleft,andisdenotedbya spreadsheettypesymbolwithtworows highlightedinyellow,asshowninthe imagebelowontheleftside. 3. Crashinformationcontainingspeeding, distracteddriving,drivingunderthe influence,roaddesign,andmanymore featurescanallbefilteredunderthe “AttributeFilters”folder.Thesefilterscanbe usedindividually,orinunisonwithasmany otherfiltersasyouwouldlike. 4. Toactivateafilter,simplydoubleclickthe categoryunderthe“AttributeFilters”folder. Asshownintheright‐sideimageabove,the categorywithallofitscriteriaismovedover tothe“SelectedFilters”column.Onceallof thedesiredfiltershavebeenselected,clickon the“Ok”boxinthebottomrightcornerofthe crashfilterswindow. 5. Crashescanalsobefilteredspatiallyalongwithorindependentlyoflocationand attributefilters.Referringtothecrashdataimage(above,left)thethreetoolstothe rightofthe“CrashData”iconallowyoutofiltercrashesbycreatingarectangle,polygon, orcircleonthebasemap. 6. Crashdataforthefilteredcrashescanbeviewedbyclickingonthe“ShowCrashData” icon,whichisadjacent,andtotherightofthe“CrashFilters”symbol.Alternatively,crash datacanbeexportedforuseoutsideofMnCMAT. ExportingCrashData 1. Stayingwithinthesame“CrashData”windowthe“ExportCrashData”iconcanbefound. Itislocatedneartherightsideandisrepresentedbyaspreadsheet‐likesymbolwitha greenarrowattached.Thecrashesalongwithalloftheirassociateddatacanbeexported asa.csvfileorashapefile.Notethattheexporteddatawillcontainnumberedcodesfor eachoftheattributes.Inordertodecipherthecodesthe“DataKeyFilters”spreadsheet canbedownloadedfromtheMnCMAThomepage,whichisprovidedinthelinkonthe firstpageofthisdocument. Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 22 Resources to Promote Younger Driver Behavior Change Equippedwithafoundationalunderstandingoftheyoungerdrivertrafficsafetychallenges andcrashfacts,localtransportationtrafficsafetyprofessionalsneedresourcesandguidance attheirfingertipstohelpeducatelocalgovernmentandcommunityleadersaswellastheir citizenry.ThissectionoftheToolkitcontains:1)suggestedcommunity‐basedsafety strategiestostrengthenyoungerdriversafety,2)populartrafficsafetyPSA’s,3)TZD partnershipresourcesandlinkstoleveragelocalsafetyinitiatives,and,finally4)atemplate YoungDriverPowerPointpresentationforlocalagencyrepresentativestousetoprepare presentationsonyoungerdriversforthecommunity. 1. Example Community-Based Safety Strategies to Strengthen Younger Driver Safety Trafficsafetypolicies,enforcementandeducationplayanimportantroleforchanginghigh‐ riskdriverbehaviors.Publicinformationoreducationstrategiesareoftenpopularamong communitiesseekingtochangeriskydrivingbehaviors.However,akeychallengeisthat mostdrivers—particularlyhigherriskyoungerdrivers—knowwhattheyaretodotodrive safely,yetduetorepeatedriskydrivinghabitswithnoincidenceofcrash,drivers underestimatetheriskoftheirchoices.Forthisreason,communityoutreachandeducation alonewon’tchangehigh‐riskdrivingbehaviors. Themosteffectiveformulaforchangingdriverbehaviorincludesthreechiefcomponents: 1)policyorlawsandlocalordinanceswithstrongandswiftpenalties,2)enforcementofthe laws,and3)educationorpublicoutreachabouttheenforcementandrisksassociatedwith lackofseatbeltuse,speed,driverdistraction,andimpaireddriving.Thesethree componentsworktogethertohavethegreatestimpactonchangingriskydriverbehavior. Consequently,whenselectingandimplementingabehavioralstrategy,anagencymust examinethesupportingpolicyorlaws,degreeofenforcement,andeducationalorpublic outreachcomponentsofthestrategyandexplorewaystostrengtheneach,asappropriate,to gainthemostfromaselectedstrategy. Finally,itiscriticallyimportantthattrafficsafetyenforcementisaprioritywithinlocallaw enforcementagenciesandthatlocalelectedofficialsandlocalagencyandcommunity leadersadvocateforstronglocalenforcementoftrafficlawsandaddresspoliticalandpublic resistancetostrongenforcement. Thefollowingsafetystrategiesaresuggestedlocalcommunity‐basedinitiativesthathelp supportstrengthenedtrafficsafetypolicy,enforcement,andeducation/publicoutreachto improveyoungerdrivers’safedriving. Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 23 Safety Strategies Strategy Publicize and support high-visibility law enforcement efforts Addresses: BeltUse DistractedDriving Speed Impaired/Alcohol‐ Related Activities and Suggested Resources Supportstatewidededicatedhigh‐visibilityenforcementwavesthroughmediaand socialmediamessaging,letterstotheeditor,signs,andrelatedcommunityoutreach events.Generally,enforcementwavesinclude: October:BeltUse November–December:ImpairedDriving April:DistractedDriving May:BeltUse July:Speed August–September:ImpairedDriving SeetheOfficeofTrafficSafety(OTS)websiteforit’sannualcalendarofenforcement mobilizations,talkingpointsandoutreachmaterials: https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/ots/law‐enforcement/Pages/Enforcement‐ Mobilizations.aspx Promote local employer traffic safety polices and training Addresses: BeltUse DistractedDriving Speed Impaired/Alcohol‐ Related Promote parental engagement with teen drivers Addresses: BeltUse DistractedDriving Speed Impaired/Alcohol‐ Related Collaboratewithlocalemployerstodevelop/strengthenemployeesafedriving policies,includingclearsanctionsforfailuretocomply,andconductsupporting employeetrafficsafetytrainingprograms. SeeMinnesotaSafetyCouncil’sNetworkforEmployersforTrafficSafety(NETS) employersamplepoliciesandresources: http://www.minnesotasafetycouncil.org/nets/AboutNETS.cfm Workwithlocaldrivereducatorstoincorporate“PointofImpact”TeenDriverSafety ParentAwarenessClassmaterialsintotheircurriculumtoincreaseparent awarenessofteendrivingrisks,Minnesota’steendriverlaws,andtheimportantrole parentsplayindevelopingasaferteendriver. SeeOTSwebsitefor“PointofImpact”programinformationandclassguide: https://dps.mn.gov/DIVISIONS/OTS/TEEN‐DRIVING/Pages/default.aspx https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/ots/teen‐driving/Documents/poi‐leaders‐guide‐oct‐ 2014.pdf Partnerwithlocaltrafficsafetyadvocates(e.g.,schools,insuranceproviders,law enforcement)todistributeinformationtoparentsregardingteendriverrisks,laws, keyparentalroles,andparentresourcesavailable.Forinformationonparent’srole indevelopingsafeteendrivers,see: https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/ots/teen‐driving/Pages/parents.aspx Foraready‐to‐use,comprehensiveParent‐TeenDrivingAgreement,see: http://www.allstatefoundation.org/teen_safe_driving_parent_resources.html Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 24 Strategy Activities and Suggested Resources Promote younger driver and occupants’ “saved by the belt” testimonies during seat belt enforcement saturations Addresses: BeltUse Publiclyrecognizeyoungertrafficcrashsurvivorswhobuckledup,crashed,and were“savedbythebelt.”Community“savedbythebelt”testimoniesincreasepublic awarenessofthelifesavingvalueofsafetybeltsofthosewhosurvivedtrafficcrashes becausetheywereproperlyrestrained.Thisstrategyismosteffectiveassupporting mediaandpublicoutreachduringstatewideseatbeltenforcementwavesand incorporatedintoseatbeltenforcementmessaging.Includinglocallawenforcement officersinhonoringtrafficcrashsurvivorswhowerebuckleduppromotesapositive relationshipbetweenlocallawenforcementandtheyoungerdrivercommunity. Whenplanningtheceremony,checkwithlawenforcementwhorespondedtothe crash,toconfirmthatthepersonreceivingtherewardwasn’tdoinganythingillegal (speeding,impaired,etc.) Considerpartneringwithlocalbusinessestooffergiftcertificatesinrecognizing youngerdriversandpassengerswhobuckleup. TodownloadaSavedbytheBeltcertificate,templatenewsreleases,andtemplate lettertotheeditor,see: https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/ots/law‐enforcement/Pages/Enforcement‐ Program.aspx Strengthen local liquor establishments’ serving/selling practices Addresses: Impaired/Alcohol‐ Related Promotelocalliquorestablishments’supportofandparticipationinserver/seller