The Essential Economy®
report of findings
s tat e o f g e o r g i a
F e b r u a ry 2 0 1 3
contents
© Copyright 2013
by The Essential Economy Council
All rights reserved
No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
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or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of The Essential Economy Council unless any such activity is expressly permitted
by federal copyright law. Address inquiries to: The Essential Economy
Council, 817 West Peachtree Street, Suite 915, Atlanta, Georgia 30308.
This report is provided for information purposes only. No claim is made
as to the completeness or accuracy of any data, findings, conclusions
or recommendations provided in this report, and The Essential Economy
Council disclaims all liability as to any such reliance.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................................... 2
FIGUREs
BACKGROUND and CONTEXT........................... 3
FIGURE 1: The Essential Economy is present................................... 5
in the state’s highest and lowest income counties
OVERVIEW: The Essential Economy. . ............ 4
COUNCIL and RESEARCH
SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS........................... 5
Facts: What the Data Says................................................................ 5
Observations: What the Data Suggests............................................. 6
Defining The Essential Economy............... 7
Qualitative Definition of The Essential Economy............................... 8
Quantitative Definition of The Essential Economy............................. 9
METHODOLOGY & DATA SOURCES. . ................. 11
Standard Occupational Codes: State Level..................................... 11
RESULTS: Data & Findings.......................... 13
State Regional Commissions and County Level Data...................... 14
Sectors and Standard Occupational Codes Data............................. 18
Economic Impact............................................................................ 22
Wages............................................................................................. 23
Figure 2: Percentage and Wage Figures......................................... 6
for The Essential Economy
Figure 3: What is The Essential Economy?..................................... 7
Figure 4: Economic Pyramid.......................................................... 8
Figure 5: Three-Part Proposition for Workers,............................... 10
Consumers, as well as Local, State and
National Economies
Figure 6: The Make Up of Georgia’s Workforce.............................. 13
Figure 7: The Essential Economy as a Percentage....................... 13
of Georgia’s Worforce
Figure 8: The Essential Economy as a Percentage....................... 16
of Each County’s Workforce in Georgia
Figure 9: Growth of The Essential Economy ................................ 18
Workforce, Broken into Their Respective Sectors
Company Size, Gender and Demographics...................................... 25
Figure 10: Distribution of Workers Across................................... 19
The Essential Economy
CONCLUSION................................................ 27
Figure 11: Total Georgia Workforce for SOC Code 51.................... 20
Recommendations..................................... 28
Figure 12: Total Essential Economy Workforce............................. 21
Employment by Public, Services and Goods in Georgia
ABOUT The Essential Economy COUNCIL.......29
Board of The Essential Economy Council......................................... 29
Figure 13: Total Georgia Employment by Public,.......................... 21
Services and Goods
APPENDIX. . ................................................... 30
Figure 14: Derivation of Essential Economy Valuation................. 22
SOC Codes...................................................................................... 30
Figure 15: Average Overall Essential Economy Wages................. 23
NAICS Codes................................................................................... 32
The Essential Economy by SOC Codes............................................. 33
Percentage of The Essential Economy by SOC Codes....................... 34
Figure 16: The Essential Economy Workforce in........................... 24
the Building Maintenance & Facilities Sector (2010)
TABLES
Figure 17: The Essential Economy Workforce in........................... 24
the Hospitality & Restaurants Sector (2010)
Table 1: Essential Economy Workers as a Percentage ................... 14
of Total Georgia, Connecticut and Florida Workforces
Figure 18: Distribution of Sizes of the......................................... 25
Hospitality & Restaurant Sector Establishments
Table 2: The Essential Economy Workers within............................. 14
Georgia Regional Commissions (2011)
Figure 19: Overall Georgia Population by Gender......................... 26
Table 3: Employment of Essential Economy Workers...................... 15
Within Georgia Regional Commissions by Year
Table 4: Essential Economy Workers: State.................................... 18
Comparison, as a Percentage of Total Workforce
by Sector in Georgia, Connecticut and Florida (2010)
Table 5: Employment of Production Occupation............................. 20
SOC Workers in Georgia
Table 6: Essential Economy Tax Contribution................................. 22
Figure 20: Overall Georgia Population by Ethnicity...................... 26
Figure 21: The Essential Economy of the..................................... 26
Hospitality & Restaurants Sector: By Gender
Figure 22: The Essential Economy of the .................................... 26
Hospitality & Restaurants Sector: By Ethnicity
Acknowledgements
The Board of The Essential Economy Council wishes to acknowledge the
contributions, advice and ideas of the following people: Amanda Kamor and
Joerg Matthiessen of The Boston Consulting Group, Jessie Bond of Haas
Consulting, Michel Guillet of Juice Analytics, Jennifer Clark, PhD, and Alfie
Meek, PhD, of Georgia Institute of Technology, John McKissick, PhD of The
University of Georgia, and Thomas Cunningham, PhD & Vice President of The
Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. We also acknowledge the design assistance
of Ellen Witt of SeeMeDesign and our capable intern, Kevin Ryan.
The work and research of The Essential Economy Council has been made
possible by contributions and support from individuals, corporations,
associations and foundations, including a two-year grant from The Kresge
Foundation of Troy, Michigan. We are grateful for their support and confidence
in the mission and research work of the Council.
This research work was originated and managed by the Board of Directors of
The Essential Economy Council, Inc. of Atlanta, Georgia. The Council was
co-founded and chaired by former State Senators, Sam Zamarripa, (D) of
Atlanta and Dan Moody (R) of Johns Creek, Georgia.
Background and Context
The formation of The Essential Economy Council and the
leaders and economists on the importance of these concerns
concept of The Essential Economy grew from the concerns
and their relationship to the economy.
and observations of numerous association executives in
Georgia’s agriculture, restaurant, landscaping, hospitality
and poultry industries. Despite unique differences between
these respective sectors, these executives all shared
a common concern about the long-term future of the
workforce in their industries. Over time these concerns were
summarized into four broad issues;
• Workforce challenges associated with the aging
demographic of the United States.
• Workforce challenges associated with the changing
Based on this request, Senators Zamarripa and Moody
proposed the creation of a nonprofit research organization
committed to understanding the economics and value of
the workforce found in the theses sectors. They concluded
that goods and services from these legacy sectors are often
taken for granted, forgotten and overshadowed by other
contemporary parts of the economy, yet a full pipeline of
motivated workers within these sectors remains a necessary
foundation of Georgia’s economic prosperity and growth
in the future.
educational and professional aspirations of younger
generations to work in the top-tier economies rather than
To frame the organization’s scope, Zamarripa and Moody
their legacy sectors.
recommended that the group define the combined sectors
• The direct and indirect cost of regulations: local, state
and federal.
• Workforce challenges associated with U.S.
immigration policy.
After discussing these issues for several months in 2011,
the association directors asked two former State Senators
from Georgia, Sam Zamarripa of Atlanta (D) and Dan Moody
of Johns Creek (R) to outline a strategy to study these issues
in a new way to emphasize the basic importance of the work,
services and products to Georgia’s economy and individual
consumers – hence, The Essential Economy. To achieve
this recommendation, a decision was made to focus on the
economic contribution of The Essential Economy in Georgia
as a whole and to each of the State’s 159 counties.
After drafting a Board of Directors that was representative
of the key industry sectors, The Essential Economy Council
was incorporated on October 4, 2011.
and make recommendation to elected officials, industry
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
3
Overview
[
The Essential Economy COUNCIL and our RESEARCH
]
In 2012, The Essential Economy Council initiated and funded original economic
research in the State of Georgia focused on a previously undefined occupational
cluster of six industry sectors which we termed The Essential Economy.
This report provides detail on the findings of the 2012
of Georgia with research on the recent past (2003), the
research, a definition of The Essential Economy concept
present (2011) and a forecast of the future (2021).
and summation of the research methodology as well as
The Essential Economy Council’s (referred to as the Council
in this report) conclusions, recommendations and plans
for future research.
Services Group, part of The Enterprise Innovation Institute at
the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) to conduct
research on two parts of the three-part RFP. Utilizing 2011
The initial concept work and research on The Essential
county level employment data from the Georgia Department
Economy began in January 2012 with the assistance
of Labor, the Georgia Tech team completed their research
of The Boston Consulting Group, one of the world’s leading
in November of 2012. In mid 2013, the Council will initiate
management consulting firms. BCG agreed to help work with
part three of the RFP, which will include a forecast model
the Council to help it to determine if The Essential Economy
for Georgia while also preparing for a national study of
was an economic concept that could be defined and
The Essential Economy.
researched with reliable and credible data sources. In this
first phase, BCG utilized state and national data sources
to define The Essential Economy in quantitative terms.
This work was not intended to be comprehensive but rather
to validate available data sources, provide a snapshot of
The Essential Economy and to identify gaps in the data that
could be resolved if the Council elected to move forward with
additional analysis and research.
