August 2 0 0 2 Vo l . 1 N o . 2 & Reflecting the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning at the University of Saskatchewan In This Issue.... The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning The Sylvia Wallace Sessional Lecturer Teaching Excellence Award Dr. Len Gusthart is named 3M Fellow Graduate Student Development Days Fall Teaching Days Limits on Infinity: The Internet and Distance Learning TEL-ling It Like It Is: An Update on the TEL Program THE SCHOLARSHIP OF TEACHING AND LEARNING by Eileen Herteis, Programme Director The Gwenna Moss Teaching & Learning Centre What is the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning? A large number of University of Saskatchewan teachers are engaged in it; The Gwenna Moss Teaching and Learning Centre embraces it; and the University of Saskatchewan Mission Statement (1993) extols it: [W]e commit ourselves to . . . . practise scholarship in teaching so we can inspire in our students love of learning and critical thinking. The practice of scholarly teaching is not new, but it is just over a decade since the term became part of the lexicon. In 1990, Ernest Boyer, former President of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, wrote Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate. Seeking to overturn the dominant view that to be a scholar is to be a researcher, Boyer argued, “Faculty must assume a primary responsibility for giving scholarship a richer, more vital meaning.” Boyer’s paradigm posits four overlapping and interdependent scholarships: inquiry, integration, engagement (application), and teaching (xii). Teaching & Learning Discovery Scholarship Engagement Integration Figure 1. Ernest Boyer’s Vision of Scholarship The Scholarship of Teaching involves planning, assessing, and modifying one’s teaching and applying to it the same exacting standards of evaluation as those used in research. According to Boyer, the scholarship of teaching means “transforming and extending” knowledge, not merely transmitting it (24). Boyer’s work has resonated with countless scholars who are eager to raise the profile and value of teaching on their campuses. Gwenna Moss Teaching & Learning Centre 37 Murray Building • 966-2231 August 2002 Vol. 1 No. 2 Gwenna Moss Teaching & Learning Centre University of Saskatchewan Room 37 Murray Building 3 Campus Drive Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A4 Phone (306) 966-2231 Fax (306) 966-2242 e-mail : corinne.f@usask.ca Web site : www.usask.ca/tlc Bridges is distributed to every teacher at the University of Saskatchewan and to all the Instructional Development Offices in Canada, and some beyond. It is freely available on the world wide web through the TLC web site. Your contributions to Bridges will reach a wide local, national, and international audience. Please consider submitting an article or opinion piece to Bridges. Contact any one of the following people; we’d be delighted to hear from you! Ron Marken TLC Director Phone (306) 966-5532 Ron.Marken@usask.ca Eileen Herteis TLC Programme Director & Bridges Editor Phone (306) 966-2238 Fax (306) 966-2242 eileen.herteis@usask.ca Christine Anderson-Obach Programme Coordinator Phone (306) 966-1950 Christine.Anderson@usask.ca Corinne Fasthuber Assistant Phone (306) 966-2231 Fax (306) 966-2242 corinne.f@usask.ca ISSN 1703-1222 In recent years, Boyer’s Scholarship of Teaching will not be accepted by Teaching has been renamed the the professoriate as authentic Scholarship of Teaching and Learning scholarship until its advocates (SoTL), for as Mick Healey argues, offer alternative models of teaching and learning in higher teaching as complex, education are “inextricably linked, so problematic, intellectually the scholarship of teaching is as much challenging and creative work. about learning as it is David Baume (1996) about teaching” gives succinct and (2000:170). Healey practical guidance to goes on to say that if university teachers Paul Ramsden is right Our disciplines embarking on this new and the aim of teaching shape our scholarship. Ask yourself “is to make student scholarship, in the following questions: learning possible,” then terms of the the aim of scholarly types of reWhat are you doing? teaching should be to search and Why? Is it working? make the processes by inquiry, and How do you know? which we have achieved ways of reportWhat theories and that aim “transparent” ing and recordprinciples and values (170-171). ing that are underpin or spring acceptable to from your practice? But what exactly is this and warranted (5). scholarship? How can it by our peers. be defined, documented The Scholarship of and rewarded? Teaching and Learning Begins in Susan Wilcox from the Discipline Queen’s University has As Baume indicates, stated, and most scholars many teachers embark in the field and a great on SoTL to deal with a many university teachers, particular classroom issue: a new agree with her, that course, the search for innovative ways There is a growing interest in to teach an old course, the quest for a fostering the scholarship of solution to a dilemma or problem teaching through educational rooted in teaching their discipline. Our development programmes that disciplines shape our scholarship, in encourage faculty to take an terms of the types of research and intellectually engaging inquiry, and ways of reporting and approach . . . to the recording that are acceptable to and improvement of teaching and warranted by our peers. Such roots learning (98). increase the likelihood that peers from our discipline might adopt, adapt, or However, a swirl of meanings revolves extend our work. around this term, which remains according to some “elusive and Keith Trigwell and his colleagues at the intriguing” (Kreber, 1999) and Australian Scholarship in Teaching “evolving” (Healey, 2002). While Project posit that scholarship in teaching Healey argues that it may be unrealistic has five characteristics, (see page 3); to expect a “single definition to interestingly, the first one they cite is emerge,“ others, most notably Weimer that it should reflect discipline-specific (1997) and Cerbin (1993), suggest that values, concepts, and means of inquiry. university teaching is devalued by a number of assumptions and myths about Mick Healey, a UK National Teaching a lack of rigour and standards. Cerbin Fellow, has written extensively on the says: (continued on page 4) 2 SCHOLARSHIP DEFINED: SOME EXAMPLES FROM THE LITERATURE Indiana University http://www.indiana.edu/~sotl/overview.html The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL): 1. Is systematic research and research-based activity aimed at deepening and broadening the foundation of teaching practice 2. Can give rise to new forms of knowledge through new forms of research: forms that often focus on our own pedagogical practices or on the behaviours of our students 3. Must meet similar standards to those applied to traditional forms of scholarship in academic disciplines Some examples of scholarly activity supported by SoTL: • Reading and discussion of existing scholarship of teaching and learning • Applying scholarship to practice in courses and programs • Assessing learning outcomes and teaching effectiveness • Designing and conducting research in issues of teaching and learning • Publicizing and reviewing results of scholarly activities • Participation in campuswide and nationwide scholarship of teaching initiatives Standards for Scholarly Work “Their very obviousness suggests their applicability to a broad range of intellectual projects:” 1. Clear goals 2. Adequate preparation 3. Appropriate methods 4. Significant results 5. Effective presentation 6. Reflective critique Glassick, C.E., Huber, M.T., & Maerof, G.I. (1997) Scholarship assessed: Evaluation of the professoriate. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, p. 25. The Carnegie Academy for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning (CASTL) http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/CASTL/docs/castl.htm Launched in 1998, CASTL builds on the seminal work Scholarship Reconsidered, by former Carnegie Foundation President Ernest Boyer. CASTL supports the development of a Scholarship of Teaching and Learning that will 1. Foster significant, long-lasting learning for all students 2. Enhance the practice and professions of teaching 3. Bring to faculty members’ work as teachers the recognition and reward afforded to other forms of scholarly work in higher education. Australian Scholarship in Teaching Project Trigwell, K., et al. http://www.clt.uts.edu.au/Scholarship/What.is.Scholarly.Teaching.htm Scholarship in teaching has five characteristics: 1. Reflects the natures, values, fundamental concepts and modes of enquiry specific to the discipline. 2. Considers learning assessments and outcomes. 3. Inquires into the effectiveness of aims and research into teaching and learning. 4. Responds to the need for continuous improvement resulting from reflection and inquiry. 5. Communicates new questions and knowledge about teaching and learning. The Oregon State University “Litmus Test” for Scholarship Scholarship is undefined and poorly understood, often simplistically equated with research at too many universities. Scholarship is creative intellectual work that is validated by peers and communicated. Weiser, C.J. (November, 2001) Keynote Address: Symposium on What is a Teacher-Scholar? An intelligent act becomes scholarship when 1. It becomes public 2. It is critically reviewed and evaluated by one’s community 3. Members of one’s community begin to use, build upon, and develop these acts of mind and creation. Shulman, L. (1999) Taking learning seriously. Change. Vol. 31, No 4. 3 ....if putting one’s research findings into the public realm is a primary goal of scholarship, then teaching is a much better way of achieving that. scholarship of teaching. Healey, like many, sees that the strength of SoTL lies in its roots within the disciplines, and that teachers should be encouraged “to undertake research into their teaching and the ways in which their students learn (2000:180)” and to “apply the same kinds of thought processes to their teaching as they do their research” (183). with the literature in their own disciplines, and then branch out into the broader field choosing such material as the National Teaching and Learning Forum, Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, The Teaching Professor. They will attend instructional development workshops. After trying out some of the solutions or ideas they have discovered in their research, they will test whether they have been successful by doing some formative evaluation with their students, adjusting their approach, asking a peer to come into their class to review their changes, and so on. (See Figure 2, below). For many of these teachers, the process will end there with improved teaching, better student learning, and positive solutions all round. In this example, scholarly teaching is informed, reflective, continuously developing. Its product is improved teaching and student learning outcomes: If more university teachers reflected on, evaluated and researched their practices, more scholarly teaching should result and, more significantly, the quality of learning of our students should be enhanced (Healey, 2002). Hutchings and Shulman give a succinct description of the three characteristics of the scholarship of teaching: being public (“community property”), open to critique and evaluation, and in a form that others can build on (11). But does the scholarship have to be published in a peer-reviewed journal? Probably not. Carolin Kreber from the University of Alberta has done extensive research into the scholarship of teaching. Like many others, she argues for peer-review, but she does not suggest that the scholarship must be published, just made public: Both scholarly teaching and practicing the scholarship of teaching involve being cognizant of the existing research-based or theory-based knowledge about teaching and using this knowledge to explain practice, as well as sharing one’s insights in the form of the wisdom of practice in a way that can be peer-reviewed (2001:102). Aside from publication, there are many other ways of subjecting one’s scholarly However, as Lee Shulman, President of work to public review: conference the Carnegie Foundation for the sessions, workshops, performance, and Advancement for Teaching, points out, many more. On-line publication of teachers in higher education are allied scholarly material is becoming more Other teachers will go further, however, to two professions: their specific and more prevalent (See, for example, and share the results of their research discipline and their broader role as David Fox’s article in the Spring, 2002 and classroom practice with their educators; as a result, there is both an issue of Bridges, also available in the colleagues in more formal ways. They individual and communal imperative for What is a Teacher-Scholar Symposium will talk to their teaching committees, a scholarship of teaching (2000: 50). send a description of their activities to a Proceedings.) In these cases, it is the To thrive, therefore, practitioners of the listserv or post it on a web site, present process, not just the product, that is the SoTL must go beyond their “disciplinary a session in their department or college, yardstick of scholarship: the reflection, dialect” and develop a common give a conference presentation on it, or the preparation, the critique, and value placed on the creative or intellectual vocabulary and methodology that write a paper for publication. This work by one’s peers or intended transcends disciplinary boundaries, cuts latter case more closely meets the audience. (See for example the across fields. As Mary Huber said in criteria for scholarship outlined in definitions of scholarship from Glassick her keynote address at a 2002 numerous sources including the et al, 1997 and Shulman, 1999.) Conference on SoTL: “We must make University of Saskatchewan Standards Shulman points out in a later article: deft use of our own disciplinary styles for Promotion and Tenure: and take the resulting scholarship of We are expected to share our Research and scholarly work is teaching and learning into common knowledge by making it public, creative, intellectual work trading zones.” whether via publication, which is in the public realm correspondence, presentations, or How do you DO the Scholarship and which has been subjected pedagogy. The new technologies of Teaching and Learning? to external peer review. make such exchange even more Practitioners of SoTL will read the For other definitions of scholarship, see widely possible than pedagogical literature, likely starting before.(2000: 49-50). page 3. 