trainingclassestaughtbyaccreditedMinnesotaDPSAlcohol&Gambling EnforcementRegionalAlcoholAwarenessTrainerstopreventoverservingorselling to/servingintoxicatedorunderagecustomers. Collaboratewithlocallawenforcementandon‐saleliquorestablishmentsidentified ashavinghigherlevelsofcustomerdrinkinganddrivingincidentstodevelopand implementpreventativeactionplans. Explorecommunityandlocalagencysupportforlocalalcoholordinancesand penaltiesthatmaybemorerestrictivethanstatelaw,suchashigherfines,longer licensesuspension,andearlierlicenserevocationforrepeatedviolations. SeeAlcohol&GamblingEnforcementRegionalAlcoholAwarenessTrainingcontacts andtrainingmaterialsincludinginformationonlocalalcoholordinances,at: https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/age/alcohol/Pages/default.aspx Strengthen safe ride services and public awareness/use Addresses: Impaired/Alcohol‐ Related Implementorstrengthencommunitysobercabandsaferideservicesand/or conductoutreachtoraisethecommunityawarenessanduseofalternative transportationoptionstodrinkinganddriving. Forastep‐by‐stepguidetoexplorepotentialpartnershipsandmodelstolauncha saferideservice,seeOTSSafeRideHomeGuide,at: https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/ots/tzd‐safe‐roads/Pages/default.aspx Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 25 Strategy Activities and Suggested Resources Promote outreach to reduce underage drinking Addresses: Impaired/Alcohol‐ Related Promotecommunity‐basededucationandoutreachprogramstoreduceunderage drinkingincludingthechoicetodrinkanddrive.MothersAgainstDrunkDriving (MADD)offersavarietyofresourcesincludingcommunityworkshops,facilitator trainingresources,parentandyouthresourcehandbooks,andcommunityand mediaoutreachmaterials: Promote local community awareness of strengthened policy for distracted driving Addresses: DistractedDriving Promotelocalcommunityawarenessofthe2015 trafficlawchangeofanadditional fineof$225.00forasecondorsubsequentviolationofMinnesota’sno texting/emailing/banonwirelesscommunicationdevices(excepttalkingoncell phones)whiledrivinglaw.Publicoutreachofthisenhancedpenaltyis recommendedduringMinnesota’sannualDistractedDrivingstatewideenforcement mobilizationinAprilaswellasotherlocalcommunityeventspromotingyounger drivertrafficsafety. PowerofYou(th)—PowertoTakeaStand: http://www.madd.org/underage‐drinking/power‐of‐youth/ PowerTalk21 http://www.madd.org/underage‐drinking/powertalk‐21/ PowerofParents: http://www.madd.org/underage‐drinking/ ForreferencetoenhancedpenaltylaweffectiveAugust1,2015,see: https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/?id=75&year=2015&type=0#laws.2.22.0 Promotecommunityandlocalelectedofficials’engagementinandsupportof strengtheningcellphoneuserestrictionofteendriversholdingapermitor provisional(restricted)driver’slicensetoalldriversundertheage18evenifusinga full/unrestricteddriver’slicense. Strongtrafficsafetypolicybeginswithdevelopinggrassroots,locallevelsupport. Localcommunityandelectedofficialsupport,whenthoughtfullyandstrategically applied,catchtheattentionofstateelectedofficials,andultimately,mayresultinthe passageofstrongerstatewidepublicsafetylaws. Related2015‐2016Minnesotastatelegislaturebill: ‐ SenateFile1555extendscellphoneuserestrictionofteendriversholdinga permitorprovisional(restricted)driver’slicensetoalldriversundertheage18 evenifusinganfull/unrestricteddriverslicense. Forcurrentbillstatusandlegislativeaction,see: http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/legis.aspx Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 26 Strategy Activities and Suggested Resources Strengthen younger driver belief in the dangers of distracted driving Addresses: DistractedDriving Improveyoungerdriversunderstandingofandexperiencewiththerisksassociated withdistracteddrivinginasafeenvironmenttoreinforcetheimportanceof refrainingfromextraneousactivitieswhiledriving.Outreachactivitiesmayoccurat communityandhigh‐schooleventsyoungerdriversattend. Forseveralyearsnow,MinnesotahaspartneredwithAT&Ttoimplementahigh school/collegelevel“ItCanWait”campaign.Thecampaignrunstwotimesannually, usuallyinSeptemberandApril.Tolearnmoreaboutthecampaign,see: http://www.att.com/gen/press‐room?pid=2964 Foranexampleinteractiveon‐linedrivingsimulatorresourcestohelpyounger driversidentifyvariousdistractionsandtheirrelativeimpactondrivingability,see: TheUniversityofMinnesota’sIntelligentTransportationInstitute’sDistraction Dodgersimulatorgame http://www.its.umn.edu/DistractionDodger/ ToyotaUSAandDiscoveryEducation’sHead’sUpsimulatorgame http://headsup.discoveryeducation.com/ Fordriverdistractioncurriculummaterialsconsistingoffiveclassroomlessons, includingacoursepresentationandhandouts,thatmaybeadaptedbyteachersfor theirownclassroomuse,see: University of Minnesota’s IntelligentTransportationInstitute’s K–12DriverDistractionCurriculum http://www.its.umn.edu/Education/k12outreach/curricula/driverdistraction/ Toexploretheabovesafetystrategiesandtolearnaboutspecificsafetyinitiativesinyour areaofthestate,contactyourTZDRegionalCoordinator: http://www.minnesotatzd.org/initiatives/regions/ Ifyourcommunityisconsideringformingacoalition,forsuggestionsofhowtogetstarted, see: http://www.minnesotatzd.org/initiatives/saferoads/coalition/ HelpfulOn‐LineBehavioralYoungerDriverTrafficSafetyResources: MinnesotaTZD http://www.minnesotatzd.org/topics/ MinnesotaOfficeofTrafficSafety https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/ots/Pages/traffic‐topics.aspx Minnesotan’sforSafeDriving http://mnsafedriving.com/teens‐parents/teen‐driving‐laws.html MinnesotaMADD http://www.madd.org/local‐offices/mn/ MinnesotaSafetyCouncil,trafficsafety http://www.minnesotasafetycouncil.org/traffic/ Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 27 StudentsAgainstDestructiveDecisions(SADD),MinnesotaChapter http://sadd.org/states/minnesota.htm NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration(NHTSA)DrivingSafetyCommunity Coalitions http://www.nhtsa.gov/Driving+Safety/Community+Traffic+Safety/Community+Traf fic+Safety+Activities Governor’sHighwaySafetyAssociation http://www.ghsa.org/html/issues/index.html 2. Public Service Announcements PublicServiceAnnouncements(PSA’s)areusedtocommunicateimportantmessagesabout trafficsafetytothegeneralpublic.Youngerdriversareparticularlyvulnerabletorisky behaviorswhichmakesitevenmoreimportantthattheyhearthesemessagestohelp promotetheirunderstandingofthedangers.Theinputofapanelofyoungerdriverswhich reviewedandrankednomorethen100videos,basedonhowimpactfulandeffectivethey felttheywere,developedthisPSAlibrary.Therearefourtablescontainedinthefollowing pages,eachlistingthetop10PSAvideoswithashortdescriptionofthevideoforunbelted, impaireddriving,speedinganddistracteddriving.Youcanaccesseachvideousingthelink beloweachPSAvideotitle.Therearemanymorevideossimilartotheseavailableonline. Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 28 Unbelted Occupants 1 ZeroFatalitiesTwist Childinbackseatdiesbecauseunbeltedparentwasthrownintohim. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXW57B_2sRQ&list=UUrR3CPsVkfxJ5QNbA I4ZwAw 2 DOE:RearPassengerSeatbelt(1:11) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6Qhmdk4VNs Crashwhereunbeltedrearpassengerkillsthreepeoplebycollidingwiththem duringthecrash. 3 4 5 6 MnDPS:Heights(0:30) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSZ‐pQeRtK8&feature=youtu.be Informational:Collisionat25MPHwithoutseatbeltislikefallingfroma2‐story building,showsallthewayupto60mph=12‐storybuilding.Showscameraview fromthatheightlookingstraightdowntoportraythepotentialdamagea vehicularcrashwhilebeingunbeltedcancause. NHTSA:BuckleUpAmerica(0:32) http://www.trafficsafetymarketing.gov/BUA Randompeopleonstreetslamtheirforeheadintoguy’swindshield.