The content and data in this report is taken from the
Georgia Tech work as well as selected highlights from the
BCG report. We are not aware of any similar research and
recognize that many improvements will be made over time
as our methodology is perfected. For these reasons, we
consider our findings to be “initial” and expect refinements
and improvements in future research. To these ends, while
the report focuses primarily on the State of Georgia, the
In March 2012, BCG produced a report utilizing data from
Council attempted to design a methodology and set of
The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) providing a clear
definitions that can be utilized nationally.
picture of the size and economic value of The Essential
Economy in the State of Georgia. The report also contained
a refined definition of The Essential Economy and outlined
a set of goals and objectives for the work and plans of
the Council. Finally, as a result of BCG’s work, the Council
produced a three-part Request For Proposal (RFP) that
was designed to develop a more complete economic
understanding of The Essential Economy in the State
4
In May 2012, the Council selected The Community Innovation
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
Finally, this report is written for broad distribution for policy
makers, economic development professionals, journalists
and economists. Additional information and updates on
the Council’s work and research as well as expanded data
sets on The Essential Economy can be found at
www.essentialeconomy.org.
Summary of Our Key Findings
This portion of the Council’s research has resulted in a significant amount
of raw data about The Essential Economy on Georgia State and County levels.
For this initial report, we have focused our report on the top
State Job Creation
tier findings with the expectation that additional reports
The Essential Economy is among the largest job creators and
may be issued in the future as the data is subject to
employers in Georgia.
greater analysis and work with our current team and with
• In 2011, The Essential Economy employed 966,046 people
future collaborators. We believe there is more to learn and
out of 3.7 million workers in Georgia (see figure 2).
understand about The Essential Economy.
• The group represents 25% of all jobs in Georgia. In other
We have summarized this current research into three key
words, one out of every four employees in the Georgia
quantitative findings and three working observations.
workforce works in The Essential Economy.
This summary is followed by a definition of The Essential
• Over a nine-year period, the average Essential Economy
Economy, the methodology of the research and greater
wage was $21,718, which represents 57% of the average
analysis and detail of the findings.
working wage in Georgia for the same period.
facts: What the data says
County Impact
State Economic Impact
The Essential Economy is present in every single county
of Georgia, regardless of population, location or local economics.
The Essential Economy is a major, long-term structural
• The Essential Economy is present in the state’s highest
and lowest income counties (see figure 1).
component of Georgia’s economy:
• The Essential Economy contributed 12%, or $49 billion,
• The Essential Economy is present in all counties,
to Georgia’s GDP in 2010.
regardless of their industrial makeup or composition.
• Its employees contributed over $114 million in sales tax
• 55% of all Georgia counties have 25% or more of their
workforce in The Essential Economy (see figure 2).
in 2011.
• The Essential Economy financial contribution has been
consistent for the past nine years.
Figure 1
The Essential Economy is Present in the State’s Highest and Lowest Income Counties
HIGHEST INCOME COUNTIES
21.9%
Fulton
27.1%
Forsyth
LOWER INCOME COUNTY
23.7%
Quitman
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
5
Figure 2
Percentage and Wage Figures for The Essential Economy
MOST GEORGIA COUNTIES HAVE AT LEAST 25%
OF THEIR WORKFORCE IN THE ESSENTIAL ECONOMY.
52
966,046 OUT OF ALL 3.7M EMPLOYED GEORGIANS
IN 2011 WERE A PART OF THE ESSENTIAL ECONOMY.
15TO20%
13
COUNTIES
966,046
25.5%
37
COUNTIES
WORKERS
COUNTIES
27TO40%
20TO24%
57
COUNTIES
24TO27%
AVERAGE WAGE OF THE ESSENTIAL ECONOMY
OVER A NINE YEAR PERIOD
$21,718
SALES TAXES COLLECTED
FROM THE ESSENTIAL ECONOMY (2011)
$114,806,385
OBSERVATIONS: WHAT THE DATA SUGGESTS
The Essential Economy is an enabler for other parts
Goods and services produced in The Essential Economy
of Georgia’s economy.
are essential to our way of life.
• For every knowledge worker, we need a corresponding
• All domestic fresh and prepared foods are a product
of The Essential Economy.
• Healthcare is the fastest growing part of The Essential
Economy (i.e. personal care attendants).
• Technology has improved our living standard of living, but
it cannot replace the need for the physical labor of people
who deliver both goods and services.
number of The Essential Economy workers.
• Every sector of Georgia’s economy is dependent on the
goods and services from The Essential Economy.
• The Essential Economy makes up the central and
necessary economic infrastructure for economic growth.
For its size and intrinsic importance, little is known about
The Essential Economy.
• Our understanding of The Essential Economy is intuitive
but not factual.
• The Council is not aware of any similar research on the
sectors inside The Essential Economy.
• Public policy impacts The Essential Economy both directly
and indirectly.
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T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
Defining The Essential Economy
The Essential Economy is a cluster, although previously undefined, that includes cooks, janitors, fruit pickers, landscape
crews, dishwashers, poultry workers, nursing home aides, tree trimmers, stock clerks, hotel housekeepers, etc. Workers in this
cluster span many vital economic sectors, from agriculture and construction to hospitality and personal care (see figure 3).
Early in our analysis, we saw that the goods and services from these occupations were basic and essential to our way of life,
hence the term, The Essential Economy.
figure 3
What is the Essential Economy?
What is The Essential Economy?
CHARACTERISTICS
RESTAURANTS
& HOSPITALITY
AGRICULTURE
& POULTRY
DISTRIBUTION
& LOGISTICS
Low barriers to entry and easy to scale
High potential for upward or sideways
mobility and entrepreneurialism
LIGHT CONSTRUCTION
& LANDSCAPING
BUILDING
MAINTENANCE
& FACILITIES
SERVICES
Supported by employers who work with
their hands
PERSONAL
CARE & ASSISTED
LIVING
Supports economic value
and supply chains
Comprised of hard-to-fill positions
that cannot be moved overseas
VALUES
The products and services provided by The Essential Economy
are basic, yet essential to our way of life and overall economy.
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
7
Additional sectors could be included in or around
Like any economic cluster, The Essential Economy can
The Essential Economy, but they have a lower proportion
be defined and understood in both qualitative and
of Essential Economy workers. When grouped together, these
quantitative terms.
six sectors in The Essential Economy can be studied to reveal
an occupational cluster, valuable economic trends, patterns
Qualitative Definition
and information for business leaders, economists and
The Essential Economy does not exist in isolation from
elected officials.
other leading sectors or clusters; rather it is integrated and
While every sector in The Essential Economy is unique and
contributes significant economic value as a stand-alone
industry group, the workforce they share has a number of
common attributes. As a group, they are undereducated and
built into the economy as a whole. Early in the work of the
Council, we originated the economic pyramid (see figure 4)
to illustrate the placement and integration of The Essential
Economy in the broader economic structure.
possess few, if any, educational credentials, i.e. degrees,
To put The Essential Economy in context, it is important
certifications. They may have significant work experience,
to understand that efficient 21st century economies require
but this experience may not be qualified into any measurable
a workforce with varying skills and knowledge. To recognize
skills, certificates or documents.1
the distinct qualities, value and contributions of various
workers, economists often label and categorize our economy
Across the six sectors, their labor is often physically
demanding and routine, even as workers grow in skills and
aptitude. Much of the work remains dependent on hand
labor and cannot be automated or moved overseas, despite
significant productivity advances in many sectors of the
economy. Many of the jobs are hard to fill due to the physical
labor required and/or pay at or near the minimum wage.
into occupational clusters. For example, the Knowledge
Economy includes scientists, researchers and teachers;
White Collar Service Professionals manage companies or
provide financial, legal, insurance or real estate services;
Skilled Trade Workers have been trained in a specific trade
or industry, such as forestry, utilities, transportation or
specialized construction work.
figure 4
Economic Pyramid
THE
KNOWLEDGE
ECONOMY
WHITE COLLAR
SERVICE
PROFESSIONALS
SPECIALIZED
MANUFACTURING
GOVERNMENT
WORKERS
THE ESSENTIAL ECONOMY
SHADOW
ECONOMY
UNDEFINED
CHRONICALLY UNEMPLOYED
* This figure is for illustrative purposes only. Pyramid is not to scale.
8
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
Historic definitions and terms of this cluster and six sectors
Within these six sectors The Essential Economy is further
simply do not capture the importance, size, permanence and
comprised of 86 Standard Occupational Classification
opportunity that The Essential Economy represents. With this
Codes (SOC) defined by Bureau of Labor Statistics. These
basic view, the Council set out to create a more constructive
occupational codes represent a wide variety of jobs that are
and data driven understanding of the work, workers and
common in the six industry sectors of The Essential Economy,
employers in The Essential Economy. It was our view that the
though they are also present in other sectors. The six-digit
cluster should be reframed to define its basic importance
SOC codes used by Georgia Tech capture The Essential
and “essential” contribution to our contemporary economy
Economy workers, regardless of industry classification or
and way of life.
sector. The SOC codes used in our research were drawn from
Quantitative Definition
The Essential Economy, is comprised of six industrial
sectors, often referred to as legacy or traditional sectors.
These sectors include:
1. Agriculture & Poultry
codes in the 21 – 53 range. A complete set of The Essential
Economy SOC codes can be found in Appendix A (page 30).
The data sets used in The Essential Economy research do not
include jobs and occupations that require advanced degrees,
credentials or skilled training or positions that require
managerial expertise and/or experience (see Methodology
2. Hospitality & Restaurants
& Data Sources on page 11). For example, in the hospitality
3. Light Construction & Landscaping
industry our research includes all maids and janitors
4. Personal Care & Assisted Living
but not hotel managers or management trainees. In the
5. Building Maintenance & Facilities Service
6. Distribution & Logistics
restaurant industry, The Essential Economy includes cooks,
waiters and dishwashers but not managers or executive
chefs. Such positions as electricians or plumbers were not
included as well due to the required credentials. Simply put,
the positions included in The Essential Economy research
include positions traditionally defined as labor intensive,
unskilled lower wage positions.
