Biennial Report
1996 - 1998
Forest Research Laboratory
B IENNIAL R EPORT
T ABLE OF C ONTENTS
Administration
From the Director
The FRL -- Working Collaboratively To Solve Problems
PROJECT SUMMARIES:
1. A History of Collaboration - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest
2. Projecting Future Markets - Timber Assessment Market Model (TAMM) Project
3. Extending the Life of Common Products - Wood Pole Research Cooperative
4. Growing Their Investment - Nursery Technology Cooperative (NTC)
5. Making Breeding More Efficient - Pacific Northwest Tree Improvement
Research Cooperative (PNWTIRC)
6. Cooperating to Achieve Diverging Goals - Hardwood Silviculture
Cooperative (HSC)
7. Doing Science to Meet Society's Needs - Coastal Oregon Productivity
Enhancement (COPE) Program
8. Developing Methods for Interdisciplinary Research - Research Related to
the Sustainable Forestry Partnership
9. Faster Growth, Less Pollution - Vegetation Management Research
Cooperative
10. Using High Technology to Aid Fish Recovery - Eastern Oregon Stream
Research
11. Extending into a New Niche - Tree Genetic Engineering Research Cooperative
(TGERC)
12. Thinking Globally - Case Studies and "The Business of Sustainable Forestry"
13. Fighting Disease without Endangering the Environment - Swiss Needle
Cast Cooperative (SNCC)
14. A Connecting Thread - Cooperative Forest Ecosystem Research (CFER) Program
15. Seeking the Causes of Change - Aspen Research
16. Preserving Wood to Preserve Forests - Supercritical Fluid Research
Resources for Research
Research Expenditures by Funding Source
Forestry Publications
Audiovisual Programs
Forestry-Related Publications
Short Courses and Workshops
Current Advisory Committee
Cover Page
Administration
George Brown - Director
Bart Thielges - Associate Director
Roger Admiral - Assistant Director
Thomas McLain - Department Head, Forest Products
Logan Norris - Department Head, Forest Science
Steve Tesch - Department Head, Forest Engineering
John Walstad - Department Head, Forest Resources
Back
From the DirectorSolving Problems with Research -- The FRL at Work for Oregon
T
he Forest Research Laboratory was established by the Oregon State
Legislature in 1941 to solve problems. The charge then was to obtain
the highest utilization of the resource, meaning the timber resources of
the state. One of the earliest projects was to provide the technology for
reforesting the Tillamook Burn.
This long-standing tradition of research focusing on solving Oregon's
problems continues today. The nature of the research has changed
significantly as the problems have grown in complexity. The focus has
shifted from the productivity of a single resource (timber) to
understanding the relationships among the many resources of Oregon's
forests that enrich the lives of Oregonians, and from making small
sawmills more efficient to helping a complex primary and secondary
manufacturing industry remain competitive in a global market. New
technologies and advances in other disciplines have also changed what
we research at the Forest Research Laboratory and how we do that
research. But the basic commitments to solving problems and serving
Oregon have not changed in the past half-century.
We believe that Oregon's investment in problem-solving forestry
research has paid off handsomely in the development of new
knowledge that guides the managers of Oregon's forests and forest
products industries, assists policy makers, and informs Oregonians
about our forest resources and our choices for the forests of Oregon's
future. This Biennial Report describes some of these payoffs and
demonstrates how the Forest Research Laboratory's problem-solving
approach to research works for Oregon.
We hope that you will enjoy reading the research summaries in this
Report. We also hope that you will contact the FRL for any further
information that you might need on these studies or on any of the
hundreds of other projects currently conducted by the scientific staff.
Results of most FRL research projects are documented in the
publications listed at the back of this Report. Many of those publications
are available from the FRL on request, as noted for each entry in the
list.
Back
T HE FRL -- W ORKING C OLLABORATIVELY TO S OLVE
P ROBLEMS
I
n past FRL Biennial Reports we have mentioned the increase in issue-
driven research by FRL scientists, as well as the challenges to funding of
research that the FRL has faced during the past 10 years. Bath of these
situations have contributed to an ever-increasing need to find new ways
to conduct our research that will 1) make the final research products
more valuable to Oregon's resources, industries, and citizens, and 2)
maximize the return on each dollar spent and, where possible, increase
the total funds available for FRL research.
One of the ways in which the FRL has addressed these situations is by
increasing the amount of collaborative research that we do. Working
with others helps to identify problems and issues that are significant for
the state and the region, and it also helps to increase the effectiveness
of the money spent and, in some cases, to make more funds available
for focusing on these important concerns. All in all, true research
collaboration generally leads to work that is more efficient, solutions
that are more effective, and a shared feel-ing of “ownership” of the
results that may extend beyond the FRL and the university to those who
will use the results and gain from them.
Collaborative research comes in many Forms. Probably its simplest form
is when two or more scientists decide to pool their talents and resources
to address an issue or problem they consider to be impor-tant. A more
formal collaboration might develop when an agency or industry
actively seeks partners to expand its capability to effec-tively research a
specific area that is critical to their operation(s). And perhaps the most
focused and structured research collaborations are those that result
from the activities of a consortium or cooperative in which the
membership jointly identifies and prioritizes researchable issues and, by
pooling resources and ideas, commis-sions and finances studies to
resolve those issues.
From the hundreds of ongoing FRL projects, we have selected 16 to
illustrate various types of collaborative research. These 16 represent
current work in each of the five general areas of FRL research
concentration: forest regeneration; forest ecology, culture, and pro-
ductivity; integrated protection of forests and watersheds; evaluation of
forest uses, practices, and policies; and wood processing and product
performance. Another basis for selecting these projects is that they
illustrate the FRL’s philosophy of balancing basic and applied research.
They also emphasize the geographic scope of the FRL’s efforts; these
projects address statewide, regional, and global challenges and
opportunities.
Finally, these 16 projects represent both work that has been con-ducted
for decades and work that was initiated only recently; studies that are
narrowly focused and studies that are very broad in scope; research
that is restricted to one discipline and research that in-volves people
from other OSU units as well as outside agencies and institutions; work
that is conducted primarily in the field and work that is conducted
entirely in an OSU laboratory; and research with limited scope of time
and space and research that relates to a complete life cycle (from
selection and breeding to products).
Together, these 16 project summaries illustrate the wide variety of
issues and problems addressed by FRL research, and highlight the
broad array of scientific talent, sophisticated equipment and facili-ties,
and other resources that are required to solve the many com-plex
problems confronting Oregon's forest resources and industries.
Back
A History of Collaboration
L
ike the forest itself, work on the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest
keeps growing and evolving. Until 1950, when timber cutting began,
wildfire was the main source of disturbance. Research was done by just
a few USDA Forest Service scientists in the 1950s and 1960s. Initially
they focused on road engineering, logging methods for old-growth, and
rapid forest regeneration. Then in the 1960s research focused on
effects of logging on water yield, sediment loads, and nutrient losses
from small watersheds.
The International Biological Program began at the Andrews Forest in
1970, and university researchers started to work there. In 1976 the
Andrews Forest was designated a Biosphere Reserve as part of the
UN's Man and the Biosphere Program; in 1980 it became a charter
member in the National Science Foundation's (NSF's) Long-Term
Ecological Research (LTER) Program, which currently includes 20 sites
around the United States and two in Antarctica. Since 1980 the
Andrews Forest has also been one of more than 230 sites measuring
the chemistry of precipitation (especially for acid rain) for the National
Atmospheric Deposition Program; the forest enjoys the purest
precipitation of any site in the network.
For the past 30 years, researchers at the Andrews Forest have been
driven by a fundamental curiosity about how forests and streams work.
In the 1970s, the focus was how forest and stream ecosystems function
(nutrient cycling, energy flow, community organization); in the 1980s,
work in those areas continued, but other projects began to consider
ecosystem management. For the 1990s, the focus has been landscapescale studies and testing ecosystem management methods. Many past
research projects established permanent study areas (watersheds, forest
plots, stream reaches, and weather stations) for getting periodic
measurements to examine trends in natural changes as well as effects of
human activities. Since timber cutting began in 1950, about 30% of the
forest has been logged, mostly by clearcutting. Now researchers have
available young plantations of varying age and composition, as well as
old-growth dominated by Douglas-fir. The presence of new stands
among the older growth gives researchers known starting points for
stand conditions, mixtures of species, stocking densities, and genetic
makeup.
Since the site was selected as an NSF-funded ecosystem study site, team
research has been the norm. A team approach is necessary because
the systems are so complex.
The Andrews Forest is part of the Willamette National Forest, but is
administered jointly by OSU, the Forest Service's Pacific Northwest
Research Station, and the Willamette National Forest. It is unique in the
degree to which a university is actively involved in the research
program at a Forest Service Experimental Forest. Elsewhere universities
use Forest Service properties but fail to invest in them. Thus although
other experimental forests have many university researchers, the
universities are not helping to run them or contributing to maintaining
the facilities. Those facilities at the Andrews Forest make it the third
largest Forest Service research complex in the country. Only the
Forestry Sciences Laboratory in Corvallis and the Forest Products
Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, are larger.
The Andrews Forest is located about 50 miles east of Eugene, on the
west slope of the Cascades. It includes 15,800 acres (6400 hectares)
containing several small watersheds. This gives researchers access to
both streams and riparian areas. Elevations range from 1350 to 5340
feet (410-1630 m), giving researchers further access to varied
microclimates. Within the forest, researchers maintain long-term
observations for basic meteorological and hydrological factors,
vegetation development, stream habitat conditions, and other variables;
many of the data sets are available through the Internet
(http://www.fsl.orst.edu/lterhome.html).
Researchers come from 13 departments in four colleges at OSU, as
well as the Forest Service, the US Geological Survey (USGS) Biological
Resources Division, the Bureau of Land Management, the Environmental
Protection Agency and its contractors, the Federal Highway
Administration, and the USDA Agricultural Research Service. In
addition, every year the forest hosts faculty and students from 10 to 30
other universities in the United States.
More than 50% of the researchers' funding comes from the NSF. Forest
Director Art McKee (Forest Science) is proud of the high rate of NSF
support. Projects receiving NSF funding must first prove themselves
through rigorous peer review, and researchers must go through such
review repeatedly with new and continuing projects. McKee notes that
getting so much of their funding from NSF demonstrates that
researchers on the Andrews Forest are a very competitive group, with
many skills and talents. Their partnership reflects the breadth of their
interest and talent; each researcher comes in with his or her own
background and perspective, and all are brought together in their work
on the forest.
Much of the research at the Andrews Forest is fundamental or basic,
rather than focused on resolving particular problems. However, much
has been quickly put into application. McKee is frequently asked for
examples of how the basic research funded by NSF has been applied.
The Andrews Forest has some outstanding success stories.
Mark Harmon's (Forest Science) work provides a classic example.
Harmon's primary subject is carbon dynamics, including log
decomposition, on which he is doing a long-term experiment. Before
that experiment started, he and his colleagues conducted a literature
review regarding the role of logs in temperate ecosystems. Even before
the paper was published, drafts circulated among the people working
at the Andrews Forest. Staff from the Willamette National Forest
realized that the draft manuscript suggested that their practice of
yarding slash from the cutting units to a single pile on the landing was
problematic. The Willamette National Forest supervisor read the draft
and agreed, and the forest changed policies to begin leaving slash
where it fell. Thus the policy was changed even before Harmon's
experiment was fully in place; that change would save $1 million per
year on the Willamette National Forest and about $15 million per year
across the West. Now, as a direct spin-off from the research, the Forest
Service is drafting more specific regulatory language on how to handle
coarse woody debris.
The Andrews Forest Stream Team's research into the role of coarse
woody debris in streams has undergone a similar pattern. By having
attended research discussions on the subject, national forest managers
involved with the Andrews Forest learned that leaving logs in streams
meant positive changes in stream structure, sometimes quite quickly.
Even before hard copies of research results were ready to circulate,
they changed agency policy.
In other projects, researchers are helping the forest assess and monitor
new silvicultural practices, though getting results will take awhile.
Several studies are using remote sensing to inventory, monitor, and
model ecosystems at regional scales. For instance, Steve Garman
(Forest Science) is doing simulation modeling of the effects of old and
new logging practices on wildlife. Such modeling can provide many
insights. At this point, results indicate that there may be many ways to
move toward old-growth conditions, meaning that land managers may
have more options than had been expected.
Research at the Andrews Forest is well-known in scientific circles. Over
the forest's 50 years of existence, it has had more than 2500
publications. For the past decade, it has averaged about 100
publications per year. It has also been influential. Work on the forest
has changed how forests and streams are managed in the Northwest. It
has also affected how the state regulates private lands. Recent changes
in the state's riparian regulations and in the State Forest Practices Act
are heavily based on work in the Andrews Forest. At times, the change
of policy has happened by circumventing the usual bureaucratic
pathway. With an active partnership like the one at the Andrews Forest,
such changes can happen quickly. This is one of the reasons that
researchers choose to work at the Andrews Forest; the partnership has
engendered a great deal of trust and willingness to take some risks.
Back
Projecting Future Markets
T
he Timber Assessment Market Model (TAMM) Project is still strong
after 20 years. The project began at OSU in 1978 and continues to be
active for faculty and students alike.
The model makes spatial market projections of US forest resources and
industry over the next 50 years. It gives annual projections of volumes
and prices in markets and estimates harvest and inventory by
geographic region. Work on TAMM began in the mid 1970s, when the
USDA Forest Service began to recognize that its policies had long-term
and international effects that should be considered. The Forest Service
commissioned a number of studies by economists and other researchers
worldwide. Darius Adams (Forest Resources) got involved then, to show
that computer models of the market and resource could be used to
predict policy impacts. The model was first published in 1979, in FRL
Research Bulletin 27.
TAMM is now the largest such model in regular use for any forest
sector industry anywhere; it is even more complex than the models used
to make global agroforestry predictions. Its complexity stems from the
inclusion and integration of companion models that represent solid
wood and timber, pulpwood, and fuelwood markets; originally part of
the same model, they are now separate but linked.
Another complicating factor is the vast amount of data from diverse
sources called on by the model. The resource data in the model are
national; the market information is international. Among foreign
countries, Canada (our biggest trading partner for wood and wood
products) is modeled in most detail; the representation of trade across
the Pacific or Atlantic has much less detail.
The most frequent use of the model is to project how various policies
would affect resources and industry. The biggest user and the primary
sponsor of the project is the Forest Service, but the Environmental
Protection Agency, Bonneville Power Authority, Bureau of Land
Management, and Wilderness Society have all made use of the model.
Several companies have also used it. Originally a few companies kept
their own versions of the model, but because of the complexity of the
model and the trouble of keeping it up to date, in recent years they
have preferred to use the resources available through the FRL.
To investigate the effects of a policy, researchers do dozens of runs,
each time varying conditions or assumptions slightly, to figure out what
the outcome means. Adams comments that letting the data in the model
speak as much as it can without intervention, and interpreting it
meaningfully, is an art; it requires the researcher's judgment, based on
experience.
Reexaminations must be done fairly often; predictions change over time
as markets change (new products come in, old products disappear,
incomes rise or fall, consumer preferences change). As a result the
project collaborators must constantly add new data and update the
models.
Collaborators provide the data concerning the resource base, with
information about forest inventories, and the models of tree growth and
of the industries that use forest products. At OSU, Adams maintains the
structure that integrates resource and market segments, as well as the
resource and solid wood industry models. The Forest Service's Forest
Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, maintains the pulp and
paper model.
Data come from researchers across the country. Within the College of
Forestry, Claire Montgomery (Forest Resources) provides housing
forecasts for the model. Collaborators from the Forest Service's Pacific
Northwest Research Station include several College of Forestry adjunct
faculty; Richard Haynes is the Forest Service's timber assessment leader
and provides policy input to the model; Ralph Alig provides land-use
modeling, David Brooks develops international trade forecasts, and
John Mills developed the timber inventory projection and coordinates
the forest inventory data. At the Forest Service's Forest Products
Laboratory in Madison, Peter Ince developed the pulp and paper
model and Henry Spelter contributed the model of solid wood demand.
Timber inventory data come from Forest Service research units around
the country. Models of the Canadian timber industry and data for their
implementation are developed through regular consultation with
researchers on the Canadian Forest Service's Industry, Economics and
Program Branch.
Early in the project, the choice of machine to run the model on was a
problem, because of the complexity and the number of languages
represented. (Each submodel works in its own way and in its own
language, from PASCAL and FORTRAN to newer languages like C.)
Although modern personal computers are now sophisticated enough to
handle the model, the choice of operating platform is a continuing
problem.
Another continuing challenge is constant change in the resource. A
recent key change has been shifts in ownership, which TAMM must
obtain from other sources. For example, the move of corporate
investors into forest ownership was largely unforeseen 15 years ago
but has changed the nature of forest management and expected yields,
especially in the South and the Pacific Northwest. In addition, every
decade tens of millions of acres shift into and out of forestry, from
farming into forestry and back and from forestry into urban, developed,
and special uses (which is not reversible). Those changes are hard to
anticipate and can lead to major shifts in timber supply potentials.
One factor that has kept the project vital is that it is subject to some
controversy. Modelers disagree about the model's assumptions
regarding how much information is available to people as they make
management decisions. TAMM has been based on the premise that
people develop expectations of the future based exclusively on
historical experience; a competing type of model assumes that people
are able to predict the outcomes of their actions with essentially perfect
accuracy. (This type is called an Òintertemporal optimization modelÓ.)