“Sinceyou’ll nevergettoseeyourownfacehitthewindshield”thenguygetsrear‐endedand hisheadgoesintothewindshield. EmbraceLife(1:28) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h‐8PBx7isoM Videoconveyingthatlifeistooprecioustorisknotwearingseatbelt,especiallyto family.Gearsmoretowardssignificanceofpersonalchoicetobuckleupandits impactonfamilymembers. WearitforThem(1:00) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPuID6mnOJU Unbeltedmaleteenkillsbuckledlittlesisterbyflyingintoherduringacrash. 7 NHTSA:2014FriendlyCop(0:30) http://www.trafficsafetymarketing.gov/CIOT2014(officialwebsite) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzzQa9v79r8(Youtube) FriendlyCopgiveswarningforforgettingturnsignal,ticketfornotwearing seatbelt. 8 HeavenCanWait‐ BestSeatbeltCommercialEver(0:44) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tywC‐gRXbq0 Spiritsleavebodyofthosewhohavediedinacaraccident.Theonepersonwho waswearingaseatbelthashisspiritreturn;hewakesup. 9 10 THINK!AlwaysWearaSeatbelt(0:40) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xx6v9CNcQ04 Threeguysareterriblyinjuredinacrash,notwearingseatbelts.Timerewinds, theyputontheirseatbeltswhentheygetinthecarandsustainonlyminor injuries(soreneck,etc.).“Ifyoucouldhaveanotherchance,whatwouldyoudo differently?” THINK!Seatbelts– ThreeStrikes(0:40) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rq9OLd‐XtHE Voiceoverdescribesexactlyhowamanisinjuredanddiesfromnotwearinga seatbeltduringacrash.Usesvisualaidsofinsidetheman’sbody.FromUK’s THINK!Campaign. Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 29 Impaired Driving and Alcohol-Related 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Friendsarewaiting(1:00) http://youtu.be/eubWYPhcEEo Budweiserdogcommercial.Guywithhisdogashegrows.Guygoesoutforthenight withthefriendsanddoesn’treturn.Dogisdistressed,onlytofindtheguyreturnthe nextmorningashedecidedtostayatafriend’shouseratherthandrinkanddrive. TACVictoria:Never(1:30) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otR8V7rlnjA&list=TLSSKQrXBnjIUzZtR_41i‐ FW3_bmzqwWyG Mancrasheswhiledrivingdrunk,whichkillshisgirlfriendinpassengerseat.Shows manandthepassenger’sfatherdevastated. TACVictoria:BushTelegraph(1:30) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqvLcVBOhP4&list=TLSSKQrXBnjIUzZtR_41i‐ FW3_bmzqwWyG&index=8 Manleavesfriend’shousewithkidafterdrinking.Onhiswayout,hisfriendsays“Oh haveanother,itwon’tkillyou.”Manrunsstopsign,getsslammedbygianttruck. Friendgetsacallthathedied. NHTSA:IgnitionInterlock(0:30)and(0:15) http://www.trafficsafetymarketing.gov/CAMPAIGNS/Drunk+Driving/Drive+Sober+or+ Get+Pulled+Over/Saint+Patrick%27s+Day/Video+‐+Ignition+Interlock Aguyandgirlarewalkingtotheircarafteradatewiththeirthoughtsbeingaudiblefor theviewer.Thegirlreallylikeshim,buttheguyisworriedaboutsomething.Whenthey getinthecartheguyusesaBreathalyzertostartcar.Girlisunimpressedandleaves. TACVictoria:BloodyIdiots(0:46) http://www.tac.vic.gov.au/road‐safety/tac‐campaigns/drink‐driving Showsmom(crying),girlfriend(dead),friend(paralyzed),allresultingfromacarcrash involvinga“bloodyidiot.” NHTSA:NightEndsforTheseBuddies/InvisibleCop:Buddies(0:32) http://www.trafficsafetymarketing.gov/CAMPAIGNS/Drunk+Driving/Drive+Sober+or+ Get+Pulled+Over/No+Refusal+Toolkit/Video+Invisible+Cop+Checkpoint Drinkingfriendsgiveimpaireddriverkeys.Drivergetsarrested.“They’llseeyoubefore youseethem.”Strongenforcementmessage. NHTSA:NoMoney(0:30)and(0:15) http://www.trafficsafetymarketing.gov/CAMPAIGNS/Drunk+Driving/Drive+Sober+or+ Get+Pulled+Over/Saint+Patrick%27s+Day/Video+‐+No+Money Guysittingonbench,textoverlayshowscostsofDUI(bail,attorney,courtcosts,ticket, etc.).Strongmessage.“Therearebetterwaystospendyourmoney”Guywalksbyin niceclothes,spinningcarkeys. THINK!‐#PubLooShocker(0:50) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJDsH64sqNY&list=TLMHbqQ6B58WDZz8bLB0jzQ Q‐R5X_xcUJt Severalpeoplegotothebathroomandwhilewashingtheirhandsafaceloudlycrushes themirror(seemingcomingfromthewall)startlingthem.FromUK’sTHINK!Campaign. TACVictoria:Levels(0:35) http://www.tac.vic.gov.au/road‐safety/tac‐campaigns/drink‐driving#education Twomenatabarorderanotherdrink.Voiceoverdescribesthemanyfactorsthat contributetotheirresultingBACwhentheywillbedrivinghome.Bartenderadjusts eachperson’sdrinkalongwithvoiceover.Bothendupwithlessthanafullbeer,but noticeabledifferentamounts. TACVictoria:SWAP(1:30) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4X2lbxc5O4&index=12&list=TLSSKQrXBnjIUzZtR _41i‐FW3_bmzqwWyG Manandpartnerdrivehomefrompartyaftermanhasdonedrugs.Hedriveserratically, finallydecidestoswitchsogirlfriendcandrive.Pullsovertothesideoftheroadand getsoutofthecarrightinfrontofafastmovingcar.“Ifyoudriveondrugs,you’reoutof yourmind.” Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 30 Speeding 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 NZTA:SpeedAd– Mistakes(1:00) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bvLaTupw‐hk NewZealandviralvideo.Caronsidestreetpullsoutinfrontofspeedingcar.Both driversgetoutofcarwhiletheircarsaregoingtowardseachotherinslowmotion. Guyfromsidestreetshowshiskidinbackseat,speedingcarrealizesheisgoingway toofasttostop.“Otherpeoplemakemistakes.SlowDown”. NZTA:FlyingObjects(1:00) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uV5o_‐UADiY Informationalvideoonthephysicsofsuddenstops–yourinternalorganskeep movingevenwhenyourseatbeltcatchesyourchest.Thefasteryougo,thebiggerthe mess. CrashReconstruction(1:00) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z44uZVn1r9A Fatalcrashisplayedoutwhileacollisioninvestigatorprovidesdetailsoftheevents leadinguptothecrash.Alsostatesthattheoutcomewouldhavebeendrastically differenthadthedriverofbeengoingjust5km/hslower. SpeedvsImpact(0:59) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bpJhf3qoOk4 Mandiscusseshowaslowerinitialspeedmeansamuchslowerimpactspeed,with visual. JustSlowDownbyWinnipegPoliceService(2:25) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5EyOnccJLg Teenspeedingkillschild. DOETheFastertheSpeedtheBiggertheMessCampaign‐SpeedKills(1:01) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_z8Mnf22D30 Manspeedingrearendscaratstopsignpushingitforward,rear‐endedcarhits pedestrianmother. NZTA/LTSA– SpottheDifference(NewZealand)(0:30) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7d4l6FuvGQ#t=14 Splitscreenwithtwojoggers.Ononehalf,oneofthejoggersgetshitbyaspeeder,on theotherhalf,thecarstopsontime.CreatedbytheLandTransportSafetyAuthority ofNewZealand(LTSA). DOETheFastertheSpeedtheBiggertheMessCampaign–TheBiggertheMess (1:00) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_AMEYsBxZA Slowmotioncrashwithvoiceoverdescribingconsequencesofspeeding.Motherand kidinbackseatdie. NYCSpeedLimitPSA(0:29) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTSioR_2nHc Discusseswhy30mphismuchsaferthan40mph. SpeedExcuses(0:32) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y15UvlGXp20&feature=youtube Showsvariouspeoplemakingexcusesaboutwhythey’respeeding(Ididn’tseethe sign,mywife’sinlabor,etc.)andstillgettingaticket.Enforcementhas“hearditall.” Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 31 Distracted Driving 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Volkswagen–EyesontheRoad(1:22) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R22WNkYKeo8 Moviegoersgathertheirattentiontoapreviewshowingacardrivingdownanopen roadway.Amasstextisthensentouttoalloftheattendees.Atonce,manypatronsdivert theirattentiontotheirphones.Secondslatertheyhearaloudbang–lookinguptorealize thecarhascrashedoffoftheroad.Amessageisbroughttothescreenremindingviewers tokeeptheireyesontheroad.VeryengagingtoviewerscomparedtootherPSAvideos. TACVictoria:DistractionsTVAd“Blind”(0:45) “Metro”Version: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHQHcLWQewA&index=2&list=PLl2p5jFnfRhG3eZ7 4U05L3Q6ifS9EYvRi“Regional”Version:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oal‐ vBFmnRk&list=PLl2p5jFnfRhG3eZ74U05L3Q6ifS9EYvRi MandrivinglooksawayfromtheroadtoviewGPS,phone,etc.Theviewerisshowna blackscreeneachtimethedriverlooksaway,demonstratingtheactoftakingyoureyes offtheroad.Whenthedriverreturnshisattentiontotheroadthereisastartlingsurprise awaitinghim(bikers,etc.).Endsinacrash. ZeroFatalities“TextingandWalkingTheaterPSA”(0:42) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrb0rXVFOs0(0:42) Lessdramatic42‐secondvideoofhowtextingcanaffectmotorskills.Referenceshowit canresultinpoorerdrivingability. NHTSA:Manifesto– TextingwhileDrivingVideo(0:29) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_‐6EoNhitg Girldrivingwithherfriendspullsoutherphonetoreplytoatext.Shedrivesintoan intersectionandisstruckbyatruck,resultinginthedeathofherselfandherfriends. Officerattheendsayshepulledheroverfortextingshemightstillbealive,showslife‐ savingroleoflawenforcement. ZeroFatalities:YouWouldn’tTextHereMovieTheatreSpot(0:40) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qIgSvaTA00&list=UUrR3CPsVkfxJ5QNbAI4ZwAw Peopletextinginoddsituationswithbadresults:adentistdoingafilling,ahairstylist withabuzzer,afootballquarterbackwhileplaying.“You’dneverconsidertextinghere, don’teventhinkabouttextinghere.”Therearealso15and30secondversions. TheImpossibleTexting&DrivingTest http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HbjSWDwJILs Variouspeopleattempttoavoidobstaclesinaclosedcoursewhiletexting. ZeroFatalities“TextingandWalkingPartII”(0:30) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Se‐PtyEoZtU&list=UUrR3CPsVkfxJ5QNbAI4ZwAw Showspeoplegettingintominorincidentswalkingwhiletexting.Expressesthatitwould becrazytotextwhiledriving. NHTSA:BAM(DistractedDriving)(0:31) http://www.trafficsafetymarketing.gov/CAMPAIGNS/Distracted+Driving/Phone+In+On e+Hand+‐+Ticket+In+The+Other/TV+BAM+Distracted+Driving+Enforcement+SDHD Variouspeople(teens,mom,adultmale,etc.)talk/textwhiledriving,getinaccident. Copsshownatveryend“we’resteppingupenforcementtosavelives.” TACVictoria:Pillow– YouCan’tFightSleep(0:34) http://www.tac.vic.gov.au/road‐safety/tac‐campaigns/drowsy‐driving Voiceoverdescribesthedangersofdrivingdrowsy. NHTSA:GleeDistractedDrivingPSA:“OnMyWay” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnw_7xI5klM Showsagirlpickupherphonetosendaquicktextmessagetoherfriends.Whilebeing 10 distracted,shedrivesthroughastopsignandgetshitbyatruck.Messageindicatingthat itonlytakesafewsecondsoftakingyoureyesofftheroadforsomethingtragicto happen–textingcanwait. Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 32 3. TZD Partnerships MinnesotaTZDisthestate’scornerstonetrafficsafetyprogram,employinganintegrated approachofengineering,enforcement,educationandemergencymedicalandtrauma servicestoreducetraffic‐relatedseriousinjuriesanddeathsonMinnesotaroads.While theseindividualdisciplineshavealonghistoryofsuccessfultrafficsafetyprograms,TZD aimstotiethesetogetherwithacommonvisionandmissionforevengreatersuccess.The TZDprogramusesdatatotargetareasforimprovementandemployproven countermeasures. TheTZDprogramteamworksinpartnershipwithcommunityandcorridorgroupsto improvethetrafficsafetyofadesignatedarea.TowardZeroDeathsprovidestechnical assistance,materials,andguidancetolocalgroupsthatarecommittedtoreducingcrashes andthefatalitiesandsevereinjuriesthatresultfromthem. TheTZDprogramisledbythedirectorsfromtheOfficeofTrafficSafety(OTS),Minnesota DepartmentofPublicSafety(DPS)andtheOfficeofTraffic,Safety,andTechnology(OTST), MinnesotaDepartmentofTransportation(MnDOT).Thestateisbrokenupintoeight regions,eachwiththeirownTZDcoordinatorthatfocusesonlocalinitiatives.Formore informationabouteachofthesedepartments,visittheirwebsitesatthelinksbelow. Minnesota Department of Public Safety – Office of Traffic Safety TheOfficeofTrafficSafetydesignsandimplementspubliceducationandtraffic‐law enforcementprogramswiththegoalofreducingcrashes,deathsandinjuriesonMinnesota roadsbyimprovingdriverbehavior.TheDPSOTSwebsiteincludesdetailedinformation withfactsheets,laws,PSAvideos,educationalmaterialsandresourcesonavarietyoftraffic topicssuchasspeeding,pedestrians,childpassengersafety,deer‐vehiclesafety,distracted driving,impaireddriving,motorcycles,moveoverlaw,olderdrivers,ruraldriving,school bussafety,seatbelts,airbags,teendrivingandwinterdriving. OTSmanagesallofthecrashrecordsforthestateandproducesthreemajorpublications annually:HighwaySafetyPlan,MinnesotaMotorVehicleCrashFactsandtheMinnesota ImpairedDrivingFacts.Inaddition,OTSannuallydevelopscounty‐specificfactsheetsthat documentthenumberofcrashesthatoccurredineachcountyforvarioustrafficissues. Minnesota Department of Transportation – Office of Traffic, Safety, and Technology MnDOT’ssafetyunitfocusesontheengineeringcomponentofTowardZeroDeathsby developingsafetyplans,providingcrashdataprojectsandresearchreports.TheMnDOT OTSTwebsiteincludesdetailedinformationonengineeringsolutionsandresearchfindings foravarietyoftrafficsafetytopicssuchascablemedianbarriers,lighting,pavement markings,pedestrians,roundabouts,rumblestrips,signals,signing,speedlimits,workzones andmore.TheMinnesotaStrategicHighwaySafetyPlanislocatedontheMnDOTOTST websiteandprovidesinsightanddirectiononhowtoreducetraffic‐relatedcrashesthat involvemotorvehiclesonallMinnesotaroads. Toward Zero Deaths Website Resources TheTZDwebsiteincludesdetailedinformationabouttheMinnesotaTZDProgram,its partners,regionalTZDinitiatives,events,news,resources,contactsandhowtogetinvolved. Theresourcespageprovidesinformationandlinkstoresourcesinthecriticalemphasis Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 33 areasidentifiedinMinnesota'sStrategicHighwaySafetyPlanandothertopicsthatserveas focusareasforreducingfatalitiesandseriousinjuriesonMinnesota'sroads. BelowareweblinkstokeyinformationontheMinnesotaTZDwebsiteabouttheMinnesota TZDProgramanditspartners,regionalTZDinitiatives,contactsandhowtogetinvolved. Thisisthemostuptodateinformationasofthepublicationdateofthisdocument. Manyofthedocumentsinthelinksbelowarealsoincludedonthefollowingpages. TZD Program 1-pager TZD Strategic Direction TZD Roadmap of partners Local MN Traffic Safety Initiatives o East Central Initiatives o Metro Region Initiatives o Northeast Region Initiatives o Northwest Region Initiatives o South Central Initiatives o Southeast Initiatives o Southwest Initiatives o West Central Initiatives TZD contacts Get involved – TZD Events Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 34 MINNESOTA TOWARD ZERO DEATHS TZD’S STATEWIDE GOAL: Fewer than 300 fatalities and 850 serious injuries on Minnesota’s roads by 2020. WHAT IS THE MINNESOTA TOWARD ZERO DEATHS (TZD) PROGRAM? The Minnesota TZD program is the state’s cornerstone traffic safety program that employs an interdisciplinary approach to lowering the number of traffic crashes, injuries, and deaths occurring on Minnesota roads. The program’s vision is to ultimately reduce those fatalities and serious injuries to zero. The program is a partnership between the Minnesota Departments of Public Safety, Transportation, and Health; the University of Minnesota; and others. What does the program do? • Works to create a culture for which traffic fatalities and serious injuries are no longer acceptable through the integrated application of education, engineering, enforcement, and emergency medical and trauma services—known as the “4 Es.” • Uses data to target areas for improvement and employ proven safety strategies. • Implements best practices and advances innovations and new technologies. What are the program’s key accomplishments? • A 41 percent reduction in the number of fatalities since 2003. • An increase in statewide belt use to 95 percent. • Stronger traffic safety policies, including passage of the lower blood alcohol content (0.08, from 0.10) for DWI in 2004; improved graduated driver’s licensing and the ban on texting, e-mailing, or accessing the web while driving in 2008; primary seat belt and booster seat laws in 2009; and expanded use of ignition interlock for DWI in 2010. • Creation and expanded implementation of the Point of Impact driver education program designed for parents and teens. • Implementation of a statewide trauma system and regional trauma centers throughout Minnesota. • Implementation of Safety Plans for each county and MnDOT district. • Creation of a TZD regional structure throughout the state to lead TZD efforts in local geographic areas. • Implementation of infrastructure improvements focused on fatal and serious injury crashes. • Expanded implementation of systematic safety improvements such as rumble strips, cable median barriers, and rural intersection lighting. • Creation of one TZD traffic enforcement grant that incorporates all overtime traffic safety enforcement projects and encourages development of a county-wide strategic enforcement plan. • How to Save a Life, Young Forever and Gone Too Soon videos created by the Minnesota State Patrol and shown to more than 90,000 Minnesotans. 