4 Richlin presents a process that begins with a teaching issue or problem, the search for a theoretical and practical solution, and review by students and peers. This process has two possible fulfillments. The first is improved practice (scholarly teaching). What Richlin calls “the scholarship part of the process” is contingent upon the findings being “submitted to an appropriate journal or conference venue” (61). better way of achieving that. Some research may make an impact, she argues, but most does not (5-6). Australian Andrew Page (1998) agrees: If more university teachers reflected on, evaluated and researched their practices, more scholarly teaching should result and, more significantly, the quality of learning of our students should be enhanced Teaching is a fundamentally important activity that scholars undertake. Without teaching, future scholarship would wither and die. So while most teachers may embark on the scholarship of teaching and learning to effect improvements in their own classrooms, many will succeed in having an effect beyond their local setting “by adding knowledge to—and even beyond—their disciplinary field” (Cambridge, 1999). (Healey, 2002). Interestingly, several scholars, notably Cynthia Fukami (1997), herself a Carnegie Scholar, have pointed out that, if putting one’s research findings into the public realm is a primary goal of scholarship, then teaching is a much Figure 2 adapted Richlin’s model for another paper that went on to suggest that the distinction was not so much about the difference between scholarly teaching and the scholarship of teaching, but between the process and the product of scholarship. In other words, the outer ring is the process and the inner is the product, and scholarship is as much about the mesh of the net as it is about the haul (Herteis, 2002 b). There is some debate in the literature over the distinction among excellent teaching, scholarly teaching, and the scholarship of teaching. Foremost among those who distinguish between scholarly teaching and the scholarship of teaching is Laurie Richlin. Most researchers agree, however, that not all excellent teachers are scholarly teachers (see for example Kreber, 2001; Weimer, 1997; Healey, 2000). SCHOLARLY VS. SCHOLARSHIP Others’ solutions? Ô Select best method Justify choice START Teaching problem or issue Scholarship = Peer-reviewed publication or presentation Ô Observe results Record results Ô SCHOLARLY Method becomes part of repertoire More Feedback Formative critique or peer feedback Adjust if necessary 5 Figure 2: Scholarly Teaching and the Scholarship of Teaching, Adapted from Richlin, 2001. Hutchings and Shulman express the distinction correctly when they say that the scholarship of teaching and learning is not just excellent teaching, “a responsibility that all teachers share,” but rather a situation in which faculty pose and “systematically investigate” questions related to teaching improvement and student learning (11). Perhaps a serious obstacle in the dissemination of SoTL is that its foundation is often a teaching problem or issue. On most campuses, a research problem is seen as an opportunity, a chance for discovery from which understanding, creativity and productivity can emerge. Why, then, is a teaching problem seen as a weakness—something pathological? As Randy Bass of Georgetown University (1999) says, a ‘problem’ is something that you don’t want to have in teaching and that the SoTL is precisely about “changing the status of the problem in teaching from terminal remediation to on-going investigation.” A word of caution here about the motivation for embarking on the scholarship of teaching, one echoed by Bill Cerbin, (quoted in Hutchings, 2001). He warns against the scholarship of teaching becoming “one more hurdle or task” that must be completed for promotion or tenure. For Cerbin, the incentive is clear— undertake the scholarship of teaching because you are personally committed to teaching and learning: “There’s an important message here about passions and pursuing ideas that really matter to you” (2). Supporting Scholarship at the University of Saskatchewan It takes a supportive climate for any garden to grow. Administration’s role in fostering a culture of scholarship around teaching and learning doesn’t involve taking on the gardening job directly—administration’s role is climate control (Thompson, 2001). “There’s an important message here about passions and pursuing ideas that really matter to you.” (Cerbin, 2001) What is the climate at the University of Saskatchewan? Is it supportive in the way that Barbara Cambridge, Director of AAHE’s teaching initiatives project suggests in a 1999 article for the American Association for Higher Education? Who does the scholarship of teaching and learning? Not everyone. Who can support the scholarship of teaching and learning? Everyone. Perhaps the prevailing climate at the university is one of confusion, given the apparent contradiction in a number of our University documents when it comes In adopting this teacher-scholar model, the University of Saskatchewan may seem out of step, not only with the work of Boyer, but with the current trends in the United States and UK. to defining and recognizing “scholarship.” On the one hand, both our University Mission Statement (approved 1993) and Objectives (approved 1994) embrace Boyer’s four scholarships: The University’s mission of excellence in four interdependent scholarly activities requires the academy to equitably evaluate the four scholarships. Given the central role of teaching in the University, and the interdependence of the scholarships, teaching excellence must be emphasized and rewarded throughout the academy (Objectives, A2). And while we have already seen that our Mission Statement places teaching first in the scholarly activities to which the university is committed, our latest Standards for Promotion and Tenure (2002) create a conundrum: At the University of Saskatchewan, we have affirmed that the “teacherscholar” will be our adopted model for faculty development. This model builds on the principle that universities acquire their distinctive character through their capacity to unite scholarship with teaching (italics are mine). The implication here is clear: Research and scholarship are synonymous and have primacy; teaching is valued only to the extent to which it is united with them. Is teaching no longer considered scholarship? Our Framework for Planning report (1998) adds to the confusion by asserting that the university’s “commitment to research and scholarship needs to be intensified” and by totally removing teaching from the university’s definition of scholarship: Scholarship involves the 6 What are we doing as a university to recognize and reward the richness of scholarship, in all its forms, that is being performed by University of Saskatchewan teachers? discovery of new knowledge, its integration and synthesis, and its application to new or persistent problems. Teaching requires not just the effective communication of this knowledge, but the creation of a capacity for criticism and selfexamination. This vision of the teacher-scholar, a seemingly ungainly hybrid, was debated at the November 2002 Symposium, What is a Teacher-Scholar? In his presentation, now part of the Symposium Proceedings, Dr. Howard Woodhouse of the University’s College of Education sums up many of the participants’ dissatisfaction with the model and how it is defined: Active learning and critical thought are unlikely to occur where faculty simply transmit the abstractions of their research agendas without taking into account the concrete experiences of their students. in this article. But we must also take note of other