GE Energy
Session 4 of a 5 Part Series
on the Smart Grid
The Smart Grid … Lunch and Learn
Session 4: The Smart Grid – The Transmission View
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Smart Grid Learning Series
Session 1: The Smart Grid and its Benefits
Session 2: The Smart Grid… The Consumer View
Session 3: The Smart Grid… The Distribution View
Session 4: The Smart Grid… The Transmission View
Session 5: The Smart Grid… The View from Rural America
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Session 4: The Smart Grid – The Transmission View
Topics:
Smart Grid Overview
• Benefits Overview
• Overview of Good Things Enabled by the Smart Grid
• Overview of the Calculated Benefits of the Smart Grid
Transmission Today. A “Pretty Smart Grid”
Smart Grid – The Transmission View
Wide Area Measurements & Control
The Changing Role of Generation - Distributed Generation
Distributed Energy Resources/Microgrids
Utility Energy Storage: The Economics
Impact of Policy Discussion
3
Industry challenges
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9
9
9
9
Soaring energy demand
Power outages’ financial impact
Green energy takes center stage
Electricity prices on the rise
Aging infrastructure/workforce
4
Electricity prices on the rise
U.S. sees 6.5%
spike in ’09
electric bills
6.5%
Source: EIA (Energy information Administration)
5
Electricity … Poised to change the world again
“We can’t solve problems
by using the same kind of
thinking we used when we
created them.”
- Albert Einstein
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The Smart Grid
Growing complexity in modern grids
8
Grid Inefficiency
Source: AEP PUC Hearing
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Aging Assets
Transformer failure rate
100%
The average US
transformer age is just
under 40 years old
80%
60%
40%
20%
0% 1 5 9 13172125293337414549535761656973778185899397
Age in Years
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What is a Smart Grid?
The integration of two infrastructures… securely
Electrical infrastructure
Electrical
Infrastructure
Information
Infrastructure
Sources: EPRI® Intelligrid
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Flexibility for emerging capabilities
Wide-Area
Protection &
Automation
Wide-Area
Monitoring
& Control
Renewables
Forecasting
Renewables
Smoothing
Delivery
Optimization
Demand
Optimization
Asset
Optimization
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Roadmap for a Smarter Grid
What it is
Demand
optimization
Manage peak via control
of power consumption
Why
Utility Value/MM Customers*
Defer upgrades, optimize
generation & renewables
Delivery
optimization
Reduce delivery losses in
distribution systems
Less energy waste and
higher profit margins
Asset
optimization
Prognostics for proactive
equipment maintenance
Reduced outages and
focused maintainers
Reliability
optimization
Wide Area Protection &
Control
Increased network
performance & reliability
Renewables
optimization
Use of Forecasting &
Smoothing
Compensation for
production variability
$16MM/yr, 51K tons of CO2 reduction+
Res. consumer savings up to 10%
Based on 1.6% peak load reduction using critical peak
pricing resulting in reduction in fuel costs and deferral of
generation capacity
$7MM/yr,, 45K tons of CO2 reduction+
Based on 0.2% loss reduction and 0.5% CVR peak load
reduction resulting in reduction in fuel costs and deferral
of generation capacity
$11MM/yr, ~4.5 yr ROI
Based on system-wide deployment of advanced
transformer M&D resulting in transformer life
extension and reduction in inspection, maintenance
& repair costs
$7MM/yr
Based on the deferral of the capacity upgrade of
two 220kV transmission lines for 3 yrs (each line 30
miles long with a cost of upgrade of $1.5MM per
mile)
Key step for meeting RPS targets,
especially in areas with weak grids
*Utility savings are approximate annual
savings per one million customers
+ $85/kW-yr peak generation capacity value
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Smart Grid – The
Transmission View
Transmission Grid has held itself Pretty good!
Source: Eric Hirst – Consultant www.Ehitst.com
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2003 Blackout
The 2003 Blackout Thursday, August 14, 2003, at approximately 4:15 pm EDT.
Affected 55 million people in eight U.S. states, 1 province in Canada and
256 power plant went off-line!
> 4:10:38 p.m. Cleveland separates from the Pennsylvania grid.
> 4:10:46 p.m. New York separates from the New England grid.
> 4:10:50 p.m. Ontario separates from the western New York grid.
> 4:12:58 p.m. Northern New Jersey separates its power-grids from New York and the
Philadelphia area,
> 4:13 p.m. End of cascading failure.
> 85% of power plants which went offline after the grid separations occurred, most due to
the action of automatic protective controls.