11/2014 What will TZD do next? • Implement the 2014 Strategic Highway Safety Plan. • Expand engagement with Minnesota traffic safety advocates. • Improve the traffic safety records system across all disciplines. • Engage the court system as a traffic safety partner. • Continue to support regional partnerships throughout the state. • Implement a comprehensive TZD communication plan. • Evaluate key programs and initiatives. How can I participate in TZD? • Contact your regional TZD coordinator (www.minnesotatzd.org /initiatives/regions). • Attend the annual statewide TZD conference and annual regional workshops (www.minnesotatzd.org/events). • Attend the TZD Stakeholder Breakfasts in person or participate online (www.minnesotatzd.org/events/breakfasts). • Request to be added to the TZD mailing list: kkirk@umn.edu. How can I get more information? • Contact Kaydee Kirk, Program Coordinator Center for Transportation Studies 612-626-5854 kkirk@umn.edu • Visit the TZD website www.minnesotatzd.org In 2003, 655 traffic fatalities occurred on Minnesota’s roads. That same year, the statewide TZD program was launched as a deliberate, interdisciplinary approach to traffic safety. Despite increases in the number of licensed drivers, registered motor vehicles, and vehicle miles traveled (VMT), there were 387 traffic fatalities in Minnesota in 2013—a 41 percent reduction from 2003. www.MinnesotaTZD.org Minnesota Toward ZERO Deaths S t r at e g ic D ir e c t ion Statewide goal: Fewer than 300 traffic-related fatalities—and fewer than 850 serious injuries—by 2020 Vision To reduce fatalities and serious injuries on Minnesota’s roads to zero Mission T o create a culture for which traffic fatalities and serious injuries are no longer acceptable through the integrated application of education, engineering, enforcement, and emergency medical and trauma services. These efforts will be driven by data, best practices, and research. Goal 1: Establish the vision of TZD as a priority for all state and local agencies and units of government Strategies • Implement a comprehensive TZD communications plan • Urge state agencies and local jurisdictions to make TZD a part of their culture and responsibility • Convene an annual meeting of agency commissioners • P romote agency-to-agency collaboration • Implement effective traffic safety policies Goal 2: Create and strengthen traffic safety partnerships Strategies • Engage Minnesota traffic safety advocates • E ngage the court system as a traffic safety partner • R ecruit industry and nonprofit organizations to engage in traffic safety initiatives • Increase and diversify participation in TZD programs and events Goal 3: Promote and implement effective traffic safety initiatives Strategies • Improve the traffic safety records system across all disciplines • Implement the 2014 Strategic Highway Safety Plan • E valuate key programs and initiatives •U se data to drive all traffic safety initiatives • S trengthen Minnesota’s trauma system to ensure timely triage, transfer, and treatment for all injured patients • Update district safety plans and monitor county safety plan implementation efforts • Increase collaboration among law enforcement agencies on all state and local roads • Advance new technologies and innovations • Adopt and implement best practices • P rioritize, coordinate, and promote effective policy and legislation •C onduct a consolidated public awareness assessment Values Italics signify priority strategies for 2015 • Continuous improvement • Engaged partners • Evidence-based approaches www.MinnesotaTZD.org 01/2015 Roadmap of Partners Potential TZD partners in your community Education • K-12 Schools − principal, counselor, health teacher, students, parents, coaches Engineering • University and community colleges • District engineer • Clinics/hospitals − public relations, trauma prevention • County engineer (bike helmets, car seats, seatbelts, etc.) • City engineer • Public health educators − injury, physical activity, • Maintenance bike, walk, pedestrian, belts, alcohol, distracted • Snowplow driving, speed • Regional Traffic Management Center (RTMC) • Worksite − employee education + policy development • Operations • Driver’s education (can be run through public school • Traffic engineers or private companies) – parent component • Vehicle design/car engineering • Insurance companies • Auto manufacturers • Private partners • Vendors • Public education – communications – OTS, DOT, MDH • Auto dealers o Media partners-print, TV, advertisements • Auto repair shops o Public promotion • Contractors − billboards • Cell phone service providers − posters • Academic research − window clings institutions − coasters − radio PSA/TV PSA o Concerned citizens • Social advocacy groups Judicial • Traffic safety groups • Traffic safety resource prosecutor • Chemical health services • Judges • City attorney • Prosecuting attorney • District court • Probation program staff (i.e. treatment, impact, etc.) Enforcement • School resource office • City police department • Sheriff office • State Patrol • Schools – principal, counselor, health teacher, students, parents, coaches (enforcing behavior rules) • Training options • Worksite-employee education + policy development (enforcing policy) EMS + Trauma Services • First responders • Fire department • Paramedics • Hospital emergency department staff • Surgeons/trauma nurses • Ambulance services • Air ambulance services • Public safety and EMS dispatchers • Medical directors • Emergency medical technicians Driven by data, best practices, and research www.minnesotatzd.org NORTHWEST MINNESOTA TZD ROSEAU KITTSON LAKE OF THE WOODS MARSHALL NORTHEAST MINNESOTA TZD KOOCHICHING PENNINGTON SAINT LOUIS BELTRAMI COOK LAKE RED LAKE CLEARWATER ITASCA POLK MAHNOMEN NORMAN HUBBARD CLAY CASS BECKER EAST CENTRAL MINNESOTA TZD WADENA WILKIN WEST CENTRAL MINNESOTA TZD DOUGLAS TODD ANOKA PINE CROW WING WASHINGTON MORRISON MILLE LACS KANABEC GRANT STEARNS POPE STEVENS ISANTI CARVER SWIFT LAC QUI PARLE SHERBURNE KANDYOHI MEEKER CHIPPEWA WRIGHT MCLEOD YELLOW MEDICINE RAMSEY HENNEPIN BENTON TRAVERSE SOUTHWEST MINNESOTA TZD CHISAGO CARLTON OTTER TAIL BIG STONE AITKIN DAKOTA SCOTT RENVILLE SIBLEY LINCOLN LYON PIPESTONE NICOLLET REDWOOD BROWN WATONWAN MURRAY JACKSON RICE WABASHA BLUE EARTH STEELE OLMSTED DODGE WINONA FARIBAULT MARTIN ROCK FREEBORN SOUTH CENTRAL MINNESOTA TZD Designated Trauma Hospital DWI/Drug Courts Motorcycle Training Locations METRO TZD GOODHUE WASECA COTTONWOOD NOBLES LE SUEUR MOWER FILLMORE HOUSTON SOUTHEAST MINNESOTA TZD TZD Enforcement Grantees 25 Deadliest Counties for Impaired Driving TZD Safe Roads Grantees www.MinnesotaTZD.org/initiatives East Central Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths Mission: To create