ELECTRIC
TRANSMISSION 103:
New Technologies and
Grid Modernization
JUNE 4, 2009 2 P.M.
210 Cannon House Office Building
FACULTY:
James Hoecker, Counsel to WIRES
Matthew Gardner, Engineer, Transmission Planning & Marketing,
Dominion Virginia Power
Katherine Hamilton, President, Gridwise Alliance
Paul McCoy, President, Trans-Elect Development
Brian Slocum, Director of Engineering, ITC Holdings Corporation
John Ulliman, Vice President, American Superconductor Corp.
Presented by WIRES - a national coalition of entities dedicated to investment
in a strong, well-planned and environmentally beneficial high voltage electric
transmission system in the US. (www.wiresgroup.com)
What We Learned In
Transmission 101
The transmission system is:
A massive, highly integrated machine
A basic component of a vibrant economy
Regional in operation
Impacted by many federal, state and local
authorities
Essential to delivering remote clean energy
resources
2
Evolving Transmission
Grid—
Grid
—Evolving Issues
Before 1920 transmission was not an identifiable asset
By mid-century, transmission was being built to serve local needs
and for reliability and cost control purposes; very little interstate grid
existed
As larger generator plants located farther from load, transmission
expanded, reducing what was needed to serve load
In the 1960s and 1970s, voltages increased, transmission helped
reduce reserves, costs, and blackouts
Transmission integration increased bulk power transactions, market
integration
3
Today’s National Grid
Key network infrastructure vital to the nation’s economy
A nationwide164,000-mile, highly-integrated network of
transmission lines and control facilities, interconnecting over
750,000 MW of generating capacity to millions of customers in
all regions, and 3000 utilities
4
“This is your father’s electric
system–
system
–but it can’t stay that way
for long”
(Sue Tierney, 2008)
The “Grid” Is the Enabler Of New Technologies and System
Innovation.
Primary Benefits of transmission: network reliability, lower costs of
energy/capacity
Strategic Benefits: renewable resource development and integration, lower
GHG emissions, fuel diversity, market power mitigation
Extreme Event Benefits: mitigate impact of multiple contingencies, reduce
price volatility from outages
Secondary Benefits: economic development, new investment, tax base
LBNL, Public Interest Energy Research
(
But transmission Faces Challenges
)
5
What We Learned In
Transmission 102
Today’s challenges to investment:
Planning
Cost recovery
Cost allocation
Siting
6
The Challenges Facing
Transmission Investment
Aging and deteriorating infrastructure
More dispersed sources of generation
Wholesale competition among
generators
Complex bulk power markets
Arrival of the digital economy
Electricity consumption doubled after
1980; consumer electronics increase
7
Basic Definitions
Alternating Current – “AC”. Magnitude of
current varies as a function of time. Typical
systems in the U.S. are AC.
Direct Current – magnitude of current is fixed.
Some applications of high voltage direct current
(HVDC) in U.S. and elsewhere.
Interconnection – a system of generators, loads,
and transmission that are electrically
synchronous.
8
Basic Definitions
How much is 1 MW?
1 MW is one million
watts.
1 MW will power 10,000
one hundred watt light
bulbs
1 MW will power about
800 “average” homes in
North America or about
250 “average” homes
during the summer in
Phoenix
9
Components of the Grid:
Overview
Source: www.nerc.com
•
•
The “grid” can be broken down in to four main components:
Generation, Transmission, Distribution, and Load
This diagram is a basic overview, but does not truly illustrate the
HIGHLY interconnected nature of the transmission system.
10
Components of the Grid:
Transmission
• Used to move power long distances from generators
to load with low losses.
• Highly interconnected for enhanced reliability
• The “interstate system” for electricity
• Traditionally built to enhance reliability for vertically
integrated utilities.
• Now a critical part of the electric markets
11
SMART GRID: HOW DOES
TRANSMISSION FIT IN?