recent research conducted in the US. The Kellogg Commission in the United States was created in 1996 by the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges (NASULGC) to help define the future direction of public universities and to recommend an agenda to speed up the process of change. The Kellogg Commission recognized the delicate balance between research, teaching and accountability, but among its conclusions is one that implicitly endorses the SoTL: Put learning first Despite the vast scope and scale of our enterprises, learning remains the reason we exist. . . If public universities are to prosper in the future, they must become great student universities as well as great centres of research, focusing on their most basic mission and the compact which it embodies between institutions on the one hand and taxpayers, parents, students, and public officials on the other (41). In the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England awards 20 National Teaching Fellowships every year. Each Fellowship, worth £50,000, recognizes outstanding teachers and promoters of student learning. The Fellowship Scheme was established to “raise the status of learning and teaching in higher education” and to “form a community” of scholars whose collective impact will benefit student learning outcomes and teaching and learning in general. (http://ntfs.ilt.ac.uk). In a recent interview in Bridges, Dr. Michael Atkinson, Vice-President Academic and Provost, said that while In adopting this teacher-scholar model, many people at the U of S are doing a the University of Saskatchewan may seem out of step, not only with the work very good job at teaching “they are not involved in the scholarship of of Boyer, but with the current trends in teaching” (4). From my experience at the United States and UK. The work of the TLC, and from data the Centre has the Carnegie Academy for the been gathering for the past year, I Scholarship of Teaching and Learning has already been referred to extensively confidently suggest that many more 7 than he credits here are indeed deeply involved in it; they are just not using the term.1 Dr. Atkinson went on to suggest that some of the criteria for the scholarship of teaching would be “pedagogical consciousness: Are you reflective? Are you contributing to the teaching quality of others?” These are undoubtedly important questions to ask, but there are many more. Given the wide range of work that has been described in this article and which flourishes under what Mary Huber calls this “broad canopy” of scholarship, perhaps the question teachers at the University of Saskatchewan should be asking isn’t “What is the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning?” but rather “Why have I neglected to acknowledge and declare that my own teaching is scholarly work?” The essential corollary question, for the institution becomes: “What are we doing as a university to recognize and reward the richness of scholarship, in all its forms, that is being performed by University of Saskatchewan teachers?” The current confusion over the place of the scholarship of teaching and learning at the University of Saskatchewan should be seen as an opportunity to ask more questions and to reassert the values of the institution, remembering that (to paraphrase Ebenezer Scrooge) “Education is our business.” Not only can we clarify definitions, set priorities—personal, departmental, institutional—but also we have a chance not to be left behind in the growing international movement that is recognizing the scholarship of teaching and learning. As Maryellen Weimer says: A fundamental challenge faces all of us committed to instructional excellence—letting our thinking, discourse, and practice reflect the intrinsic value of teaching (58). Endnote 1 For example, since that interview with Dr. Atkinson, we have learned from TLC participation statistics, that during the past academic year, 240 people from the College of Arts & Science alone attended TLC events; 18 presented a variety of workshops or sessions; 5 wrote articles for the TLC newsletter; and 12 requested consultations with TLC staff to enhance their teaching. Three departments in the college asked for special instructional development sessions. The college had two nominations for the Master Teacher Award and four for the Sylvia Wallace Sessional Lecturer Award. References Bass. R. (1999). The scholarship of teaching: What’s the problem? Inventio,(online journal). 1(1). http:// www.doiiit.gmu/edu/archives/feb98/ randybass_1A.html Baume, D. (1996). Editorial. The International Journal for Academic Development. 1(1). Healey, M. (2002 forthcoming) The scholarship of teaching: Issues around an evolving concept Journal on Excellence in College Teaching. Herteis, E. (ed). (2002 a). An interview with Michael Atkinson. Teaching & Learning Bridges 1(1). Herteis, E. (2002 forthcoming b). Documenting scholarship: How to cope when the subversive becomes mainstream. Proceedings of the Second Annual UK Conference on the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. London. Huber, M.T. (2002) Keynote Address. Second Annual UK Conference on the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. London. Hutchings, P. (ed.). (2001). Opening lines: Approaches to the scholarship of teaching and learning. Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Hutchings, P. & Shulman, L. (1999). The scholarship of teaching: New elaborations, new developments. Change. 31(5), 10-15. Boyer, E. (1990). Scholarship reconsidered: Priorities of the professoriate. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching: Princeton University Press. Kellogg Commission on the Future of State & Land-Grant Universities. (2001). Returning to our roots: Executive summaries of the reports of the Kellogg Commission. Washington, DC http://www.nasulgc.org/ kellogg/kellogg.htm Cambridge, B. (1999). The scholarship of teaching and learning: Questions and answers from the field. AAHE Bulletin. www.aahe.org/dec99f2.htm Kreber, C. (1999). A course-based approach to the development of teachingscholarship: A case study. Teaching in Higher Education. 4 (3), 309-325. Cerbin, W. (1993). Fostering a culture of teaching as scholarship. Teaching Professor, 7 (3),1-2. Kreber, C. (2001) Observations, reflections, and speculations: What have we learned about the scholarship of teaching and where might it lead. In Kreber, C. (ed.), Scholarship revisited: Perspectives on the scholarship of teaching. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, no.86. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass. Fukami, C.V. (1997). Struggling with balance. In Andre, R & Frost, P.J. (eds) Researchers Hooked on Teaching. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Glassick, C.E., Huber, M.T., & Maerof, G.I. (1997). Scholarship assessed: Evaluation of the professoriate. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. Healey, M. (2000). Developing the scholarship of teaching in higher education: A discipline-based approach. Higher Education Research & Development. 19 (2),169-189. Page, A. (1998). Letter to the editor. Issues of teaching and learning at University of Western Australia. 4 (2).www.acs.uwa.edu.au/csd/newsletter/ Issue0298 Richlin, L. (2001). Scholarly teaching and the scholarship of teaching. In Kreber, C. (ed.), Scholarship revisited: Perspectives on the scholarship of teaching. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, no.86. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass. 8 Shulman, L. (1999). Taking learning seriously. Change. 31(4). Shulman, L. (2000) From Minsk to Pinsk: Why a scholarship of teaching and learning? Journal of Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. 1 (1), 48-53. Thompson, S. (2001). Lessons learned in implementing the scholarship of teaching and learning. National Teaching and Learning Forum. 10(5). http:// www.ntlf.com/restricted/v10n5/ Trigwell, K. et al. (no date). What is scholarly teaching? Australian Scholarship in Teaching Project http:// www.clt.uts.edu.au/Scholarship/ What.is.Scholarly.Teaching.htm University of Saskatchewan. Mission Statement. Approved by the Board of Governors, 1993. University of Saskatchewan. Objectives. Approved by University Council, 1994 University of Saskatchewan. A Framework for Planning. Approved by University Council, 1998. University of Saskatchewan. Standards for Promotion and Tenure. Approved by the University Review Committee, 2002. Weiser, C.J. (2001). Keynote Address. Symposium on What Is A Teacher-Scholar? Saskatoon. Weimer, M. (1997). Assumptions that devalue university teaching. The International Journal for Academic Development. 2 (1), 52-60. Wilcox, S. (1998). The role of the educational developer in the improvement of university teaching. The Canadian Journal of Higher Education. 28 (1), 77-104. Woodhouse, H. (2002).The false promise of the teacher-scholar model. What is a Teacher- Scholar?: Symposium Proceedings. University of Saskatchewan. TEL-LING IT LIKE IT IS: AN UPDATE ON THE TEL PROGRAM From the Office of Rick Bunt, Associate Vice-President, Information and Communications Technology For the past five years, the Department of Learning (formerly PSEST – Post Secondary Education and Skills Training) and the institutions making up Saskatchewan’s post-secondary sector have been working together to develop a provincial strategy for technologyenhanced learning. Six strategic priorities for collaborative action were identified in the TEL Action Plan: The Department of Learning has announced that TEL funding for 2002/03 will again be $4.15M. Approximately $2.6M has been allocated for content development, of which the U of S portion is $885k. In addition to the basic priorities identified in the TEL Action Plan, the University of Saskatchewan has identified areas for special attention in content development. These include, but are not limited to: received funding to provide web programming and other media services; and The Gwenna Moss Teaching and Learning Centre and IT Services, to provide training in the new technologies to faculty and staff. With the same funding available to us this year, we can look forward to many exciting new projects. This year’s activities began on July 19 with a call for Letters of Intent for new projects in content development. From • Courses in areas of specialization in these, a number will be selected to which the institution has committed to submit full project applications. Last developing and/or sustaining excelyear’s response was overwhelming – lence at the national/international level. proposals were submitted for 92 These include: projects representing 12 colleges. We - Aboriginal studies, anticipate a similar response this year. agriculture, biotechnology, information technology, life Letters of Intent must be received in the sciences, rural and northern Office of the AVP ICT by September 16, development, structural and the deadline for invited applicasciences tions is November 15. The Call for The TEL program kicked into high gear - Bio-molecular structures, Letters of Intent can be obtained from last year, and considerable progress culture and diversity, environthe U of S TEL website or by contacting has been made – both in the level of mental sciences, indigenous Sheena Rowan, our TEL Project Coordiengagement of the respective communipeoples and justice, materials nator. Calls for projects in the other ties and in delivered products. Over the science, northern ecosystems areas, faculty support and learner next five years, the Province expects to and toxicology, synchrotron services, will follow at a later date. invest in three major areas: developing science, technology and course content for delivery in alternative change The TEL Coordinating Committee formats, enhancing the capability of • Courses in professional programs (TELCC) continues to play an important faculty and staff to work with the new - Commerce, engineering, role in overseeing our TEL activities at technologies, and supporting the health sciences (dentistry, the U of S. The TELCC establishes learners. In 2001/02 a total of medicine, nursing, nutrition, criteria to evaluate proposals, and $4.15M was provided in the TEL pharmacy), law, veterinary policies, processes and guidelines for budget (up from $1.5M in 2000/01) medicine TEL projects and recommends which to support projects in these areas at the • Interdisciplinary programming projects should go forward. The list of participating institutions. $2.3M was TELCC members is also available on available for content development (of At the U of S, 27 content development our website. which $800k went to the U of S) and projects were funded last year. These $1.6M was available for faculty For more information, contact Sheena are listed on the U of S TEL website, development and learner support (of Rowan, TEL Project Coordinator for the http://www.usask.ca/vpacademic/tel. which $330k went to the U of S). This U of S, at 966-8408 or The Extension Division received funding level of funding is expected to continue sheena.rowan@usask.ca, or visit the TEL to provide instructional design services on an annual basis until 2005, with the web site: http://www.usask.ca/ to the course developers. The Divisions goal of expanding provincial postvpacademic/tel of IT Services and Media & Technology secondary on-line offerings to more than 300 courses. • A Saskatchewan Virtual Campus – Campus Saskatchewan • A network of technology enhanced learning services • First Nations and Métis partnerships. • Inter-provincial, national and international initiatives. • Inter-institutional faculty development. • A technology-enhanced learning consortium to coordinate the TEL Action Plan. 9 THE SYLVIA WALLACE SESSIONAL LECTURER TEACHING EXCELLENCE AWARD This annual award acknowledges the invaluable contribution of sessional lecturers to the University of Saskatchewan. The award recognizes that sessional lecturers are committed, exceptionally competent teachers, without whose skills and expertise the university could not fulfill its mission “to offer a rich array of challenging academic programmes.” Eligibility: Candidates for the award must have taught as sessional lecturers at the university for at least two semesters (including the term of nomination). Criteria: Candidates will demonstrate their effectiveness in undergraduate teaching (in lectures, labs, studios, or discussion); their command of the discipline; their skills in organizing and developing class material; their capacity to motivate and inspire students. Nominations: Nomination forms will be distributed to departments by the end of September. Students, peers, department chairs, or deans may nominate candidates. Deadline: November 15th, 2002. Award: The winner will receive a certificate, a $1000 prize, and paid registration to the annual Society for Teaching & Learning in Higher Education Conference, to be held in Vancouver in June, 2003. This award honours the memory of Dr. Sylvia Wallace, College of