Some workers in The Essential Economy may have educational credentials, even higher education. These workers are usually in The Essential Economy
temporarily. These transitional workers will be identified and studied in future work by the Council.
1
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
9
Definition: SUmmary
In summary, the qualitative definition of The Essential Economy is unique to the work and efforts of The Essential Economy
Council and continues to improve, in narrative form, through both the current research and input from other research
organizations and professionals. The quantitative definition of The Essential Economy relies on credible state and national
data sources, most of which are available historically and can be studied relative to other sectors and BLS data sets.
Both definitions are useful in developing an understanding of The Essential Economy as a cluster for economic research and
for policy makers. With these combined perspectives we view The Essential Economy as having a three-part value proposition
for workers, consumers, as well as local, state and national economies (see figure 5).
figure 5
Three-Part Value Proposition
employees
1
The Essential Economy provides jobs and employment for people who have limited choices and options
in a U.S. economy that is driven by technology, science and research. While more needs to be understood
about the upward mobility and sustainability of these jobs, there is no doubt that a very significant number
of workers rely on the jobs, salaries and economics of The Essential Economy.
consumers
2
The goods and services provided by The Essential Economy are basic and fundamental to our society,
supporting our individual choices and options for the way we live and work in the modern world. We could
not maintain our lifestyles or businesses without The Essential Economy infrastructure.
3
economies
The aggregate financial value of The Essential Economy is material and significant to our local, state and
national economies; a fact that has been substantiated by our research in Georgia.
10
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
Methodology and Data Sources
The Essential Economy Council defined The Essential Economy as the
foundational portion of the economy that primarily requires unskilled or lowskilled labor. The Council originally outlined The Essential Economy as the
six industries that have a large portion of these low-skilled jobs
Georgia Tech recommended a more refined definition for
Of the 86 outlined Essential Economy occupations, only
The Essential Economy focused on Standard Occupational
seven are in the farming, fishing and forestry category,
Classification (SOC) codes.1 With a SOC-based definition,
and they represent only 4,300 jobs. The Bureau of Labor
the Council can capture Essential Economy workers
Statistics estimates that only 44% of all agricultural
regardless of their industry classification. In identifying
workers are included in the Covered Employment Program,
SOC codes that best define The Essential Economy, the
and the data presented here is generated from that program.
Council and Georgia Tech reviewed all six-digit level SOC
Therefore, it is safe to assume that there are at least 5,500
codes, focusing on those which:
more Essential Economy workers in the agricultural sector
• Did not require any kind of certificate or degree attainment.
that are not accounted for in this data.
• Predominantly involved work of the hand, not of the mind.
STANDARD OCCUPATIONAL CODE
• Had average wages indicative of easily
interchangeable workers.
• Unlikely to involve a rigorous hiring process (e.g., law
enforcement and other occupations largely employed
by the government).
STATE LEVEL
Using SOC codes to quantify The Essential Economy at
the State level works well due to the fact that the number
of workers in each SOC code is published at the state
level. The number, however, is not available at the county
In some instances, particularly in restaurant and retail-
level. In order to estimate the number of jobs and amount
related occupations, the job requirements in an urban
of income associated with The Essential Economy at the
setting may differ from a rural setting. Acknowledging
county level, researchers started with county-level data
this imperfection, the Council and Georgia Tech deferred
that was summarized using the North American Industrial
to the rural setting requirements when classifying these
Classification System (NAICS) – the standard system used
occupations as The Essential Economy. Based on the above,
to classify employment and income. The data was
the Council and Georgia Tech agreed to 86 SOC codes
aggregated to the 3-digit level.
(Appendix A, page 30) to define The Essential Economy.
The figure includes the 2011 estimates of total jobs and
average annual wages in the State of Georgia and the SOC’s
job preparation level.
1
T his sorting was based on the Department of Labor’s job preparation level classifications. Those SOC codes which were identified as THE ESSENTIAL ECONOMY
where those which had been assigned one of the following job preparations level codes: Work experience in a related occupation (8), long-term on-the-job
training (9), moderate-term on-the-job training (10), or short-term on-the-job training (11).
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
11
Next, researchers accessed the U.S. Industry-Occupation
Rather than calculate The Essential Economy’s contribution
matrix from the U.S. Department of Labor. This matrix
to the sales taxes for each county based on their rate,
identifies the share that each SOC code has within each
researchers estimated the amount of sales tax that would
NAICS code. For example, in 2011, within NAICS code
be generated on a 1% tax2. Given that the base for each
722 (Food Services and Drinking Places), 5.02% were fast
of these taxes is virtually the same, all a county would have
food cooks, 1.38% were short order cooks, 4.03% were
to do to calculate what The Essential Economy contributes
bartenders, 20.86% were waiters and waitresses, 1.1%
in their county is to multiply their county estimate by the
were dishwashers, etc.
number of sales taxes they collect. This estimate is based
These percentages were applied to the employment of the
NAICS code within each county1. In addition to employment,
the industry-occupation matrix contained information about
incomes in the range represented by Essential Economy
wages as reported by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
the wages of each SOC code within each NAICS code.
Using those expenditure patterns, researchers applied
This data was used to estimate the level of income
a 1% tax to estimate the value of sales tax contribution
represented by The Essential Economy within each county.
by Essential Economy in each county in Georgia. Across the
It is important to note that since the wage data used was
state, 1% of the retail sales made by Essential Economy
based on national averages for these SOC codes by NAICS
workers is estimated to be approximately $114 million.
code, the results presented here likely overstate the wages
generated by The Essential Economy. However, even with this
limitation, it was decided that this was the best estimate
reasonably available.
This analysis was done for every county in Georgia for the
years 2003 through 2011. The U.S. Industry-Occupation
matrix specific to the year of analysis was used for each
of these years. Additional information on the SOC and
Finally, an estimate was made of the contribution Essential
NAICS codes can be found in the Appendices A and B
Economy workers make to sales tax collections by county.
(pages 30-32).
The counties in Georgia differ on the level of sales taxes
collected depending on which types of sales taxes they
choose to collect – Local Option Sales Tax (LOST), Special
Purpose Local Option Sales Tax (SPLOST), Education Special
Purpose Local Option Sales Tax (ESPLOST), Homestead
Option Sales Tax (HOST), etc.
12
on consumer expenditure patterns for households with
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
Results
Data and Findings
We elected to report our results and data from the largest
in Georgia. Of the total working or employed individuals
(State) data sets first, then regions and counties followed
reported by the Georgia Department of Labor, 966,046 or
by sectors and SOC codes.
25.5% were working or employed in The Essential Economy.2
In 2011 the U.S. Census reported the population of the State
of Georgia to be 9,815,210 and the Georgia Department of
Labor reported that 3,792,480 were working and/or employed
In terms of actual numbers of workers, The Essential
Economy represented 920,031 jobs in 2003, peaking in 2007
with 1,046,519 jobs and falling to a low of 957,840 jobs in
Georgia in 2009 (see figures 6, 7 and table 3).
Figure 6
The Make up of Georgia’s workforce
GEORGIA’S POPULATION
GEORGIA’S TOTAL WORKFORCE
ESSENTIAL ECONOMY WORKFORCE
POPULATION
10M
8M
6M
4M
2M
0
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Figure 7
the Essential economy as a percentage of Georgia’s workforce
The figure below shows the relative consistency of The Essential Economy as a part of the total employment in Georgia
since 2003, with roughly one out of every four jobs in Georgia classified as Essential Economy jobs for the past nine years.
The Essential Economy portion of the Georgia economy peaked at 26% of all jobs reported in 2007, and fell during the
recession to a low of 24.4% in 2008.
STATE WORKFORECE
27%
26%
25%
24%
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
1
S tate-level industry-occupation matrices were not available for all the years of interest at the 3-digit level so researchers in conjunction with the staff
of The Essential Economy Council decided to use national matrices for this analysis.
2
Consumer expenditure pattern data comes from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
2011
In preparing our final report, we reviewed additional data sets and sources, including SOC codes for the State of Georgia. For 2011 this data source reported
998,650 employed which is approximately 3% higher than the matrix method used by Georgia Tech. As such, it is likely that the estimates presented here fall
on the conservative side.
3
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
13
In an attempt to understand the share of The Essential Economy workforce in Georgia, BCG compared the economic
clusters of Georgia with those of Connecticut and Florida. While this comparison utilizes a State level data, the proportion
of The Essential Economy appears to be relatively similar across the three states.
Ta b l e 1
Essential Economy Workers
as a Percentage of Total Georgia, Connecticut and Florida Workforces 1
georgia’s Total
Workforce
connecticut’s Total
Workforce
Florida’s Total
Workforce
Knowledge Economy
11%
14%
10%
White Collar Professionals
15%
23%
18%
Specialized Manufacturing
7%
9%
3%
Government Workers
15%
14%
12%
Skilled Trade Workers
32%
27%
34%
Essential Economy
20%
18%
21%
Economic Cluster2
STATE REGIONAL COMMISSIONS & COUNTY LEVEL DATA
The Essential Economy workforce is a significant and
159 counties. In 2011, four Regional Commissions reported
relatively constant percent of the total workforce in each
greater or equal to 27% of their total workforce in
of Georgia’s twelve Regional Commissions (economic
The Essential Economy, while the regions with less Essential
development regions) as well as each of the state’s
Economy workers hovered around 25%.