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Relative Phase Angle
The Cleveland separation
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
-110
-120
-130
-140
-150
-160
-170
Normal Angle ~ -25º
Cleveland
West MI
15:05:00 15:32:00 15:44:00 15:51:00 16:05:00 16:06:01 16:09:05 16:10:38
Time (EDT)
DOE/FERC Feb 2006 Report to Congress:
>
2003 Blackout due, in part, to “lack of awareness of deteriorating conditions.
>
Technology now exists that could be used to establish a real-time transmission monitoring system…”
>
In parallel: NERC identified the need for “Situational Awareness” of the Power Grid.
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Wide Area Measurements & Control
Wide Area Measurements, Architecture
Wide Area Measurements, Monitoring
Phasor Data Concentrators – Local/Regional Monitoring
Human Monitoring / EMS > 1 sec
1 Phasor/Sec
NERC / DHS
Regional
High-speed
Operation
Decisions
100 ms – 1S time frame
1-15 Phasors/sec
PDC
PMU
Very High-speed
Decisions
10-100 ms time frame
20-60 Phasors/
Sec
PMU . . . PMU
PMU
PDC
PMU . . . PMU
PDC
PMU
PMU . . . PMU
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System implementation, Visualization
Phase
Angle
+30
+20
EMS
ICCP Interface
+00
High Speed Applications
OPC / SQL
Proficy
Data Collection
Replication, Re-Transmission
Data Rate:
12 - 60
Measurements
per Second
+10
Sub-PDC
-10
-20
-30
System Contour View
.....
System Frequency View
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Synchrophasors - Advanced Analysis & Control
Applications
• Situational Awareness
• Under Voltage Load Shed
• MW/MVAR Oscillation viewing/detection
• Oscillation Pattern Analysis & Alarm
• Oscillation Damping
• Dynamic Line Rating
• Angle Check
•Load Duration Plots
• Measure, Detect, Take appropriate control actions
• Proactively eliminate possible Blackouts!
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Special Protection Schemes(SPS)
™NERC
- North American Electric Reliability Council Defines SPS:
¾Automatic
protection system (also known as a remedial action
scheme) designed to detect abnormal or predetermined system
conditions
¾Take
corrective actions other than and/or in addition to the
isolation of faulted components to maintain system reliability.
Actions may include changes in demand, generation (MW and
Mvar),
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System configuration to maintain system stability, acceptable
voltage, or power flows.
9
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Contingency Identification
230 KV BUS
X MER BK-4
500 KV BUS2
Control Area 1
Control Area 3
CB3
500 KV BUS2
CB1
500 KV LINE
Generation
CB2
500 KV BUS1
500 KV LINE
LINE1
EHV LINES
1
XMER
BK-1X MER BK-2
Generation
500
- KV LINE
500 KV BUS1
500 KV BUS1
LINE2
230 KV BUS
345 KV BUS2
230 KV BUS
X
MER
CB3
BK-3
CB4
B
U
S
2
1
Control Area 2
345 KV BUS1
500 KV LINE
345 KV LINES
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Network Architecture
Different “Tiers” of connection
Office PC LAN
Link to Office LAN / WAN
Corporate Intranet
Web Server
Office PC using
Internet Explorer
Wide Area Network WAN (Intranet / Internet)
δ1
δ2
δ4
Control Area 1
δ3
δ1
δ2
δ4
δ3
4
Control
Area
Control
Area
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δ1
δ2
δ3
4
δ4 Area 3
Control
Control Area 3
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Distributed Generation
Distributed Generation
↑1.1%
↑16.1%
↑30.4%
↑23.3%
↑22.4%
Source: Frost & Sullivan 2003
DG Types
DG Growth Globally
Challenges Involved in DG Grid Interconnection
-
Distribution system protection strategies for bi-directional power flows
Reactive power/ voltage control
"Islanding" issue
Low/no inertia for fast power balancing
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Isolated Grid Challenges
– Lack of inertia increases system sensitivity
• Integration of non-conventional energy resources
–
–
–
–
Frequency (Hz)
• Frequency performance under large generation/load swings
Desire driven by fuel costs and logistics
Intermittency of renewables
Low overload, short circuit ratings
Power rate limits
• Distribution protection and controls inadequate for distributed gen
–
–
–
–
Bi-directional power flows
Unit level voltage and VAR support
Fault current contribution
Island operation
• Supervisory controls needed to realize full operating potential
– System-level energy optimization (electrical, thermal, loads)
– Unit commitment and dispatch
– Aggregation and system performance
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Generation Controls
Conventional & Non-conventional Generation Control
• Conventional generator: directly connected to the grid
• Non-conventional generation: connect through Power Electronics (PE)
Major Control Functions
• Volt/VAR Regulation
• Power/Freq Regulation
• Inertial Response
• Black-start Capability
• Isochronous/Droop Regulation
Advanced PE Controls
• Low/Zero Voltage Ride Through
- Ride through severe disturbances
- Support grid recovery
• High voltage ride through
• Virtual inertia
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Distributed Generation Transfer Trip Control
GE’s DG Trip Control offers fast & wireless transfer of trip signals and
enables the Distributed Generator to disconnect itself from the grid.