a culture for which traffic fatalities and serious injuries are no longer acceptable through the integrated application of education, engineering, enforcement and emergency medical and trauma services. These efforts will be driven by data, best practices and research. Values: The leading cause of deaths and severe injuries in East Central Minnesota include: Lack of Seatbelt Use Impaired Driving Speed and Aggressive Driving Inattentive Driving East Central Minnesota Fatals and Serious Injuries by County (2010-2014) Continuous Improvements Engaged Partners 200 Evidence-based Approaches 150 Fatalities Serious Injuries 100 50 Wright Wadena Todd Stearns Sherburne Morrison Mille Lacs Kanabec Isanti Crow Wing Cass Benton 0 The leading type of crash resulting in deaths and severe injuries include: Run off the Road Impaired Driving The East Central Minnesota TZD program is led by a steering committee comprised of the “4 E’s:” The East Central Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths (TZD) program is new this year. The counties involved include: Benton, Cass, Crow Wing, Isanti, Kanabec, Mille Lacs, Morrison, Sherburne, Stearns, Todd, Wadena, Wright Enforcement Engineering Education EMS / Emergency and Trauma Services East Central Minnesota TZD Leadership Contacts Engineering Dan Anderson MnDOT District Engineer 218-828-5703 daniel.d.anderson@state.mn.us Enforcement Captain Sean Meagher Captain Jeff Westrum Minnesota State Patrol Minnesota State Patrol 218-828-2403 320-223-6660 sean.meagher@state.mn.us jeffrey.westrum@state.mn.us Education/EMS Tom Nixon East Central TZD Coordinator 218-828-5830 thomas.nixon@state.mn.us www.minnesotatzd.org Metro Region Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths Mission To create a culture for which traffic fatalities and serious injuries are no longer acceptable through the integrated application of education, engineering, enforcement and emergency medical and trauma services. These efforts will be driven by data, best practices and research. The leading cause of deaths and severe injuries in the metro region of Minnesota include: ❖ Impaired Driving ❖ Speed and Aggressive Driving ❖ Inattentive Driving ❖ Lack of Seatbelt Use Metro Region Minnesota Fatals and Serious Injuries by County (2009-2013) Washington Sco> Ramsey Serious Injuries Hennepin Dakota Carver Anoka Chisago Fatals 1000 800 600 400 200 0 The leading types of crash resulting in deaths and severe injuries include: ❖ Intersection-Related ❖ Lane Departure Values ❖ Continuous improvements, ❖ Engage partners and ❖ Evidence-based approaches The Metro Region Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths program is led by a Steering Committee comprised of the “4 Es:” The Metro Region Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths (TZD) program began in 2012. The counties involved include: Anoka, Carver, Chisago, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott and Washington. ❖ Enforcement ❖ Engineering ❖ Education ❖ EMS / Emergency and Trauma Services Metro Region Minnesota TZD Leadership Contacts Engineering Greg Coughlin PE, MnDOT Metro Director Ops and Maint. 651.222.2222 Greg.coughlin@state.mn.us Enforcement Captain Bruce Brynell Captain Tim Rogotzke Minnesota State Patrol Minnesota State Patrol 763.279.4560 651.539.1136 Bruce.brynell@state.mn.us Tim.rogotzke@state.mn.us Education / EMS Susan Youngs Metro TZD Regional Coordinator 651.234.7706 Susan.youngs@state.mn.us www.minnesotatzd.org Northeast Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths St. Louis Serious Injuries Pine Fatals Aitkin Evidence-based approaches. 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Northeastern Minnesota Fatals and Serious Injuries by County (2010-2014) Lake Engage partners and Lack of Seatbelt use. Koochiching Continuous improvements, Speed and Itasca Values: Distraction, Cook To create a culture for which traffic fatalities and serious injuries are no longer acceptable through the integrated application of education, engineering, enforcement and emergency medical and trauma services. These efforts will be driven by data, best practices and research. The leading cause of deaths and severe injuries in Northeastern Minnesota include: Alcohol, Carlton Mission: The leading type of crash resulting in deaths and severe injuries include: Run-off-Road Intersection-related The Northeastern Minnesota TZD program is led by a steering committee comprised of the “4 Es:” Enforcement Engineering The Northeastern Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths (TZD) program began in 2010. The counties involved include: Aitkin, Carlton, Cook, Itasca, Koochiching, Lake, Pine, St. Louis Education Emergency Medical and Trauma Services Northeast Minnesota TZD Leadership Contacts Engineering Duane Hill, PE MnDOT District Engineer 218-725-2704 duane.hill@state.mn.us Enforcement Captain Steve Stromback Minnesota State Patrol 218-723-4889 steve.stromback@state.mn.us Enforcement Captain Ron Silcox Minnesota State Patrol 218- 735-3721 ronald.silcox@state.mn.us www.minnesotatzd.org Education / EMS Holly Kostrzewski, MPH Northern MN TZD Coordinator 218-725-2828 holly.kostrzewski@state.mn.us Northwest Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths Mission: The leading cause of deaths and severe injuries in northwest Minnesota include: Alcohol, Distraction, Speed and Lack of Seatbelt use. Values: Roseau Red Lake Polk Pennington Serious Injuries Marshall Lake of the… Kittson Fatals Beltrami Evidence-based approaches. Norman 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Engage partners and Hubbard Continuous improvements, Northwestern Minnesota Fatals and Serious Injuries by County (2010-2014) Clearwater To create a culture for which traffic fatalities and serious injuries are no longer acceptable through the integrated application of education, engineering, enforcement and emergency medical and trauma services. These efforts will be driven by data, best practices and research. The leading type of crash resulting in deaths and severe injuries include: Run-off-Road Intersection-related The Northwest Minnesota TZD program is led by a steering committee comprised of the “4 Es:” Enforcement The Northwest Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths (TZD) program began in 2008. The counties involved include: Beltrami, Clearwater, Hubbard, Kittson, Lake of the Woods, Marshall, Norman, Pennington, Polk, Red Lake, and Roseau. Engineering Education Emergency Medical and Trauma Services. Northwest Minnesota TZD Leadership Contacts Engineering Craig Collison, PE MnDOT District Engineer 218-755-6548 craig.collison@state.mn.us Enforcement Captain Michael Wedin Minnesota State Patrol 218-681-0943 michael.wedin@state.mn.us Education / EMS Holly Kostrzewski Northwest MN TZD Coordinator 218-755-6594 holly.kostrzewski@state.mn.us www.minnesotatzd.org South Central Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths Mission South Central Traffic Information To create a culture for which traffic fatalities and serious injuries are no longer acceptable through the integrated application of education, engineering, enforcement and emergency medical and trauma services. These efforts will be driven by data, best practices and research. The leading cause of deaths and severe injuries in south central Minnesota include: Lack of Seatbelt Use Values Impaired Driving 2014 South Central Minnesota regional seat belt usage survey results: 84.6% (down 3.1% from the 2013 rate) Speed and Aggressive Driving Continuous improvements Inattentive Driving Engage partners Evidence-based approaches South Central Minnesota Fatals and Serious Injuries by County (2009-2013) 75 60 45 30 15 0 Fatals Serious Injuries The South Central Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths (TZD) program began in 2011. The