Katherine Hamilton
GridWise™ Alliance
12
Today’s Grid
13
Tomorrow’s Grid
14
Basic Transmission
Concepts
TECHNOLOGY GOALS
•UBIQUITOUS TWO-WAY COMMUNICATION, DATA,
AND CONTROL BETWEEN SUPPLY AND DEMAND
SIDES
•EFFECTIVE OUTAGE PREVENTION, MANAGEMENT,
AND RECOVERY
•OPTIMIZATION OF SYSTEM FOR EFFICIENCY AND
FLEXIBILITY
•INTEGRATION AND DISPATCH OF RENEWABLE
RESOURCES WITH STORAGE
15
Key Policy Messages
Legislative and Regulatory
• Ensuring effective spending of stimulus
• Embedding smart grid in all energy
legislation
• Including smart grid as enabler in state and POLICY
federal regulatory policies
INITIATIVES
• Conveying message of smart grid as a
means to an end—not an end unto itself
16
www.gridwise.org
17
SMART TECHNOLOGIES:
An Over View of Smart Grid
At The Transmission Level
Brian Slocum
ITC Holdings Corporation
18
The Smart Grid Defined
•A precise definition of the Smart Grid remains elusive as organizations
invest in the idea that the development and application of technology to
the electrical grid has value today and in the future.
FERC:
“Grid advancements will apply digital
technologies to the grid and enable
real-time coordination of information
from both generating plants and
demand-side resources.”
DOE:
“A smarter grid applies technologies,
tools, and techniques available now
to bring knowledge to power –
knowledge capable of making the
grid work far more efficiently…”
GE:
“The Smart Grid is in essence the
marriage of information technology
and process-automation technology
with our existing electrical networks.”
Common themes:
IEEE:
“The term ‘Smart Grid’ represents
a vision for a digital upgrade of
distribution and transmission
grids both to optimize current
operations and to open up new
markets for alternative energy
production.”
Wikipedia: “A Smart Grid delivers electricity
from suppliers to consumers
using digital technology to save
energy, reduce cost, and increase
reliability.”
Technology
Reliability
Efficiency
Two-way communication
Advanced sensors
Distributed computing
Interconnectivity
Renewable integration
Distributed generation
Demand response
19
Consumer savings
Reduced emissions
EISA & FERC Regulatory Goals
FERC is granted authority to oversee development of new Smart Grid standards by the Energy
Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA), not all of which apply to transmission.
Generatio n
Transmission
Distribu tio n
1. Increased use of digital information and controls technology to im prove reliability, s ecurity
and efficiency of the electric grid
2. Dynamic optimization of grid operations and resour ces, with full cyber-security
3. Deploym ent and integration of dis tributed res ourc es and generation, inc luding renewable
resources
EIS A G oals fo r Sm art G rid
4. Developm ent and inc or por ation of dem and response, dem and-s ide resources, and energy
efficienc y resources
5. Deploym ent of “s mart” technologies (real-time, automated, interactive tec hnologies that
optimize the physical operation of appliances and c ons um er devices) for m etering,
comm unications concerning grid operations and status, and distribution autom ation
6. Integr ation of “smart” appliances and consumer devic es
7. Deploym ent and integration of advanc ed electricity stor age and peak -shaving
tec hnologies, including plug-in elec tric and hybrid- electric vehicles and thermal s torage air
conditioning
8. Provision to consum er s of timely information and c ontrol options
9. Developm ent of standar ds for comm unication and interoper ability of appliances and
equipm ent c onnected to the electr ic grid, includin g the infrastructure serving the grid
10. Identific ation and lowering of unreasonable or unnecess ary barriers to adoption of Sm art
G rid technologies , practic es, and services
20
Fundamental Areas for
Implementation
Three fundamental areas that ITC views as aligned with Smart Grid for transmission today:
Communications Network: a robust communication network is fundamental to Smart Grid deployment
System uses a secure broadband logical network
Outsourcing leverages the network and expertise of AT&T
Real-time Monitoring and Control: Sensors and intelligent devices enable enhanced real-time observation
and rapid analysis and response to system disturbances
Substation security enhancements
Transmission asset health monitoring
Event Analysis: Enhanced monitoring and data analytics provide robust analysis of system events
Advanced system fault monitoring
Data analysis
GPS time-stamped data
Customers benefit from a smarter transmission system; the use of select Smart Grid technologies
provides customers with
Increased reliability
— Fewer interruptions to business
— Improved customer satisfaction
Enhanced event analysis
— Quicker response to events
— Identification of corrective actions
21
Smart Grid Today
•ITC operates its widely distributed assets via an internet based
broadband communication network
NOVI HEADQUARTERS
SUBSTATION (typ.)
