Measurement of colour flow with the jet pull angle in... over t] events using the ATLAS detector at s =...
Measurement of colour flow with the jet pull angle in t[bar over t] events using the ATLAS detector at s = 8 TeV
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ATLAS Collaboration. “Measurement of Colour Flow with the Jet Pull Angle in t[bar over t] Events Using the ATLAS Detector at s = 8 TeV.” Physics Letters B 750 (November 2015): 475–493. © 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS Collaboration http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2015.09.051
Elsevier Final published version Thu May 26 03:37:30 EDT 2016 http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/100029 Creative Commons Attribution http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Physics Letters B 750 (2015) 475–493 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Physics Letters B www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb Measurement of colour the ATLAS detector at
√
flow
s
=
with 8 TeV the jet pull angle in
t t
¯
events using
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 18 June 2015 Received in revised form 15 September 2015 Accepted 19 September 2015 Available online 26 September 2015 Editor: W.-D.
Schlatter a b s t r a c t The distribution and orientation of energy inside jets is predicted to be an experimental handle on colour connections between the hard-scatter quarks and gluons initiating the jets.
This Letter presents a measurement of the distribution of one such variable, the jet pull angle.
The pull angle is measured for jets produced 20.3 fb − 1 of in data
t t
¯ events with one
W
recorded with the boson ATLAS decaying leptonically and the other decaying to jets using detector at a centre-of-mass energy of √
s
= 8 TeV at the LHC.
The jet pull angle distribution is corrected for detector resolution and acceptance effects and is compared to various models.
© access 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS Collaboration.
Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ).
Funded by SCOAP 3 .
1.
Introduction
Due to the confining nature of the strong force, directly mea suring the quantum chromodynamic (QCD) interactions between quarks and gluons is not possible.
The strength and direction of the strong force depends on the colour charge of the particles involved.
To a good approximation, the radiation pattern in QCD can be described through a colour-connection picture, which con sists of colour strings connecting quarks and gluons of one colour to quarks and gluons of the corresponding anti-colour.
An im portant question is whether there is evidence of these colour connections (
colour flow
) in the observable objects: colour-neutral hadrons and the jets they form.
The study of energy distributions inside and between jets in various topologies has a long history, dating back to the discovery of gluons in three-jet events at PE TRA
Colour connections are still a poorly constrained QCD effect, which motivates the dedicated study presented in this Let ter.
If well understood, experiments can exploit colour flow to aid Standard Model (SM) measurements and searches for physics be yond the SM (BSM).
As a test that the colour flow can be extracted from the observable final state, the data are compared to mod els with simulated
W
bosons that are colour-charged or colour neutral.
One observable predicted to contain information about the colour representation of a dijet resonance like the
W
,
Z
, or Higgs
E-mail address:
atlas.publications@cern.ch
.
boson, with is the
jet pull vector
The pull vector for a given jet transverse momentum,
p
T
J
, is defined as
J v J p
=
i
∈
J p i
T |
i
|
p J
T
r i .
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2015.09.051
0370-2693/ © 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ).
ATLAS Collaboration.
Funded by SCOAP 3 .
Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license (1) The sum in Eq.
mentum difference pidity
p i
T
and runs over jet constituents with transverse mo location
r i
=
( y i , φ i )
, defined as the vector between the constituent and the jet axis
( y
(
y
) – azimuthal angle (
φ
)
Given
J , φ J )
in ra the pull vector for jet tor
J
1 , the angle formed between this pull vector and the vec connecting
J
1 and another jet
J
2 ,
( y J
2 −
y J
1
, φ J
2 −
φ J
1
)
, is expected to be sensitive to the underlying colour connections be tween the jets.
This is shown graphically in
and the angle is called the
pull angle
, denoted
θ
P
( J
1
, J
2
)
.
The pull angle is sym metric around zero when it takes values between −
π
and
π
and so henceforth
( y ,
using
φ)
jets
θ
space P
( J
1
,
with originating
J
2 0
)
refers
< θ
from P ≤ to the magnitude of the angle in
π
.
If the pull vector is computed colour-connected quarks,
θ
P ∼ 0 since the radiation is predicted to fall mostly between the two jets.
If 1 ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the nominal in teraction point (IP) in the centre of the detector and the
z
-axis along the beam pipe.
The
x
-axis points from the IP to the centre of the LHC ring, and the
y
-axis points upward.
azimuthal the polar angle
θ
defined where as
R
=
E
Cylindrical coordinates
( r , φ)
beam axis.
angle around the beam pipe.
The pseudorapidity is defined in terms of is as
η ( η )
2 +
(φ)
2 .
the energy and
p z
are The used in the transverse plane,
φ
= − ln tan
(θ/
2
)
.