In response to the controversy, Adams and his colleagues developed
their own intertemporal optimization model, the Forest and Agricultural
Sector Optimization Model (FASOM). Initial work on this model was
funded by the Environmental Protection Agency, with assistance from
the Forest Service. They are now incorporating some of its
intertemporal capabilities into TAMM, especially to supplement its
modeling of private forest management investment. Like TAMM,
FASOM is a collaborative effort, involving researchers from other
universities (Bruce McCarl of Texas A&M University), the Environmental
Protection Agency (Steve Winnett), Forest Service (Ralph Alig), and
private consultants (J.M. Callaway, now in Denmark).
Back
Extending the Life of Common Products
T
hey may seem mundane, but utility poles and the wires they carry
account for about half of the value of most utility companies. There are
about 167,000,000 poles in use throughout the United States. For that
reason, and because poles are shipped worldwide, they are a big
market for Oregon forests. Both because of the investment they
represent and because the loss of a pole can mean the loss of electricity
to consumers, it is important to keep poles in service as long as
possible.
Since 1960, FRL researchers Bob Graham (Professor Emeritus, Forest
Products) and Jeff Morrell (Forest Products), with two or three research
assistants and two to four graduate students, have been investigating
methods for improving the service life of wood poles. Initially the work
was primarily directed toward developing methods for arresting decay
inside the poles, but the scope of the project has grown to include
detection of decay and initial preventive treatments.
The project encompasses both laboratory and field tests within
cooperating utility systems. The field tests give the researchers
environmentally distributed data that they follow up on in their basic
laboratory work. The combination allows them to identify suitable
treatments, then follow up with field tests on actual utility lines.
In addition to advising the researchers about their areas of concern, the
cooperators meet at two conferences each year to exchange
information. One of these conferences is held in Reno, Nevada. The
cooperative, in conjunction with the utility groups, has held this
conference six times, and about 250 people per year have attended.
The cooperative also sponsors an eastern conference in Binghamton,
New York. Only two have been held so far, attended by about 120
people from the Northeast utilities. These conferences inform the utilities
about proper care and treatment of wood poles, but they also provide
the utilities with an opportunity to interact and discuss mutual problems,
an activity that might otherwise be largely lost as a result of
deregulation.
The research has also had tangible benefits, including the development
of two new fumigants. But even the seemingly more esoteric parts of the
project have been beneficial. A few years ago, post-doctoral
researcher Don B. Miller spent 2 years studying how one fumigant
decomposed. When there was a spill of that material into the
Sacramento River, OSU was one of the few sources of information on
how it would decompose, and researchers could show how quickly it
would disappear, demonstrating that it was not a long-term threat to the
environment.
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Growing Their Investment
S
pending only $6,000 to get $100,000 worth of research each year
is a big incentive for members to participate in the Nursery Technology
Cooperative (NTC). That is one of the reasons that the cooperative has
been going strong since 1982. Private companies and federal, state,
and tribal agencies come together to conduct research into ways to
improve the success of planting seedlings for reforestation.
Project Leader Robin Rose and Associate Director Diane Haase (both of
Forest Science), along with graduate students, administer a variety of
projects that relate to the concerns of the cooperators. Particular
projects may be suggested by either the cooperators or scientists in the
College of Forestry. Cooperators meet yearly to bring up issues, and
the NTC staff develop ways to address them. On the other hand, NTC
staff may also come up with a new idea that might be useful and
propose it to the cooperators, asking if they would be interested in
participating in a project. Currently the focus for several projects is
fertilizer research.
Use of fertilizer on outplanted seedlings is potentially very valuable in
field performance. Seedlings might gain a sufficient growth advantage
to let them break through competing brush species. That advantage
might even continue into the tree's later years, making it grow to
harvestable size more quickly. Therefore researchers are testing
fertilizer treatments both in the nursery and in the field, from Gold
Beach on the southern Oregon coast, to the Warm Springs Indian
Reservation on the east side of the Oregon Cascades, to Olympia,
Washington, at the southern tip of Puget Sound. The researchers are
testing not just different fertilizer formulas but also different application
timings, different application rates, and different placement (e.g., in the
hole or at the side of the tree).
In general, NTC projects are designed to improve nursery
management, seedling quality, integrated pest management, and
outplanting performance. Different growing media and means of
sterilizing soil to rid it of pathogens and weed seed are two areas
investigated recently. The cooperative conducted herbicide testing for
more than a decade and has now pulled the results together into a
single proceedings article.
Such testing benefits the cooperating nurseries even when results are
negative. For instance, a few years ago, cooperators were interested in
an antitranspirant that offered the hope of protecting seedlings from
water loss following outplanting. Research showed the antitranspirant
to be ineffective; that knowledge saved the cooperators from spending
money unnecessarily by buying a product that does not work.
Savings are not the only advantage of being a member of the
cooperative. For many, an even greater benefit is the opportunity to
interact at meetings, trade information freely, learn from each other
about new things they are trying or plan to try, and help each other
avoid redundant effort. Haase comments that the annual meeting feels
like a group of friends together in an atmosphere of sharing
information. In addition to the annual meeting in the fall, the
cooperative holds a specialized integrated pest management meeting
early each new year that is more narrowly focused for nursery
managers.
The researchers also benefit. The graduate students involved in projects
make contacts with agencies all over Washington and Oregon, giving
them an advantage in seeking jobs after graduation. Haase herself
joined the cooperative as a graduate student in 1989, becoming staff
on completing her degree in 1991. For her, the benefit has been the
variety inherent in her job. She works with many projects and many
people, in the field, in the nursery, in the lab, and in the office. The
work has never been boring.
The NTC is one of only two nursery cooperatives in the United States.
Its cutting edge research has given it an international reputation, and
incoming graduate students say that they came to OSU because it is the
best place to be to study reforestation.
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F
ew independent forestry organizations can afford their own genetics
research program. In addition, although the USDA Forest Service and
some of the largest forest products companies have research staffs,
maintaining a strong ongoing research effort in the specialized field of
genetics is difficult. Consequently, Tom Adams (Forest Science) notes,
an information gap between genetic researchers and tree breeders
developed with cutbacks in research funding in the early 1980s. To
close that gap, tree breeders in the Pacific Northwest sought assistance
from the College of Forestry. As a result, the Pacific Northwest Tree
Improvement Research Cooperative (PNWTIRC) was established in July
1983.
Nationwide, most tree improvement activities are conducted through
cooperatives, including development of breeding plans, coordination of
selection, breeding and testing of parents, and analyzing and
interpreting data. A common secondary function is to conduct research
supporting the applied breeding efforts. The PNWTIRC, however,
differs from the usual university tree improvement cooperative. One
major reason is that cooperative applied tree breeding in coastal
Oregon and Washington is under the direction of the Northwest Tree
Improvement Co-operative, a non-profit association of forest industries.
The emphasis of the PNWTIRC is to provide research support for the
Northwest Tree Improvement Co-operative and other public and private
tree improvement programs in the Northwest.
The goal of the PNWTIRC is to enhance the efficiency of breeding
efforts by addressing priority research needs. The selection of specific
projects is not always easy, because member organizations differ in
their priorities. Nevertheless, active involvement of the membership in
project selection and development aids in reaching consensus.
At present, the PNWTIRC's research is focused on two major areas. The
first, in which work has been under way for nearly 10 years, is
understanding and making use of the genetics of adaptive traits of
Douglas-fir. Genetic improvement emphasizes growth and wood
quality, but researchers seek to improve these in ways that will not
reduce the tree's adaptation. For Douglas-fir, hardiness to cold and
drought is essential to the broad use of genetically improved varieties
for reforestation. Artificial freeze-testing procedures developed by the
PNWTIRC enable breeders to rank Douglas-fir families rapidly and
accurately for their relative hardiness to fall and spring frosts. These
procedures work well both in seedlings grown in nurseries and in
sapling-age (10- to 15-year-old) trees in field tests. In fact, Adams
reports, families rank similarly whether they are freeze-tested at the
seedling or sapling stages.
Current projects are addressing ways to assess hardiness to summer
drought. Again, hardiness at both the seedling and sapling stages is
being investigated. Seedlings have been grown in a nursery at the FRL
and subjected to three levels of summer watering, from abundant to
very little water. Damage to water-conducting tissues and to seedling
growth is being measured, and genetic controls on these traits are
being evaluated. Drought-hardiness in sapling-age trees is assessed by
investigating the impact of past drought years on annual growth rings,
as determined by measuring growth rings in wood cores sampled from
the trees. It remains to be proven, however, whether growth rings of
sapling-age trees are sensitive enough to soil moisture conditions to be
useful. Screening procedures for both cold- and drought-hardiness will
ultimately be tested by ranking families using these procedures and then
evaluating their performance in a variety of field environments.
Associate Director Thimmappa Anekonda (Forest Science) describes the
PNWTIRC's second major focus as research directed at improving the
efficiency of Douglas-fir seed orchards. In traditional orchards, stems
are widely spaced to promote large crowns, and clones are intermixed
to promote intermating through wind pollination. Unfortunately, some
pollen is carried in from surrounding areas, and the genetic quality of
the seed is reduced due to the partial pollination from non-orchard trees
(referred to as pollen contamination). As much as 40% to 50% of the
seed in wind-pollinated Douglas-fir orchards can be the result of pollen
contamination. One recently initiated project, being conducted in
collaboration with Steve Strauss (Forest Science), is to develop better
methods of assessing levels of pollen contamination using molecular
genetic markers.
The PNWTIRC is also investigating orchard technologies for the future.
The Òmicro-orchardÓ is a new alternative from New Zealand and
Australia, where it is being used by radiata pine breeders. Unlike
traditional orchards, micro-orchards entail closer spacing, smaller trees,
and more intensive management. Because trees are planted much more
densely and are not allowed to grow more than 1-2 meters tall, crowns
are easier to reach for culturing and seed collection. Furthermore,
planting clones in rows facilitates collection of pollen and artificial
pollination, which can dramatically reduce or even eliminate pollen
contamination. Artificial pollination can also be used to produce
specific crosses of parents for specialized purposes, such as hardiness
to particularly stressful sites or specific wood properties. Researchers
are not yet certain whether the cost of micro-orchards will be low
enough and the seed yield high enough for their use to be feasible for
Douglas-fir. However, the ability to eliminate pollen contamination and
control mating is a huge potential benefit spurring this research effort.
Many PNWTIRC findings have had great significance for Douglas-fir
breeding efforts in the region. For instance, past work on stem form and
wood quality traits led to effective, cost-efficient methods of
measurement and emphasized the importance of including ÒqualityÓ
traits when selecting for orchard parents. Another example is the
PNWTIRC's work on early testing, which has shown that seedling
measurements can be effectively used to identify those families with the
poorest potential for stem growth, so that the number of families tested
in expensive field trials can be reduced. It is also likely that seedling
tests will prove valuable for assessing the hardiness of families to cold
and drought; the results of these tests can be used in deciding which
families to plant on sites particularly susceptible to such stresses.
Back
Cooperating to Achieve Diverging Goals
F
rom Coos Bay to Vancouver Island, researchers from the Hardwood
Silviculture Cooperative are examining the growth of red alder. Their
main project involves 26 variable-density plantations in western
Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. At each site, cooperators
planted large blocks at densities of 100, 230, 525, and 1200 trees per
acre. Each block was then divided into plots of about an acre. One was
left untreated as a control, two were thinned at different stages of
growth, and a fourth was pruned rather than thinned. As Project Leader
Dave Hibbs (Forest Science) notes, the sites cover not only a wide
geographic range, but also a range of site qualities. From their
investigations, researchers seek to discover where it is really
appropriate to plant red alder, how fast it will develop, and how land
managers can achieve their management goals most effectively.
The oldest of these plantations are about 10 years old. In getting this
far, the cooperative has had to overcome a number of problems, the
first being to establish a successful plantation. Regeneration from seed
in the field proved very difficult, early plantations failed, and basic
investigations into alder regeneration were needed. But now the efforts
of the cooperative have created a data set on growth of managed red
alder that may be second only to the data set for Douglas-fir on the
west side of the Cascades. The plantations are finally reaching the age
when they are most useful; the results of thinning and other treatments
are just becoming apparent. As Hibbs notes, that means cooperators
have had 10 years of investment and deferred gratification -- that is a
long planning time for many businesses today.
The cooperative came together as a combination of industry and
federal and state agency members, each with its own reasons for
interest in red alder management. For instance, industry wants to grow
alder for high-quality saw logs, while the USDA Forest Service wants to
manage red alder to ensure biodiversity. What members have had in
common is that they all want to grow red alder to meet their disparate
objectives. To do so, they have invested in the cooperative in many
ways: they provide the land used for plantations; the crews used for
planting, thinning, and making measurements; and the funds that
maintain the cooperative itself.
The day-to-day work of the cooperative is carried out by faculty
research assistant Alison Bower (Forest Science). She spends 60-70% of
her time on the road among the sites, working with crews provided by
the cooperators. Because the research is inherently labor-intensive, the
help of these crews has been an enormous asset to the cooperative.
In addition to the 26 variable-density stands, the cooperative has four
naturally regenerated stands and seven planted mixed-species stands,
on which they do related studies. Naturally regenerated stands up to
15 years old and 5 to 10 acres in size were sought as a means of shortcutting some of the growing lag time before meaningful thinning results
could be obtained. It came as a surprise to find only four naturally
regenerating stands of the right age and size in the entire Pacific
Northwest. Once the stands were identified, crews thinned them to
specific densities. Although studies in these stands are not as controlled
as those on the plantations because the sources of seed and original
conditions are unknown, researchers are learning a lot.
The seven mixed plantations of alder and Douglas-fir are new
plantations, and the proportions of the two species are varied
experimentally. Scientists are looking at the interactions between these
species, which are often competitors. One finding is that, in low
proportions, alder can benefit the Douglas-fir when soil nitrogen levels
are low, because the alder is a nitrogen-fixer. If red alder and Douglasfir are planted as alternating crops, alder can improve fertility and thus
growth of a subsequent plantation of Douglas-fir. Alder may also be a
good alternative to conifers in areas infected with laminated root rot.
Meanwhile, researchers continue to look for the right balance between
species to maintain a beneficial relationship.
Although the cooperative has focused on red alder primarily, work on
other hardwoods has begun. A two-year study of bigleaf maple
regeneration was completed in 1997. As had happened with red alder,
maple growth from seed failed, and nursery stock with large root
systems and large-diameter stems did best.
Back
Doing Science to Meet Society's Needs
T
he recession of the early 1980s made community leaders and
resource managers in the Oregon Coast Range think about the
importance of forest-based resources to the local economies. In 1985,
the College of Forestry held a series of meetings to identify the issues
that concerned local citizens. Based on these and problem analysis
workshops in 1986 to set priorities, Carl Stoltenburg (then FRL Director)
and Bob Ethington (then director of the USDA Forest Service Pacific
Northwest Research Station), with an advisory council, decided
research should focus on riparian zone management and regenerationrelated practices.
The Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhancement (COPE) Program then
started as a cooperative research and education program in 1987. Its
broadly stated aim was to increase the benefits derived from the forest
and stream resources of the Oregon Coast Range (from I-5 to the
Pacific and from the California border to the Washington border).
Resources there were abundant but employment tended to be only
seasonal, family incomes were low, young people migrated from the
area at a high rate, and balancing different resource uses caused
conflict. Particular problems included declining anadromous fish
populations, concern for wildlife and environmental quality, and worry
over future timber supplies as the land base was lost; trade-offs among
these values were poorly defined. Therefore research under the COPE
Program was intended to enhance the economic and social benefits
derived from forest and stream resources through a better
understanding of Coast Range ecosystems and how to manage them.
The program, which was originally proposed by Dean George Brown,
has been funded by the federal Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
and the Forest Service. It is coordinated by the College of Forestry and
the Forest Service's Pacific Northwest Research Station and conducted
by those organizations and the US Geological Survey Biological
Resources Division's Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center in
Corvallis. Steve Hobbs (Forest Science) has been program director
since 1987.
Part of the appeal of this cooperative to so many organizations has
been the fact that it involves both fundamental and adaptive research
components. The fundamental component is responsible for basic
research and the development of new information; the adaptive
component was included to improve the communication of research
results to cooperators and to conduct adaptive or applied research. It
makes information available promptly, adapts existing research-based
information to local conditions, and extends knowledge to the public.
Furthermore, the adaptive research has been conducted from the
Hatfield Marine Science Center in Newport, so researchers were
readily accessible to local individuals and agencies. Thus COPE was
intended to be a long-range program from the start and was designed
so that results would be readily accessible to cooperators, not confined
to scientific journals.
The COPE Program's original focus was biophysical aspects of riparian
zone management and reforestation practices, but the program
eventually expanded to include management of upslope second-growth
and integrated management of riparian and upslope habitats. Because
the Oregon Coast Range is in a mix of private and public ownership
and contains a mosaic of even-aged stands, it is a good field laboratory
for onsite research. Overall the COPE Program has conducted 62
studies; it has resulted in hundreds of publications and presentations,
and scientists and cooperators have conducted many field trips
together. The range of studies has been correspondingly wide.