Ta b l e 2
Size of essential economy workforce
within georgia regional commissions (2011)
The Essential Economy
Employment 2011
The Essential
Economy %
Atlanta Regional Total
469,877
25.1%
Central Savannah River Total
41,303
26.2%
Coastal Total
68,416
28.7%
Georgia Mountains Total
53,793
27.5%
Heart of Georgia Total
21,645
25.5%
Middle Georgia Total
47,011
25.6%
Northeast Georgia Total
44,537
27.0%
Northwest Georgia Total
60,975
25.9%
River Valley Total
34,164
25.8%
Southern Georgia Total
36,810
28.3%
Southwest Georgia Total
33,110
26.4%
Three Rivers Total
37,633
26.3%
Unassigned
16,772
17.9%
Total
966,046
100.0%
Regional Commission
14
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
Nine of the 12 Regional Commissions have added jobs
Essential Economy workers peaked in 2007 for all Regional
to The Essential Economy since 2003. The three regions
Commissions. Regional Commissions employment numbers
that have lost Essential Economy jobs only report minor
for 2011 most closely resembled 2003, with the Coastal,
decreases, potentially due to the recession or normal sector
Northeast Georgia and Georgia Mountain Commissions
cycles. It should be noted that the number of
reporting the largest increases of Essential Economy
employment (7%, 10.6% and 18% respectively) over 2003.
Ta b l e 3
Employment of Essential Economy workers
within georgia regional commissions by Year
SOC Group
Descriptions
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Atlanta
449,804
474,223
490,449
503,929
512,020
475,594
463,228
463,438
469,877
Central Savannah
40,893
42,981
43,603
43,386
43,779
39,562
40,797
41,058
41,303
Coastal
63,961
66,879
69,455
71,156
73,178
68,198
68,043
67,443
68,416
Georgia Mountains
45,415
47,994
49,924
52,410
56,649
54,098
52,553
52,868
53,793
Heart of Georgia
22,116
23,345
23,904
23,768
24,152
21,410
22,012
21,659
21,645
Middle Georgia
45,091
47,320
47,886
49,155
49,370
45,110
46,856
47,044
47,011
Northeast Georgia
40,266
43,664
45,183
47,376
47,731
43,894
44,001
43,853
44,537
Northwest Georgia
59,640
63,587
65,887
68,331
68,510
61,790
60,199
60,670
60,975
River Valley
34,415
35,661
36,517
36,365
36,803
33,736
34,014
33,959
34,164
Southern Georgia
37,467
39,502
40,499
40,483
40,825
36,638
37,084
36,677
36,810
Southwest Georgia
32,918
33,941
35,121
34,536
34,902
31,754
32,559
32,772
33,110
Three Rivers
35,604
37,580
38,372
40,106
40,920
37,046
37,293
37,346
37,633
Unassigned
12,441
13,647
13,799
15,945
17,680
19,693
19,201
19,505
16,772
Grand Total
920,031
970,324
1,000,599
1,026,946
1,046,519
968,523
957,840
958,292
966,046
The 12 Regional Commissions can be further broken down into
with each of the 159 counties and their respective Essential
the 159 counties of the State of Georgia. Each of Georgia’s
Economy employment percentages (see figure 8). Of the
159 counties have a significant percent of Essential Economy
159 counties in the State of Georgia in 2011, 88 counties,
workers with Dawson County in Northeast Georgia reporting
or 55% of all Georgia counties reported at least 25% of their
the highest number at 39% and Taliaferro County in the
total workers in The Essential Economy, while 22 Georgia
Central Savannah River area with the lowest at 15%.
counties reported 30% or more of their total workers in
To provide a simple comparison, we have provided a figure
The Essential Economy.
1
Notes: All data was collected in 2010. Source: Total full-time and part-time employment by NAICS industry data from Bureau of Economic Analysis, Bureau
of Labor Statistics. Department of Corrections.
2
Cluster definitions are not discrete, some figures may be rounded up.
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
15
Figure 8
The Essential economy as a percentage of Each County’s Workforce in georgia
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Appling
Atkinson
Bacon
Baker
Baldwin
Banks
Barrow
Bartow
Ben Hill
Berrien
Bibb
Bleckley
Brantley
Brooks
Bryan
Bulloch
Burke
Butts
Calhoun
Camden
Candler
Carroll
Catoosa
Charlton
Chatham
Chattahoochee
Chattooga
Cherokee
Clarke
Clay
Clayton
Clinch
Cobb
Coffee
Colquitt
Columbia
Cook
Coweta
Crawford
Crisp
Dade
Dawson
Decatur
DeKalb
Dodge
Dooly
Dougherty
Douglas
Early
Echols
Effingham
Elbert
Emanuel
Evans
Fannin
Fayette
Floyd
Forsyth
Franklin
Fulton
Gilmer
Glascock
Glynn
Gordon
Grady
Greene
Gwinnett
Habersham
Hall
Hancock
Haralson
Harris
Hart
16
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
Figure 8
The Essential economy as a percentage of Each County’s Workforce in Georgia (continued)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Heard
Henry
Houston
Irwin
Jackson
Jasper
Jeff Davis
Jefferson
Jenkins
Johnson
Jones
Lamar
Lanier
Laurens
Lee
Liberty
Lincoln
Long
Lowndes
Lumpkin
Macon
Madison
Marion
McDuffie
McIntosh
Meriwether
Miller
Mitchell
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Murray
Muscogee
Newton
Oconee
Oglethorpe
Paulding
Peach
Pickens
Pierce
Pike
Polk
Pulaski
Putnam
Quitman
Rabun
Randolph
Richmond
Rockdale
Schley
Screven
Seminole
Spalding
Stephens
Stewart
Sumter
Talbot
Taliaferro
Tattnall
Taylor
Telfair
Terrell
Thomas
Tift
Toombs
Towns
Treutlen
Troup
Turner
Twiggs
Union
Upson
Walker
Walton
Ware
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Webster
Wheeler
White
Whitfield
Wilcox
Wilkes
Wilkinson
Worth
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
17
SECTORS and STANDARD OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION CODES
Data on The Essential Economy can be viewed and analyzed
In the initial work, BCG provided some analysis of
in a number of useful ways, including by sector and SOC
The Essential Economy comparing the percent of Essential
codes. We have included these data sets to provide a relative
Economy workers by industry category (sectors) for the state
understanding of The Essential Economy across states and
of Georgia to the states of Connecticut and Florida. The
sectors, and also provide detail on the actual jobs inside
sector comparison revealed a relative consistency across the
this cluster with SOC codes. The SOC data also provides for
three distinct states. Further information regarding the SOC
future national level research planned for 2013.
codes used can be found in Appendices C and D.
Ta b l e 4
Essential Economy Workers: State COmparison1
as a percentage of Total workforce by Sector in Georgia, Connecticut and Florida (2010)
Georgia’s
Essential Economy
Workforce
Connecticut’s
Essential Economy
Workforce
Florida’s
Essential Economy
Workforce
Agriculture & Poultry
7%
3%
6%
Hospitality & Restaurants
48%
49%
49%
Light Construction & Landscaping
6%
6%
5%
Personal Care & Assisted Living
24%
33%
27%
Building Maintenance & Facilities Services
6%
6%
6%
Distribution & Logistics
6%
4%
7%
Sector
Figure 9
The essential economy workforce growth: Sectors (2001-2010)2
BCG also examined the growth rate for the six Essential Economy sectors from 2001 to 2010, as seen below. Of the six sectors,
the Personal Care & Assisted Living sector is the fastest growing, at three times the rate of the other sectors.
Despite recessions from 2001-2002 and 2008-2009, the number of total workers in the six sectors increased overall at a rate
of 1.2% over the ten-year period. The Agriculture & Poultry and Light Construction & Landscaping sectors experienced a very
small decline in the number of workers in this period, while the rest of the sectors experienced modest growth.
PERSONAL CARE & ASSISTED LIVING
BUILDING MAINTENANCE & FACILITIES SERVICE
DISTRIBUTION & LOGISTICS
GROW TH +1.2%
AGRICULTURE & POULTRY
HOSPITALITY & RESTAURANTS
LIGHT CONSTRUCTION & LANDSCAPING
1.2M
WORKFORCE
1.0M
0.8M
0.6M
0.4M
0.2M
0
18
2001
2002
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
An analysis of Essential Economy jobs (as SOC codes) from 2003 to 2011
(see figure 10) reveals the two largest categories of employment as Food
Preparation and Serving Related and Sales and Related Occupation. In 2011,
Food Preparation and Serving Related represented 29.8% of all Essential
Economy jobs. Similarly, Sales and Related Occupation represented 24.8%
of all Essential Economy jobs for the same period.