Separation between objects in
( η , φ)
rapidity of a four-vector
y
= 0
.
5 being log the space is
E E
+
p z
−
p z
, the component of the momentum parallel to the
476
ATLAS Collaboration / Physics Letters B 750 (2015) 475–493
Table 1
Estimated composition of the selected event sample.
The uncertainties are the sum in quadrature of the statistical uncertainties and either the un certainties of the normalisation method (for the data driven W + jet and multi-jet estimates) or the uncertainties of the cross-section estimates.
Process
t t
¯
W t
-channel single top
s
- and
t
-channel single top
W Z
+ jets + jets Dibosons Multijets Total SM Data Number of events 95 400 2730 150 3710 560 190 2500 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 14 000 600 10 120 270 40 910 105 000 102 987 ± 14 000
Fig. 1.
Diagram illustrating the construction of the jet pull angle for jet respect to
J
2 .
J
1 with the vector is computed using two jets which do not originate from colour-connected quarks, there is no reason to expect
θ
P to be small.
tions.
Thus
θ
P should be useful for determining colour connec One of the challenges in studying colour flow is the selection of a final state with a known colour composition.
Colour-singlet
W
bosons from
t t
¯ events provide an excellent testing ground be cause these bosons have a known initial (colourless) state and such events can be selected with high purity.
The first study of colour flow using
W
bosons from top quark decays was performed by the DØ Collaboration
In the DØ analysis, calorimeter cells clustered within jets were used as the constituents in Eq.
ing distribution was compared to
W
singlet
and the result (nominal) and
W
octet templates.
The impact of the colour flow on the observable energy distributions is very subtle; the DØ result was statistically limited and was not able to significantly distinguish singlet and octet radi ation jet patterns.
The pull Collider analysis angle in presented
s
= in 8 TeV this
pp
Letter is collisions a measurement at the Large of the Hadron (LHC) with the ATLAS detector.
Instead of comparing the reconstructed jet pull angle in data directly to simulated templates, as was done by the DØ Collaboration, the jet pull angle distribu tion is first corrected for detector resolution and acceptance effects.
This allows for direct comparison with particle-level predictions for models of physics beyond the SM as well as simulations of non perturbative physics effects with various tunable parameter values.
2.
Object and event selection
The ATLAS detector independently measures the inclusive and charged-particle energy distributions in jets.
This allows the jet pull angle to be constructed using only the charged constituents of jets, or both the charged and neutral constituents.
In this analy sis, both options are used in order to provide independent mea surements with different experimental systematic uncertainties.
Charged-particle momenta are measured in a series of tracking de tectors (collectively called the inner detector), covering a range of |
η
|
<
2
.
5 and immersed in a 2 T magnetic field.
Electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters surround the inner detector, with for ward calorimeters allowing electromagnetic and hadronic energy measurements up to |
η
| = 4
.
5.
A detailed description of the ATLAS detector can be found elsewhere The anti-
k t
algorithm
with radius parameter
R
= 0
.
4 is used to reconstruct jets from clusters of calorimeter cells
with de posited energy.
The clusters weighting (LCW) algorithm are formed using the
local cluster and calibrated to account for the detector response as well as to mitigate the contributions from additional
pp particles
collisions per bunch crossing (pileup)
The
all-
pull angle is built from the clusters of calorimeter cells assigned to a given jet.
In order to improve the rapidity resolution, jets and clusters are corrected to point toward the reconstructed primary
and the corrected jet four-vector is used as the axis in Eq.
The
charged-particles
pull angle is built from tracks that are as sociated hits
p
T in with the a given inner jet detector
Tracks are reconstructed from and are required to have |
η
|
<
2
.
5,
>
0
.
5 GeV, and satisfy various quality criteria, such as associ ation with the primary vertex, in order to suppress tracks from random hits and pileup tracks.
The charged-particles pull angle is constructed using the four-momentum sum of all the associated tracks (treated as massless) to provide the axis in Eq.
The all particles and charged-particles pull angles are largely independent as they rely on information from different detector sub-systems.
In order to isolate a pure sample of hadronically decaying
W
bosons, this analysis targets a
t t
¯ →
b (
→
q
¯
) W (
→
ν )
final state.
Events are selected by triggers requiring a single isolated elec tron or muon, and the offline ‘tight’ electron muon
must have
p
T
>
25 GeV, and |
η
|
<
2
.
5.
or ‘combined’ Basic quality criteria are imposed, including the existence of at least one pri mary vertex associated with at least five tracks with
p
T
>
Furthermore, the magnitude
E
miss T mentum
m
T
>
60 GeV, where
m
T is of 0
.
4 GeV.
the missing transverse mo is required to be greater than 20 GeV, and
E
miss T + the transverse mass of the selected lepton and the must have ≥
E
miss T , 4 jets
m
T = with
p
T
>
2
p
T
E
miss T 25 GeV.