Example:
1.
Fault occurs on the distribution line.
2.
DGT Control sends a wireless trip signal from the substation to the DG site.
3.
The trip signal from the substation is received by a DGT Control at the DG site.
4.
The breaker at the DG site trips open and disconnects the DG from the Utility grid.
5.
The DGT Control at the DG site transmits breaker status info back to the Utility Substation
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Distributed Energy
Resources/Microgrids
Relieving Grid Congestion - DG/DR/DER
•DG/DR/DER
Distributed
Generation/Distributed Resources/ Distributed
Energy Resources - dispersed generations and
energy resources at the MV and LV level.
Examples include diesel genset, CHP, PV, Fuelcell, energy storage, and dispatchable loads.
•Microgrid
Microgrid is an architecture
for aggregating multiple DER assets and
managing them as a single entity like a
virtual power plant.
•A microgrid can connect to the power grid
operated by utility companies, or it can
exist in isolation. In the grid-connected
case, power may flow in either direction
between the the grid and the microgrid via
the Point of Common Coupling (POCC).
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Micro Grid Value Proposition
•Enable efficient integration
of traditional generators
with clean power
•Minimize energy cost via
optimized dispatch of
multiple DER
•Reduce operating cost by
reducing manual operations
and their complexities
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Microgrid Control System
• Microgrid Control System
• Microgrid Control System automates and optimizes the use of distributed
energy resources (DER) such as conventional generations, renewablebased generations, energy storages, and dispatchable loads.
• Optimization of a microgrid involves coordinating the timing and
selection of dispatchable DER with the non-dispatchable ones (such as
renewable resources) to minimize energy cost or emission cost.
Diesel
Renewables
Reduced
Optimization
Energy Costs
GHG Emissions
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Optimal Dispatch
•Microgrid controller determines a set
of dispatch decisions by applying the
cost objective against the constraints,
and the dynamic state of microgrid
such as the current output power
levels of generators, the input/output
power levels and the state-of-charge
of each energy storage unit, etc.
•The decisions are translated into
specific DER actions such as on/off
control and power reference setpoints. The optimization process is
performed periodically to follow the
evolving dynamics of the microgrid.
Constraints
System Status
Renewable
Forecasts
Load Forecasts
Cost
Optimization
Control
Generators &
Storages
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Microgrid Control System
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Bella Coola Microgrid Control System
Microgrid Features:
Bella Coola
• Centralized Supervisory control to
optimize the use of renewables and
minimize the use of diesel
• Wireless local area network
• Hydrogen based energy storage
system
• Capability to connect, monitor and
control the system remotely
• Interfaces to all Microgrid elements
Ah Sin Heek Diesel / Energy Storage Site
Local HMI
Microgrid Controller
Ethernet Switch
Remote Monitoring
Wireless
Radio
25 kV Distribution
modem
Bella Coola
2.1/1.5MW
Hydro Generator Interface
Storage
3.3 MW-hr
Diesel Genset Interface
Electrolyzer
300 kW
Clayton Falls 2.12 MW Hydro
Hagensborg
2.6/1.7 MW
6.2 MW Diesel
Fuel Cell
125 kW
Flow or
Conventional
Battery
125 kW / 400 kW-hr
Utility Service Vehicle
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Maui Project – Smart Grid
“Overarching DOE objective is to develop & demonstrate a
open architecture distribution automation solution that
aggregates DG, energy storage, & demand response
technologies in a distribution system to achieve both T&D
benefits.”
•DOE interest is on “reduction of distribution feeder peak demand by at
least 15%” using a diverse mix of DG, storage, renewable energy,
demand response
•Utility interest is to address the challenges of increased variability
caused by wind and solar power.
>Proposed in July, 2007 to the DOE Office of Electricity
>Funded at over $14M over three fiscal years
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Overview
Kahului Power Plant
2.7MW Oceanlinx TM
Wave Power
(proposed)
HC&S Sugar
13MW Steam
Kuihelani Sub
(potential site)
30MW Kaheawa
wind plant
Maalaea Power
Plant
New Kihei Sub
(potential site)
Hawaii Natural Energy Institute
US Department of Energy
State of Hawaii
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TOPICS
Develop a Smart Grid controls and communication architecture capable of
coordinating DG, energy storage and loads to:
• Reduce peak load by 15% relative to loading on the distribution circuit.