Pharmacy & Nutrition. Dr. Wallace was Associate Vice President (Academic) at the University and received the University’s Master Teacher Award. For more information about the award, please contact Dr. Ron Marken, Director, The Gwenna Moss Teaching & Learning Centre, Room 37, Murray Library Building 966-223; or visit the TLC web site: (www.usask.ca/tlc/ teaching_awards.html). DR. LEN GUSTHART IS NAMED 3M FELLOW. Len Gusthart from the College of Kinesiology has received the prestigious 3M Fellowship, a national award that honours teaching excellence and educational leadership. Len received his award on June 13th at the annual conference of the Society for Teaching and Learning in Higher Education (STLHE) at McMaster University. A previous winner of both the USSU Teaching Excellence Award and the Master Teacher Award, Len was praised as a “well respected mentor, administrator, leader, innovator, and advocate” who “exemplifies the best qualities of an educator.” A frequent participant and presenter at Teaching & Learning Centre events, Len has been a Peer Consultant for many years, volunteering to work with colleagues to improve teaching and learning on campus. Len has published extensively on the scholarship of teaching and learning; his paper Improving One’s Teaching: What do the experts (students and teachers) tell us? appears in the Proceedings of the Teacher-Scholar Symposium. Congratulations, Len! For more information about the 3M award, visit the STLHE web site: http://www.tss.uoguelph.ca/stlhe/3M.html 10 BRIDGING THE GAPS The Gwenna Moss Teaching & Learning Centre web site <www.usask.ca/tlc> Access three journals:The National Teaching & Learning Forum (NTLF), The Journal on Excellence in College Teaching (JECT), and The Successful Professor. Look for these articles from recent issues at www.usask.ca/tlc/ resources.html “exam fairness” for most important in the other group). “Course difficulty” was of least importance in all four student groups. James Rhem’s article, Of Diagrams and Models [NTLF, 11 (4), May 2002] describes a new taxonomy of learning developed by Lee Shulman, President of the Carnegie Academy for the Advancement of Teaching. Shulman’s taxonomy has six parts: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Engagement Understanding Performance Reflection Design and Judgment Commitment However, Shulman cautions, “The design of taxonomies feeds the myth that the world is a linear, rational place.” Most of us would agree that it isn’t. An article co-authored by Len Gusthart, 3M Fellow and Professor in the U of S College of Kinesiology, appears in JECT, 11(1). The Impact of Individual Instructional Characteristics on the Global Assessment of Teaching Effectiveness Across Different Instructional Contexts (79-95) describes research conducted by Len and three American colleagues. Using four student groups, the authors studied how students weight various teaching factors when making overall evaluations of educational quality. “Amount learned” was considered the most important factor in three groups (it was tied with What is A Teacher-Scholar? Symposium Proceedings The November, 2001, symposium What Is a Teacher-Scholar? attracted over 100 participants. Keynote presenter Dr. C.J. (Bud) Weiser talked about his experience at Oregon State University, where he spearheaded an initiative to redefine the term “scholarship,” simplistically equated with research at too many universities, he explained. These proceedings contain 18 papers from the 16 concurrent sessions, including: Teacher-Scholar: Personal Dimensions of the Academic Life. Denise Larsen, Education, University of Saskatchewan Thanks, Nancy! Nancy Poon, a sessional lecturer from the Department of Sociology, suggested the name “Bridges” for the TLC newsletter. We chose it for its relevance to Saskatoon and for its rich nuances of connection, building, and communicating. The first issue received many compliments, and we thank Nancy for her suggestion. Signed versus Unsigned Evaluations of Teaching – An example of how research informs teaching and how teaching informs research. James McNinch, University of Regina & Christopher Fries, University of Calgary Research and Teaching in the Context of Mentorship: How Does the Student Factor into the Scheme? Lyn Lamers, Music, University of Saskatchewan “Betweenness” as Characteristic of the Teacher-Scholar: Interdisciplinarity, Internationalization, and the ResearchTeaching-Extension Intersection. Brett Fairbairn, History, University of Saskatchewan Our thanks go to Christine Anderson Obach, the TLC’s Programme Coordinator, for her tireless work in compiling these Proceedings. Copies of the publication are available to purchase through the University of Saskatchewan Bookstore. Price $12.00 Canadian. Shipping and Handling not included. For information on how to order, please see our website at www.usask.ca/tlc. 11 LIMITS ON INFINITY: THE INTERNET AND DISTANCE LEARNING Observing this interaction, Dreyfus comments that “it may mean that distance teaching not only may produce poorer learning opportunities, but it may produce poorer teachers” (58). by Joel Deshaye The Internet is often touted as the technology that will revolutionize most aspects of our lives: communication, transportation, business, the arts, and teaching and learning. The Internet’s web of possibilities is now being used, more and more, to deliver university courses to students who can’t or don’t want to attend class. The Internet is now a necessary fixture on most campuses. It fulfills at least two needs of scholarship: first, the presence of many collected sources of information; second, a forum for discussing that information and new ideas. And the needs of teaching? Is teaching simply a process of blending the two aforementioned needs of scholarship? Perhaps, but not if we mean teaching well. Despite the Net’s credentials as a theoretically infinite library and hub of communications media, it is not the perfect match for higher education. The best technologies match their tasks very well, both conceptually and practically. For instance, using slide presentation software in combination with a projector might be a suitable response to a need for showing one’s students many images in quick sequence. Similarly, using hypertext links to show a poem’s many allusions might be very appropriate. Joel Deshaye is a website designer and instructional technology consultant at The Gwenna Moss Teaching & Learning Centre. He is also a sessional lecturer in the English Department. The Internet supplies both the good and bad of this information, and it falters when used to replace classroom teaching. According to Berkeley’s Professor Hubert L. Dreyfus in his book, On the Internet (2001), “[d]istanceapprenticeship is an oxymoron” (69). When a university’s faculty intends to foster graduate-level programs and the undergraduate students who will enrol in them, apprenticeship can’t be virtual. Dreyfus argues that correspondence courses and their online equivalents can produce competency in students, but not expertise. The missing element in distance learning, he claims, is risk (589, 91). Online, students don’t feel as committed as they might in a room full of keen learners. High-level learning But how does the Internet respond to the occurs in a kind of swordplay of ideas, tradition of students going to class to where initiating a constructive criticism learn from an expert, who might or venturing a rebuttal in the debate is become a mentor and a teacher of a proposition full of consequence. Agile high-level critical thinking in addition to and intelligent dialogue is the result of being a disseminator of information? interplay that both students and Generally, students willingly accept a teachers take seriously. When both hierarchy of knowledge as embodied in parties feel involved as partners in the the professor; in return, they learn from process of learning, they commit him or her how to find and recognize themselves to mutual evaluation; hence, relevance in a world of information that the learning improves. is often unreliable and unorganized. 