(
1 − cos
(φ
−
φ ν ))
.
Events At least two of these jets must be tagged as
b
-jets using the multivariate discriminant, MV1
which uses impact parameter and secondary vertex informa tion.
The chosen MV1 working point corresponds to an average
b
-tagging efficiency of 70% for
b
-jets in simulated
t t
¯ events.
At | least two jets must not be
b
-tagged; of these, the two leading-
p
T jets with |
η
|
<
decaying jets
η
|
W
selected for the pull angle calculation are required to have
<
2
.
1 so boson, that 2
.
1 are all
J i
labelled as the jets from the hadronically with
p J
T 1 constituents
> p
are
J
2 T .
The
b
-tagged jets and the within coverage of the inner detector used for tracking.
This procedure selects a sample that is expected ulated
t t
¯ to contain approximately 90% events
t t
¯ events.
In 45% of sim both jets selected for the pull angle calculation contain energy from the hadronically decaying
W
boson.
2 The primary vertex is defined as the vertex with the highest tracks.
p
2 T of associated
ATLAS Collaboration / Physics Letters B 750 (2015) 475–493
477
Fig. 2.
on The detector-level (a) all-particles and (b) charged-particles pull angle,
θ
P , in data and in simulation.
The uncertainty band includes only the experimental uncertainties the inputs to the event selection and the jet pull calculation.
A large part of the uncertainty displayed here affects the overall normalisation and is correlated between the individual bins.
This component of the uncertainty is cancelled in the unfolded measurement of the unit-normalised pull angle distribution.
Table 2
Monte Carlo samples used in this analysis.
The abbreviations ME, PS, PDF, MPI, LO and NLO respectively stand for matrix element, parton shower, parton distribution function, multiple parton interactions, leading order and next-to-leading order in QCD.
Tune refers to the used set of tunable MC parameters.
Those samples marked with a † are used as alternative
t
¯
t
samples to evaluate uncertainties due to the modelling of
t t
¯ events.
The nominal
t
¯
t
generator in the first line is used to estimate the yield in
Process
t t
¯ Generator Powheg + Pythia
Type NLO ME + PS Version – 6.426.2
PDF CT 10
CTEQ 6 L 1
Tune – Perugia 2011c
Single top Powheg + Pythia 6.426.2
CT 10(4f) CTEQ 6 L 1 – Perugia 2011c
W W , W Z , Z Z W / Z
+ jets
t t
¯ † Sherpa
Alpgen + Pythia
Powheg + Herwig + Jimmy
NLO ME + PS LO multi-leg ME + PS LO multi-leg ME + PS NLO ME + PS (MPI) 1.4.1
2.1.4
6.426.2
– 6.520.2
4.31
CT 10 CTEQ 6 L 1 CTEQ 6 L 1 CT 10 CT 10 – Default – Perugia 2011c – AUET2 –
t t
¯ †
+ Herwig + Jimmy NLO ME + PS (MPI) 4.06
6.520.2
4.31
CT 10 CT 10 – – AUET2 – shows the predicted composition compared to the data yield.
More details about the various contributions are given below.
There are two pull angles calculated per event, one calcu lated from the all-particles pull vector and one from the charged particles pull vector of the highest
p T W
jet assigned to the hadronic boson decay.
The all-particles and charged-particles pull angles are the angles that the corresponding pull vectors make with the direction from
J
1 to
J
2 .
show comparisons between data and simulation for the all-particles and charged particles pull angles, calculated at detector level, i.e.
from recon structed objects.
Both distributions are broadly flat with an en hancement at small angles, consistent with the SM prediction.
3.
Event simulation
Monte Carlo (MC) samples are produced in order to determine how the detector response affects the pull angle and to estimate some of the non-
t t
¯ contributions in the data.
The details of the samples used are shown in
Aside from the
W
+ jets background, all MC samples are nor malised to their theoretical cross-sections, calculated to at least next-to-leading order (NLO) precision in QCD
For the purpose of comparison between data and the SM prediction be fore 253 ± unfolding, 15 pb,
t t
¯ events calculated at are normalised to a cross-section next-to-next-to-leading order of (NNLO) in QCD including next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic (NNLL) soft gluon terms
assuming a top-quark mass of 172.5 GeV.
Generated events are processed with a full ATLAS detector and trigger simulation using the same
based on Geant 4
and reconstructed software as the experimental data.
The effects of pileup are modelled by adding to the generated hard-scatter events multiple minimum-bias events simulated with Pythia 8.160
the A2 set of tuned MC parameters (tune) MSTW2008LO Parton Distribution Function (PDF) set
and the
The dis tribution of the number of interactions is then weighted to reflect the pileup distribution in the data.