Scientists conducting fundamental studies
developed ways to analyze and choose among regeneration
alternatives
looked at vegetation and landforms relative to the distribution of
salmonids
developed software to support decisions for reforestation
established guidelines for managing major shrub and hardwood
species
looked at effects of different kinds of site preparation after 10-20
years of stand growth
determined how understory vegetation reacts to thinning
developed spatial databases and models to help understand the
effects of management actions on resources
looked at recreation management and how best to integrate that
use with others
looked at how tree regeneration and other management activities
affect fish and wildlife habitat
examined sites disturbed by flooding, windthrow, sheet erosion,
and other natural processes to better understand the dynamics of
riparian vegetation
looked at how pastures versus forests serve to help keep nitrogen
from reaching streams
developed information to help people identify and manage slope
stability
looked at riparian wildlife diversity and habitat needs.
Because studies were intended to be long-term, some continue even as
the COPE Program draws to a close. Walter Thies (Forest Service
Pacific Northwest Research Station) began studying the susceptibility of
coastal conifers to laminated root rot under the COPE Program; the
study is expected to run to 2010. By that time, researchers hope to
have developed management strategies that would minimize the impact
of this root disease. Another offshoot of the COPE Program that will
continue is the Coastal Landscape Analysis and Modeling Study
(CLAMS). This multidisciplinary study uses satellite imagery to develop
computer simulation models of changes in vegetation, habitat, and
human activity across the entire Coast Range and how those are
affected by different management policies. Based on the insights the
models provide, researchers will consider whether current and
proposed policies can achieve desired conditions.
Adaptive studies looked at more specific issues, such as
how commercial thinning regimes affect the overstory and
understory vegetation and wildlife
effects of fertilizing and pruning trees
how to check response of riparian resources to management
strategies
influence of forest management on bat populations, bird
abundance, and ecology.
One specific example of adaptive research is Bill Emmingham's (Forest
Science) studies of conifer regeneration in riparian areas. Left
untreated, conifer establishment is extremely slow and sparse in
riparian areas dominated by red alder and salmonberry. Emmingham's
research, and that of Sam Chan (Forest Service Pacific Northwest
Research Station), has shown ways in which silvicultural treatments can
be used to establish conifers in riparian areas. This research will have
long-term benefits for fish and wildlife.
Many of the COPE Program's findings regarding riparian management
have been incorporated into the state's Riparian Protection Rules. As a
result of the work done by the COPE Program, our understanding of
forest and stream ecosystems in the Oregon Coast Range and how to
better manage them has increased dramatically. This effort was only
possible because of consistent and strong support from a wide variety
of organizations interested in cooperating to develop new information
to better manage multiple resources.
Organizations that have provided support to the COPE Program
include:
Federal agencies:
USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station
USDA Forest Service Siskiyou National Forest
USDA Forest Service Siuslaw National Forest
USGS Biological Resources Division
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Bureau of Land Management
US Fish and Wildlife Service
State agencies:
Oregon Department of Energy
Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
Oregon Department of Forestry
Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development
Oregon Department of Parks and Recreation
Oregon Division of State Lands
Oregon Forest Resources Institute
Oregon State University, College of Forestry
Tribal government:
Confederated Tribes of the Grande Ronde
County governments:
Benton
Clatsop
Coos
Curry
Douglas
Josephine
Lane
Lincoln
Polk
Tillamook
Washington
Yamhill
Industry:
Bohemia Inc.
Boise-Cascade Corporation
Champion International
Davidson Industries
Diamond B Lumber Co.
Georgia-Pacific Corporation
Giustina Land and Timber Co.
Howard-Cooper Corporation
Hydraulic and Machine Services Inc.
International Paper Co.
James River Corporation
Lone Rock Timber Co.
Longview Fibre Co.
McDonald Industries Oregon Inc.
Menasha Corporation
Pape Brothers Inc.
Roseboro Lumber Co.
Roseburg Resources Co.
Ross Corporation
RSG Forest Products Inc.
Smurfit Newsprint Corp.
Starker Forests, Inc.
Stimson Lumber Co.
Sun Studs Inc.
Three-G Lumber Co.
Weyerhaeuser Co.
Wheeler Manufacturing Co.
Willamette Industries, Inc.
Willamina Lumber Co.
Local Groups:
City of Newport
Clatsop Small Woodland Association
Oregon Small Woodland Association
Back
Developing Methods for Interdisciplinary
Research
A
lthough the environmental debate in the Pacific Northwest seems
unresolvable, researchers at OSU have been doing interdisciplinary
research on campus in the hope of lending new understanding to the
ongoing debate. In the College of Forestry, Steve Radosevich (Forest
Science) enlisted colleagues Bruce Shindler (Forest Resources), Peter
List (Philosophy), Sheila Cordray (Sociology), and Courtland Smith
(Anthropology) to initiate the process, and the College provided seed
money for what is now the Sustainable Forestry Partnership.
The project began as a series of weekly one-hour meetings; these initial
academic discussions lasted almost two years. The group then assigned
its researchers to start pulling information together on social,
biophysical, environmental, and forest management impacts. The
information was combined into a geographic information system (GIS)
and a case study of forest management in the central Cascades.
One focus of the project is trying to explain changes in the forest and
forest industry, by examining the context of existing information. None
of the information being used is proprietary; it comes from such sources
as satellite imaging, tax lots for ownership, and census data. From such
data, Radosevich and his colleagues developed a three-dimensional
topology of their subject area over time. This model illuminates the
difference between federal and private ownership, with federal lands
suffering from fragmentation of the forest, and private lands suffering
overcutting and unexpectedly low regeneration. Researchers have also
conducted several nationwide surveys to identify current regional and
national attitudes about forest management practices.
In addition to its initial funding from the College of Forestry, the project
has had funding from the US Department of State, under the Man and
the Biosphere program. The newer Sustainable Forestry Partnership
then sponsored a case study of the same areaÑthe McKenzie and
Middle Fork of the Willamette rivers. This case study also provides a
synthesis of issues, centering on sustainable forestry, over a longer
history.
The team initially had to create a shared interdisciplinary language.
Even though they all speak English, because of their academic
disciplines the researchers often had different meanings for the same
words and different words for the same meanings. To resolve that
problem, they developed a matrix of spatial scales and disciplines that
gave them the core for understanding one another's sciences.
The team also found they could not work just in the abstract; they
needed to relate their discussion to a particular piece of ground. They
chose the McKenzie and Middle Fork of the Willamette because it was
an area for which they could get abundant information.
By developing new methods, the team hopes to clear the way for more
interdisciplinary research. At present few agencies fund interdisciplinary
research. One roadblock is the fact that interdisciplinary research is
hard to evaluate; there are no established methods for the research. In
the case of this project, researchers are having to develop the methods
as they try to do the research. An encouraging development is new
kinds of statistics that allow geographical and spatial comparisons that
would not have been possible in the past.
To date, the research has necessarily focused on developing new,
interdisciplinary methods. However, payoffs have come in several
areas. An immediate one has been a change in the perspective of all
involved. They have developed new perceptions, co-authored papers,
and given joint talks. Many new classes across campus have resulted,
with the interdisciplinary team teaching integrated classes.
Further down the road, researchers hope to use the methods they have
developed to begin to understand the drivers of social and
environmental change. With such an understanding, they believe, it
would become possible to develop policies or incentives to direct
change in ways the public wants.
Other areas for investigation include linking land-use patterns with
social patterns. Immediate results should benefit land management
agencies, landowners, and leaders of natural-resource-dependent
communities. The team's long-term goal is to develop a methodology to
predict land use, productivity, and the consequences of changes in land
use, social and economic structures, and ecosystem properties and
behavior.
The project has involved a lot of methodological research, to find better
ways to do interdisciplinary research. Radosevich comments that,
despite the difficulty of synthesizing so much diverse information, the
cross-campus relationships have made it worthwhile.
Back
Faster Growth, Less Pollution
W
hen an area has been deforested, whether by fire, disease, or cutting, the name of the
game is to get the forest back. That is how Director Robin Rose (Forest Science) describes the
purpose of the Vegetation Management Research Cooperative. To get the forest back,
researchers conduct applied research on young plantations, from seedling establishment
through crown closure, emphasizing management of competing vegetation. In contrast to many
projects that seem to polarize commercial timber and environmental interests, the Vegetation
Management Research Cooperative seeks to maximize survival, wood-crop biomass, and
growth while protecting public resources.
They accomplish this by bringing together the best of what is known about seedlings with the
best of what is known about vegetation control and the best of what is known about
fertilization. The largest current project is the Ò2 meters in 2 yearsÓ study. Using slow-release
fertilizer, researchers grew Douglas-fir to 2 meters tall in the first 2 years. Trees in the tests were
given fertilizer for their first year or their first and second years (or, for the control, not at all).
Competing vegetation was controlled in the first 2 or the first 3 years. The method has been
demonstrated at six plots so far, in Rainier, Belfair, Forks, Cathlamet, and Mossyrock,
Washington, and in Drain, Oregon; more plots will be established next year in Glenwood,
Washington, and Fort Bragg, California.
These demonstrations have important implications. Current reforestation laws throughout the
Pacific Northwest require that lands ravaged by fire, insects, disease, or cutting be successfully
regenerated in 6 years. Specifically, the laws require that, before cutting can commence on a
piece of land, adjacent cleared lands must have seedlings at specified ages or sizes. Improving
seedling quality and advances in vegetation control are the ways growers have for making that
happen.
Faster growth, as in the 2 meters in 2 years study, means less need for herbicide. Oregon law
stipulates that trees must be Òfree to growÓ within 6 years of harvest. That requirement means
the tree must have out-competed weed species sufficiently to eliminate the need for herbicide or
other means of vegetation removal. This demonstration shows that trees may be free to grow in
2-3 years, rather than 6 years, which is a boon for the state for reducing herbicide use. And the
project's implications are not just for corporate forestry. Faster growth against competing
vegetation would also aid Christmas tree farming, reclamation after fires, and restoration of
riparian zones. With additional testing (and different formulations), Rose expects the same
method can also be used with native plants. Furthermore, fertilizer is applied right in the root
zone and very little is needed per acre, because it is not broadcast over wide areas and not
washed off. Thus pollution can be reduced.
Since its establishment in 1993, the cooperative has conducted work in a variety of
environments. The research stands range from the dry east side of the Cascades to the wet west
side and from high to low elevations, extending from northern Washington to central California.
Rose anticipates that the next step will be to take the research worldwide. Growers in Chile
hope to use it on their Douglas-fir plantations. In Taiwan, it may be used to create monkey
habitat in disturbed areas. In Africa it might help growers establish firewood lots. Firewood must
be dense, but dense woods are often the slowest to grow Ð faster growth could allow more
recovery. It could help in places like Thailand, where in the past bulldozers were used to
remove competing vegetation, and with it much of the topsoil. Thus the information developed
by the cooperative can be used internationally for conservation biology or restoration ecology;
it serves both timber and environmental interests.
Other cooperative projects are more specific to the Pacific Northwest. One such project is the
ongoing synthesis of information about the autecology of common problematic plants. For each
species, researchers conduct a literature review and compile all that is known about how it
grows and how it responds to different kinds of management. For instance, attempts to remove
vine maple mechanically in fact spread it farther, because the stems take root wherever they
touch the ground. This compilation of the science of vegetation management will be published
as a book that will surely be a standard reference for land managers. By consulting it, someone
who suffers a fire in an area where manzanita is common will know to replant trees quickly to
beat out invading manzanita and thus avoid fighting it off after it has had a chance to establish
itself. The two volumes drafted so far cover 10 species each, and another is planned that will
cover 15 species. These volumes have been distributed to members of the cooperative, as one
more benefit of membership.
Back
Using High Technology to Aid Fish Recovery
H
ow can a stream running through the hot desert of eastern Oregon
have occasional cold spots, with warm water both upstream and down?
This anomaly showed up in 1994 when fisheries biologist Bruce
McIntosh (Forest Science) started working with forward-looking infrared
(FLIR) sensor images representing the surface temperatures of stream,
vegetation, and soil. Puzzled, McIntosh went to hydrologist Bob
Beschta (Forest Engineering). They discussed the anomalies but could
reach no conclusion without more data. At about that time, they
responded to a call for proposals from the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) Joint
Watershed Research Program and developed a project that would help
in understanding stream temperatures and factors affecting them in
eastern Oregon.
Their initial concern was that thermal patterns of streams and adjacent
land were anomalous. In some places the water seemed to be too cool,
given adjacent temperatures, and those places, termed thermal refuges,
are preferred by chinook salmon. That seems understandable, since at
the hottest time of the year, stream temperatures might be at or above
lethal temperatures for spring chinook salmon. The questions to be
addressed were how the anomalies occur and whether they are natural
or reflect human practices.
Given the complexity of the issues, the project is led by multiple
principal investigators, each bringing a different expertise, along with a
love for eastern Oregon. In addition to McIntosh and Beschta,
biologists Hiram and Judy Li and Boone Kauffman (all in Fisheries and
Wildlife) are investigating the distributions of fish, invertebrates, and
vegetation. Geomorphologist Pat McDowell from the University of
Oregon adds her skills in interpreting the geology.
Similar anomalies show up in other Oregon streams, even on the
bigger ones, such as the Klamath River. But because many eastside
streams have both high temperatures and limited salmon populations,
research is being conducted on the Middle Fork of the John Day River.
One of the reasons for choosing this area is that fish are holding on in
these streams, and so the area offers hope for restoration of fish
populations. However, much of the best fish habitat on the east side is
in private ownership. This means that researchers are working on
private lands, and management research is inappropriate. On the other
hand, their work here helps to fill a research void; eastern Oregon has
long been bypassed by researchers in favor of westside streams.
The researchers are examining a number of possible causes for the
stream temperature anomalies. For instance, denser or different
vegetation might shade some areas. Cool water from underground
sources and springs might enter the stream at certain points. Many of
the research methods involve high technology. They continue to use
FLIR, a Department of Defense-developed imaging technology that
offers great precision and accuracy. Ground-penetrating radar allows
them to sense the depth to bedrock. Comparison of aerial photographs
taken in 1939 and 1990 has allowed them to track historical changes
in the environment and land use. Some 126 wells along three river
reaches make it possible to trace patterns in groundwater temperatures.
Researchers have also collected soil and vegetation data in the well
fields. In addition, they have done traditional counts of fish and
invertebrates along various reaches of the river, both warm and cool.
Geographic information systems (GISs) let them overlay the different
kinds of data, to make common patterns apparent.
As they learn about the local environmental patterns, the researchers
have revised their hypotheses. For instance, some of the research effort
has shifted direction to consider evaporative heat transfer. As afternoon
winds come up, a local microclimate involving the wind and dry air
often develops. To investigate this possibility, in 1998 researchers made
micrometeorological measurements of relative humidity, wind, and air
temperature, in the stream channel and in nearby riparian areas.
With these different kinds of research going on, coordination becomes
important. It can be difficult to get all investigators out at once, and
they have to be ready for anything because of the down time imposed
by travel distances. Compensating for that are the advantages of
collaboration. If they were not all working at the same sites, they would
never be sure whether apparent differences were real or just the result
of their different perspectives. By working together they can discuss
issues across disciplines. Typically, when the collaborators reach a
conclusion, it has inherent backing of all the disciplines. That not only
grants it much greater credibility but also increases the likelihood that
such conclusions will have an effect on future management of stream
and riparian resources.
Back
Extending into a New Niche
M
ost biotechnology research is fundamental: the research ers
simply seek new genes and new knowledge. What sets the Tree
Genetic Engineering Research Cooperative (TGERC) apart is that it
selects genes in consultation with growers to address their needs. In
most cases, this means they start with genes known to control specific
desirable traits in agricultural plants and apply them in forestry.
Examples are genes to resist herbicides or insects that were proven in
maize and soybeans that TGERC researchers are now testing in trees.
According to Director Steve Strauss (Forest Science), the cooperative's
main objective is to start getting genetically engineered trees out into
the real world. The work is extension-like in that TGERC staff help
industry field-test products on their own lands. Staff create genetically
engineered trees in the laboratory and then conduct field trials on
industrial lands. The tests are necessary because sometimes a gene
mechanism that works in one kind of plant fails in another. For
example, graduate student Rozi Mohamed found that a disease
resistance gene that was effective in tobacco was no help to poplar
against diseases it faces in the Pacific Northwest.
All of the cooperative's work so far has been with poplars. Poplars
were chosen because they are a burgeoning new crop in the region
and especially amenable to genetic engineering. When the TGERC
started in 1994, the cooperative's first task was to establish that gene
insertion was even possible. Now the cooperative can do it with just
about any kind of poplar and other work has taken precedence.
Several projects seek to improve trees' resistance to insects, herbicides,
and disease.
The new traits controlled by the genes are expected not only to reduce
pest control costs, but also to improve poplar's environmental attributes.
Understanding how the new genes will affect plantation sustainability is
the subject of new, multidisciplinary research that involves economics,
soils, and toxicology researchers at OSU.
The biggest current project, however, is developing ways to control the
flowering of trees. Control is necessary both to make trees flower when
breeders want them to and to keep them from flowering any other time.