Figure 10
Distribution of workers across the Essential economy
OFFICE AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS
PERSONAL CARE AND SERVICE OCCUPATIONS
INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OCCUPATIONS
CONSTRUCTION AND EXTRACTION OCCUPATIONS
PROTECTIVE SERVICE OCCUPATIONS
BUILDING AND GROUNDS CLEANING AND
MAINTENANCE OCCUPATIONS
FARMING, FISHING, AND FORESTRY OCCUPATIONS
COMMUNITY AND SOCIAL SERVICES OCCUPATIONS
TRANSPORTATION AND MATERIAL
MOVING OCCUPATIONS
HEALTHCARE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS
SALES AND RELATED OCCUPATIONS
PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS
FOOD PREPARATION AND SERVING
RELATED OCCUPATIONS
TOTAL NUMBER OF INDUSTRY ESTABLISHMENTS
920,000
970,000
1,000,000
1,027,000
1,047,000
969,000
958,000
958,000
966,000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
100
ESTABLISHMENTS (%)
80
60
40
20
0
2003
2004
1
N ote: All data 2010. Source: Total full-time and part-time employment by NAICS industry data from Bureau of Economic Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Department of Corrections. Clusters are not discrete, some figures may be rounded up.
2
Note: SA25N from 2001-2010. Full-time and part-time employment by NAICS industry. Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis.
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
19
SOC groups can also be viewed separately on the basis of their six-digit coding.
We have presented two views of SOC Group 51 below, which includes a range
of jobs, to provide one example of the types of jobs included in our research.
Ta b l e 5
Employment of Production oCcupation SOC workers in georgia
SOC
COde
SOC Group
Descriptions
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
51-3022
Meat, Poultry, and Fish
Cutters and Trimmers
6,040
5,403
5,501
5,776
6,346
6,842
6,404
6,699
6,568
51-3023
Slaughterers and Meat Packers
5,242
5,758
5,913
5,439
4,945
4,307
3,725
4,151
3,372
51-6011
Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers
5,556
5,566
5,301
5,419
4,894
5,191
5,101
5,198
5,054
51-6021
Pressers, Textile, Garment
and Related Materials
2,868
2,635
2,522
2,349
2,130
2,006
1,705
1,765
1,591
51-6099
Textile, Apparel, and
Furnishings Workers, All Other
-
1,664
1,886
1,572
1,707
1,279
1,039
1,020
1,176
51-9031
Cutters and Trimmers, Hand
889
1,024
1,072
1,077
1,025
996
731
794
651
51-9192
Cleaning, Washing, and Metal
Pickling Equipment Operators
and Tenders
567
554
511
539
544
588
584
593
535
51-9198
Helpers - Production Workers
12,424
17,135
18,967
19,387
18,113
16,646
13,533
14,009
14,403
51-9399
Production Workers, All Other
39
35
37
37
40
41
7,239
35
7,568
Figure 11
HELPERS-PRODUCTION WORKERS
PRODUCTION WORKERS, ALL OTHER
CLEANING, WASHING AND METAL PICKLING
EQUIPMENT OPERATORS AND TENDERS
CUTTERS AND TRIMMERS, HAND
TEXTILE, APPAREL AND FURNISHINGS,
ALL OTHER1
PRESSERS, TEXTILE, GARMENT
AND RELATED MATERIALS
LAUNDRY AND DRY-CLEANING WORKERS
SLAUGHTERERS AND MEAT PACKERS
MEAT, POULTRY, FISH CUTTERS
AND TRIMMERS
total georgia workforce for SOC Code 51
20K
NUMBER OF WORKERS
15K
10K
5K
2003
20
2004
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Georgia Tech’s research also collected data on the numbers of Essential
Economy workers categorized by goods, services and public work (see figures
12 and 13). A large portion of Essential Economy workers provides services,
which is consistent with the proportion of all workers in Georgia.
Figure 12
Goods & Services
total essential economy Workforce employment by Public, Services and Goods in georgia
PUBLIC
NUMBER OF WORKERS
1.2M
SERVICE
GOODS
1M
.8M
.6M
.4M
.2M
0
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Figure 13
Goods & Services
total Georgia workforce employment by Public, Services and Goods
5M
NUMBER OF WORKERS
PUBLIC
SERVICE
GOODS
2010
2011
4M
3M
2M
1M
0
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2003 Data for Textile, Apparel and Furnishings, All Other was unavailable.
1
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
21
Economic Impact
In the early stages of the Council’s work, BCG utilized state employment and wage data from 2010 to estimate the total economic
contribution of The Essential Economy to Georgia’s $400 billion economy. From this data BCG estimated the total value of
The Essential Economy to be approximately 12% of the States GDP, or $49 billion dollars. GDP is measured as the expenditures
of households on goods and services plus business investment, government expenditures and net reports (see figure 14).
figure 14
Derivation of Essential Economy Valuation
Labor Income
Includes the wages, salaries and benefits earned
by workers.
Business Taxes
Gross Domestic
Product by State
Includes Federal excise, State sales, State property and
other taxes that can be included as a business expense.
Capital Income
Includes income earned by individuals or joint business
entrepreneurs as well as corporations. Also includes
depreciation and other income earned by capital.
As previously reported in the Methodology section (page 10), the Georgia Tech team estimated the contribution of state sales
tax, collected in Georgia Counties from Essential Economy workers to be $114,000,000 in 2011. As sales tax percentages vary
by county, this estimate is considered very conservative.
Also, to report the full economic impact, additional research should focus on the contribution made by Essential Economy
workers to federal and state taxes as well as property taxes related to home ownership. All workers and employees reported
in this study have provided all required information to the Georgia Department of Labor and are subject to all federal and
state taxes and withholdings (see Table 6). In 2011, a calculation of federal and state taxes would have included 966,046
employees and their respective wages.
Ta b l e 6
Essential economy TAX contributions accounted for
data Accounted for in our research
State Sales Taxes
22
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
$114,000,000
data Not accounted for in our research
Federal & State Income Taxes
Property Taxes & Fees
WAGES
The reported Essential Economy wages are based on
categories. While additional work should be done to refine
national average wage data and, while not from salary data
Essential Economy wages in Georgia, the Council plans to
in Georgia, they represent a reliable baseline and range for
utilize national wage data in part 3 of our planned research.
all wages. Figure 15 shows the growth of Essential Economy
wages (national data) over a nine year period. Two of the
top-tier findings report:
BCG provided a snapshot of 2010 median hourly wages and
annual wages associated with the Building Maintenance &
Facilities and Hospitality & Restaurant sectors (see figures
1. Over a nine-year period, from 2003 to 2011, the
16 and 17). Of the Building Maintenance & Facilities
weighted average wage for all Essential Economy
workers, Supervisors of Groundskeeping and Pest Control
workers combined was $21,718, representing 57%
workers earned the highest median hourly wage. The median
of Georgia’s prevailing wage average over the same
hourly and annual wages for all Building Maintenance &
period of time ($41,171.)
Facilities jobs were $10.04 and $20,890, respectively. Wages
2. The average wage for all Essential Economy workers
for Essential Economy workers, however, have climbed from
in 2011 was $23,554.
$20,199 (2003) to $23,990 (2011), which is an 18.8%
The decision to utilize national wage average data was made
growth from 2003 to 2011.
based on certain data challenges associated with county-
Interestingly, median hourly and annual wages of Hospitality
level wage data and historic SOC data definitions and
& Restaurant workers were relatively constant across the
board at $8.21 and $17,000, respectively.
Figure 15
AVERAGE WAGE
Average overall Essential Economy Worker wages1
$25K
$24K
$23K
$22K
$21K
$20K
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Note: All data 2010 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupation data by OCC (SOC) code 2010.
1
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
23
Figure 16
The Essential Economy in The Building Maintenance & Facilities sector (2010)1
MEDIAN HOURLY WAGE
the median income of the essential economy workforce is $10/hr OR $21,000 annually.
$20
$15
MEDIAN
$10
$5
$0
MEDIAN ANNUAL WAGE
Building and
Grounds
Maintenance
Supervisors
of
Janitorial
Supervisors
of
Groundskeeping
Janitor
and
Cleaners
Maids and
Housekeeping
Building
Cleaning
(all other)
Pest
Control
Landscaping and
Groundskeeping
Pesticide
Sprayers
Tree
Trimmers
$40k
$30k
MEDIAN
$20k
$10k
$0
Building and
Grounds
Maintenance
Supervisors
of
Janitorial
Supervisors
of
Groundskeeping
Janitor
and
Cleaners
Maids and
Housekeeping
Building
Cleaning
(all other)
Pest
Control
Landscaping and
Groundskeeping
Pesticide
Sprayers
Tree
Trimmers
Figure 17
the essential economy in the Hospitality & Restaurants Sector (2010)1
MEDIAN HOURLY WAGE
The median income of The Essential Economy Workforce is $8.21/hr OR $17,000 annually
$10
MEDIAN
$8
$6
$4
$2
$0
MEDIAN ANNUAL WAGE
Cooks,
(Restaurant)
Food
Food
Preparation
Preparation
and Serving
Workers
Related Workers
(All Other)
Cooks
(Short Order)
Cooks
(All Other)
Dining Room,
Food
and Cafeteria
Servers
(non-restaurant) Attendants
and Bartender
Help
Cooks
(Fast Food)
Maids and
Housekeeping
Cleaners
$20K
Combined
Food
Preparation
and Serving
Workers,
Including
Fast Food
Dishwashers
MEDIAN
$15K
$10K
$5K
$0K
24
Cooks,
(Institution
and Cafeteria)
Cooks,
(Restaurant)
Cooks,
(Institution
and Cafeteria)
Food
Food
Preparation
Preparation
and Serving
Workers
Related Workers
(All Other)
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
Cooks
(Short Order)
Cooks
(All Other)
Dining Room,
Food
and Cafeteria
Servers
(non-restaurant) Attendants
and Bartender
Help
Cooks
(Fast Food)
Maids and
Housekeeping
Cleaners
Combined
Food
Preparation
and Serving
Workers,
Including
Fast Food
Dishwashers
COMPANY SIZE, GENDER & DEMOGRAPHICS
In future research we expect to expand our analysis of company size while also providing more detail (from U.S. Census data)
on both gender and demographics.