To test the sensitivity of the jet pull angle to the singlet nature of the
W
boson, a sample was generated with a colour-octet
W
boson.
The octet
W
boson is simulated using the same setup as
478
ATLAS Collaboration / Physics Letters B 750 (2015) 475–493
Fig. 3.
nominal octet
W
Diagram sample illustrating the colour connections (thick coloured lines) for the with a colour-singlet
W
(left) and the flipped sample with a colour (right) samples in cases where the colour is distorted.
(For a colour version of the figures, please see the online version.) the nominal
t t
¯ duced with setup Powheg described in
Using the partons pro (in the LHE
format), the colour flow is inverted such that one of the
W
decay daughters shares a colour line with the
b
-quark and the other shares a line with the top quark, as demonstrated schematically in
This sample is re ferred to as colour
flipped
in the rest of this Letter.
4.
Unfolding
In order to make direct comparisons with various theoretical models, the data are unfolded to particle-level objects.
Particle level jets are clustered from simulated particles with a mean life time
τ >
30 ps, before taking into account interactions with the detector.
The particle-level inputs to the all-particles pull angle are all of the charged and neutral particles clustered within particle level jets.
Only the charged particles clustered within the particle level jets are used for the charged-particles pull angle.
Additional information about the particle-level object definitions can be found in Ref.
The particle-level event selection is analogous to the detector level selection described in Section
with detector-level objects replaced with particle-level objects.
Exactly one electron or muon and at least four jets are required, each with |
η
|
<
2
.
5,
p
T
>
25 GeV and with events discarded if the electron or muon is within
R
= tum, 0
.
4 of a jet.
The particle-level missing transverse momen-
E
miss T , calculated using the sum of neutrino four-momenta, is required to be
E
miss T
>
20 GeV and the sum of
E
miss T +
m
T
>
60 GeV.
At least two of the selected jets are required to be identified as
b
-jets using the same definition as that found in Ref.
the detector-level calculation of the pull angle, the two leading-
p
T particle-level non
b
-jets with |
η
|
<
2
.
1 are labelled as the jets from the hadronically decaying
W
boson.
As with the pull The first step of the unfolding procedure is to subtract from data an estimate of the non-
t t
¯ backgrounds bin-by-bin in the angle distribution.
The
W
+ jets and multijet backgrounds are estimated from the data using the charge asymmetry and matrix methods, respectively
The other backgrounds are estimated from simulation.
Single-top
W t W
events have hadronically decaying bosons and are thus sensitive to colour flow; however, even large changes in the colour flow through the single-top contri bution are subdominant compared to other uncertainties, and are thus ignored.
After subtraction, the Bayesian (IB) technique data
as are unfolded using implemented in the an iterative RooUnfold framework
The IB method iteratively applies Bayes’ theo rem using the response matrix to connect the prior to posterior at each step.
The response matrix is constructed from the nomi nal
t t
¯ simulation (also used for the prior) and describes the bin migrations between the particle-level and detector-level pull angle distributions.
The binning of the response matrix and the num ber of iterations in the IB method are chosen to minimise the overall uncertainty, described in Section
In addition to correct ing for bin migrations, the unfolding procedure also corrects for events that pass either the detector-level or particle-level selec tion,
t t
¯ but events.
not both.
The Approximately corrections 70% of are events estimated that pass using the simulated detector-level selection also pass the particle-level selection, while approximately 20% of events that pass the particle-level selection also pass the detector-level selection.
These corrections are found to be largely independent of the pull angle.
The all-particles pull angle has a stronger dependence on the colour flow, but has a worse resolution than the charged-particles pull
and is more sensitive to the particle-level spectrum used as the IB prior.
Three bins and 15 iterations are used for the all-particles pull angle and four bins and three iterations are used for the charged-particles pull angle.
More iterations are required for the all-particles pull angle to reduce the sensitivity to the IB prior, at the cost of a larger statistical uncertainty.
The size of each bin is comparable to the pull angle resolution.
The uncertainty on the unfolding procedure is determined in a data-driven way by reweighting the particle-level distributions so that the corre sponding detector-level distributions are in better agreement with the data
The method uncertainty is then estimated using the nominal response matrix by comparing the unfolded, reweighted simulation with the reweighted particle-level distribution.
5.
Systematic uncertainties
There are various systematic uncertainties which can impact the measured jet pull angle.
The sources of uncertainty can be classified into two categories: experimental uncertainties and the oretical modelling uncertainties.
In the first category, some uncer tainties impact the pull angle directly while the others impact only the acceptance.
The uncertainty in the energy scale and angular distribution of clusters of calorimeter cells are primary sources of uncertainty that directly impact the pull angle.