All tree breeders have an interest in controlling flowering so that they
can cross desired varieties of trees without waiting the years it takes for
trees to become sexually mature. Conversely, breeders do not want
trees in production plantations to flower. In this way, newly introduced
genes, or even conventionally bred hybrids, are prevented from having
undesirable impacts on other lands as they spread through pollen and
seed. Development of sexually sterile trees would relieve industry and
farmers of the need to consider how each new gene might affect wild
populations in each environment where the trees are planted. Because
it is easy to produce poplars vegetatively, sexually sterile trees present
no problems for practical use. And by freeing resources normally used
for reproduction, the sterile trees may continue rapid growth during the
normal flowering phaseÑwhen the growth of trees usually slows down.
As an incentive for industry to invest in TGERC research, OSU is
patenting four new flowering-related genes from poplars that will be
useful for genetic engineering of sterile trees. Industry members of the
cooperative help pay for the patent process separately from their
TGERC membership; in return they will pay very inexpensive licensing
fees when the patents are approved. Those members who did not help
support the patent process will still receive a reduced rate, but will pay
about twice as much as the members who share in patent costs. Licenses
are also available to nonmembers at higher rates. Having a license to
use a patented gene gives industry confidence that it can use a new
gene commercially at an affordable price.
However, because biotechnology is a young field, a number of patents
are in effect that cover most of the methods and genes needed to
produce a commercially useful transgenic tree. Forest industries are
therefore working with biotechnology companies, such as TGERC
member Monsanto, to gain access to the full suite of tools needed.
Biotechnology companies like Monsanto see the cooperative as a place
for their technology to be tested and developed into useful, credibly
tested products for forest industries.
Usually, only the biggest companies do their own genetic engineering
research, and then only on the biggest crops; very few forest or
agricultural companies can afford their own biotechnology research
laboratories. The cooperative can help fill the traditional land-grant
university niche of doing research to help the smaller companies and
farmers to gain access to new technology, such as developing better
wheat for Northwest conditions or finding ways to protect fruit crops
from disease. Perhaps even more important, though, is the fact that the
collaboration of industries, government agencies, and the university
represented in the TGERC helps to assure the public that this new
technology is developed wisely and tested thoroughly.
Back
Thinking Globally
W
orldwide, consumers are beginning to realize that their
consumption has impacts in other regions and countries. As a result,
they are increasingly looking for assurance that those impacts are
socially and environmentally acceptable. For example, child labor has
seen considerable press lately, and the apparel industry is responding
by implementing third-party auditing of labor practices in their foreign
factories. The forest industry faces similar societal pressures to assure
consumers that its practices are not harming the environment.
In 1996, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation funded a
series of case studies to document businesses practicing sustainable
forestry to identify the impacts on corporate profitability and forest
management. The project working group included more than 30
researchers from Pennsylvania State University, the University of
California at Berkeley, and the University of Michigan. Weyerhaeuser
and other private companies and non-government organizations were
also involved. From the early expectation that sustainable forestry
would be supported by premium prices customers might pay,
researchers came to the conclusion that sustainable forestry involves
many other benefits and is often simply good business practice.
Eric Hansen (Forest Products) got involved with this project because of
the Sustainable Forestry Partnership's interest in developing a seminar
series on forest certification. Steve Radosevich (Forest Science), who
led the effort, wanted representation of the business side of the issues.
At the same time, Hansen was working on developing an environmental
marketing cooperative course in Finland and so could offer another
perspective on sustainability and certification.
Third-party certification has been an important consideration in
sustainable forestry. Support for certification in Europe has been
developing quickly; that's necessarily a concern for the state, as
Oregon's products could find themselves shut out of the market. With
the OEDD (Oregon Economic Development Department), Hansen and
his colleagues in the College of Forestry, the Oregon Department of
Forestry, and elsewhere developed a white paper to inform the
governor about certification and what it means.
Hansen has continued related studies. The first cases were of forestry
production in the United States and Scandinavia and retailing in the
United States and the United Kingdom. It seemed the next step should
be to study the other main player in Europe, the German publishing
industry. The well-documented case studies illustrate company
experiences in working toward sustainability and opportunities for
conversion to sustainable practices.
Case studies are conducted quite differently from traditional empirical
research. A significant element is building effective relationships with
key people within the firm being studied. The Sustainable Forestry
Partnership seminars had invited representatives of Collins Pine and
Home Depot/Sainsbury's, giving Hansen connections to the people he
needed to reach. For the case study of Collins Pine, researchers went
onsite at four sites across the US; for the Home Depot study, they visited
headquarters and stores in four states. For the UK study of the retailer
Sainsbury's, they visited headquarters in London and stores there and in
nearby areas. To study the big Swedish forest company, STORA, they
spent a week at headquarters in Falun and at nearby locations. After
each site visit, researchers and staff at the companies being studied
exchanged many emails, letters, and phone calls to make sure the
researchers had their facts straight. Among the several case studies,
Hansen wound up with 100s of pages of transcripts of interviews,
observations, and emails.
Projects like these require the joint efforts of many researchers. On
these, Hansen worked with Steve Lawton (project manager) and Jim
McAlexander, both of the OSU College of Business. From the College
of Forestry came Stefan Weinfurter, who was at OSU for a year
working on his senior thesis and is now back in Austria to finish his
degree. Other participants included Rick Fletcher, Benton County
Extension Forester, and John Punches, Douglas County Extension Forest
Products and Forestry.
Hansen and his colleagues have now done several international
presentations and many in the United States concerning experiences in
marketing certified products; one was to the UN Economic Commission
for Europe Timber Committee in Geneva, Switzerland.
Hansen and a colleague from Finland are now building on this past
work to develop a discussion paper for the United Nations concerning
what's happening in the US, Europe, and countries of the former Soviet
Union with respect to forest certification. Beyond that, Lawton and
Hansen are planning a conference on environmental marketing to be
held in September 1999. The conference will inform industry about
using environmental marketing strategies to compete better in the
global market. Another planned project concerns the chain of custody
of forest products, looking at how to track whether a given product
really came from the forest specified, grown and processed under the
required conditions. Establishing chain of custody takes careful controls
at each processing point. The associated costs and challenges will be
the focus of the study.
Back
Fighting Disease without Endangering the
Environment
S
wiss needle cast is a fungal disease whose only host is Doug las-fir.
The fungus infects the tree through the needles. The infection eventually
causes needles to turn yellow and fall off prematurely; a severely
infected tree can lose all but the current year's needles. The disease is
debilitating, slows the tree's growth, and makes it more susceptible to
pests and competition from shrubs and other vegetation. Thus the tree is
apt to die of secondary causes, though not of the infection directly. The
problem is especially bad for Christmas trees, because their
appearance is so important and so badly affected by the disease.
Though Swiss needle cast is a native disease, it has moved with the
trees. It is now a problem in Europe, where it was first identified in
Switzerland in the 1920s, New Zealand, and across the United States.
A survey done on the Oregon coast in the 1930s found it already
present, but the problem has worsened in recent years. The secondary
effect of losing out to competing vegetation is especially problematic on
the Oregon coast, where everything grows so quickly.
Two factors make Swiss needle cast an issue now. Much more Douglasfir is growing today than grew years ago, so more trees can be
affected. In addition, the disease does seem to have gotten worse in the
1980s. At that time it occurred primarily on trees brought in from nonlocal seed sources to reforest devastated areas. Local trees were
apparently resistant, but the trees grown from seed brought in from
other areas were introduced to the inevitably wetter conditions of the
Oregon coast and were susceptible. However, since 1994, the disease
has appeared even on trees with local origins.
Researchers in the Swiss Needle Cast Cooperative are looking beyond
the use of fungicides for several reasons. Current fungicides are
ineffective over a landscape, even though they do eliminate the fungus
on individual branches or trees. The uneven terrain over the landscape
makes application difficult and the timing of bud break is extended.
(Bud break is the time when fungicide must be applied.) On a Christmas
tree farm, all trees are at the same stage at the same time, and bud
break occurs fairly simultaneously. For this reason, fungicide has so far
been effective in that industry. However, spraying fungicide near
riparian areas is environmentally unacceptable.
One alternative to the fungicide in current use is thinning the trees, to
space them for vigor and health. The cooperative is establishing new
experimental plots, on which they know the conditions of infection and
basal area before thinning. The study is in only its second year; to get
reliable information will take 5-10 years.
In addition to the work on new plots, the cooperative will do some
retrospective work on existing thinned plots. The same people will work
on both the retrospective studies and the new; by working as continuing
teams, they ensure that all are on the same research path and not
duplicating effort.
Recognizing the worsening problem of Swiss needle cast, and
concerned about their limited options for fighting the disease,
representatives of private industry decided that cooperative research
was needed. Therefore industry representatives came to the College of
Forestry and suggested development of a research cooperative to study
the problem of Swiss needle cast.
The Swiss Needle Cast Cooperative started formally in January 1997,
and research is expected to last for 5 years. After 5 years, the
cooperators can decide whether it is necessary to extend the
cooperative's efforts further. The cooperative currently includes 20
members, mostly from private industry. Among them, they represent all
the major forest owners on the coast. In addition to private companies
and state and federal land managing agencies, the Grande Ronde and
Siletz tribes and Coos County are members.
Scientists are working together with industry representatives who have
helped set up plots and given other assistance. The narrow focus of the
project helps in the effort, because it is easier to make plans. In the
future, researchers will look at fungicides not currently in use for this
problem, in case they could overcome some of the problems of the
current fungicide, at least in some situations, and allow a simpler, faster
solution.
Research is led by faculty from the College of Forestry (in Forest
Science, Forest Resources, and Forest Products) and from the College of
Science (in the Botany and Plant Pathology Department). A faculty
member from Washington State University, whose experience is
working with Christmas trees, is doing research for the cooperative, and
about six graduate students are also involved.
Much of the work is done by the graduate students. Industry recognizes
the cooperative as a good buy, because of time and energy that the
graduate students give the projects. The graduate students benefit as
well, getting real-world experience unmatched in the ivory tower.
Back
A Connecting Thread
T
he College of Forestry has had a number of collaborative research
programs connected by an intellectual thread. As more is learned and
as forest management evolves, new questions open up, leading to new
areas of research. In the 1980s, the Forest-Intensive Research (FIR)
Program dealt with forest regeneration in harsh conditions. Work on
regeneration issues continued in the COPE Program, which is ending in
1998, but extended to riparian areas. A new program in 1997, the
Cooperative Forest Ecosystem Research (CFER) program is now
extending that research by conducting long-term ecosystem-based
research that will facilitate management of forest ecosystems on public
land.
CFER cooperators include the Bureau of Land Management's (BLM's)
Oregon State Office, the US Geological Survey's (USGS's) Biological
Resources Division's Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center
(FRESC), the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF), and OSU's
Colleges of Forestry and Agricultural Sciences. Within the BLM and
ODF, many contact people facilitate coordination and implementation
of research. In addition, BLM has committed roughly half of one staff
member's time specifically to acting as liaison with the program.
To narrow the CFER program's initial research focus, in 1997 Jeff Smith
(then of Forest Science), Bob Gresswell (Fisheries and Wildlife), and
John Hayes (Forest Science) wrote a problem analysis, identifying
research areas of interest and information needed to implement the
Northwest Forest Plan on BLM land; a record of decision (ROD) for the
plan imposed specific requirements on BLM that required a better
knowledge of ecosystem functions. The information needed is broad;
the problem analysis narrowed the scope of the program but remained
quite broad to allow the new program to take shape according to the
specific skills researchers brought to bear.
BLM had three initial areas of concern:
1) management of riparian areas, specifically for aquatic
conservation, including development of buffersÑhow big should
buffers be, and what management (if any) could be done in the
buffers?
2) biodiversity of young stands and management for such
diversityÑthe ROD carries specific constraints, but there are
options within those constraints that must be considered, and the
ecological ramifications of some approaches remain unclear.
3) management for species of special concernÑspecies were
identified in the ROD for which little information was as yet
available.
The CFER program took on the task of addressing these concerns.
Although these issues as they relate specifically to the ROD are not
concerns for the ODF, that agency is proposing new management
strategies for similar goals and has joined the cooperative to gain the
same kinds of information.
The research team is led by six principal investigators: John Hayes
(Forest Science; also coordinator for the program), wildlife ecologist;
Dave Hibbs (Forest Science), plant ecologist; Dan Edge (Fisheries and
Wildlife), wildlife ecologist; John Tappeiner (FRESC), silviculturist; Ed
Starkey (FRESC), wildlife ecologist; and Bob Gresswell (FRESC),
aquatic ecologist.
Another important team member is information exchange specialist
Betsy Littlefield (Forest Science). The cooperative program is putting a
strong emphasis on information exchange. Not only do the researchers
want to get information to managers promptly, they want a two-way
exchange to ensure that they stay in touch with agency needs. The
exchange has occurred in the form of field tours, symposia, and small
group meetings. A Web site is being developed, as are a newsletter, a
video on biodiversity in young forests, and a seminar series. This
emphasis on information exchange reflects the program's research
philosophy. The integrated interdisciplinary research is intended to be
sensitive to the short-term needs of the cooperators within a long-term
vision.
The research being done at present is all field oriented. (Summer 1998
was the program's first field season.) Much of the work is
observational, especially studies concerned with old-growth. At the
same time, a large experimental study is being planned in southwestern
Oregon concerning manipulation of stand structure and the responses
of plant and animal populations. That project also takes advantage of
several experimental stands established in the Tillamook area 4-5 years
ago under the COPE program and a series of plots established on BLM
lands. More experimentation may be possible on species responses in
riparian areas. Possibilities include examining different responses to the
presence of hardwoods versus conifers in streams, and considering
differences resulting from differences in thinning densities.
The geographic area covered by the CFER program is huge. At that
landscape level, replication of observations is difficult. Nevertheless, the
influence of landscape patterns on animal populations presents
important management issues. The CFER program is tackling these
issues in its studies. One component of this work is looking at the
amphibians present in headwater streams, and how they are affected
by landscape structure. The researchers are considering the landscape
in terms of the management history of the basins, measuring
characteristics of the area in a variety of ways so that they can tease
apart the factors responsible for determining the presence and
abundance of various species. In short, they start with simplified
variables and coarse differences, and as they learn more they will
move on to more complexity.
As the program develops, it is becoming increasingly integrated. Three
primary focus areas are planned for 1999:
1) coarse woody debris in riparian ecosystemsÑPast management
of riparian areas was driven in part by concerns over its effect on
sedimentation and water temperature. More recently woody
debris has been recognized as being important in the ways it
modifies stream structure and creates spawning and rearing
habitat for salmonids. Researchers are looking at how a stand's
condition and characteristics influence its potential to produce
such debris, how the wood gets into the stream, and what it does
once there. Answering the questions requires knowledge about
silviculture (stand structure and management), as well as
knowledge about the role of wildlife in changing structure (for
instance, beaver who cut trees and deposit wood into streams)
and aquatic ecology (how coarse woody debris affects fish and
invertebrates). Thus the mix of scientists in the program is well
suited to the research.
2) stand management and biotic responses to management of
stand structureÑResearchers are seeking to answer numerous
questions: How does management influence structure? How did
old-growth originally develop? How do plant species respond to
different structural characteristics? How do animal populations
respond to structure and to management activity?
3) landscape structureÑThere is a mix of theories about how the
differences at the landscape scale affect vertebrates, and how this
relates to fragmentation. However, because of the challenges of
addressing questions at this scale, only a limited amount of data is
available. Researchers are starting by considering how patterns
vary at that scale for fish and amphibians.
The integration of CFER research is necessary because many resourcerelated problems are complex and interdisciplinary. Hayes notes that
although as a wildlife researcher he might be able to draw up a
workable research plan, by working closely with plant ecologists,
silviculturists, and aquatic biologists, he can better address the issues as
integrated research problems. By joining forces, the team gains a
synergy, and the end product exceeds what the individuals could have
accomplished separately.
According to Hayes, unless we pursue this kind of interdisciplinary
work, we will simply be unable to address many of the big questions
that influence the future of forestry in the region.
Back
Seeking the Causes of Change
T
hroughout the western US, aspen populations are declining. All
states in the West have suffered from this decline, but as yet there is no
consensus on the cause. Among the possible causes are the suppression
of fire, browsing pressure from various ungulates, and site-specific or
global climate changes.
Aspen have the greatest geographic range of any North American tree
species. They are popular and esthetically pleasing because of their
white bark, quaking leaves, and bright yellow fall color. They are an
important source of fiber for wood products and help provide
protection for watersheds and riparian areas. Aspen are also a key
ecosystem component for wildlife and contribute to biodiversity.
There are several theories as to why aspen are declining in the West:
Ungulates such as elk and cattle browse on aspen sprouts and may be
suppressing regeneration. Elk also strip bark from larger trees, which
gives pathogens a way in. Suppression of wildfires may let conifers
encroach and shade out aspen stands. Climatic changes may play a
role, either through regional fluctuations (such as extended drought) or
through the phenomenon of global warming.
Despite the extent of the problems facing aspen, there has been almost
no federal funding for aspen research since the mid-1980s. One
exception is for Bill Ripple's (Forest Resources) collaborative aspen
project, which since 1997 has been collecting information in
Yellowstone National Park and elsewhere. Funding has come from a
cooperative consisting of the National Park Service and the University
of Wyoming. The National Park Service and the USDA Forest Service
have also given Ripple and graduate student Eric Larsen (Geosciences)
logistical support in the form of summer housing, field assistance, and
access to relevant historical documents and aerial photos.