12 In addition to posing the problem of separation between students and teachers, it seems that, for all its advantages, the Net is not an ideal library, either. Dreyfus notes that most Internet search robots no longer search for coded content keywords in web pages because spammers have flooded their irrelevant pages with keywords that attract the robots (95). As a result, instead of matching content directly with a user’s request for information, the matching is indirect and probabilistic (14). There are no categorical hierarchies unless humans organize directories (and impose a pyramid structure on the Web, which is acclaimed for its flatness). Otherwise, robots sort the pages based on popularity statistics and content, but this process usually yields only 20-30% of the relevant information, according to a study of Internet search success rates (25). Confronted with billions of possibilities even after computerized sorting, a user needs a human guide to discriminate between the relevant and the irrelevant. These human guides are teachers. At the university level, where teaching is not simply information transfer, people in classrooms will continue to make the biggest strides in higher thinking and education. Teaching well will be their priority. References Dreyfus, Hubert L. (2001). On the Internet. London: Routledge. GRADUATE STUDENT DEVELOPMENT DAYS CONFERENCE ANNOUNCEMENT What are these “Days”? Graduate Student Development Days are new halfday sessions for novice graduate student teachers at the University of Saskatchewan. They are designed to provide graduate students with pedagogical knowledge, skills, and the confidence to promote student learning. Graduate Student Development Days are offered jointly through the Graduate Students’ Association (GSA) and The Gwenna Moss Teaching & Learning Centre, with the full support of the College of Graduate Studies & Research. Development Days are open to graduate students from any department at the University of Saskatchewan. (Participation is mandatory for those enrolled in the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning Certification Programme. Please visit our website for more information regarding the Certification Programme: http://www.usask.ca/tlc/ grad_scholar_tl_cert.html) The following is a tentative schedule and list of topics for Graduate Student Development Days, beginning in Fall, 2002. During each session, participants will have the opportunity to discuss and reflect upon their teaching experiences with other graduate students from different disciplines, and will be given practical teaching advice on various topics by an expert or award-winning guest instructor from the University of Saskatchewan teaching community. Sessions: October 8, 2002 9 - noon Teaching Techniques (to be split into labs / discussions) November 4, 2002 1 - 4 PM Who Are Your Students? Diversity In The Classroom December 4, 2002 4 - 7 PM Designing Your Own Course & Preparing for Your First Class Eileen Herteis, The Gwenna Moss Teaching & Learning Centre January 13, 2003 9 - noon Becoming A Professional - How to Survive In Academia February 13, 2003 4 - 7 PM Teaching With Technology March 4, 2003 1 - 4 PM Academic Issues - Integrity, Ethics, Dishonesty Procedures There is no registration fee for the programme; however, registration is required. For further registration information, please contact Corinne Fasthuber, corinne.f@usask.ca, or phone 966-2231. If you have any suggestions for topics you’d like to see included in a Graduate Student Development Day session, please contact Rob Angove (grad.peer2@usask.ca), Joel Deshaye (joel.deshaye@usask.ca),Tereigh EwertBauer (tereigh_ble@hotmail.com), or Kim West (kim.west@usask.ca). 13 BEST PRACTICES IN GRADUATE SUPERVISION Friday & Saturday October 4-5, 2002 University of Saskatchewan The College of Graduate Studies and The Gwenna Moss Teaching & Learning Centre present ‘Best Practices in Graduate Supervision’, a conference for graduate faculty and graduate students. The conference will include plenary presentations, student-led sessions, sharing best practices, and trouble-shooting common scenarios. There will also be a wine and cheese reception on Friday evening. Guest speakers: DR. LYNN TAYLOR UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA DR. DEAN KRIELLAARS UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA Sponsored by the Research Committee of Council and VicePresident (Research), the event is provided free of charge to participants. For further information, check the College of Graduate Studies and Research website: http://www.usask.ca/ cgsr/, or contact The Gwenna Moss Teaching & Learning Centre at 966-2231. FALL TEACHING DAYS The Teaching Portfolio: Documenting the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning Eileen Herteis, Teaching & Learning Centre Friday, September 13, 1:30-4 pm one! Given the realities of increasing enrollments and dwindling resources, however, teachers must look beyond the obstacles to find ways of engaging students in large classes. This session will concentrate on solutions, not problems. One Step Ahead of the Palm Pilots: Creating a Culture of Academic Honesty at the University of Saskatchewan Gordon Barnhart, University Secretary; Joan Bobyn, Pharmacy & Nutrition (Former GSA President); & Susan McDonald, English • why you should compile a portfolio to Friday, September 27, 1:30-4pm document your scholarship in teaching The teaching portfolio has become an increasingly important tool for teachers who want to record their teaching activities and accomplishments. As well as discussing the components of a portfolio, this practical workshop will provide you with information on • what information you should include in your portfolio Canadian universities are grappling with academic integrity: plagiarism, cheating, and other forms of dishonesty. • how you should organize and present Advances in technology have increased your portfolio the choices for those who want to cheat or plagiarize; now many university Whether for enrichment of their teachers and administrators are turning teaching or for career development, to that same technology to detect new and more experienced teachers dishonesty, using software such as alike are seeing the benefits of the turnitin.com or search engines like portfolio as a means of reflecting on Google. But academic integrity is more their teaching practice and supporting than just catching cheaters. It is about their applications for promotion or creating an ethos or culture of trust, tenure. responsibility, and honesty NB. This session is for faculty and sessional lecturers only. A session designed especially for Teaching Assistants will be offered in January, 2003. The More the Merrier? Teaching Large Classes Eileen Herteis, Teaching & Learning Centre Thursday, September 19, 4-6 pm Allan J. Gedalof (1998) says that there’s nothing you can do in a large class that you can’t do better in smaller This special session will investigate current practices at the University of Saskatchewan and look forward to the kind of campus culture we want to create. This session will also look at academic honesty from the perspective of the student and the teacher. “Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience.” (Kolb, 1984). 