• Mitigate the impacts of short-timescale wind and solar variability on the grid
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MECO Power System
Unit
GE is working with MECO to
develop dynamic and
production cost models to
assess higher wind penetration
scenarios
Type
MW
K1
Oil Steam plant
5
K2
Oil Steam plant
5
K3
Oil Steam plant
11.5
K4
Oil Steam plant
12.5
X1, X2
EMD Diesel
2.5
M1 – M3
EMD Diesel
2.5
M4 – M7
Cooper Diesel
5.6
M8 – M9
Colt Diesel
5.6
M10 – M13 Diesel Mitsubishi
12.5
M14 – M16 2 x GE LM2500 CT + Steam plant
58
M17 – M19 2 x GE LM2500 CT + Steam plant
58
HC&S
Sugar Plant (Steam plant)
13
KWP
Wind Plant
30
40
Maui Project Schedule
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Utility Energy Storage
Storage – Transmission Deferral
• Delay capital upgrades or Demand Charges
• 2-3 hrs of storage
• Cost targets are ~$500/kW, +$100/kWh
• Trailer system could be viable in urban markets.
GoodNight Consulting sub-station photo
NGK July 2004 : Na-S Battery System for peak shaving 57MW h, 9.6MW, 6 hrs
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Utility Scale Storage Technology portfolio
•Mature
• Lead Acid
•Developing
Emerging
• Vanadium
Cerium Zinc
• Poly-Sulf-Bromide
• Ni-Cad
• Na-NiCl
• Sodium Sulfur
•
Flow Batteries
• Zinc-Bromide
•
• (Pumped Hydro) • (Compressed Air)
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Installed cost of storage
• Flow Battery Systems:
• + Excel for >1 hour of
storage
• + Good for daily cycle apps
•
(high cycle life, low maint)
• + Very scalable (kWh MWh)
• + Potential for new
chemistries
• - Lower cycle efficiency
than conventional storage
(pump and standby losses)
• - Less mature cost model
and manufacturing (range of
maturity for various
technologies & manfc’s)
Estimated Installed Cost for
100kW-MW class systems
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Impact of Policy
The Role of Generation Impacted by Policy
Cumulative Additions to US Generating
Capacity, 2008-2030, Three Scenarios
GW
400
400
338.1
300
300
GW
258.7
273.4
200
200
Renewables
represent over
30% under
LW110
Renewables
Nuclear
Oil / Natural Gas
Coal with CCS
Coal no CCS
100
100
00
Reference
No GHG Concern
LW 110
LW110-Lieberman and Warner (S. 2191) in the 110th Congress
GHG Legislation Magnifies the Need of SG
Source: Annual Energy Outlook 2009
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Demand Response Policy/Driving Energy Savings
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA). Demand Response provisions
ƒFERC shall report to Congress estimates for a nationwide demand response potential
in 5- and 10-year horizons, including state-by state data.
ƒFERC shall develop a National Action Plan identify: technical assistance needed by
states, requirements for a national communications program, & development/
identification of analytical tools, model contracts, and other “support materials” for use
by customers, utilities, and demand response providers.
Demand Management Actual Peak Load Reductions 2002 - 2007
MW
Demand-Side Management Program Energy Savings, 2002 –2007
(Thousands of MWh)
Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Power Industry Report."
Source: EIA
*A Methodology for Estimating Large-Customer Demand Response Market
Potential,LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY
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Demand Response Programs-ISOs/RTOs Lead
Wholesale Markets DR Programs Improve System Reliability
Summer 2006 demand response contributions and summer 2007 program enrollments
NERC-wide:
2007 DR increased to
21.9GW from 2006
(20.7GW)
July , August 2006:
Source: FERC 2007
Assessment of Demand
Response and Advanced
Metering
*Open Access Transmission
Tariff regulations in Order
No. 890
Estimates Indicate
wholesale markets
lowered system peaks
between 1.4 & 4.1 %
on peak days
FERC* now requires RTOs, ISOs to Incorporate
DR programs in their Planning process
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Smart Grid Learning Series … next week
Session 1: The Smart Grid and its Benefits
Session 2: The Smart Grid… The Consumer View
Session 3: The Smart Grid… The Distribution View
Session 4: The Smart Grid… The Transmission View
Session 5: The Smart Grid… The View from Rural America
50