The OSU Research Council has provided additional funding, with which
Ripple and Larsen have collected more data around Yellowstone, both
within the park and in the neighboring Gallatin and Shoshone national
forests. In addition, they recently conducted a field research day in
Oregon's Umatilla National Forest, consulting with area foresters and
wildlife biologists on the status of aspen in the Blue Mountains.
Working in Yellowstone National Park has had several advantages for
research. As one of the largest natural areas in the lower 48 states,
Yellowstone is among the few places where researchers can study an
area where cattle have never grazed. Past management practices are
also well documented, and the researchers can call on Yellowstone's
extensive archives for historical information. For example, the fire
history of the park provides valuable data about the role of wildfire in
aspen regeneration. Yellowstone has also maintained estimates of the
size of its elk herd since the 1920s, which is useful in assessing the
impacts of ungulate browsing on aspen.
In this project, Ripple and Larsen are analyzing changes in aspen
stands through time and space. Aerial photographs from 1954 (1958
in the Gallatin and Shoshone national forests) and 1992 let them see
change in aspen canopy coverage over time. Data from plots within the
park are being compared to plots in the adjacent national forests to try
to identify any significant differences. In the field, Larsen has
established 2 m x 30 m belt transects to determine aspen overstory
density, size class, degree of browsing pressure on sprouts, bark
stripping of mature trees, and information on the size and intensity of
conifer encroachment in aspen stands. They have collected aspen cores
to determine stand ages and composition. The field work also included
ground truthing the information obtained from aerial photos.
A related research area is a retrospective study of aspen data reported
in a 1926 monograph by Edward Warren of Syracuse University
(based on his 1921 fieldwork at Yellowstone). In 1998 Ripple and
Larsen collected aspen cores from many of the same riparian areas
visited by Warren in 1921. They then developed an age-structure
analysis structure based on regression analysis of a tree's diameter at
breast height and its age. By comparing their results with those
reported by Warren, they can show changes in the structure over a 77year period.
Preliminary analysis of the Yellowstone data suggests that there are
significant differences between aspen populations in the park and those
in the surrounding forests. As work continues, Ripple seeks to test
additional hypotheses, such as the role of fallen trees from the 1988
fire in protecting young aspen from elk browsing pressure. Ripple also
hypothesizes that wolf reintroduction may affect elk behavior enough to
change browsing patterns and hence to change regeneration patterns
for some aspen stands.
Ripple has set up a Web page (www.cof.orst.
edu/cof/fr/research/aspen/) describing the work on the Umatilla
National Forest and at Yellowstone. It also provides information about
the biology and ecology of aspen and about their distribution. The
page is especially valuable in that it allows people to contact Ripple
directly with questions, comments, or requests for more information,
making it not just a tool for distributing information, but also one for
collecting and exchanging ideas from throughout the world.
Back
Preserving Wood to Preserve Forests
T
o preserve forest resources worldwide, we all need to be able to
use wood longer. Making it last generally means we need to add some
kind of preservatives. However, most wood is hard to treat with
preservatives because it cannot be penetrated by the liquids. Treatment
plants in Oregon and along the West Coast are at an economic
disadvantage relative to East Coast plants, which use more permeable
southern pine and so can process much more wood in a day
(sometimes 8 times as much). In addition, there is growing worldwide
political pressure against the use of preservatives that contain metallic
compounds (e.g., chromated copper arsenate). This pressure may make
current biocides unsuitable for use, and companies will have to move
into new areas. Most possible replacements for the metallic biocides
are organic compounds, but few of these are water soluble. Treatment
with organic biocides in the form of supercritical fluids offers hope,
because such fluids can penetrate wood as if they are gases.
Supercritical fluid treatments involve impregnating the wood with
biocides at extremely high pressures. Normal commercial treatments
use a pressure between 125 and 150 psi. In this project, researchers
are working at 10 to 20 times those pressures. Liquid applied at such
high pressures would simply crush the wood. Even supercritical fluids at
such high pressure can crush some kinds of wood. The methods are still
being developed and are as yet unproven. In general, the technology
is considered too uncertain for any single company to risk a large
investment. Therefore a number of chemical companies decided to work
together with researchers in the College of Forestry to carry out the
research.
The cooperative currently includes Chemical Specialties, Inc., Charlotte,
North Carolina; Dow Agro Sciences, Indianapolis, Indiana; JanssenPharmaceutica, Washington's Crossing, New Jersey; Troy Corp.,
Florham Park, New Jersey; and Bayer, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. These
chemical companies are large enough to take a broad view of the
market. They also have strong European connections and recognize the
need for alternatives to the current treatments. Other companies have
expressed interest but not yet made commitments. Although the
cooperating companies are big, the money each contributes is
relatively small, about $10,000 each, so the risk of loss compared to
the possible gain of a new technology is acceptable.
In the first year and a half of the cooperative's existence, the
cooperators have advised researchers Jeff Morrell (Forest Products)
and Keith Levien (Chemical Engineering) about their basic needs, but
then left them to pursue the research. With graduate students Matthew
Anderson and Philip Schneider (Forest Products) and Witoon Kittidacha
(Chemical Engineering), plus visiting professor Gyu-Hyeok Kim (Korea
University, Seoul, Korea), Morrell and Levien have started by looking
at how pressure develops in wood, what happens with the pressures
inside wood, and when collapse occurs. They argue that the first need
is to understand the process, before considering specific chemicals. Thus
the Forest Products researchers are looking at the fundamental
behavior of the wood; the chemical engineers are examining the
interactions between chemicals and the supercritical fluid. The OSU
researchers know that other supercritical fluid treatments work; they
have a patent for extraction using supercritical fluids that preceded the
cooperative. Now they hope this project will open new possibilities.
For a project like this, collaboration is important. The research involves
development in a largely unknown area, meaning that it is considered
to have too high a risk of failure for competitive research awards.
Consequently the only way the new processes will be investigated is by
bringing sponsoring companies together. One of the deterrents and
reasons that the work is considered risky is the high cost of the
equipment. That high cost reflects the need to attain extremely high
pressures. The cooperative is fortunate in having state-of-the-art facilities
that were donated by Weyerhaeuser.
In spite of the risk that the process may never actually work, Morrell
notes that it offers one of the few prospects for treating a wider array of
woods, and thus a means for extending the service life of wood
products and thereby conserving the world's forests.
Back
Resources for Research
As illustrated in the table and graph that follow, the FRL budget for the
1996-98 Biennium was heavily supported through outside grants and
contracts. These are generally awarded to individual faculty members
through competitive selection. The success of FRL scientists in obtaining
such outside funds makes possible a great deal of important research
that could not be carried out otherwise. Their success also leads to the
FRL being consistently rated first among all universities in the nation in
terms of federal and private funds received to support research in
forestry and forest products.
A closer analysis of the portion of the FRL budget supported by outside
grants and contracts shows where these funds originated. About 45%
of this funding comes from federal agencies. The U.S. Department of
Agriculture provides about half of the federal funding, followed by the
U.S. Department of the Interior and the National Science Foundation.
These "big three" federal agencies are followed by the National
Aeronautic and Space Agency (NASA), the U.S. Department of
Energy, and the Environmental Protection Agency.
In addition to contributing to the FRL through the Oregon Forest
Products Harvest Tax, industry provides 7% of the FRL's annual budget
directly, mainly through membership in the research cooperatives.
Through the membership of its natural resources agencies in the
research cooperatives, the State of Oregon contributes an additional
6% of the budget. The remaining 18% of the budget comes from other
universities (through subcontracts to OSU), private foundations, and
sales of goods and services.
Expenditures for collaborative research illustrate the significant impact
of these activities on the annual FRL budget. In Fiscal Year 1997-98,
about $4.5 million, approximately one-third of all grant and contract
expenditures, were directly attributable to the research cooperatives,
the COPE Program, and OSU-federal agency cooperative research
agreements.
The proportion of the FRL budget that goes to collaborative research
can be expected to increase in the future. As conducting research
requires increasingly sophisticated facilities and equipment, and as the
services of highly skilled scientific personnel become more expensive,
collaborative research ventures will become an even more attractive
means of maximizing productivity while reducing costs.
Back
Research Expenditures by Funding
Source
Expenditures
Income Source
1996-97
State Appropriations
1,870,000 1,950,000
(10%)
(11%)
Oregon Forest Products
Harvest Tax
1,886,000 1,780,000
(10%)
(10%)
Federal Appropriation
(McIntire-Stennis)
Grants and Contracts
Total
680,000
(4%)
1997-98
680,000
(4%)
13,646,000 13,835,000
(76%)
(75%)
18,082,000
18,245,000
Forestry Publications
Forest Regeneration
Forest Ecology, Culture, and Productivity
Integrated Protection of Forests and Watersheds
Evaluation of Forest Uses, Practices, and Policies
Wood Processing and Product Performance
Forest Regeneration
Adams, W.T., V.D. Hipkins, J. Burczyk, and
W.K. Randall. 1997. Pollen contamination
trends in a maturing Douglas-fir seed orchard.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research
27:131Ð134. (For. Res. Lab.)
Aitken, S.N., and W.T. Adams. 1996.
Genetics of fall and winter cold hardiness of
coastal Douglas-fir in Oregon. Canadian
Journal of Forest Research 26:1828Ð1837.
Aitken, S.N., and W.T. Adams. 1997. Spring
cold hardiness under strong genetic control in
Oregon populations of Pseudotsuga menziesii
var. menziesii. Canadian Journal of Forest
Thies, W.G., and E.E. Nelson. 1997.
Laminated root rot: new considerations
for surveys. Western Journal of Applied
Forestry 12:49Ð51.
Thies, W.G., C.G. Niwa, R.G. Kelsey,
M. Loewen, and G. Joseph. 1997.
Decline of ponderosa pine near Burns,
Oregon: an interim report. P. 55Ð60 in
Proceedings, 44th Western International
Forest Disease Work Conference, Hood
River, Oregon. J.S. Beatty, compil.
USDA Forest Service, Westside Forest
Insects and Diseases Technical Center,
Sandy, Oregon.
Wemple, B.C., J.A. Jones, and G.E.
Research 27:1773Ð1780.
Birchler, T., D.L. Haase, and R. Rose. 1997.
Use of vector diagrams for the interpretation
of nutrient response in conifer seedlings. P.
246Ð247 in National Proceedings, Forest and
Conservation Nursery Associations. T.D.
Landis and D.B. South, tech. coords. USDA
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research
Station, Portland, Oregon. General Technical
Report PNW-GTR-389.
Burczyk, J., W.T. Adams, and J.Y. Shimizu.
1996. Mating patterns and pollen dispersal in
a natural knobcone pine (Pinus attenuata
Lemmon.) stand. Heredity 77:251Ð260.
Chachulski, C.E., R. Rose, and D.L. Haase.
1997. Manual for the propagation of Pacific
Northwest native plants. P. 248Ð249 in
National Proceedings, Forest and
Conservation Nursery Associations. T.D.
Landis and D.B. South, tech. coords. USDA
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research
Station, Portland, Oregon. General Technical
Report PNW-GTR-389.
DiFazio, S.P., N.C. Vance, and M.V. Wilson.
1996. Variation in sex expression of Taxus
brevifolia in western Oregon. Canadian
Journal of Botany 74:1943Ð1946. (For. Res.
Lab.)
DiFazio, S.P., N.C. Vance, and M.V. Wilson.
1997. Strobilus production and growth of
Pacific yew under a range of overstory
conditions in western Oregon. Canadian
Journal of Forest Research 27:986Ð993.
Dogan, B., A.S. …zer, A.G. GŸlbaba, E.
Velioglu, A.H. Doerksen, and W.T. Adams.
1998. Inheritance and linkage of allozymes in
black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold.) from Turkey.
P. 249Ð256 in The Proceedings of
International Symposium on In Situ
Grant. 1996. Channel network
extension by logging roads in two
basins, western Cascades, Oregon.
Water Resources Bulletin
32:1195Ð1207. (For. Res. Lab.)
Zhang, Y., and T.D. Schowalter. 1997.
Douglas-fir orchards: managing cone
and seed insects. Journal of Forestry
95(3):28Ð32.
Evaluation of Forest
Uses, Practices, and
Policies
Achterman, G.L, and M.R. Campbell.
1997. The continuing evolution of the
Clean Water Act and its implications for
natural resource development. P. 8-1 to
8-48 in Proceedings of the 43rd Annual
Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Institute.
Rocky Mountain Mineral Law
Foundation, Denver, Colorado.
Adams, D.M., R.J. Alig, J.M. Callaway,
B.A. McCarl, and S.M. Winnett. 1996.
The Forest and Agriculture Sector
Optimization Model (FASOM): model
structure and policy applications. USDA
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station, Portland, Oregon.
Research Paper PNW-RP-495. 60 p.
Adams, D.M., R.J. Alig, B.A. McCarl,
J.M. Callaway, and S.M. Winnett.
1996. An analysis of the impacts of
public timber harvest policies on private
forest management in the United States.
Forest Science 42:343Ð358.
Adams, D.M., R.J. Alig, B.A. McCarl,
S.M. Winnett, and J.M. Callaway.
1998. The effects of factor supply
Conservation of Plant Genetic Diversity.
N. Zencirci, Z. Kaya, Y. Anikster, and W.T.
Adams, eds. Central Research Institute for
Field Crops, Ulus, Ankara, Turkey.
Fredrickson, E.A., and M. Newton. 1997.
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Lei, H., B.L. Gartner, and M.R. Milota.
1997. Effect of growth rate on the
anatomy, specific gravity, and bending
properties of wood from 7-year-old red
alder (Alnus rubra). Canadian Journal
of Forest Research 27:80Ð85. (For. Res.
Lab.)
Lei, H., M.R. Milota, and B.L. Gartner.
1996. Between- and within-tree variation
in the anatomy and specific gravity of
wood in Oregon white oak (Quercus
garryana Dougl.). IAWA Journal
17:445Ð461. (For. Res. Lab.)
Liu, F.P., T.G. Rials, and J. Simonsen.
1998. Relationship of wood surface
energy to surface composition. Langmuir
14:536Ð541.
Liu, J., and J.J. Morrell. 1996. The role
of chitinase in bioprotectant activity
against wood staining fungi.
International Research Group on Wood
Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden.
IRG/WP/96-10175. 11 p. (For. Res.
Lab.)
Integrated Vegetation Management
Association, Portland, Oregon.
Norris, L.A. 1997. Address environmental
concerns with real data. P. 213Ð218 in The
Sixth International Symposium on
Environmental Concerns in Rights-of-Way
Management. J.R. Williams, J.W. GoodrichMahoney, J.R. Wisniewski, and J. Wisniewski,
eds. Elsevier Science, Ltd., Oxford, U.K.
Norris, L.A. 1997. Herbicides, risks, and
forestry. P. 78Ð82 in Proceedings, 18th
Annual Forest Vegetation Management
Conference. Forest Vegetation Management
Conference, Redding, California.
Olson, B.E., and R.G. Kelsey. 1997. Effect of
Centaurea maculosa on sheep rumen
microbial activity and mass in vitro. Journal of
Chemical Ecology 23:1131Ð1144.
Parry, D.L., G.M. Filip, S.A. Willits, and C.G.
Parks. 1996. Lumber recovery and
deterioration of beetle-killed Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) and grand fir (Abies
grandis) in the Blue Mountains of eastern
Oregon. USDA Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station, Portland,
Oregon. General Technical Report PNW-GTR376. 24 p.
Peck, R.W., A. Equihua-Martinez, and D.W.
Ross. 1997. Seasonal flight patterns of bark
and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera:
Scolytidae) in northeastern Oregon. PanPacific Entomologist 73:204Ð212. (For. Res.
Lab.)
Pyles, M.R., and A.E. Skaugset. 1998.
Landslides and forest practice regulation in
Oregon. P. 481Ð488 in Environmental,
Groundwater, and Engineering Geology:
Applications from Oregon. S. Burns, ed. Star
Publishing Company, Belmont, California.
Love R.J. 1997. Grow your own:
judging return-on-investment. In Wood
Technology Clinic & Show Proceedings,
Portland, Oregon. Miller Freeman, San
Francisco. [irregular pagination.]
Love, R.J. 1998. Wood dust deserves
your attention. Klamath Ag Review, May
issue.
Mankowski, M., M. Anderson, and J.J.
Morrell. 1997. Integrated protection of
freshly sawn lumber using Bacillus
subtilis and selected fungicide.
International Research Group on Wood
Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden.
IRG/WP 97-10235. 7 p. (For. Res. Lab.)
McLain, T.E. 1997. Design axial
withdrawal strength from wood: I.
Wood screws and lag screws. Forest
Products Journal 47(5):77Ð84. (For.
Res. Lab.)
McLain, T.E. 1997. Design axial
withdrawal strength from wood: II. Plainshank common wire nails. Forest
Products Journal 47(6):103Ð109. (For.
Res. Lab.)
Milota, M.R., and Q. Wu. 1997.
Postsorting of hem-fir: a mill study. Forest
Products Journal 47(2):49Ð56. (For.
Res. Lab.)
Morrell, J.J. 1996. Wood pole
maintenance manual (1996 edition).
Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon
State University, Corvallis. Research
Contribution 15. 47 p. (For. Res. Lab.)
Morrell, J.J. 1996. Wood preservation:
an industry at a crossroads. P. 83Ð91 in
Southeastern Section Workshop of
Proceedings, Environmental Quality in
Reams, G.A., M.M.P. Huso, R.J. Vong, and
J.M. McCollum. 1997. Kriging direct and
indirect estimates of sulfate deposition: a
comparison. USDA Forest Service, Southern
Research Station, Asheville, North Carolina.