To estimate the uncertainty in the angular resolution of clusters, isolated tracks are matched to clus ters in events enriched in
Z (
→
μμ )
+ jets events.
The distribution of
R (
track
,
cluster
)
is investigated for various bins of track
p
T and
η
, and in extrapolations to various layers of the calorimeter.
The observed resolution uncertainty is 1 mrad, but to account for the possible effects of multi-particle clusters, 5 mrad is used, as in Ref.
Estimations of the cluster energy scale uncertainty are based on measurements of the ratio of the cluster energy to the
p
T of matched tracks (
E / p
)
The ratio
E / p
in 8 TeV data is compared with simulation and the differences are used to estimate the and uncertainty,
β
depend on which
η
.
is parameterised Typical values are
α
as
α (
1 +
β/ p )
, = 0
.
05 and
β
= where 0
.
α
5 GeV.
To account for an uncertainty in the energy lost due to inactive material in the detector and noise thresholds, low-energy clusters are randomly removed with energy-dependent probabilities, as in Ref.
For the charged-particles pull angle, there are uncertainties associated with track reconstruction efficiency, which are esti mated by randomly removing tracks with an
η
-dependent prob ability
Furthermore, tracks are randomly removed from jets with a
p
T -dependent factor to estimate the effect of uncertain ties in the efficiency of track reconstruction inside jets.
For jets 3 The 0
.
35
π
RMS of the all-particles
(
0
.
28
π )
radians.
(charged-particles) pull angle is found to be
ATLAS Collaboration / Physics Letters B 750 (2015) 475–493
479
Table 3
Summary of systematic uncertainties in the first bin of the all-particles and charged-particles pull angle distributions.
The jet energy scale, jet energy resolution, multiple simultaneous parton collision modeling, and initial/final-state radiation modeling uncertainties are abbreviated as JES, JER, MPI, and ISR/FSR, respectively.
Source Unfolding procedure Clusters Tracks JES JER Matrix element Shower model Colour model ISR/FSR MPI Other All particles [%] 0.5
0.5
N/A 0.4
0.3
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.2
0.1
0.4
Charged particles [%] 0.6
N/A 0.2
0.2
0.1
0.9
0.6
1.0
0.2
0.6
0.2
Total systematic uncertainty Statistical uncertainty 3.0
1.1
1.8
0.7
with
p
T
<
500 GeV, the uncertainty on the track reconstruction ef ficiency is less than 1%.
As the pull vector definition uses the calorimeter jet
p
T , both the all-particles and charged-particles pull angle are affected by the uncertainty in the jet energy scale
and resolution
However, changes in the jet energy scale and resolution do not impact the pull
angle
, but do impact the results via the accep tance due to
p
T thresholds.
Similarly, uncertainties in the lepton energy scale, trigger efficiency,
E
miss T resolution and
b
-tagging effi ciencies
indirectly affect the results through changes in acceptance.
Other sources of uncertainty on the acceptance, which impact the measurement through the background subtraction, in clude those related to the luminosity
the multijet estimation, and the normalisation and heavy flavour content of the
W
+ jets background The
modelling of the
t t
¯ sample is a primary source of theoret ical uncertainty.
For instance, there are different treatments of the matrix element calculation ( Powheg + Herwig Herwig ) and the parton shower model ( Powheg + Pythia Powheg + Herwig ).
matrix The change in the result constructed from the flipped
t t
¯ versus when using MC@NLO a + versus response simulation is considered as a source of uncertainty on the colour model.
Other sources of modelling uncertainties are evaluated, including initial/final-state radiation by varying the radiation simulated with AcerMC 3.8
constrained by Ref.
using the Perugia the Perugia 2012
multiple simultaneous parton collisions 2012 mpiHi tune lowCR tune,
colour reconnections with overlap between single top and
t t
¯ by comparing the diagram removal scheme with the diagram sub traction scheme
and PDF uncertainties
Colour flow
de scribes the colour representation of the hard-scatter process while
colour reconnection
is a phenomenological model for implementing a finite number of colours in the parton shower.
The observable consequences of both processes are similar, but colour reconnec tion has been constrained by charged-particle distributions in ex perimental data
Varying the top quark mass by ± 1 GeV has a negligible impact on this measurement.
The systematic uncertainties are estimated by unfolding the data with varied response matrices or by subtracting varied back ground predictions from the data.
The sources of uncertainty de scribed above are summarised in
for the first bin of the pull angle for both the all-particles and charged-particles pull an gle.
In general uncertainties are found to be larger for the all particles pull angle than the charged-particles pull angle due to the remaining sensitivity to the IB prior, as discussed in Section
All bins carry information about the underlying colour flow, but the
Fig. 4.
bution Normalised fiducial
t
¯
t
differential cross-section for the jet pull angle distri constructed using all particles.