For the current work BCG, provided a snapshot of company size, gender and ethnicity/race for the Hospitality sector (see
figure 18). Data provided by BCG shows that a majority of Hospitality & Restaurant establishments in 2010 in Georgia
employed less than 20 workers (i.e. combination of the three blue regions for each job).
Figure 18
Distribution of the hospitality & restaurants Sector Establishments2
A majority of the establishments employ 20 or more essential economy workers
NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS
1-4
5-9
10-19
20-40
50-99
100-249
250 OR MORE3
TOTAL NUMBER OF INDUSTRY ESTABLISHMENTS
ESTABLISHMENTS (%)
100
6,916
6,901
1,794
915
702
433
325
278
65
55
52
36
31
23
Hotels
and
Motels
Snack and
Beverage
Bars
Food
Service
Contractors
Drinking
Places
Cafeterias
and
Buffets
Caterers
B&B
RV
Recreational
Camps
Other
Boarding
Houses
Mobile
Food
Services
80
60
40
20
0
Limited
Full
Service
Service
Restaurants Restaurants
Note: All data 2010. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupation data by OCC (SOC) code 2010.
1
Note: All data 2010. Based on Hospitality and Restaurant segment deep dive. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics data by OCC (SOC) code.
2
P ercentages of establishments with 250+ workers were too negligible to effectively be shown. Limited Service Restaurants: 250-499, 0.014%, 500-999,
0.014%. Hotels and Motels: 250-499, 0.669%, 500-999, 0.279%, 1000 or more, 0.056%. Food Service Contractors: 250-499, 0.427%, 250-999, 0.712%.
3
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
25
The essential economy in the hospitality & restaurants Sector: Gender and Ethnicity
Compared to the overall gender breakdown (figure 19) for the state of Georgia, men are slightly over-represented in
The Essential Economy (see figure 21).
Figure 19
Figure 20
Overall Georgia population: by gender
Overall Georgia population: by ETHNICITY
31%
49%
57%
african
american
men 51%
women
other
3%
asian
9%
49%
men 51%
hispanic
Figure 21
100
women
The essential economy of the Hospitality & Restaurants sector: by Gender
80
Based on the state population, men are slightly over-represented in The Essential Economy 1
60
20
0
Cooks
(fast food)
Cooks
(institution
and cafeteria)
EMPLOYEES (%)
100
40
80
60
Cooks
(restaurant)
40
Cooks
(short order)
Cooks
(all other)
Food
Preparation
Workers
20
Combined
Food
Preparation
and Serving
Workers, Including
Fast Food
Food
Servers
Dining Room
and Cafeteria
Attendants and
Bartender Help
Dishwashers
Maids
and Housekeeping
Cleaners
0
Cooks
(fast food)
Combined
Food
Preparation
and Serving
orkers, Including
Fast Food
Food
Servers
Cooks
(institution
and cafeteria)
Cooks
(restaurant)
Cooks
(short order)
Cooks
(all other)
Food
Preparation
Workers
Combined
Food
Preparation
and Serving
Workers, Including
Fast Food
Food
Servers
Dining Room
Dishwashers
and Cafeteria
Attendants
And Bartender Help
Maids and
Housekeeping
Cleaners
Dining Room
Dishwashers
Maids and
and Cafeteria
Housekeeping
Attendants
Cleaners
african
And
Help shows fluctuations in the ethnic profile of several Hospitality and Restaurant jobs.
TheBartender
figure below
In relation to Georgia’s
31%
american
57%
other
population (see figure 20), Hispanics and Asians are over-represented in this particular sector, while African Americans are
largely under-represented. This may be due to a variety of reasons not covered in the research.
3%
asian
Figure 22
9%
the essential economy of the hospitality & Restaurants Sector: by ethnicity
Based on the state population, Hispanics and Asians are over-represented in The Essential Economy 2
EMPLOYEES (%)
hispanic
100
80
60
40
20
0
Cooks
(fast food)
26
Cooks
(institution
and cafeteria)
Cooks
(restaurant)
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
Cooks
(short order)
Cooks
(all other)
Food
Preparation
Workers
Combined
Food
Preparation
and Serving
Workers, Including
Fast Food
Food
Servers
Dining Room
and Cafeteria
Attendants and
Bartender Help
Dishwashers
Maids
and Housekeeping
Cleaners
Conclusion
In early 2012 the Council created a research RFP to study and quantify the
economic impact of The Essential Economy in Georgia and its 159 counties.
In the process the research further defined an economic cluster within
Georgia and the national economy that makes a significant economic impact
on our communities and which depends on a common workforce.
The workers in this cluster, The Essential Economy, have
These three conclusions are supported by a range of
traditionally been defined as the low-wage, labor-intensive
findings from the work of both Georgia Tech and The Boston
workforce. The six sectors in the cluster are generally
Consulting Group. Top-tier findings of the research estimate
referred to as legacy or traditional sectors, even though
that the economic contribution of The Essential Economy
the work has contemporary importance, and the productivity,
in the State of Georgia is 12%, or $49 billion, of the state’s
safety and efficiency of these sectors are always improving
GDP in 2010.
with technology.
Since 2003, The Essential Economy has consistently
While the traditional language is descriptive of both
employed approximately 25% of the State’s total workforce,
workers and the sectors, it does not accurately represent
or 1 in 4 reported employees (see figure 7). Out of a total
the significant economic value of the six sectors in
of 3.7 million people working in the State of Georgia in
The Essential Economy or the important societal value
2011, 966,046 were employed in The Essential Economy.
and contribution made by both the employers and workers
These workers contribute significantly to the tax digest of
in The Essential Economy.
local, state and federal governments, and are also subject
The findings from this study suggest that The Essential
Economy represents a unique value proposition in the
to standard taxes, fees and withholdings, which were not
measured in our current study.
broader economy on three interrelated levels (see figure 5
A conservative estimate of sales tax paid annually by
on page 10). The major quantitative findings of our research
Essential Economy workers is $114,000,000. The economic
support this economic proposition and can be summarized
benefit of The Essential Economy can be measured in every
into three related conclusions.
county and city in the state of Georgia and in many cases,
• Economic Impact: The Essential Economy is a major,
The Essential Economy represents over 25% of the local
long-term structural component of Georgia’s economy.
• Job Creation: The Essential Economy is among the largest
job creators and employers of Georgia.
• County Impact: The Essential Economy is present in
employment (see figure 8).
The economic and social value of The Essential Economy has
been a consistent and growing feature of Georgia’s economy
for decades, but has not been clearly defined and studied
every single county of Georgia, regardless of population,
as an economic cluster. By providing a methodology and
location or local economic constitution.
establishing a quantitative and qualitative definition of
The Essential Economy, Georgia Tech and BCG have provided
a framework for additional study and understanding of this
important economic stratum inside the state of Georgia and
the U.S. economy.
1
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Population Survey 2010. Georgia averages from 2010 U.S. Census state quick facts.
2
Source: Bureau of Lab Statistics Occupation data by OCC (SOC) code 2010. Georgia averages from 2010. U.S. Census state quick facts.
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
27
Recommendations
The Council will move forward with additional research on The Essential
Economy in 2013 and 2014. This research will replicate portions of the
current research focusing on the combined 50 States in the U.S. economy
and expanding to include the development of a ten-year forecast model.
The following is our list of recommendations, limited to the state of Georgia.
Continued Research and study on The Essential Economy
Development of a set of key metrics on the size, growth
in Georgia including:
and economic impact of The Essential Economy in Georgia.
1. Expanded data on employees/workers not reported or
These metrics should be incorporated into all State
included in BLS and State Department of Labor Data,
Economic reports:
i.e. seasonal agricultural workers.
1. Regional Commissions
2. Expanded data on demographic characteristics of
The Essential Economy workforce including age, gender,
ethnicity and race.
3. Expanded data on the educational attainment/
credentials of The Essential Economy workforce.
4. More detailed analysis of the economic contribution
of The Essential Economy workforce and employers
(companies) including local and state taxes as well
as purchasing power.
5. A better understanding of the codependent relationship
between the numbers of workers in The Essential
Economy that are needed for others economic sectors,
i.e. the knowledge economy.
6. Analysis of mobility and duration of employment within
2. The annual State Economic Development Outlook:
Selig Center
3. State Department of Community Affairs, Economic
Development and other agencies.
Provide additional information and data to appropriate
State House and Senate Study Committee as requested,
with an emphasis on:
1. Impact on Georgia’s aging population, changing
educational aspirations and U.S. immigration policy
on The Essential Economy.