counties involved include: Blue Earth, Brown, Cottonwood, Faribault, Jackson, Le Sueur, Martin, Nicollet, Nobles, Rock, Sibley, Waseca and Watonwan. The South Central Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths program is led by a Steering Committee comprised of the “4 Es:” Enforcement The leading type of crash resulting in deaths and severe injuries include: Run-off-Road Intersection-Related Engineering Education EMS / Emergency and Trauma Services South Central Minnesota TZD Leadership Contacts Engineering Greg Ous MnDOT District Engineer 507-304-6101 Greg.Ous@state.mn.us Enforcement Captain Jeremy Geiger Minnesota State Patrol 507-344-2760 Jeremy.Geiger@state.mn.us Education / EMS Annette Larson South Central MN TZD Coordinator 507-304-6110 Annette.L.Larson@state.mn.us www.minnesotatzd.org Southeast Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths Mission To create a culture for which traffic fatalities and serious injuries are no longer acceptable through the integrated application of education, engineering, enforcement and emergency medical and trauma services. These efforts will be driven by data, best practices and research. The leading cause of traffic-related deaths and severe injuries in southeast Minnesota include: Lack of Seatbelt Use Speed and Aggressive Driving Alcohol Southeast Minnesota Fatalities and Serious Injuries by County (2010-2014) Values Fatals Continuous improvements Serious Injuries Winona Wabasha Steele Rice Olmsted Mower Houston Goodhue Dodge Evidence-based approaches Freeborn Engage partners Fillmore 200 150 100 50 0 The leading type of crash resulting in deaths and severe injuries include: Run-off-Road Intersection-related The Southeast Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths program began in 2005. The counties involved include: Dodge, Fillmore, Freeborn, Goodhue, Houston, Mower, Olmsted, Rice, Steele, Wabasha and Winona. The Southeast Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths program is led by a Steering Committee comprised of the “4 Es:” Enforcement Engineering Education EMS/Emergency Medical & Trauma Services Southeast Minnesota TZD Leadership Contacts Engineering Jeff Vlaminck MnDOT District Engineer 507-286-7501 jeff.vlaminck@state.mn.us Enforcement Captain Mark Holm Minnesota State Patrol 507-285-7408 mark.holm@state.mn.us www.minnesotatzd.org Education/EMS Jessica Schleck Regional TZD Coordinator 507-286-7602 jessica.schleck@state.mn.us Southwest Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths Mission To create a culture for which traffic fatalities and serious injuries are no longer acceptable through the integrated application of education, engineering, enforcement and emergency medical and trauma services. These efforts will be driven by data, best practices and research. Values Continuous improvements, The leading cause of deaths and severe injuries in southwest Minnesota include: Lack of Seatbelt Use 2015 Southwest Minnesota regional seat belt usage survey results: 85.9 percent (up 3.6 percent from the 2014 rate) Impaired Driving Speed and Aggressive Driving Inattentive Driving Southwest Minnesota Fatals and Serious Injuries by County (2010-2014) Engage partners and Fatals 75 60 45 30 15 0 Serious Injuries Big Stone Chippewa Kandiyohi Lac qui Parle Lincoln Lyon McLeod Meeker Murray Pipestone Redwood Renville Swift Yellow… Evidence-based approaches The leading type of crash resulting in deaths and severe injuries include: Run-off-Road Intersection-Related The Southwest Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths (TZD) program began in 2007. The counties involved include: Big Stone, Chippewa, Kandiyohi, Lac qui Parle, Lincoln, Lyon, McLeod, Meeker, Murray, Pipestone, Redwood, Renville, Swift and Yellow Medicine. The Southwest Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths program is led by a Steering Committee comprised of the “4 Es:” Enforcement Engineering Education Emergency Medical and Trauma Services Southwest Minnesota TZD Leadership Contacts Engineering Jon Huseby MnDOT District Engineer 320-231-5497 jon.huseby@state.mn.us Enforcement Captain Bruce Verdoes Minnesota State Patrol 507-476-4023 bruce.verdoes@state.mn.us www.minnesotatzd.org Education/EMS Annette Larson Southwest Minnesota TZD Regional Coordinator 507-304-6110 annette.l.larson@state.mn.us West Central Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths Mission: To create a culture for which traffic fatalities and serious injuries are no longer acceptable through the integrated application of education, engineering, enforcement and emergency medical and trauma services. These efforts will be driven by data, best practices and research. The leading cause of deaths and severe injuries in West Central Minnesota include: Impaired Driving Lack of Seatbelt Use Speed and Aggressive Driving Inattentive Driving West Central Minnesota Fatals and Serious Injuries by County (2009-2013) Values: Continuous Improvements Engaged Partners Fatalities 120 Evidence-based Approaches Serious Injuries 90 60 Wilkin Traverse Stevens Pope Otter Tail Mahnomen Grant Douglas Clay 0 Becker 30 The leading type of crash resulting in deaths and severe injuries include: Impaired Driving Run off the Road The West Central Minnesota TZD program is led by a steering committee comprised of the “4 E’s:” The West Central Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths (TZD) program is new this year. The counties involved include: Becker, Clay, Douglas, Grant, Mahnomen, Otter Tail, Pope, Stevens, Traverse, Wilkin Enforcement Engineering Education EMS / Emergency and Trauma Services West Central Minnesota TZD Leadership Contacts Engineering Jody Martinson MnDOT District Engineer 218-846-3603 jody.martinson@state.mn.us Enforcement Captain Brian Cheney Minnesota State Patrol 218-846-8240 Brian.cheney@state.mn.us Education/EMS Tom Nixon West Central TZD Coordinator 218-828-5830 thomas.nixon@state.mn.us www.minnesotatzd.org TZD Contacts FormoreinformationaboutTZD,websiteorforprogram‐relatedquestions: KaydeeKirk ProgramCoordinator CenterforTransportationStudies,UofMN Phone:612‐626‐5854 E‐mail:kkirk@umn.edu TZDProgramCo‐chairs DonnaBerger Director,OfficeofTrafficSafety MinnesotaDepartmentofPublicSafety Phone:651‐201‐7061 E‐mail:Donna.Berger@state.mn.us SueGroth Director,OfficeofTraffic,Safety,andTechnology MinnesotaDepartmentofTransportation Phone:651‐0234‐7004 E‐mail:sue.groth@state.mn.us TZDRegionalCoordinators StatewideTZDProgramCoordinator KristineHernandez Phone:507‐286‐7601 E‐mail:kristine.hernandez@state.mn.us EastCentralandWestCentralMinnesota TomNixon Phone:218‐828‐5830 E‐mail:thomas.nixon@state.mn.us NortheastandNorthwestMinnesota HollyKostrzewski Phone:218‐725‐2828 E‐mail:holly.kostrzewski@state.mn.us MetroMinnesota SusanYoungs Phone:651‐234‐7706 E‐mail:Susan.Youngs@state.mn.us Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 48 SoutheastMinnesota JessicaSchleck Phone:507‐286‐7602 E‐mail:Jessica.Schleck@state.mn.us SouthCentralandSouthwestMinnesota AnnetteLarson Phone:507‐304‐6110 E‐mail:annette.l.larson@state.mn.us Formediainquiries: DaveBoxum MinnesotaDepartmentofPublicSafety Phone:651‐201‐7569 E‐mail:dave.boxum@state.mn.us SusanRoe MinnesotaDepartmentofTransportationPublicAffairs Phone:651‐366‐4268 E‐mail:susan.roe@state.mn.us TZD Events TheMinnesotaTZDprogramhostsavarietyofeventsannually.Aneventscalendaris availableonthewebsitethatliststheseeventsaswellaseventshostedbyTZDstakeholders thatsupporttheTZDprogrammissionandgoals. RegulareventshostedbytheTZDprogram: StatewideConference–Hostedannuallyeachfall,thisconferenceprovidesaforumfor sharinginformationonbestpracticesinengineering,enforcement,education,and emergencymedical/healthservicesandforidentifyingnewapproachestoreducingthe numberoftrafficfatalitiesandlife‐changinginjuriesonMinnesotaroads. StakeholderBreakfasts–Hostedquarterly,thesefreebreakfastsareopentothepublicand giveattendeesachancetodiscussrecentTZDeffortsandprogress.Themeetingsalso featureapresentationonatrafficsafety‐relatedtopic. RegionalWorkshops‐RegionalTZDpartnershipshostannualworkshopstohelpfacilitate theimplementationofTZDintheirlocalcommunities. TrafficTopicsPresentations‐MnDOTTrafficTopicsaremonthlyone‐hourpresentations abouttimelytrafficengineeringtopics.PresentationsaregenerallyonthefirstThursdayof eachmonthat1:30p.m.