Control
Signal
GPS Time
Synch Data
TMS
π
Operations
Control
Room
Eng’g
Data
Signal
Local
Network
Eng’g
Server
Engineering
RTU
AT&T Frame
Relay Network /
AVPN
Control
Signal
Eng’g
Data
Signals
SCADA
Data
Signals
Fault
Event
Recorder
Intelligent
Relay
Device
Relay Trip
Signal
Asset Health
Monitoring
System
(i.e. T-Medic)
Transformer
Breaker
22
Grid Intelligence
Field intelligence enhances system operations
In separating transmission assets from the incumbent
utilities, ITC installed new remote terminal units (RTUs) and
intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) to provide SCADA data
to the Transmission Management System (TMS)
Dynamic displays provide regional visualization
Displays have been configured to provide TSCs with
information related to system integrity with regard to
established operating limits
Advanced tools help mitigate instability and
secure system integrity
State Estimator
— Approximates system status
— Runs once per minute
Contingency Analysis
— Tests system integrity by simulating failure of
individual grid components
— Provides results of contingencies and their impact,
in order of severity for both voltage and thermal
limits
These analytical tools alert TSCs to system instabilities
that might otherwise go unobserved
23
Critical Equipment Monitoring
Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) and online monitoring of equipment make it possible to take
preventive measures based on changes in key indicators.
Relays and other IEDs are utilized in the field
—
Where once only general status alarms
were provided to Transmission System
Coordinators, IEDs allow intelligence to be
distributed beyond the Control Room and
RTU and into the device itself
—
IEDs are able to self diagnose their
condition and report back to the Control
Room, virtually eliminating the need for
field calibration and inspection to ensure
the device will operate reliably when
needed
—
In the case of relays, when a fault is
detected, the relay sends a signal directly
to the breaker to trip with no delay
The Transformer Monitoring Project (T-Medic)
provides protection for transformers by analyzing
system conditions and sending alerts to subjectmatter experts for further analysis
—
Dissolved gas in oil analysis
—
Power factor bushing monitor
—
Full range of temperature monitoring
—
Current monitoring of fans and pumps
—
Active cooling control as primary control
system
—
Traditional fan and pump (as back-up)
24
Smart Grid Hurdles
Several hurdles must be overcome to reach this future.
–
Technology
•
–
–
Policy
•
The FERC has issued a preliminary policy, but there are various stakeholders that must weigh in
•
States’ utility commissions will make the decisions about what is appropriate at the retail level
Interconnectivity and standardization
•
–
Many of the technologies needed to reach the full promise of the Smart Grid are only in the early
stages of development or are not yet commercialized
Various devices and protocols are currently being developed; ensuring interoperability across
devices will be key
Rate recovery
•
Depending on the type of entity, FERC, state regulators, or both will determine the degree to
which investments in Smart Grid technologies are recoverable
Technology is not a panacea for an aging infrastructure (i.e., the Smart Grid
does not replace the “real grid”).
•
The real grid is the hard assets that make up the traditional infrastructure (i.e., wires, substations)
•
The Smart Grid is the application of advanced technologies that enhance the operation of the real
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grid
SYNCHROPHASORS:
BUILDING BLOCKS OF
THE DIGITAL SYSTEM
Dr. Matthew Gardner
Dominion Virginia Power
26
Background: What is a
SynchroPhasor?
• Definition: SynchroPhasors are precisely
time-synchronized, high resolution
measurements of the electrical waves on
the electric grid.
Technological Analogy
Yesterday
Today
X-Ray Imaging
MRI Scans
Document FAX
Streaming Video
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Why SynchroPhasors?
A field of “firsts…”
• SynchroPhasor technology provides observability of
previously unobservable power system health metrics
(namely phase angle)
• High-resolution nature of synchrophasor data provides near
real-time information:
– Faster reaction to developing power grid issues
– Clearer anticipation of incipient problems allowing for
preemptive actions
– Development of faster controls
• SynchroPhasors make use of GPS satellites for precise time
tracking:
– Electric grid behavior over a wide area can be tracked in
a synchronized fashion
• SynchroPhasors are the backbone of the “smart grid” at the
transmission level
28
SynchroPhasor Measurement
Points: Where are they?
• About 40 Phasor
Measurement Units (PMUs)
online in Eastern
Interconnection right now
• North American
SynchroPhasor Initiative
(NASPI) facilitating industrywide collaboration including:
–
–
–
–
–
Utilities
Regulators
Equipment Manufacturers
Research/Universities
Technology Consultants
• DOE stimulus and nonstimulus grants
29
Industry Challenges in the
Adoption of SynchroPhasor
Technology
• Communications
– Synchrophasor measurements typically taken continuously and output
30 to 60 times per second
– Conventional technology measurements taken about once every 4
seconds
– Higher bandwidth communications obviated
• Data Processing and Concentration
– No commercially available standard tools
– Data concentration, processing, and application are R&D grade
• Standards
– IEEE and IEC standards not unified
– NIST standards still developing
– NERC compliance (CIP and other developing standards)
• Operator Training and Familiarity
30
SynchroPhasor Example:
Florida Blackout of
February 26, 2008
31
“To measure is to know … if you
cannot measure it, you cannot
improve it.”