The data are compared to two models with a colour-singlet model
W
boson (SM) but with different MC generators, and to the flipped with a colour-octet
W
boson.
(For a colour version of the figures, please see the online version.)
Fig. 5.
bution Normalised
6.
Results
fiducial
t
¯
t
please see the online version.) differential cross-section for the jet pull angle distri constructed using charged particles.
The data are compared to two models with a colour-singlet
W
flipped boson (SM) but with different MC generators, and to the model with a colour-octet
W
boson.
(For a colour version of the figures, first bin has the largest expected difference between the flipped and nominal models.
The with ulation unfolded data are shown in
(charged-particles) generated (all-particles) and compared to SM
t t
¯ Powheg + Pythia and using Powheg + Herwig , Powheg + Pythia .
predictions and a and flipped
t t
¯
simulated sim The data favour the SM predictions over the prediction of the flipped model.
Of the two SM predictions, Powheg + Pythia offers a slightly better description of the data.
The level of agreement between the data and the using
χ
2 as Powheg + Pythia a test statistic.
A
p
-value models is quantified is computed taking into ac count systematic and statistical uncertainties and their correlations by generating pseudo-datasets from the full covariance matrix and then normalising the pull angle distributions.
This
p
-value is then converted into a one-sided Gaussian equivalent
Z
-score.
The
480
ATLAS Collaboration / Physics Letters B 750 (2015) 475–493
unfolded data are found to agree with the nominal SM colour flow (with Powheg + Pythia ) at the 0
.
8
σ
(0
.
9
σ
) level and differ from the flipped model at 2
.
9
σ
(3
.
7
σ
) for the all-particles (charged particles) pull angle.
Although the statistical uncertainty is largely uncorrelated between the all-particles and charged-particles pull angle measurements, the systematic uncertainty is not.
Since the charged-particles pull angle measurement is more sensitive than the all-particles pull angle measurement, a full combination of the two measurements does not provide increased sensitivity.
7.
Summary
The analysis presented in this Letter describes a measurement of the orientation of radiation from jets identified as originating √
s
= a
W
8 TeV boson
pp
in
t t
¯ collision events.
data The measurement uses 20.3 fb − 1 recorded by the ATLAS detector at of the LHC.
To quantify the distribution of energy inside one jet relative to another, the distribution of the
jet pull angle
is extracted from the data using information from both the ATLAS calorimeter and tracking detectors.
The jet pull angle is found to correctly charac terise the
W
boson as a colour singlet, with data disfavouring an alternative colour-octet model at greater than 3
σ
.
This illustrates the potential to use the jet pull angle in future SM measurements and BSM searches.
The jet pull angle measurement is presented as a normalised fiducial
t t
¯ differential cross-section, allowing the results to be used to constrain implementations of colour connec tion.
Acknowledgements
We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently.
We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Ar menia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbai jan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COL CIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Repub lic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; EPLANET, ERC and NSRF, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT and NSRF, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Nether lands; BRF and RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America.
The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is ac knowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN and the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities Sweden), at CC-IN2P3 TRIUMF (France), (Canada), NDGF KIT/GridKA (Denmark, (Germany), Norway, INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA) and in the Tier-2 facilities worldwide.
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J. Weingarten
C. Weiser
H. Weits
P.S. Wells
T. Wenaus
T. Wengler
S. Wenig
N. Wermes
M. Werner
P. Werner
M. Wessels
J. Wetter
K. Whalen
A.M. Wharton
A. White
M.J. White
R. White
S. White
D. Whiteson
F.J. Wickens
W. Wiedenmann
M. Wielers P. Wienemann
C. Wiglesworth
L.A.M. Wiik-Fuchs
A. Wildauer
H.G. Wilkens
H.H. Williams
S. Williams
C. Willis
S. Willocq
A. Wilson
J.A. Wilson
I. Wingerter-Seez
F. Winklmeier
B.T. Winter
M. Wittgen
J. Wittkowski
S.J. Wollstadt
M.W. Wolter
H. Wolters
B.K. Wosiek
J. Wotschack
M.J. Woudstra
K.W. Wozniak
M. Wu
M. Wu
S.L. Wu
X. Wu
Y. Wu
T.R. Wyatt
B.M. Wynne
S. Xella
D. Xu
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ATLAS Collaboration / Physics Letters B 750 (2015) 475–493
L. Xu
B. Yabsley
S. Yacoob
R. Yakabe
M. Yamada
Y. Yamaguchi
A. Yamamoto
S. Yamamoto
T. Yamanaka
K. Yamauchi
Y. Yamazaki
Z. Yan
H. Yang
H. Yang
Y. Yang
W.-M. Yao
Y. Yasu
E. Yatsenko
K.H. Yau Wong
J. Ye
S. Ye
I. Yeletskikh
A.L. Yen
E. Yildirim
K. Yorita
R. Yoshida
K. Yoshihara
C. Young
C.J.S. Young
S. Youssef
D.R. Yu
J. Yu
J.M. Yu
J. Yu
L. Yuan
S.P.Y. Yuen
A. Yurkewicz
I. Yusuff
B. Zabinski
R. Zaidan
A.M. Zaitsev
J. Zalieckas
A. Zaman
S. Zambito
L. Zanello
D. Zanzi
C. Zeitnitz
M. Zeman
A. Zemla
K. Zengel
O. Zenin
T. Ženiš
D. Zerwas
D. Zhang
F. Zhang
H. Zhang
J. Zhang
L. Zhang
R. Zhang
X. Zhang
Z. Zhang
X. Zhao
Y. Zhao
Z. Zhao
A. Zhemchugov
J. Zhong
B. Zhou
C. Zhou
L. Zhou
L. Zhou
N. Zhou
C.G. Zhu
H. Zhu
J. Zhu
Y. Zhu
X. Zhuang
K. Zhukov
A. Zibell
D. Zieminska
N.I. Zimine
C. Zimmermann
S. Zimmermann
Z. Zinonos
M. Zinser
M. Ziolkowski
L. Živkovi ´c
G. Zobernig
A. Zoccoli
M. zur Nedden
G. Zurzolo
L. Zwalinski
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Department Physics Department, University of Athens, Athens, Greece Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan Institut de Física d’Altes Energies and Departament de Física de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley CA, United States Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
18 19