2. Cost associated with state regulations on The Essential
Economy sectors.
Establishment of an inner-agency state task force with
The Essential Economy and the characteristics of both
industry participation to review ongoing research and
transitional and permanent employees.
recommendations from the state House and Senate
Committee and:
1. Review how state agencies can support the growth
and contribution of The Essential Economy.
2. Review relationship of state programs and services
to The Essential Economy both employees and employers.
28
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
About The Essential Economy Council
The Essential Economy Council is a bipartisan, nonprofit
on the quality of life. The Council’s work is designed to help
501(c)(3) organization that originates research and
decisionmakers create data-driven informed public policy.
communications that is used to educate elected officials
Our research is designed to benefit Georgia’s economy,
and business leaders on the value of The Essential Economy.
including its workforce, customers and business owners.
The Council is managed by a board of industry specialists
and professionals, and partners with leading businesses,
economic development organizations and academic
institutions to design and execute its research
and communications.
The Council’s mission is to provide credible, local research
and data on the economic value of The Essential Economy,
the opportunities it provides, and its fundamental impact
For MORE INFORMATION
For more information about specific county data or
The Essential Economy Council, contact us at (404) 961-7658,
info@essentialeconomy.org or direct mail to The Essential
Economy Council at 817 West Peachtree Street NW, Suite 915,
Atlanta, Georgia 30308. To receive updates on ongoing
projects or to download a pdf copy of this report, visit
us online at www.essentialeconomy.org. Or, find us on
facebook and twitter at @EssentialEcon.
Our BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND ECONOMIC ADVISORS
The Essential Economy Council Board includes industry specialists and professionals who understand both
the business world and the political process as they regularly interact with elected officials at multiple
levels of government. Our board members include:
Dan Moody
Former State Senator – Johns Creek
Co-Chairman
dan@essentialeconomy.org
Sam Zamarripa
Former State Senator – Atlanta
Co-Chairman
sam@essentialeconomy.org
Karen Bremer
Executive Director
Georgia Restaurant Association
Chris Butts
Director of Legislative Affairs
Georgia Green Industry Association
David Ellis
Executive Vice President
Greater Atlanta Home Builders
Valerie Ferguson
Regional Vice President
Loews Atlanta Hotel
Mike Giles
President
Georgia Poultry Federation
Jay Morgan
J.L. Morgan, Inc.
Public Affairs
Mary Kay Woodworth
Executive Director
Georgia Urban Ag Council
Charles Hall
Executive Director
Georgia Vegetable & Fruit
Growers Association
Steve Simon
Partner
Fifth Group Restaurants
Zippy Duvall
President
Georgia Farm Bureau
Bryan Tolar
President
Georgia Agribusiness Council
Economic Advisory Council
John McKissick, PhD
Professor Emeritus
& Distinguished Agricultural
Marketing Professor
University of Georgia
Jennifer Clark, PhD
Associate Professor
School of Public Policy
Georgia Institute of Technology
Thomas Cunningham, PhD
Vice President, Senior Economist
& Regional Executive
Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
29
Appendix
Appendix A
SOC codes
SOC Title
Jobs
Average
Annual
Wages1
21-1093
Social and Human Service Assistants
11,490
$26,693
Moderate-term on the-job training
31-1011
Home Health Aides
6,850
$19,523
Short-term on-the-job training
31-2012
Occupational Therapy Aides
110
$27,893
Short-term on-the-job training
31-2022
Physical Therapist Aides
690
$21,984
Short-term on-the-job training
31-9095
Pharmacy Aides
570
$18,713
Short-term on-the-job training
31-9096
Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers
390
$19,906
Short-term on-the-job training
33-3041
Parking Enforcement Workers
40
$33,342
Short-term on-the-job training
33-9011
Animal Control Workers
280
$28,473
Moderate-term on the-job training
33-9091
Crossing Guards
210
$22,055
Short-term on-the-job training
35-2011
Cooks, Fast Food
27,270
$18,479
Short-term on-the-job training
35-2012
Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria
8,960
$20,554
Moderate-term on the-job training
35-2014
Cooks, Restaurant
27,040
$21,097
Long-term on-the-job training
35-2015
Cooks, Short Order
5,480
$20,654
Short-term on-the-job training
35-2021
Food Preparation Workers
21,730
$20,125
Short-term on-the-job training
35-3021
Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers, Including Fast Food
106,120
$17,679
Short-term on-the-job training
35-3022
Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession, and Coffee Shop
5,560
$18,380
Short-term on-the-job training
35-3031
Waiters and Waitresses
76,240
$19,069
Short-term on-the-job training
35-3041
Food Servers, Non-restaurant
1,130
$18,512
Short-term on-the-job training
35-9011
Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers
9,900
$19,796
Short-term on-the-job training
35-9021
Dishwashers
17,670
$17,376
Short-term on-the-job training
35-9031
Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop
10,370
$19,320
Short-term on-the-job training
35-9099
Food Preparation and Serving Related Workers, All Other
390
$22,353
Short-term on-the-job training
37-2011
Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners
50,190
$21,702
Short-term on-the-job training
37-2012
Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners
28,650
$18,395
Short-term on-the-job training
37-2021
Pest Control Workers
2,150
$29,626
Moderate-term on the-job training
37-3011
Landscaping and Grounds keeping Workers
22,730
$23,426
Short-term on-the-job training
37-3012
Pesticide Handlers, Sprayers, and Applicators, Vegetation
180
$28,697
Moderate-term on the-job training
37-3013
Tree Trimmers and Pruners
170
$30,431
Short-term on-the-job training
39-2021
Nonfarm Animal Caretakers
4,070
$20,712
Short-term on-the-job training
39-3031
Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers
39-3091
Amusement and Recreation Attendants
39-3093
39-3099
SOC Code
30
Job Preparation Level
150
$18,616
Short-term on-the-job training
9,180
$19,435
Short-term on-the-job training
Locker Room, Coatroom, and Dressing Room Attendants
320
$22,263
Short-term on-the-job training
Entertainment Attendants and Related Workers, All Other
150
$18,616
Moderate-term on the-job training
39-4021
Funeral Attendants
690
$23,998
Short-term on-the-job training
39-5093
Shampooers
40
$16,973
Short-term on-the-job training
39-6011
Baggage Porters and Bellhops
890
$22,416
Short-term on-the-job training
39-9011
Childcare Workers
19,340
$18,382
Short-term on-the-job training
39-9021
Personal Care Aides
6,610
$19,056
Short-term on-the-job training
39-9099
Personal Care and Service Workers, All Other
120
$21,535
Short-term on-the-job training
41-2011
Cashiers
108,710
$18,281
Short-term on-the-job training
41-2021
Counter and Rental Clerks
10,470
$23,576
Short-term on-the-job training
41-2031
Retail Salespersons
158,270
$22,602
Short-term on-the-job training
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
Appendix A
SOC codes
SOC Title
Jobs
Average
Annual
Wages1
43-5021
Couriers and Messengers
1,240
$21,644
Short-term on-the-job training
45-2041
Graders and Sorters, Agricultural Products
130
$17,618
Work experience in a related occupation
45-2091
Agricultural Equipment Operators
100
$20,654
Short-term on-the-job training
45-2092
Farm workers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse
1,640
$21,458
Short-term on-the-job training
45-2093
Farm workers, Farm, Ranch, and Aqua cultural Animals
360
$23,067
Short-term on-the-job training
45-2099
Agricultural Workers, All Other
50
$23,556
Short-term on-the-job training
45-4022
Logging Equipment Operators
1,960
$31,450
Moderate-term on the-job training
45-4023
Log Graders and Scalars
70
$27,352
Moderate-term on the-job training
47-2041
Carpet Installers
50
$28,101
Moderate-term on the-job training
47-2044
Tile and Marble Setters
50
$27,061
Long-term on-the-job training
47-2061
Construction Laborers
22,580
$26,411
Moderate-term on the-job training
47-2081
Drywall and Ceiling Tile Installers
1,300
$33,771
Moderate-term on the-job training
47-2121
Glaziers
360
$31,703
Long-term on-the-job training
47-2131
Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall
120
$34,292
Moderate-term on the-job training
47-2141
Painters, Construction and Maintenance
4,020
$33,166
Moderate-term on the-job training
47-2181
Roofers
1,230
$30,122
Moderate-term on the-job training
47-3012
Helpers—Carpenters
960
$26,499
Short-term on-the-job training
47-3013
Helpers—Electricians
4,730
$25,622
Short-term on-the-job training
47-3014
Helpers--Painters, Paperhangers, Plasterers, and Stucco Masons
47-3015
Helpers--Pipe layers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters
47-3016
47-3019
47-4051
Highway Maintenance Workers
47-4071