Research Paper SRS-7. 8 p.
Ross, D.W., and G.E. Daterman. 1997.
Integrating pheromone and silvicultural
methods for managing the Douglas-fir beetle.
P. 135Ð145 in Proceedings, Integrating
Cultural Tactics into the Management of Bark
Beetle and Reforestation Pests. J.C. Gregoire,
A.M. Liebhold, F.M. Stephen, K.R. Day, and
S.M. Salom, eds. USDA Forest Service,
Northeastern Forest Experiment Station,
Radnor, Pennsylvania. General Technical
Report NE-236.
Ross, D.W., and G.E. Daterman. 1997. Using
pheromone-baited traps to control the amount
and distribution of tree mortality during
outbreaks of the Douglas-fir beetle. Forest
Science 43:65Ð70. (For. Res. Lab.)
Ross, D.W., and G.E. Daterman. 1998.
Pheromone-baited traps for Dendroctonus
pseudotsugae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae):
influence of selected release rates and trap
designs. Journal of Economic Entomology
91:500Ð506. (For. Res. Lab.)
Ross, D.W., K.E. Gibson, R.W. Thier, and
A.S. Munson. 1996. Optimal dose of an
antiaggregation pheromone (3methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one) for protecting live
Douglas-fir from attack by Dendroctonus
pseudotsugae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae).
Journal of Economic Entomology
89:1204Ð1207. (For. Res. Lab.)
Ross, D.W., and C.G. Niwa. 1997. Using
aggregation and antiaggregation
pheromones of the Douglas-fir beetle to
Wood Processing. Forest Products
Society, Madison, Wisconsin.
Morrell, J.J. 1997. New developments
in remedial wood treatments. P. 65Ð79
in Proceedings, 1997 Utility Pole
Structures Conference. Western Electric
Power Institute, Portland, Oregon.
Morrell, J.J., C.M. Freitag, M.A.
Newbill, A. Connelly, and H. Chen.
1998. Seven-year performance of glassencapsulated methylisothiocyanate.
Forest Products Journal 48(1):65Ð71.
(For. Res. Lab.)
Morrell, J.J., C.M. Freitag, and A. Silva.
1998. Protection of freshly cut radiata
pine chips from fungal attack. Forest
Products Journal 48(2):57Ð59. (For.
Res. Lab.)
Morrell, J.J., C. Freitag, and S. Unger.
1998. Development of threshold values
for boron compounds in above ground
exposures: preliminary trials.
International Research Group on Wood
Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden.
IRG/WP/98-30179. 7 p. (For. Res.
Lab.)
Morrell, J.J., and B.L. Gartner. 1998.
Wood as a material. P. 1Ð14 in Forest
Products Biotechnology. A.M. Bruce and
J.W. Palfreyman, eds. Taylor & Francis,
London.
Morrell, J.J., and R. James. 1997. Pole
disposal in the Pacific Northwest. P.
27Ð36 in Proceedings, 1997 Utility Pole
Structures Conference. Western Electric
Power Institute, Portland, Oregon.
Morrell, J.J., K.L. Levien, E. Sahle
Demessie, and M.N. Acda. 1997.
produce snags for wildlife habitat. Western
Journal of Applied Forestry 12:52Ð54. (For.
Res. Lab.)
Ross, D.W., and H. Solheim. 1996. Douglasfir and western larch defensive reactions to
Leptographium abietinum and Ophiostoma
pseudotsugae. P. 224Ð227 in Dynamics of
Forest Herbivory: Quest for Pattern and
Principle. W.J. Mattson, P. Niemela, and M.
Rousi, eds. USDA Forest Service, North
Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul,
Minnesota. General Technical Report NC183.
Ross, D.W., and H. Solheim. 1997.
Pathogenicity to Douglas-fir of Ophiostoma
Pseudotsugae and Leptographium abietinum,
fungi associated with the Douglas-fir beetle.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research
27:39Ð43. (For. Res. Lab.)
Rosso, P., and E.M. Hansen. 1998. Tree
vigour and the susceptibility of Douglas-fir to
Armillaria root disease. European Journal of
Forest Pathology 28:43Ð52.
Ryan, R.B. 1997. Before and after evaluation
of biological control of the larch casebearer
(Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) in the Blue
Mountains of Oregon and Washington, 19721995. Environmental Entomology
26:703Ð715. (For. Res. Lab.)
Sallabanks, R., and J.D. McIver. 1998.
Response of breeding bird communities to
wildfire in the Oregon Blue Mountains: the
first three years following the Twin Lake fire,
1995-1997. P. 85Ð89 in Proceedings, Fire
and Wildlife Symposium, Spokane,
Washington.
Schowalter, T., E.M. Hansen, R. Molina, and
Y. Zhang. 1997. Integrating the ecological
roles of phytophagous insects, plant
Impregnating wood with biocides using
supercritical carbon dioxide: process
parameters, performance, and effects on
wood properties. American WoodPreservers' Association Proceedings
93:367Ð384.
Morrell, J.J., C.S. Love, and H. Chen.
1998. Field performance of controlled
release chloropicrin. P. 129Ð138 in
Proceedings, International Conference
on Utility Line Structures, Fort Collins,
Colorado.
Morrell, J.J., C.S. Love, S. Kumar, and
C. Freitag. 1998. Effect of post-treatment
processing on leachability of ACZAtreated Douglas-fir lumber. International
Research Group on Wood Preservation,
Stockholm, Sweden. IRG/WP/9850109. 5 p. (For. Res. Lab.)
Morrell, J.J., M.A. Newbill, G.G.
Helsing, and R.D. Graham. 1998.
Surface treatments protecting untreated
Douglas-fir timbers from internal decay.
Forest Products Journal 48(5):63Ð66.
(For. Res. Lab.)
Morrell, J.J., M.A. Newbill, and L.D.
Lonning. 1996. Sapwood thickness of
Douglas-fir poles: implications for
treatment of a changing resource.
American Wood-Preservers' Association
Proceedings 92:193Ð204. (For. Res.
Lab.)
Morrell, J.J., S. Niemiec, and C.C.
Brunner. 1996. Timber harvesting and
utilization in the Blue Mountains region.
P. 147Ð168 in Search for a Solution;
Sustaining the Land, People, and
Economy of the Blue Mountains. R.G.
Jaindl and T.M. Quigley, eds. American
pathogens, and mycorrhizae in managed
forests. P. 171Ð189 in Creating a Forestry for
the 21st Century. The Science of Ecosystem
Management. K.A. Kohm and J.F. Franklin,
eds. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
Sohngen, B.L., and R.W. Haynes. 1997. The
potential for increasing carbon storage in
United States unreserved timberlands by
reducing forest fire frequency: an economic
and ecological analysis. Climatic Change
35:179Ð197.
Thies, W.G. 1997. Laminated root rot. P.
14Ð15 in Compendium of Conifer Diseases.
E.M. Hansen and K.J. Lewis, eds. APS Press,
St. Paul, Minnesota.
Thies, W.G. 1997. Laminated root rot: a
continuing problem in the Pacific Northwest.
Western Forester 42(4):6Ð7.
Thies, W.G. 1997. Laminated root rot: it still
roams the back forty. Northwest Woodlands
13(3):16Ð17, 31.
Thies, W.G., and E.E. Nelson. 1996.
Reducing Phellinus weirii inoculum by
applying fumigants to living Douglas-fir.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research
26:1158Ð1165.
Forests, Washington, D.C.
Morrell, J.J., and A.F. Preston. 1997.
Limiting decay losses in wood-frame
buildingsÑsetting the stage. Wood
Design Focus 8(4):3Ð7.
Newbill, M., R. James, and J. Morrell.
1997. The super pole. P. 12Ð18 in
Proceedings, 1997 Utility Pole Structure
Conference. Western Electric Power
Institute, Portland, Oregon.
Panella, N.A., J. Karchesy, G.O.
Maupin, J.C.S. Malan, and J. Piesman.
1997. Susceptibility of immature Ixodes
scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) to plantderived acaricides. Journal of Medical
Entomology 34:340Ð345.
Punches, J. 1997. Marketing via the
Internet: an overview of media, users,
and access. In Wood Technology Clinic
& Show Proceedings, Portland, Oregon.
Miller Freeman, San Francisco.
Punches, J. 1998. The Internet as a
marketing medium. In Wood Technology
Clinic & Show Conference Proceedings,
Oregon Convention Center, Portland,
Oregon. Miller Freeman, San Francisco.
Punches, J. 1998. Internet can serve
industry as effective marketing tool.
Wood Technology 125(4):30Ð33.
Punches, J., and R. Vlosky. 1998.
Internet, intranets and extranets as
business tools. In Proceedings, Wood
Technology Clinic & Show Conference
Proceedings, Oregon Convention
Center, Portland, Oregon. Miller
Freeman, San Francisco.
Punches, J., and R. Vlosky. 1998. Share
data quickly, widely to boost business
efficiency. Wood Technology
125(4):22Ð24.
Reeb, J.E., and J.G. Massey. 1996.
Using customer-driven information to
add value to lumber. Forest Products
Journal 46(10):41Ð44. (For. Res. Lab.)
Rhatigan, R.G., J.J. Morrell, and G.M.
Filip. 1998. Toxicity of methyl bromide
to four pathogenic fungi in larch
heartwood. Forest Products Journal
48(3):63Ð67. (For. Res. Lab.)
Riyanto, D.S., and R. Gupta. 1996.
Effect of ring angle on shear strength
parallel to the grain of wood. Forest
Products Journal 46(7/8):87Ð92. (For.
Res. Lab.)
Riyanto, D.S., and R. Gupta. 1998. A
comparison of test methods for
evaluating shear strength of structural
lumber. Forest Products Journal
48(2):83Ð90. (For. Res. Lab.)
Sahle-Demessie, E., K.L. Levien, and J.J.
Morrell. 1998. Impregnating porous
solids using supercritical CO2. Chemical
Technology 28(3):12Ð18.
Sahle-Demessie, E., J.S. Yi, K.L. Levien,
and J.J. Morrell. 1997. Supercritical
fluid extraction of pentachlorophenol
from pressure-treated wood. Separation
Science and Technology
32:1067Ð1085.
Scheffer, T.C., D.J. Miller, and J.J.
Morrell. 1997. After 18 years,
preservative dipping and brush treating
continue to provide protection to
shingles of western wood species.
International Research Group on Wood
Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden.
IRG/WP 97-30156. 7 p. (For. Res. Lab.)
Scheffer, T.C., and J.J. Morrell. 1997.
Ability of polyethylene boots to protect
the belowground portion of small stakes
against decay. Forest Products Journal
47(5):42Ð44. (For. Res. Lab.)
Schneider, P.F., C.M. Freitag, and J.J.
Morrell. 1997. Decay resistance of
saltwater-exposed Douglas-fir piles.
Wood and Fiber Science 29:370Ð374.
(For. Res. Lab.)
Schneider, P.F., and J.J. Morrell. 1997.
Internal pressure development in
Douglas-fir lumber during pressure
treatment. International Research Group
on Wood Preservation, Stockholm,
Sweden. IRG/WP 97-40091. 7Êp. (For.
Res. Lab.)
Shen, Y., and R. Gupta. 1997.
Evaluation of creep behavior of
structural lumber in a natural
environment. Forest Products Journal
47(1):89Ð96. (For. Res. Lab.)
Shimada, K., D. Dumas, and C.J.
Biermann. 1997. Properties of candidate
internal sizing agents versus sizing
performance. Tappi Journal
80(10):171Ð174. (For. Res. Lab.)
Silva, A.A., and M.L. Laver. 1997.
Molecular weight characterization of
wood pulp cellulose: dissolution and size
exclusion chromatographic analysis.
Tappi Journal 80(6):173Ð180. (For.
Res. Lab.)
Simonsen, J. 1996. Utilizing straw as a
filler in thermoplastic building materials.
Construction and Building Materials
10:435Ð440. (For. Res. Lab.)
Simonsen, J. 1997. Efficiency of
reinforcing materials in filled polymer
composites. Forest Products Journal
47(1):74Ð81. (For. Res. Lab.)
Simonsen, J. 1998. Lack of dimensional
stability in cross-linked wood-polymer
composites. Holzforschung
52:102Ð104. (For. Res. Lab.)
Simonsen, J., R. Jacobson, and R.
Rowell. 1998. Properties of styrenemaleic anhydride copolymers containing
wood-based fillers. Forest Products
Journal 48(1):89Ð92. (For. Res. Lab.)
Simonsen, J., R. Jacobsen, and R.
Rowell. 1998. Wood-fiber reinforcement
of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
68:1567Ð1573. (For. Res. Lab.)
Simonsen, J., and T.G. Rials. 1996.
Morphology and properties of woodfiber reinforced blends of recycled
polystyrene and polyethylene. Journal
of Thermoplastic Composite Materials
9:292Ð302.
Smith, D., and J.J. Morrell. 1996.
Preservation of wood and how it
pertains to the cooling tower industry.
CTI Journal 17(2):48Ð63.
Vatovec, M., T.H. Miller, R. Gupta, and
S. Lewis. 1997. Modeling of metal-plateconnected wood truss joints: part
IIÑapplication to overall truss model.
Transactions of the ASAE
40:1667Ð1675. (For. Res. Lab.)
Wallace, K.A., and J.J. Karchesy. 1996.
Reaction of catechin with Nhydroxymethylacetamide: a first model
for cross-linking PVA co-polymers with
tannins. Holzforschung 50:477Ð480.
(For. Res. Lab.)
Wang, T., J. Simonsen, and C.J.
Biermann. 1997. A new sizing agent:
styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer with
alum or iron mordants. Tappi Journal
80:277Ð282.
Wang, Y., J. Simonsen, C.P. Neto, J.
Rocha, T.G. Rials, and E. Hart. 1996.
The reaction of boric acid with wood in
a polystyrene matrix. Journal of Applied
Polymer Science 62:501Ð508. (For.
Res. Lab.)
Willits, S., C. Brunner, and J.J. Morrell.
1997. Timber salvage and utilization in
the inland Northwest. USDA Forest
Service, Blue Mountains Natural
Resources Institute, La Grande, Oregon.
Technical Note BMNRI-TN-8. 4 p.
Wilson, J.B. 1997. Wood properties. P.
588Ð589 in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia
of Science & Technology. 8th edition.
Volume 19. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Wilson, K.P., M.L. Laver, and W.J.
Frederick, Jr. 1997. The use of CREN to
improve 13C-NMR spectra of
compounds containing carbon atoms
representative of organics dissolved in
kraft black liquor. Wood and Fiber
Science 29:171Ð177. (For. Res. Lab.)
Zauscher, S., and P.E. Humphrey. 1997.
Orienting lignocellulosic fibers and
particles by means of a magnetic field.
Wood and Fiber Science 29:35Ð46.
(For. Res. Lab.)
Zeng, Y., S. Randhawa, and J. Funck.
1996. An expert system for softwood
lumber grading. Computers & Industrial
Engineering 31:463Ð466. (For. Res.
Lab.)
Back
Audiovisual Programs
The Forestry Media Center has been producing and distributing
videotapes (V-T), films, and slide-tapes (S-T) since 1972. Nearly a
million students in educational institutions, government agencies, and
private industry throughout the world have used these audiovisual
programs for training and education. Although most of the programs
have been prepared for professional foresters and forestry students,
many are of interest to small woodland owners, high school classes,
other special groups, and the general public. In the past 2 years,
specialists from the College of Forestry have completed 5 new
programs. The Center now has over 121 presentations available for
purchase or rent. For a complete listing, please contact:
Forestry Media Center
Oregon State University
248 Peavy Hall
Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5702
Phone 541-737-4702;
Fax 541-737-3759
Internet Address: forestrm@ccmail.orst.edu
Web Address: http://osu.orst.edu/Dept/fmc
Branching Out With Agroforestry
12 minutes Video Tape #1087
Introduces the concept of agroforestry, and explains the rationale for
adopting it on private lands. Also shows examples of potential
applications in the Pacific Northwest, and outlines some of the decisions
that need to be made by landowners who may consider adopting
various agroforestry practices.
Audience: Landowners (primarily livestock operators) who are not
currently involved with forestry, may have agroforestry potential on
their property, and want to increase long-term income.
Prices: Purchase $95, Rental $25
Technical Advisor: Rick Fletcher, Forestry Extension Agent.
Author: Mark D. Reed, Forestry Media Center.
Publication Date: 1997.
Thinning Young Stands
31 minutes Video Tape #1089
This video describes the early phases of an adaptive management
project on the Willamette National Forest, where researchers from a
number of disciplines are working together to find ecologically
sustainable, economical, technically feasible, and socially acceptable
ways of managing 50-year-old Douglas-fir plantations for a variety of
outputs. To illustrate the wide range of research being conducted, the
video includes interviews with silviculturists, wildlife biologists, soil
scientists, a mycologist, a forest engineer, and a sociologist. Computer
simulations and aerial footage show how the stands look before and
after treatment.
Audience: Land managers, resource specialists, forestry and natural
resource students, and members of the public interested in forest
management issues.