Department Physics of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia Department, SUNY Albany, Albany NY, United States Department ( a ) of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada Department Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara; ( b ) Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul; ( c ) LAPP, High CNRS/IN2P3 and Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Annecy-le-Vieux, France Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne IL, United States of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ, United States of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington TX, United States Division of Physics, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom ( a ) Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul; ( b ) Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep; ( c ) Department of Physics, Dogus University, Istanbul, Turkey
20
( a ) INFN
21
Sezione di Bologna; ( b ) Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
22 23 24 25 26
Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston MA, United States Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham MA, United States ( a ) Sao Universidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janeiro; ( b ) Joao del Physics ( a ) Rei (UFSJ), Sao Joao del Rei; ( d ) Instituto Electrical Circuits Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora; ( c ) de Fisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY, United States
30 31
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, United States ( a ) ( a ) Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago; ( b ) Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; ( b ) Federal University of Cluj
27 28 29
National Napoca; ( c ) Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest; University Politehnica Bucharest, Bucharest; ( d ) West ( b ) National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Physics Department, University Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa ON, Canada in Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
32 33
Physics, Nanjing University, Jiangsu; ( d ) Cosmology,
34 35 36 37 38
( a ) ( a ) INFN AGH School of Physics, Shandong University, Shandong; ( e ) University, Shanghai; ( f ) Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington NY, United States Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati; ( b ) Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile Department Dipartimento of Modern Physics, Department University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow; ( b ) University Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China Marian of Science and Technology of China, Anhui; ( c ) Department of of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, Clermont Université and Université Blaise Pascal and CNRS/IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
39
Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
40 41
Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas TX, United States Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson TX, United States
42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen, Germany Institut für Experimentelle Physik IV, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham NC, United States SUPA – School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy Fakultät für Mathematik und Physik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany Section de Physique, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland ( a ) ( a ) INFN Sezione di Genova; ( b ) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy E.
Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Iv.
Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi; ( b ) II Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany SUPA – School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom High Energy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
ATLAS Collaboration / Physics Letters B 750 (2015) 475–493
491 54 55 56 57 58
II Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France Department Laboratory of Physics, Hampton University, Hampton VA, United States for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, United States ( a ) technische
59
Faculty ( a ) Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; ( b ) Physikalisches Informatik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany of Applied Information Science, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; ( c ) ZITI Institut für Department of Physics,
60
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
61 62 63 64 65 66 67
Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong; ( b ) Department Institut of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, United States für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbruck, Austria University of Iowa, Iowa City IA, United States Department Joint of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames IA, United States Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR Dubna, Dubna, Russia KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; ( c )
68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98
Faculty Kyoto of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan University of Education, Kyoto, Japan Department Instituto of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan de Física La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom ( a ) INFN Sezione di Lecce; ( b ) Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom Department School of Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom Department Louisiana Tech University, Ruston LA, United States Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies, UPMC and Université Paris-Diderot and CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund, Sweden Departamento Institut de Fisica Teorica C-15, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA, United States Department School of Physics, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Physics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, United States of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, United States Department ( a ) B.I.
INFN Sezione di Milano; ( b ) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus National Scientific and Educational Centre for Particle and High Energy Physics, Minsk, Belarus Department Group of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, United States of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal QC, Canada P.N.