Septic Tank Servicers and Sewer Pipe Cleaners
49-3093
Tire Repairers and Changers
49-9093
Fabric Menders, Except Garment
49-9098
SOC Code
Job Preparation Level
50
$21,591
Short-term on-the-job training
2,580
$24,664
Short-term on-the-job training
Helpers—Roofers
270
$24,420
Short-term on-the-job training
Helpers, Construction Trades, All Other
230
$25,002
Short-term on-the-job training
1,870
$25,865
Moderate-term on the-job training
190
$29,598
Moderate-term on the-job training
2,670
$24,485
Short-term on-the-job training
130
$29,557
Moderate-term on the-job training
Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers
5,000
$23,545
Short-term on-the-job training
51-3022
Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers
4,220
$22,104
Short-term on-the-job training
51-3023
Slaughterers and Meat Packers
2,170
$22,020
Moderate-term on the-job training
51-6011
Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers
6,330
$19,125
Moderate-term on the-job training
51-6021
Pressers, Textile, Garment, and Related Materials
1,490
$19,015
Short-term on-the-job training
51-6099
Textile, Apparel, and Furnishings Workers, All Other
610
$30,202
Short-term on-the-job training
51-9031
Cutters and Trimmers, Hand
420
$25,974
Short-term on-the-job training
51-9192
Cleaning, Washing, and Metal Pickling Equipment Operators and Tenders
51-9198
Helpers--Production Workers
51-9399
53-3031
30
$19,198
Moderate-term on the-job training
14,140
$23,673
Short-term on-the-job training
Production Workers, All Other*
3,190
$24,495
Moderate-term on the-job training
Driver/Sales Workers
10,420
$27,602
Short-term on-the-job training
53-6021
Parking Lot Attendants
5,270
$20,679
Short-term on-the-job training
53-6031
Automotive and Watercraft Service Attendants
2,600
$19,912
Short-term on-the-job training
53-7061
Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment
9,770
$21,742
Short-term on-the-job training
53-7062
Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand
88,510
$24,290
Short-term on-the-job training
53-7063
Machine Feeders and Off bearers
3,840
$27,310
Short-term on-the-job training
53-7064
Packers and Packagers, Hand
26,810
$20,756
Short-term on-the-job training
53-7081
Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors
3,320
$26,698
Short-term on-the-job training
998,650
$21,051
Total for The Essential Economy SOCs
2011 Federal wage data
1
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
31
Appendix B
naics codes
111
32
Crop Production
337
Furniture and Related Product
Manufacturing
516
Internet Publishing and Broadcasting
112
Animal Production
339
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
517
Telecommunications
113
Forestry and Logging
423
Merchant Wholesalers, Durable
Goods
518
Internet Service Providers, Web Search
Portals, and Data Processing Services
114
Fishing, Hunting and Trapping
424
Merchant Wholesalers, Nondurable
Goods
519
Other Information Services
115
Support Activities for Agriculture and
Forestry
425
Wholesale Electronic Markets and
Agents and Brokers
521
Monetary Authorities - Central Bank
211
Oil and Gas Extraction
441
Motor Vehicle and Parts Dealers
522
Credit Intermediation and Related Activities
212
Mining (except Oil and Gas)
442
Furniture and Home
Furnishings Stores
523
Securities, Commodity Contracts, and Other
Financial Investments and Related Activities
213
Support Activities for Mining
443
Electronics and Appliance Stores
524
Insurance Carriers and Related Activities
221
Utilities
444
Building Material and Garden
Equipment and Supplies Dealers
525
Funds, Trusts, and Other Financial Vehicles
236
Construction of Buildings
445
Food and Beverage Stores
531
Real Estate
237
Heavy and Civil Engineering
Construction
446
Health and Personal Care Stores
532
Rental and Leasing Services
238
Specialty Trade Contractors
447
Gasoline Stations
533
Lessors of Nonfinancial Intangible Assets
(except Copyrighted Works)
311
Food Manufacturing
448
Clothing and Clothing Accessories
Stores
541
Professional, Scientific, and Technical
Services
312
Beverage and Tobacco Product
Manufacturing
451
Sporting Goods, Hobby, Book, and
Music Stores
551
Management of Companies and Enterprises
313
Textile Mills
452
General Merchandise Stores
561
Administrative and Support Services
314
Textile Product Mills
453
Miscellaneous Store Retailers
562
Waste Management and Remediation
Services
315
Apparel Manufacturing
454
Nonstore Retailers
611
Educational Services
316
Leather and Allied Product
Manufacturing
481
Air Transportation
621
Ambulatory Health Care Services
321
Wood Product Manufacturing
482
Rail Transportation
622
Hospitals
322
Paper Manufacturing
483
Water Transportation
623
Nursing and Residential Care Facilities
323
Printing and Related Support Activities
484
Truck Transportation
624
Social Assistance
324
Petroleum and Coal Products
Manufacturing
485
Transit and Ground Passenger
Transportation
711
Performing Arts, Spectator Sports, and
Related Industries
325
Chemical Manufacturing
486
Pipeline Transportation
712
Museums, Historical Sites, and Similar
Institutions
326
Plastics and Rubber Products
Manufacturing
487
Scenic and Sightseeing
Transportation
713
Amusement, Gambling, and Recreation
Industries
327
Nonmetallic Mineral Product
Manufacturing
488
Support Activities for
Transportation
721
Accommodation
331
Primary Metal Manufacturing
491
Postal Service
722
Food Services and Drinking Places
332
Fabricated Metal Product
Manufacturing
492
Couriers and Messengers
811
Repair and Maintenance
333
Machinery Manufacturing
493
Warehousing and Storage
812
Personal and Laundry Services
334
Computer and Electronic Product
Manufacturing
511
Publishing Industries (except
Internet)
813
Religious, Grantmaking, Civic, Professional,
and Similar Organizations
335
Electrical Equipment, Appliance
and Component Manufacturing
512
Motion Picture and Sound
Recording Industries
814
Private Households
336
Transportation Equipment
Manufacturing
515
Broadcasting (except Internet)
899
Unclassified
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
Appendix C
The Essential Economy workers by soc groups
Soc Group
Descriptions
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Food Preparation
and Serving
Related
255,688
268,643
279,953
289,990
298,861
294,451
286,768
281,618
287,867
Sales and Related
236,155
239,543
250,812
255,716
261,173
250,282
238,904
237,261
239,323
Transportation and
Material Moving
143,290
151,553
147,604
150,196
149,381
133,104
128,385
127,285
128,859
Building and
Grounds Cleaning
and Maintenance
104,276
108,306
111,409
114,673
115,397
99,230
104,387
109,260
105,964
Construction
and Extraction
Occupations
58,953
65,444
68,341
72,235
73,513
54,701
56,306
51,967
50,678
Personal Care
and Service
34,841
39,464
41,920
43,658
45,179
37,891
45,875
47,243
50,096
Production
33,625
39,774
41,710
41,595
39,744
37,896
34,264
40,061
40,918
Healthcare
Support
18,697
18,975
20,692
22,817
24,790
24,808
26,774
27,584
26,653
Community
and Social
9,561
11,378
10,943
11,129
10,832
11,137
11,566
11,784
11,732
Farming, Fishing
and Forestry
Occupations
8,847
10,455
10,224
7,592
10,672
9,594
9,220
9,402
9,280
Protective Service
7,608
8,080
8,348
8,595
8,398
7,186
7,207
7,113
7,122
Installation,
Maintenance
and Repair
Occupations
4,633
5,146
5,105
5,218
5,208
5,237
5,137
4,970
4,933
Office and
Administrative
Support
Occupations
3,647
3,356
3,299
3,305
3,145
2,746
2,806
2,527
2,621
919,821
970,117
1,000,360
1,026,719
1,046,293
968,263
957,599
958,075
966,046
TOTAL
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
33
Appendix D
The Essential Economy workers
by SOC group as a percentage of total The Essential Economy workforce
SOC Group
Descriptions
34
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Food Preparation and
Serving Related
27.80%
27.69%
27.99%
28.24%
28.56%
30.41%
29.95%
29.39%
29.80%
Sales and Related
25.67%
24.69%
25.07%
24.91%
24.96%
25.85%
24.95%
24.76%
24.77%
Transportation and
Material Moving
15.58%
15.62%
14.76%
14.63%
14.28%
13.75%
13.41%
13.29%
13.34%
Building and
Grounds Cleaning
and Maintenance
11.34%
11.16%
11.14%
11.17%
11.03%
10.25%
10.90%
11.40%
10.97%
Construction
and Extraction
Occupations
6.41%
6.75%
6.83%
7.04%
7.03%
5.65%
5.88%
5.42%
5.25%
Personal Care and
Service
3.79%
4.07%
4.19%
4.25%
4.32%
3.91%
4.79%
4.93%
5.19%
Production
Occupations
3.66%
4.10%
4.17%
4.05%
3.80%
3.91%
3.58%
4.18%
4.24%
Healthcare Support
2.03%
1.96%
2.07%
2.22%
2.37%
2.56%
2.80%
2.88%
2.76%
Community and
Social
1.04%
1.17%
1.09%
1.08%
1.04%
1.15%
1.21%
1.23%
1.21%
Farming, Fishing,
and Forestry
Occupations
0.96%
1.08%
1.02%
0.74%
1.02%
0.99%
0.96%
0.98%
0.96%
Protective Service
0.50%
0.53%
0.51%
0.51%
0.50%
0.54%
0.54%
0.52%
0.51%
Installation,
Maintenance, and
Repair Occupations
0.83%
0.83%
0.83%
0.84%
0.80%
0.74%
0.75%
0.74%
0.74%
Office and
Administrative
Support Occupations
0.40%
0.35%
0.33%
0.32%
0.30%
0.28%
0.29%
0.26%
0.27%
Total
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
T h e e s s e n t i a l E c o n o m y C o u n c i l R e p o rt o f f i n d i n g s
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