Prices: Purchase $95, Rental $25
Contributing Scientists: Marganne Allen, Forest Engineering Dept.;
James Boyle, Forest Resources Dept.; Joan Hagar and Matt Hunter,
Forest Science Dept.; Jim Mayo, USDA Forest Service, Blue River RD;
Dave Pilz, USDA Forest Service, PNW Research Station; Robert Ribe,
Landscape Architecture, Environmental Studies and Regional Planning
Dept., University of Oregon.
Producer: Loren Kellogg, Forest Engineering Dept.
Director: Mark Reed, Forestry Media Center.
Publication Date: 1998.
The Huckleberry Story: Building a Bridge Between Culture and Science
20 minutes Video Tape #1097
ÒWiÕwnuÓÑthe big huckleberryÑis an important food source of
Native Americans and is deeply rooted in their culture and heritage. As
a result, maintaining the productivity of huckleberry fields is of vital
concern throughout western North America. Through interviews with
elders and council members of the Confederated Tribes of Warm
Springs Indians, and a USDA Forest Service scientist, this awardwinning video explores cultural and scientific issues associated with the
sustainable management of this important natural resource. Filmed
entirely on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in north-central
Oregon.
Audience: Anyone (including youth) interested in Native American use
of forests.
Prices: Purchase $95, Rental $25
Technical Advisors: Culture and Heritage Committee, Warm Springs
Indian Reservation and Don Minore, USDA Forest Service.
Author/Producer: Bodie Shaw and Edward C. Jensen, Forest Resources
Dept.
Publication Date: 1997.
Enhancing Lichens and Bryophytes in Young Forests
16 minutes Video Tape # 1098
Describes the important role that lichens and bryophytes play in forest
ecosystems, and explains why these organisms are less common in
young managed stands than in old-growth forests. Finally, it describes
how forest managers can enhance diversity and abundance by
protecting certain forest features that lichens and bryophytes depend
on. Videotaped at the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest and other
locations.
Audience: Forest managers, students enrolled in forest
ecology/management courses, and others who are concerned with
biodiversity in young managed stands.
Prices: Purchase $95, Rental $25
Author: Patricia S. Muir, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology,
OSU.
Producer: Mark Reed, Forestry Media Center.
Publication Date: 1997.
Conifers of the Pacific Northwest
CD-ROM #1110
Introducing a new multimedia CD-ROM describing Pacific Northwest
conifers. This interactive program combines a wealth of images,
information, and opportunities for practice in a compelling, usercontrolled learning environment.
Features:
Information on 12 genera and 29 species of conifers native to the
Pacific Northwest, and three common ornamental conifers.
Hundreds of identifying characteristics, products, uses, habitat and
range, and other interesting facts available with a click of the mouse.
Instant access to trees via common and scientific names.
An easy-to-use multimedia dichotomous key for step-by-step
identification of tree samples.
An illustrated glossary of dendrological terms.
Actual voice pronunciation of common and Latin names.
Based on Oregon State University's best-selling Extension publication
"Trees To Know in Oregon" (Jensen & Ross 1994), Conifers of the Pacific
Northwest was extensively reviewed and tested to provide an effective
new learning resource for both classroom and independent study.
Audience: Forestry students (secondary and college level), resource
professionals, and interested general public.
Purchase price: $95
Authors/Designers: David Zahler and Edward C. Jensen, Forest
Resources Dept.
Multimedia Programmers: David Zahler, Forest Resources Dept.;
Amanda Barstow and Jeff Hino, Forestry Media Center.
Publication Date: 1998.
Hardware requirements: Available for both Macintosh and IBM
computers.
Visit Our Forestry Web Pages
A complete and constantly updated web-page version of the Forestry
Learning Materials Catalog is available at
http://fmc.cof.orst.edu/index.php. This site includes updated
information about new releases, additional material about the Forestry
Media Center, and links to other forestry sites of interest.
The FMC recently completed a web site entitled "Trees of the Pacific
Northwest" (http://osu.orst.edu.instruct/for241/) designed to help
identify the common conifers of this region. Based on a dendrology
course offered at Oregon State University, the site features an
illustrated dichotomous key, detailed information about conifers, and
"mystery trees" to identify. The interactive dichotomous key quickly
provides the user with a genus name, characteristics of the genus, and
links to species pages for identification. Each species page contains
detailed color photographs of tree characteristics, descriptive
information, and distribution maps.
Site authors: Betsy Littlefield and Edward C. Jensen, Forest Resources
Dept.
Back
Forestry-Related Publications, 1996-1998
Alexander, L.F. 1996. A morphometric analysis of geographic variation within Sorex
monticolus (Insectivora:Soricidae). University of Kansas Natural History Museum 88:1-54.
(Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Allendorf, F.W., D. Bayles, D.L. Bottom, K.P. Currens, C.A. Frissell, D. Hankin, J.A.
Lichatowich, W. Nehlsen, P.C. Trotter, and T.H. Williams. 1997. Prioritizing Pacific salmon
stocks for conservation. Conservation Biology 11:140-152. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Anderson, J.D., C.C. Brunner, and S.U. Randhawa. 1996. Design and implementation of
fuzzy logic controller for rough-mill wood parts recovery. International Journal of Flexible
Automation and Integrated Manufacturing 4(3&4):255-271. (Dep. Ind. Manuf. Eng.)
Ayers, A.C., R.P. Barrett, and P.R. Cheeke. 1996. Feeding value of tree leaves (hybrid
poplar and black locust) evaluated with sheep, goats and rabbits. Animal Feed Science
and Technology 57:51-62. (Dep. Anim. Sci.)
Camacho, F.J., D.S. Gernandt, A. Liston, J.K. Stone, and A.S. Klein. 1997. Endophytic
fungal DNA, the source of contamination in spruce needle DNA. Molecular Ecology 6:266271. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Camacho, F.J., D.S. Gernandt, A. Liston, J.K. Stone, and A.S. Klein. 1997. Molecular
identification of contaminant fungal sequences. Molecular Ecology 6:983-988. (Dep. Bot.
Plant Path.)
Carreira, J.A., and K. Lajtha. 1997. Factors affecting phosphate sorption along a
Mediterranean, dolomitic soil and vegetation sequence. European Journal of Soil Science
48:139-149. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Carreira, J.A., K. Lajtha, and F.X. Niell. 1997. Phosphorus transformation along a
soil/vegetation series of fire-prone, dolomitic, semi-arid shrub lands of southern Spain.
Biogeochemistry 39:87-120. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Chastagner, G.A., R.S. Byther, A. Antonelli, J. DeAngelis, and C. Landgren, eds. 1997.
Christmas Tree Diseases, Insects, and Disorders in the Pacific Northwest: Identification and
Management. Washington State University Cooperative Extension, Pullman. Miscellaneous
0186. 154 p. (Dep. Entomol.)
Clason, T.R., P.F. Ffolliott, D.E. Mercer, S.H. Sharrow, P.A. Williams, and F.C. Zinkhan.
1997. Silvopastures: sustainable land use management systems. In AgroforestryÑAn
Integrated Science and Practice. G.E. Garrett and B. Rietfield, eds. American Society of
Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin. (Dep. Rangel. Resour.)
Crawford, J.A. 1997. Importance of herbaceous vegetation to female sage grouse
Centrocercus urophasianus during the reproductive period: a synthesis of research from
Oregon, USA. Wildlife Biology 3:271. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Deimling, E.A., W.J. Liss, G.L. Larson, R.L. Hoffman, and G.A. Lomnicky. 1997. Rotifer
abundance and distribution in the northern Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA. Archiv
fŸr Hydrobiolgie 138:345-363. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Ebersole, J.L., W.J. Liss, and C.A. Frissell. 1997. Restoration of stream habitats in the
western United States: restoration as reexpression of habitat capacity. Environmental
Management 21(1):1-14. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Edge, W.D., J. Loegering, and P. Diebel. 1998. Principles of wildlife conservationÑtesting
distance delivery methodologies. P. 202-205 in Proceedings of the Second Biennial
Conference on University Education in Natural Resources. Natural Resources and
Environmental Issues VII. C.G. Heister, compil. Utah State University, Logan. (Dep. Fish.
Wildl.)
Feibert, E.B.G., C.C. Shock, and L.D. Saunders. 1998. Groundcovers for hybrid poplar
establishment. P. 72-77 in Malheur Experiment Station Annual Report, 1997. Oregon State
University Agricultural Experiment Station, Corvallis. Special Report 988. (Dep. Crop Soil
Sci.)
Freilinger, S., R. Gupta, and T.H. Miller. 1996. Dynamic performance of metal-plate
connected wood joints. American Society of Agricultural Engineers International Meeting,
Phoenix, Arizona. ASAE Paper 964114. 11 p. (Dep. Civil Constr. Environ. Eng.)
Freilinger, S., R. Gupta, and T.H. Miller. 1997. Cyclic performance of wood truss joints. P.
939-943 in Proceedings, Building to Last: Structures Congress IV. Volume 2. ASCE,
Portland, Oregon. (Dep. Civil Constr. Environ. Eng.)
Gernandt, D.S., and J.K. Stone. 1997. Meria laricis, an anamorph of Rhabdocline.
Mycologia 89:735-744. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Gernandt, D.S., and J.K. Stone. 1997. Molecular systematics of Rhabdocline and closelyrelated foliar pathogens. P. 61-65 in Proceedings, 44th Western International Forest
Disease Work Conference, Hood River, Oregon. J.S. Beatty, ed. USDA Forest Service,
Westside Forest Insects and Diseases Technical Center, Sandy, Oregon. (Dep. Bot. Plant
Path.)
Gomez, D.M., and R.G. Anthony. 1996. Amphibian and reptile abundance in riparian and
upslope areas of five forest types in western Oregon. Northwest Science 70:109-119.
(Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Hansen, E.M. 1996. Swiss needle cast, Why here, why now? A problem analysis. Oregon
Department of Forestry, [Salem]. 22 p. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Hansen, E.M. 1997. Winning the war against Phytophthora lateralis. P. 11-18 in
Proceedings, 44th Western International Forest Disease Work Conference, Hood River,
Oregon. J.S. Beatty, ed. USDA Forest Service, Westside Forest Insects and Diseases
Technical Center, Sandy, Oregon. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Hansen, E.M., P.A. Angwin, T.A. Dreisbach, D. Gernandt, and M.G. McWilliams. 1998.
Species limits for Phellinus weirii. P. 119-127 in Root and Butt Rots of Forest Trees. Ninth
International Conference on Root and Butt Rots. C. Delatour, J.J. Guillaumin, B. LungEscarmant, and B. Marcais, eds. INRA Editions (France) Les Colloques No. 89. (Dep. Bot.
Plant Path.)
Hansen, E.M., and K.L. Lewis, eds. 1998. Compendium of Conifer Diseases. APS Press, St.
Paul, Minnesota. 101 p. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Harris, N.R., S.H. Sharrow, and D.E. Johnson. 1996. Use of low-level remote sensing to
understand tree/forage spatial interactions in agroforests. Geocarto International 11:8192. (Dep. Rangel. Resour.)
Hoffman, R.L., W.J. Liss, G.L. Larson, E.K. Deimling, and G.A. Lomnicky. 1996. Distribution
of nearshore macroinvertebrates in lakes of the northern Cascade Mountains, Washington,
USA. Archiv fŸr Hydrobiologie 136:363-389. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Holah, J.C, M.V. Wilson, and E.M. Hansen. 1997. Impacts of a native root-rotting
pathogen on successional development of Douglas-fir forests. Oecologia 111:429-433.
(Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Issacs, F.B., R.G. Anthony, M. Vander Heyden, and C.D. Miller. 1996. Habits of bald
eagles along the Upper John Day River, Oregon. Northwest Science 70:1-9. (Dep. Fish.
Wildl.)
Jones, C.G., R.S. Ostfeld, M.P. Richard, E.M. Schauber, and J.O. Wolff. 1998. Chain
reactions linking acorns to gypsy moth outbreaks and Lyme disease risk. Science
279:1023-1026. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Karl, M.G., and P.S. Doescher. 1998. Ponderosa pine aboveground growth after cattle
removal of terminal tissue. Journal of Range Management 51:147-151. (Dep. Rangel.
Resour.)
Kauffman, J.B., D.L. Cummings, and D.E. Ward. 1998. Fire in the Brazilian Amazon. 2.
Biomass, nutrient pools and losses in cattle pastures. Oecologia 113:415-427. (Dep. Fish.
Wildl.)
Keegan, T.W., and J.A. Crawford. 1997. Brood-rearing habitat use by Rio Grande wild
turkeys in Oregon. Great Basin Naturalist 57:220-230. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Kent, S.M., R. Gupta, and T.H. Miller. 1996. Dynamic behavior of metal-plate-connected
wood truss joints. P. 1-115 to 1-122 in Proceedings of the International Wood Engineering
Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana. (Dep. Civil Constr. Environ. Eng.)
Kent, S.M., R. Gupta, and T.H. Miller. 1997. Earthquake effects on metal-plate-connected
wood truss joints. P. 92-100 in Proceedings of Earthquake Performance and Safety of
Timber Structures. Forest Products Society, Madison, Wisconsin. (Dep. Civil Constr.
Environ. Eng.)
Klopfenstein, N.B., T.R. Clason, S.H. Sharrow, G. Garrett, and B.E. Anderson. 1997.
Silvopasture: an agroforestry practice. USDA National Agroforestry Center, Lincoln,
Nebraska. AF Note 8. 4 p. (Dep. Rangel. Resour.)
Krueger, W.C. 1998. Integrating utilization measurements into monitoring programs. P. 7172 in Stubble Height and Utilization Measurements: Uses and Misuses. Oregon State
University Extension & Station Communications, Corvallis. Station Bulletin 682. (Dep.
Rangel. Resour.)
Lattin, J.D. 1997. Terrestrial riparian arthropod investigations in the Big Beaver Creek
Research Natural Area, North Cascades National Park Service Complex, 1995-96: Part 1.
Hemiptera: Heteroptera. US Department of Interior, National Park Service, Pacific West
Region, Seattle, Washington. North Cascades National Park Service Complex Special
Publication. 50 p. (Dep. Entomol.)
Li, H.W., and J.L. Li. 1996. Fish community composition. P. 391-406 in Methods in Stream
Ecology. F.R. Hauer and G.A. Lamaberti, eds. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
(Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Li, Z., R. Gupta, and T.H. Miller. 1996. A practical approach to model wood truss roof
assemblies. P. 1-259 to 1-266 in Proceedings of the International Wood Engineering
Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana. (Dep. Civil Constr. Environ. Eng.)
Liston, A., W.A. Robinson, J.M. Oliphant, and E.R. Alvarez-Buylla. 1996. Length variation
in the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region of non-flowering seed
plants. Systematic Botany 21:109-120. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Loegering, J.P. 1997. Wildlife mortality and entanglement by discarded hip chain string.
Wilson Bulletin 109:353-355. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
McCune, B., K.A. Amsberry, F.J. Camacho, S. Clery, C. Cole, C. Emerson, G. Felder, P.
French, D. Greene, R. Harris, M. Hutten, B. Larson, M. Lesko, S. Majors, T. Markwell, G.G.
Parker, K. Pendergrass, E.B. Peterson, E.T. Peterson, J. Platt, J. Proctor, T. Rambo, A.
Rosso, D. Shaw, R. Turner, and M. Widmer. 1997. Vertical profile of epiphytes in a Pacific
Northwest old-growth forest. Northwest Science 71:145-152. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
McCune, B., and R. Rosentreter. 1998. Macrolichens from Priest River Experimental Forest,
Idaho. Evansia 14:37-42. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Miller, G.S., R.J. Small, and E.C. Meslow. 1997. Habitat selection by spotted owls during
natal dispersal in western Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:140-150. (Dep.
Fish. Wildl.)
Miller, R.F., and L.L. Eddleman. 1997. Temporal and spatial changes of sage grouse
Centrocercus urophasianus habitat in the sagebrush ecosystem. Wildlife Biology 3:273.
(Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Moldenke, A.F., R.E. Berry, J.C. Miller, and J.G. Wernz. 1997. Toxicity of acephate to
larvae of gypsy moth as a function of host plant and bioassay method. Entomologia
Experimentalis et Applicata 84:157-163. (Dep. Entomol.)
Muir, P.S., and A.M. Shirazi. 1996. Effects of formaldehyde-enriched mists on Pseudotsuga
menziesii (Mirbel) Franco. and Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. Environmental Pollution
94:227-234. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Muir, P.S., A.M. Shirazi, and J. Patrie. 1997. Seasonal growth dynamics in the lichen
Lobaria pulmonaria. Bryologist 100:458-464. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Neitlich, P., and B. McCune. 1997. Hotspots of epiphytic lichen diversity in two young
managed forests. Conservation Biology 11:172-182. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Payer, D.C., and B.E. Coblentz. 1997. Seasonal variation in California bighorn ram (Ovis
canadensis californiana) habitat use and group size. Northwest Science 71:281-288. (Dep.
Fish. Wildl.)
Peck, J.E., and B. McCune. 1997. Effects of green tree retention on epiphytic lichen
communities: a retrospective approach. Ecological Applications 7:1181-1187. (Dep. Bot.
Plant Path.)
Pelren, E.C., and J.A. Crawford. 1997. Blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus) recruitment
and weather relationships in northeastern Oregon, USA. Wildlife Biology 3:274. (Dep.
Fish. Wildl.)