--Lord Kelvin
CONDUCTOR
TECHNOLOGIES AND
THERMAL MONITORING
John Ulliman
American Superconductive Corporation
33
Renewable Generation Not
Located Near Population Centers
34
Current Electric Generation
Sites Are Located Near
Population Centers
35
Today’s Key Energy Challenge:
Carrying 100’s of Gigawatts of
Green Power to Market
36
Wind, solar and electric utility industries have considered many transmission options
Current Transmission
System
Miles of Transmission lines
Voltage Level
AC
200 - 299kV
103,942
300-399kV
57,228
400-599kV
33,321
600-799kV
9,451
Total
203,942
DC
930
2,920
5,438
9,288
Source: NERC - Transmission Availability Data System
2008 Automatic Outage Metrics and Data Report, May
22 2009
37
Long Distance Transmission
With Conventional Lines
Assumes adequate reactive compensation is provided along the line length to facilitate power transfer
38
Advanced Conductors Can
Improve Transfer Capability
Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced
ACSR
• 93ºC
• ~150ºC
• Steel
•
Aluminum Conductor Composite Core
ACCC
Design Continuous Operating Temperature
•
Emergency Operation Temperature
•
Strength Bearing Material
90ºC
~200ºC
High tensile carbon fibers
strand in an epoxy matrix +
special protective layer
1. Increase power transfer capability up to 40% on
the same ROW increases efficiency by 30%
39
Long Distance
Transmission Using ACCC
Assumes adequate reactive compensation is provided along the line length to facilitate power transfer
40
Superconductor “Electricity
Pipeline”
41
Superconductor Power Cables
Have Operated in the U.S. Grid for
Several Years…
Transmission superconductor cable system energized in Long Island Power Authority’s grid in
2008. Capable of carrying 574 megawatts. Can be scaled to many gigawatts.
42
Line Losses Become Extremely
Important Over Long Distances
5GW of Renewable Energy
Transmission
16%
345kV Overhead Lines
% Losses (Est.)
14%
12%
765kV Overhead Lines
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
Superconductor Electricity Pipeline
0%
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Miles
Note: 765kV overhead line losses based on a variety of two and three 2400MVA SIL line designs using 4-, 6-, and 8-conductor bundles
Losses for Superconductor Electricity Pipeline based on 2% DC converter losses and 35 kW/mile refrigeration losses.
43
Notional Overlay Of Superconductor
Electricity Pipeline Transporting
Renewable To The Nation
Superconductor Electricity Pipeline
AC/DC Converter Stations
44
IMPLICATIONS AND
OPERATIONS OF HIGH
VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT
SYSTEMS; “FACTS” AND
OTHER INNOVATIONS
Paul McCoy
Trans-Elect Development
45
HVDC Technology–
What IS it?
• The transmission of electricity using High
Voltage Direct Current (HVDC).
• Typical application utilizes special
substations to convert AC current to DC
current for transmission.
• This is clearly an “advanced technology”
and a “smart grid” application at the
transmission voltage level
46
When Might HVDC Be
Considered?
• Long distances (350+ miles)
• Under water
– Cross-Sound cable
– Neptune
– Chesapeake crossing of the MAPP Project
– Future offshore wind
• Connecting different HVAC networks
• Stabilizing the HVAC network
• Avoiding the need for certain HVAC network
reinforcement
47
North America HVDC
48
Joint Coordinated Plan
49
49
Comparative Costs & Losses (by ABB)
(6,000 MW capacity @ 75% utilization)
50
Conclusions
• HVDC a clear choice for under-water
applications
• HVDC facilitates commerce across
separate AC systems
• Judicious use of HVDC can stabilize an
AC system
• HVDC is a complement to a well-designed
AC network
51
FINAL COMMENT
• The transition from an electro-mechanical to
a more digital system is well advanced.
• Today’s grid is far from “dumb” but
tomorrow’s will be even smarter, more
efficient, and flexible.
• Smart grid technologies require a strong
platform of wires, cables, and substations.
• The goal is to optimize use of both
conventional and digital transmission
technologies.
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Questions? Contact us at
www.wiresgroup.com
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