Lebedev Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
D.V.
Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, M.V.
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), München, Germany Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan Graduate School of Science and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan ( a ) INFN Sezione di Napoli; ( b ) Department Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM, United States Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen/Nikhef, Nijmegen, Netherlands Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122
Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb IL, United States Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia Department of Physics, New York University, New York NY, United States Ohio State University, Columbus OH, United States Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan Homer L.
Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK, United States Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater OK, United States Palacký University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic Center for High Energy Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene OR, United States LAL, Université Paris-Sud and CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom ( a ) INFN Sezione di Pavia; ( b ) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States
123 124 125 126
Coimbra, Coimbra; ( d ) Cosmos and CAFPE, Universidad de Granada, Granada (Spain); ( g )
127 128
National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute” B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St.
Petersburg, Russia ( a ) INFN Sezione di Pisa; ( b ) Dipartimento di Fisica E.
Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy Department ( a ) of Laboratório Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, United de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP, Lisboa; ( b ) States Institute Centro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa; ( e ) Czech Technical University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic Dep Fisica and Departamento CEFITEC of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa; ( c ) of de Fisica, Universidade do Minho, Braga; ( f ) Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade Departamento Nova Department of Physics, University of de Lisboa, de Fisica Teorica y del Caparica, Portugal
492
ATLAS Collaboration / Physics Letters B 750 (2015) 475–493
129 130 131 132 133 134 135
Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic State Research Center Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom ( a ) ( a ) ( a ) ( a ) INFN INFN INFN Sezione di Roma; ( b ) Sezione Sezione di Roma Tre; ( b ) Faculté di Roma Tor Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy Vergata; ( b ) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italy des Sciences Ain Chock, Réseau Universitaire de Physique des Hautes Energies - Université Hassan II, Casablanca; ( b ) Nucleaires, Rabat; ( c ) Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech; ( d ) sciences, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Rabat, Morocco
136
Centre National de l’Energie des Sciences Techniques Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier and LPTPM, Oujda; ( e ) Faculté des
137 138 139 140 141 142 143
DSM/IRFU (Institut de Recherches sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers), CEA Saclay (Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives), Gif-sur-Yvette, France Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz CA, United States Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan Fachbereich Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC, Canada SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford CA, United States ( a ) Department of Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of
144
Faculty Sciences, of Mathematics, Physics & Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava; ( b ) Kosice, Slovak Republic
145
Department Witwatersrand, of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town; ( b ) Johannesburg, South Africa
146 147
( a ) Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg; ( c ) The Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm, Sweden School of Physics, University of the
148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 170
INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine; ( b ) ICTP, Trieste; ( c ) Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, United States di Chimica, Fisica e Ambiente, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC) and Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear and Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica and Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
168 169
Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria BC, Canada
171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178
( a ) Department Physics of Physics, Stockholm University; ( b ) Department, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden Departments of Physics & Astronomy and Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY, United States Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Physics, Technion: Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece International Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada ( a ) TRIUMF, Faculty Vancouver BC; ( b ) Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto ON, Canada of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford MA, United States Centro de Investigaciones, Universidad Antonio Narino, Bogota, Colombia Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, United States ( a ) Dipartimento Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan Department of Particle Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, United States Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, Germany Fachbereich C Physik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven CT, United States Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Villeurbanne, France a d e b c g f h k i j m l n o p q r s t u
Also at Department of Physics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
Also at Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan.
Also at Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
Also at TRIUMF, Vancouver BC, Canada.
Also at Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno CA, United States of America.
Also at Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
Also at Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
Also at Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.
Also at CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France.
Also at Universita di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli, Italy.
Also at Institute of Particle Physics (IPP), Canada.
Also at Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom.
Also at Department of Physics, St.
Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St.
Petersburg, Russia.
Also at Louisiana Tech University, Ruston LA, United States of America.
Also at Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.
Also at Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan.
Also at Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, United States of America.
Also at Institute of Theoretical Physics, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Also at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.
Also at Georgian Technical University (GTU), Tbilisi, Georgia.
Also at Manhattan College, New York NY, United States of America.
ATLAS Collaboration / Physics Letters B 750 (2015) 475–493 v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al
∗ Also at Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece.
Also at Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
Also at LAL, Université Paris-Sud and CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France.
Also at Academia Sinica Grid Computing, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
Also at School of Physics, Shandong University, Shandong, China.
Also at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology State University, Dolgoprudny, Russia.
Also at Section de Physique, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland.
Also at International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy.
Also at Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC, United States of America.
Associated at Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, United States of America.
Also at School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
Also at Faculty of Physics, M.V.
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
Also at National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia.
Also at Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford CA, United States of America.
Also at Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary.
Also at Department of Physics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, United States of America.
Also at University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Deceased.
493