Polasky, S., and H. Doremus. 1998. When the truth hurts: endangered species policy on
private land with imperfect information. Journal of Environmental Economics and
Management 35(1):22-47. (Dep. Agric. Resour. Econ.)
Polasky, S., H. Doremus, and B. Rettig. 1997. Endangered species conservation on private
land. Contemporary Economic Policy 15(4):66-76. (Dep. Agric. Resour. Econ.)
Prichard, A.K., D.D. Roby, T.R. Bowyer, and L.K. Duffy. 1997. Pigeon guillemots as a sentinel
species: a dose-response experiment with weathered oil in the field. Chemosphere 35:1531-1548. (Dep.
Fish. Wildl.)
Pyle, W.H., and J.A. Crawford. 1996. Availability of foods of sage grouse chicks following
prescribed fire in sagebrush-bitterbrush. Journal of Range Management 49:320-324. (Dep.
Fish. Wildl.)
Quijada, A., A. Liston, P. Delgado, A. Vazquez-Lobo, and E.R. Alvarez-Buylla. 1998.
Variation in the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of Pinus
rzedowskii revealed by PCR-RFLP. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 96:539-544. (Dep.
Bot. Plant Path.)
Quijada, A., A. Liston, W.A. Robinson, and E.R. Alvarez-Buylla. 1997. The ITS region as a
marker to detect hybridization in pines. Molecular Ecology 6:995-996. (Dep. Bot. Plant
Path.)
Rainbolt, R.E., and B.E. Coblentz. 1997. A different perspective on eradication of
vertebrate pests. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 25:189-191. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Rambo, T.R., and P.S. Muir. 1998. Forest floor bryophytes of Pseudotsuga menziesii-Tsuga
heterophylla stands in Oregon: influences of substrate and overstory. Bryologist 101:116130. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Ransom, C.V., J. Ishida, and L.D. Saunders. 1998. Weed control for poplar tree
establishment. P. 78-79 in Malheur Experiment Station Annual Report, 1997. Oregon State
University Agricultural Experiment Station, Corvallis. Special Report 988. (Dep. Crop Soil
Sci.)
Rose, C., and P.S. Muir. 1996. Relationships of green-tree retention following timber
harvest to forest growth and tree species composition in the western Cascade Mountains,
USA. Ecological Applications 71:209-217. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Rosenberg, D.K., B.R. Noon, J.W. Megahan, and E.C. Meslow. 1998. Compensatory
behavior of Ensatina eschscholtzii in biological corridors: a field experiment. Canadian
Journal of Zoology 76:117-133. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Rosenberg, D.K., B.R. Noon, and E.C. Meslow. 1997. Biological corridors: form, function,
and efficacy. BioScience 47:677-687. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Rosenberg, D.K., J.R. Waters, K.T. Martin, R.G. Anthony, and C.J. Zabel. 1996. The
northern flying squirrel in the Pacific Northwest: implications for management of the
Greater Fundy Ecosystem in using population viability analysis in ecosystem management
at Fundy National Park. Parks Canada-Ecosystem Science Review Reports 1. (Dep. Fish.
Wildl.)
Sanders, T.A., and W.D. Edge. 1998. Breeding bird community composition in relation to
riparian vegetation structure in the western United States. Journal of Wildlife Management
62:461-473. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Schauber, E.M., W.D. Edge, and J.O. Wolff. 1997. Insecticide effects on small mammals:
influence of vegetation structure and diet. Ecological Applications 7:143-157. (Dep. Fish.
Wildl.)
Schowalter, T.D. 1997. Forest ecosystem: invertebrates. P. 402-405 in McGraw-Hill
Encyclopedia of Science & Technology. 8th edition, Volume 7. McGraw-Hill, New York.
(Dep. Entomol.)
Schowalter, T.D., Y.L. Zhang, and T.E. Sabin. 1998. Decomposition and nutrient dynamics
of oak (Quercus spp.) logs after five years of decomposition. Ecography 21:3-10. (Dep.
Entomol.)
Seely, B., and K. Lajtha. 1997. Application of a 15N tracer to simulate and track the fate
of atmospherically-deposited N in the coastal forests of the Waquoit Bay watershed, Cape
Cod, MA. Oecologia 112:393-402. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Seifert, K.A., P.W. Crous, and J.K. Stone. 1998. Revisiones Generum Obscurorum
Hyphomycetum: Exosporina Oud. Sydowia 50:133-138. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Sharrow, S.H. 1996. Introducing agroforestry. Oregon Beef Producer 9(8):12-13. (Dep.
Rangel. Resour.)
Sharrow, S.H. 1997. The biology of silvopastoralism. USDA National Agroforestry Center,
Lincoln, Nebraska. AF Note 9. 4 p. (Dep. Rangel. Resour.)
Shirazi, A.M., and P.S. Muir. 1998. In vitro effects of formaldehyde on Douglas-fir pollen.
Plant, Cell, and Environment 21:341-346. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Shirazi, A.M., P.S. Muir, and B. McCune. 1996. Environmental factors influencing the
distribution of the lichens Lobaria pulmonaria and L. oregana in Oregon. Bryologist 99:1218. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Shock, C.C., E.B.G. Feibert, and L.D. Saunders. 1998. Irrigation management for hybrid
poplar production. P. 64-71 in Malheur Experiment Station Annual Report, 1997. Oregon
State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Corvallis. Special Report 988. (Dep. Crop
Soil Sci.)
Sillett, S.C., and B. McCune. 1998. Survival and growth of cyanolichen transplants in
Douglas-fir forest canopies. Bryologist 101:21-31. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Steidl, R.J., and R.G. Anthony. 1996. Responses of bald eagles to human activity during
the summer in interior Alaska. Ecological Applications 6:482-491. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Sterner, R.T., C.A. Ramey, W.D. Edge, T. Manning, J.O. Wolff, and K.A. Fagerstone.
1996. Efficacy of zinc phosphide baits to control voles in alfalfaÑan enclosure study. Crop
Protection 15:727-734. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Stone, J.K., D. Hildebrand, R. James, and S. Frankel. 1997. P. 59-69 in Alternatives to
Methyl Bromide for Control of Soilborne Diseases in Bareroot Nurseries. Proceedings of
the Third IUFRO Working Party on Diseases and Insects in Forest Nurseries. R.L. James, ed.
USDA Forest Service, Northern Region 97-4, Missoula, Montana. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Stone, J.K., and O. Petrini. 1997. Forest endophytes. P. 129-140 in The Mycota, Volume
V, Part B. Plant Relationships. K. Esser and P.A. Lemke, eds. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Dep.
Bot. Plant Path.)
Stone, J.K., M.A. Sherwood, and G.C. Carroll. 1996. Canopy microfungi: function and
diversity. Northwest Science 70:37-45. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Thrailkill, J.A., and L.S. Andrews. 1996. Presence of breeding northern goshawks in the
Coast Range of Oregon. Journal of Raptor Research 30:248-249. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Thrailkill, J.A., E.C. Meslow, J.P. Perkins, and L.S. Andrews. 1996. Demography of
northern spotted owls on the Eugene District of the Bureau of Land Management, Oregon.
Studies in Avian Biology 17:53-58. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Tornberg, E.W., and T.H. Miller. 1998. Engineering Analysis for the Manufactured Home
Anchoring Task Force. Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering,
Oregon State University, Corvallis. 88 p. (Dep. Civil Constr. Environ. Eng.)
Tyler, T., W.J. Liss, L.M. Ganio, G.L. Larson, R. Hoffman, E. Deimling, and G. Lomnicky.
1998. Interaction between introduced trout and larval salamanders (Ambystoma
macrodactylum) in high-elevation lakes. Conservation Biology 12:94-105. (Dep. Fish.
Wildl.)
Valiela, I., P. Peckol, C. DÕAvanzo, J. Kremer, D. Hersh, K. Foreman, K. Lajtha, B. Seely,
W.R. Geyer, T. Isaji, and R. Crawford. 1998. Ecological effects of major storms on coastal
watersheds and coastal waters: Hurricane Bob on Cape Cod, MA. Journal of Coastal
Research 14:218-238. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Vatovec, M., T.H. Miller, and R. Gupta. 1996. Finite-element analysis of the overall
behavior of a metal-plate-connected wood scissors truss. American Society of Agricultural
Engineers International Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona. ASAE Paper 964103. 19 p. (Dep. Civil
Constr. Environ. Eng.)
Whytemare, A.B., R.L. Edmonds, J.D. Aber, and K. Lajtha. 1997. Influence of excess
nitrogen deposition on a white spruce (Picea glauca) stand in southern Alaska.
Biogeochemistry 38:173-187. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Williams, T.H., K.P. Currens, and G.H. Reeves. 1997. Genetic diversity of coastal cutthroat
trout. Wild Trout IV:87-88. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Winton, L., B. Capitano, P. Rosso, W. Sutton, and E.M. Hansen. 1997. A devastating
epidemic of Swiss needle cast in coastal Douglas-fir plantations. P. 66-67 in Proceedings,
44th Western International Forest Disease Work Conference, Hood River, Oregon. J.S.
Beatty, ed. USDA Forest Service, Westside Forest Insects and Diseases Technical Center,
Sandy, Oregon. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Winton, L.M., B. Capitano, P. Rosso, W. Sutton, J. Stone, and E.M. Hansen. 1998. A
destructive Swiss needlecast epidemic in coastal Oregon Douglas-fir plantations. P. 18-24
in Foliage Shoot and Stem Diseases of Trees. Proceedings, IUFRO WP 7.02.02 Meeting.
G. Laflamme, J.A. Berube, and R.C. Hamlin, eds. Laurentian Forestry Centre, Sainte Foy,
QuŽbec. Information Report LAU-X-122. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Wolff, J.O. 1996. Coexistence of white-footed mice and deer mice may be mediated by
fluctuating environmental conditions. Oecologia 108:529-533. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Wolff, J.O. 1996. Population fluctuations of mast-eating rodents are correlated with
production of acorns. Journal of Mammalogy 77:850-856. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Wolff, J.O. 1997. Population regulation in mammals: an evolutionary perspective. Journal
of Animal Ecology 66:1-13. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Wolff, J., and R. Davis-Born. 1997. Response of gray-tailed voles to odours of a mustelid
predator: a field test. Oikos 79:543-548. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Wolff, J.O., T. Manning, S.M. Meyers, and R. Bentley. 1996. Population ecology of the
gray-tailed vole, Microtus canicaudus. Northwest Science 70:334-340. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Wolff, J.O., E.M. Schauber, and W.D. Edge. 1996. Can dispersal barriers really be used
to depict emigrating small mammals? Canadian Journal of Zoology 74:1826-1830. (Dep.
Fish. Wildl.)
Wolff, J.O., E.M. Schauber, and W.D. Edge. 1997. Effects of habitat loss and
fragmentation on the behavior and demography of gray-tailed voles. Conservation Biology
11:945-956. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Zobel, D.B. 1998. Chamaecyparis forests: a comparative analysis. P. 39-53 in Coastally
Restricted Forests. A.D. Laderman, ed. Oxford University Press, New York. (Dep. Bot. Plant
Path.)
Zobel, D.B., and S.P. Singh. 1997. Himalayan forests and ecological generalizations.
BioScience 47:735-745. (Dep. Bot. Plant Path.)
Zuercher, G.L., D.D. Roby, and E.A. Rexstad. 1997. Validation of two new total body
electrical conductivity (TOBEC) instruments for estimating body composition of live northern
red-backed voles Clethrionomys rutilus. Acta Theriologica 42:387-397. (Dep. Fish. Wildl.)
Back
Short Courses and Workshops
The Forest Research Laboratory, in cooperation with other departments and units in Oregon
State University's College of Forestry, offers an extensive array of continuing higher education,
technology transfer, and training workshops, short courses, and conferences each year. The
participants come from a broad spectrum of the forest community, including mid-career
silviculturists and forest professionals, forest technicians and practitioners, mill managers and
supervisors, logging specialists, contractors, other natural resource specialists, industry foresters,
and private landowners.
During the 1996-1997 and 1997-1998 academic years, 45 courses were offered and attended
by a total of 2,644 people. All courses were carefully budgeted to be fully supported by
participant fees or outside grants and contracts.
The various courses offer participants up-to-date forest research information and training and a
forum for discussing and evaluating current forestry issues. They also keep open a vital channel
of communication about application of the Laboratory's research findings and future research
needs. Increasingly, many programs are co-sponsored by other forestry and natural resource
agencies and organizations, providing further links to the users of research information.
The following list shows the number and diversity of courses offered over the last two years.
Year and Title
1996 - 1997
Attendance
Advanced Variable Probability Sampling
34
Commercial Thinning and Harvest Planning for Skyline
Operations
44
Forest Business and Tax Series (2 sessions)
65
Gluing Workshop for Secondary Wood Products
15
How to Dry Lumber for Quality and Profit
51
Intensive Management
Lumber Quality Control
106
31
Lumber Quality Leadership
15
Managing Forest Ecosystems
25
Mapping from Aerial Photography
22
Northeast Utility Pole Conference (with exhibitors)
107
Plywood Manufacturing
52
Pressure Treated Wood
39
Salmon and Watershed Educational Opportunities
Workshop (2 sessions)
229
Sawing Technology
54
Selling Forest Products
19
Symposium on Thinning in Westside Forests
181
The 10th International Stream Habitat Workshop
169
Turkish Ministry of Forestry Study Tour
Unevenaged and Long Rotation (2 sessions)
12
127
Variable Probability Sampling
23
Western Forest Genetics Association Meeting
97
1997-98
Attendance
Advanced Variable Probability Sampling
31
Commercial Thinning and Harvest Planning for Skyline
Operations
41
Ecology and Silviculture Education for Loggers (2 sessions)
19
Forest Business and Tax Series
57
How to Dry Lumber for Quality and Profit
59
Inter-University Forum on Sustaining Forest Ecosystems
60
IUFRO: Interdisciplinary Uneven-aged Symposium and
Field Trip
149
Lumber Quality and Process Control
28
Lumber Quality Leadership
23
Mapping from Aerial Photography
22
Mushroom and Managers
20
Natural Resources Institute Decision Making and Systems
Thinking for Natural Resource Professionals
32
Plywood Manufacturing
49
Pacific Northwest Forest Rangeland Soil Organism
Symposium
Second Review Session on Assumptions for the
1999 Resources Planning Act Assessment
237
25
145
Seedling Nutrition
14
Selling Forest Products
Swiss Needle Cast Cooperative Annual Meeting
Unevenaged Management in the Pacific Northwest
45
44
27
Variable Probability Sampling
Back
Current Advisory Committee
Richard Baldwin
President
Oak Creek Investments
97 Constantine Place
Eugene, OR 97405-9551
Office: 541-344-8519
FAX: 541-343-3488
Dave Bowden
Senior Vice President
Timber Department
Longview Fibre Company
P.O. Box 667
Longview, WA 986327428
Office: 360-575-5107
FAX: 360-575-5932
Deborah M. Brosnan
President
Sustainable Ecosystems
Institute
0605 SW Taylors Ferry
Road
Portland, OR 97219-3053
Office: 503-246-5008
FAX: 503-246-6905
Jim Brown
State Forester
Oregon Department of
Forestry
2600 State Street
Salem, OR 97310-0340
Office: 503-945-7211
FAX: 503-945-7212
Barbara Craig
Stoel, Rives, Boley, Jones
Dan M. Dutton
President and CEO
Stimson Lumber Company
520 SW Yamhill Street, Suite
308
Portland, OR 97204-1326
Office: 503-222-1676
FAX: 503-222-2682
John Foster
Managing Partner
Oregon Tree Farms, Ltd.
P.O. Box 537
Estacada, OR 97023-0537
Office: 503-630-7333
FAX: 503-630-7334
Richard E. Hanson
Vice President
Western Timberlands
Weyerhaeuser Company
16703 SE McGillivray Blvd,
Suite 220
Vancouver, WA 98683-3418
Office: 360-891-3368
FAX: 360-891-3388
Duane C. McDougall
President and CEO
Willamette Industries, Inc.
3800 First Interstate Tower
1300 SW Fifth Avenue
Portland, OR 97201-5667
Office: 503-227-5581
FAX: 503-273-5604
Howard Sohn (Chair)
President
Sun Studs, Inc.
L.L. Stewart
P.O. Box 10293
Eugene, OR 97440-2293
Office: 541-484-3371
FAX: 541-341-4606
Robert F. Turner
Senior Vice President
Jeld-Wen
P.O. Box 1329
Klamath Falls, OR
97601-0268
Office: 541-882-3451
FAX: 541-885-7454
Sara Vickerman
Director
West Coast Office
Defenders of Wildlife
1637 Laurel Street
Lake Oswego, OR
97034-4755
Office: 503-697-3222
FAX: 503-697-3268
Robert W. Williams
Regional Forester
USDA Forest Service,
Region 6
P.O. Box 3623
Portland, OR 972083623
Office: 503-808-2201
FAX: 503-808-2210
Elaine Y. Zielinski
State Director
Bureau of Land
Management
& Grey
900 SW 5th Ave., Suite
2300
Portland, OR 97204-1268
Office: 503-294-9166
FAX: 503-220-2480
P.O. Box 1127
Roseburg, OR 97470-0257
Office: 541-673-0141
FAX: 541-440-2516
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P.O. Box 2965
Portland, OR 972082965
Office: 503-952-6026
FAX: 503-952-6390