(Central).ThetopicsarepresentedbyMnDOTstafforguest speakers. Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 49 4. Younger Driver PowerPoint Template ThisYoungerDriverToolkitforLocalAgenciesisintendedtoprovideMinnesotalocalcityand countytransportationandtrafficsafetyengineeringstaffwiththeinformationneededto conductfocusedpresentationstoengagelocalcommunitiestoimprovesafetyfor Minnesota’shighestriskdrivingpopulation—youngerdriversages15‐29. Asasupplementtothetoolkit,aPowerPointtemplatewasdevelopedthatincludesthe majorityoftheinformationincludedinthistoolkit.Thepurposeofthistemplateisto providelocalagencieswithalloftheinformationtheyneedtogivepresentationsonthe topicofyoungerdrivers.Examplesofafewoftheslidesareshownbelow.Usersare encouragedtodownloadthetemplateandmodifyittofittheirneeds,deleteanydatathat doesnotapplyandaddnewinformationthatmaybespecifictotheircommunity. ThePowerPointtemplatecanbedownloadedfromtheLRRBwebsitehere: http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/documents/YoungerDrivers.pptx ExamplePowerPointslides Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 50 Appendix A: Younger Driver Attitudes/Motivation Sources Thefollowingisalistofresourceslistedinthesectionofthisreporttitled“Understanding YoungerDrivers’AttitudesandMotivationsforHigh‐RiskDriving.”Manyoftheseresources arenotavailableonline,however,youcangetaccesstothembycontactingtheMnDOT library. 1. Lerner,Neil,JeremiahSinger,andJamesJenness,2010.“SaferDrivers.”WhitePapersfor: TowardZeroDeaths:ANationalStrategyonHighwaySafety.WhitePaperNo.3.American AssociationofStateHighwayandTransportationOfficials(AASHTO)andNational CooperativeHighwayResearchProgram(NCHRP):Washington,DC.July12. 2. OfficeofTrafficSafety.MotorVehiclesCrashFacts2013,MinnesotaDepartmentof PublicSafety. 3. NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.Youngdrivers,trafficsafetyfacts‐2011 data.U.S:DepartmentofTransportation;2013. 4. RomerD.Adolescentrisktaking,impulsivity,andbraindevelopment:Implicationsfor prevention.DevPsychobiol2010;52:263e76. 5. ShopeJT,BinghamCR.TeendrivingMotor‐vehiclecrashesandfactorsthatcontribute. AmJPrevMed2008;35:S261e71. 6. OfficeofTrafficsafety,https://dps.mn.gov/DIVISIONS/OTS/TEEN‐ DRIVING/Pages/default.aspx 7. SarkarS,AndreasM.Acceptanceofandengagementinriskydrivingbehaviorsby teenagers.Adolescence2004;39:687e700. SpeedingSources: 8. OfficeofTrafficSafety,https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/ots/reports‐ statistics/Documents/speed‐fact‐sheet‐overview‐2011‐2013.pdf 9. MotivationsforSpeeding:VolumeI–SummaryReport,Battelle’sCenterforHuman PerformanceandSafety,NHTSA,OfficeofbehavioralSafetyResearch,2012 10. Ibid. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid. DistractedDrivingSources: 16. Understandingthedistractedbrain:Whydrivingwhileusinghands‐freecellphonesis riskybehavior.NationalSafetyCouncil,WhitePaper,April2012 Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 51 17. Strayer,D.L.(2007,February28).PresentationatCellPhonesandDriverDistraction. TrafficSafetyCoalition,WashingtonDC. 18. Maples,W.C.,DeRosier,W.,Hoenes,R.,Bendure,R.,&MooreS.(2008).Theeffectsofcell phoneuseonperipheralvision.Optometry–JournaloftheAmericanOptometric Association.79(1),36‐42 19. Atchley,P.,ThreeThingsYouNeedtoKnowAboutDistractedDrivingScience,Minnesota TowardZeroDeathsConference,2014 20. NHTSA,www.Distraction.gov 21. Ibid. 22. C.RaymondBingham,DriverDistraction:APerennialbutPreventablePublicHealth ThreattoAdolescents,JournalofAdolescentHealth,Volume54,Issue5,Supplement, May2014,PagesS3–S5 23. Ibid. 24. StateoftheNation:ofcellphonedistracteddriving,NationalSafetyCouncil,2010 25. Ibid. 26. OfficeofTrafficSafety,https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/ots/distracted‐ driving/Pages/default.aspx 27. NationalPhoneSurveyonDistractedDrivingAttitudesandBehaviors,NTSHA,DOTHS 811555,December2011 28. Weinschenk,S.,WhyWe'reAllAddictedtoTexts,TwitterandGoogle:Dopaminemakes youaddictedtoseekinginformationinanendlessloop,BrainWise,September,2012 http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/brain‐wise/201209/why‐were‐all‐addicted‐ texts‐twitter‐and‐google 29. Ibid. 30. OfficeofTrafficSafety,https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/ots/distracted‐ driving/Pages/default.aspx 31. PatrickM.Carter,RaymondBingham,JenniferS.Zakrajsek,JeanT.Shope,Ph.D.andTina B.Sayer,SocialNormsandRiskPerception:PredictorsofDistractedDrivingBehavior AmongNoviceAdolescentDrivers,JournalofAdolescentHealth,January7,2014(Check onreference.) 32. Ibid. UnbeltedVehicleOccupants: 33. OfficeofTrafficSafety,2013MinnesotaSeatBeltOverview, https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/ots/reports‐statistics/Documents/Minnesota‐Seat‐Belts‐ Overview‐2013.pdf 34. GHSA,GettingItToClick!ConnectingTeensAndSeatBeltUse,July,2014 http://www.ghsa.org/html/publications/pdf/gitc.pdf 35. NHTSA.TrafficSafetyFacts.2012Data.OccupantProtection.DOTHS811892,March 2014.http://www‐nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811892.pdf Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 52 36. Houston,Marcus;Cassabaum,Vicky;Matzick,Susan;Rapstine,TheresaBSN,RN;Terry, ShirleyBSN,RN;Uribe,PhyllisBSN,RN;Harwood,JeriPhD;Moulton,StevenMD;Mile‐ HighRegionalEmergencyMedicalandTraumaAdvisoryCouncil(MHRETAC);Teen TrafficSafetyCampaign:CompetitionIstheKey;JournalofTrauma‐InjuryInfection& CriticalCare:March2010–Volume68–Issue3–pp511‐514 37. HumanFactorsRelatedtoSeatBeltUse;Source:CompendiumofTechnicalPapers.ITE 2008TechnicalConferenceandExhibit,March30‐April2,2008,Miami,Florida,Sunanda Dissanayake,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,KansasStateUniversity,2008 38. Ibid. 39. PredictingMotivationalDeterminantsofSeatbeltNon‐useintheFrontSeat:Afieldstudy; KazukoOkamura,GoroFujita,MakotoKihira,RitsuKosuge,TatsuroMitsui; TransportationResearchPartF:TrafficPsychologyandBehavior,Vol.15,Issue5, September2012,Pages502–513 40. KrisBrijs,StijnDaniels,TomBrijs,GeertWets,Anexperimentalapproachtowardsthe evaluationofaseatbeltcampaignwithaninsideviewonthepsychologybehindseatbelt use,TransportationResearchPartF:TrafficPsychologyandBehavior,Vol.14,No.6,pp. 600‐613,Nov.2011 41. Ibid. 42. GHSA,GettingItToClick!ConnectingTeensAndSeatBeltUse,July,2014 http://www.ghsa.org/html/publications/pdf/gitc.pdf ImpairedandAlcohol‐RelatedResources: 43. D.R.Mayhew,A.C.Donelson,D.J.Beirness,H.M.Simpson,Youth,alcoholandrelativerisk ofcrashinvolvement,AccidAnalPrev,18(1986),pp.273–287 44. Kaigang,L.,Simons‐Morton,B.,Hingson,R.,Impaired‐DrivingPrevalenceAmongUSHigh SchoolStudents:AssociationsWithSubstanceUseandRiskyDrivingBehaviors. AmericanJournalofPublicHealth.Nov2013,Vol.103Issue11,pe71‐e77.7p.4Charts. 45. Perkins,H.W.(Ed.)TheSocialNormsApproachtoPreventingSchoolandCollegeAge SubstanceAbuse.SanFrancisco:Jossey‐Bass,(2003). 46. Ibid. 47. MarczinskiC,FlllmoreM.Acutealcoholtoleranceonsubjectivetoleranceandsimulated drivingperformanceinbingedrinkers.PsychologyofAddictive Behaviors.2009;23(2):238–247. 48. LaBrie,J.,Kenney,S.,Mirza,T.,Lac,A.,IdentifyingFactorsthatIncreasetheLikelihoodof DrivingAfterDrinkingamongCollegeStudents,AccidAnalPrev.Authormanuscript; availableinPMCJul16,2012,Publishedinfinaleditedformas:AccidAnalPrev.Jul2011; 43(4):1371–1377,PublishedonlineMar26,2011. 49. Ibid. Younger Driver Toolkit for Local Agencies 53