14 Simon & Garfunkel Meet Shakespeare: The Sounds and Silences of Classroom Discussion Eileen Herteis, Teaching & Learning Centre Thursday, October 3, 1:30-4 pm What forces help or hinder classroom discussion? In this session, you will: • Establish ground rules for discussion in your classrooms, rules that recognize the dual and mutual responsibilities of students and teacher. • Identify and try to solve some of the impediments to discussion • Examine your own teaching behaviours that encourage or stifle discussion • Clarify your comfort level with permitting silence Experiential Education: Fostering the Connection between Learning and Personal Experience Dr. Angie Wong, Extension Division Thursday, October 31, 1:30 - 4:30 pm “Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience.” (Kolb, 1984). This workshop will begin with an introduction to the historical and contemporary influences on experiential education. The assumptions about learning from experience will be discussed. Participant interaction will focus on tools and strategies to enhance the quality of reflective thought among learners and the assessment methods that are congruent with experiential education. Academic Integrity: Preventing, Detecting and Addressing Plagiarism Alec Couros, Coordinator, Instructional Technology, U of R James McNinch, Director, Teaching Development Centre, U of R Friday, November 1, 1:30-4 pm • What are the fundamental values to which a culture of academic integrity is committed? • What factors—internal, external, and even cultural—lead to students to plagiarize? • How can we educate students and design assignments to ensure that our culture of integrity is more about prevention that detection? This interactive workshop includes a variety of approaches and resources, especially Duke University’s excellent Centre for Academic Integrity web site. Don’t miss this important session! We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Technology-Enhanced Learning fund to present this event. Pedagogy, PowerPoint, and Presentation: Basic PowerPoint for Teachers Kim West, The Gwenna Moss Teaching & Learning Centre Wednesday, November 6, 1-4 pm PowerPoint has recently taken the university community by storm, but its effectiveness as a teaching and presentation tool continues to be extensively debated. PowerPoint (2000) can be used to present your teaching and research in a new, engaging, and investigative format, and provides a variety of ways to visually enhance a presentation. However, it can diminish the effectiveness of a presentation if used inappropriately. This workshop is designed to provide you with key presentation strategies on how to use PowerPoint as an effective multimedia tool that will engage your students in the classroom. Participants in the workshop will also be introduced to the basics of PowerPoint (2000), including how to create your own slide show presentation using text and graphic tools, how to use PowerPoint’s predesigned presentation templates, and how to create handouts and overhead transparencies from PowerPoint presentations. The workshop is designed for teachers with little to no experience using PowerPoint (2000). Registration is limited to 20 people. If I Assign It, I’ll Have to Assess It: Learning Through Writing Eileen Herteis, Teaching & Learning Centre Friday, November 22, 1:30-4 pm This session will open the old can of worms labelled “Teaching students to write” and will examine some of the slimiest and juiciest of its denizens! Participants will reflect on and discuss their answers to these questions: • Is there a common core of good writing and whose responsibility is it to teach it? • What does good writing mean in my discipline? • Is teaching students how to write part of my (hidden) curriculum? Through a variety of activities, participants will • Clarify why and how they give feedback to students about their writing • Examine strategies and best practices for assigning and assessing student writing • Discuss and evaluate different types of writing assignments 15 Nominate a colleague for the Sylvia Wallace Sessional Lecturer Award. See page 10 for more details. Sense and Non-Scents Perfumes, colognes, aftershaves, lotions and other scented products contain chemicals that cause discomfort, or even serious health problems, for those who suffer from allergies, asthma, and other medical conditions. To ensure the comfort of everyone who attends our workshops, participants and presenters alike, The Gwenna Moss Teaching & Learning Centre has instituted a scentfree policy. Please do not wear scented products when you attend our sessions or visit the TLC. FALL TEACHING DAYS REGISTRATION FORM Please print clearly Name ___________________________________________________________________ Department ______________________________________________________________ On Campus Address ______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ E-Mail ___________________________________________________________________ Please send your completed registration form to the Gwenna Moss Teaching & Learning Centre Room 37, Murray Memorial Library 3 Campus Drive You may also register by faxing this form to 966-2242 or calling 966-2231 or e-mailing the information to corinne.f@usask.ca Fax _____________________________________________________________________ Phone ___________________________________________________________________ Please indicate which category you are in: ❐ Faculty ❐ Sessional Lecturer ❐ Graduate Student Teacher ❐ Lab Demonstrator ❐ Extension Specialist ❐ Librarian Teaching Portfolio: Documenting the Scholarship of Teaching & ❐ The Learning Friday, September 13, 1:30-4 pm More the Merrier? Teaching Large Classes ❐ The Thursday, September 19, 4-6 pm Step Ahead of the Palm Pilots: Creating a Culture of Academic ❐ One Honesty at the University of Saskatchewan Friday, September 27, 1:30-4pm & Garfunkel Meet Shakespeare: The Sounds and Silences of ❐ Simon Classroom Discussion Thursday, October 3, 1:30-4 pm ❐ Experiential Education: Fostering the Connection between Learning and Personal Experience Thursday, October 31, 1:30 -4:30 pm Integrity: Preventing, Detecting and Addressing Plagiarism ❐ Academic Friday, November 1, 1:30-4 pm PowerPoint, and Presentation: ❐ Pedagogy, ers Basic PowerPoint for Teach- This registration form is also available on the web at www.usask.ca/tlc Please don’t be a session “no-show”! Our sessions have limited registration and there are frequently waiting lists. If you cannot make it to a workshop, contact the Centre immediately to ensure that someone else can participate. Phone 966-2231 Fax 966-2242 Email: corinne.f@usask.ca This courtesy will ensure that we do not incur costs for refreshments or materials for people who do not show up, that presenters are not disappointed by the lower-thananticipated attendance; and that we can open up reserved spots quickly to other interested participants. Thank you. Wednesday, November 6, 1-4 pm If I Assign It, I’ll Have to Assess It: Learning Through Writing ❐ Friday, November 22, 1:30-4 pm 16 Printing Services • 966-6639 University of Saskatchewan • CUPE 1975