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Government of Afghanistan
Ministry of Counter Narcotics
Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 500, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
Tel: (+43 1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43 1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org
Afghanistan
February 2007
Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
Abbreviations
ANP
CPEF
GPS
ICMP
MCN
ORAS
RAS
UNODC
Afghan National Police
Central Poppy Eradication Force
Global Positioning System
Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme (UNODC)
Ministry of Counter-Narcotics
Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey
Research and Analysis Section (UNODC)
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
Acknowledgements
The following organizations and individuals contributed to the implementation of the 2007
Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey in Afghanistan and to the preparation of this
report:
Ministry of Counter-Narcotics:
Eng Ibrahim Azhar (Director, Survey and Monitoring Section), Mir Abdullah (Deputy
Director, Survey and Monitoring Section), Khiali Jan (Survey Coordinator for the central
region), Abdul Mateen (Survey Coordinator for Nangarhar province), Abdul Latif Ehsan
(Survey Coordinator for Hirat province), Fida Mohammad (Survey Coordinator for Balkh
province), Mohammed Ishaq Anderabi (Survey Coordinator for Badakhshan province),
Ahmad Qais Aamir (Database Expert), Arzo Omid (Data Clerk), Mohammad Khyber
Wardak (Data Clerk), Mohammad Ajmal (Data Clerk).
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Kabul)
Christina Oguz (Country Representative), Hakan Demirbüken (Regional Illicit Crop
Monitoring Expert for South-West Asia and Survey Project Manager, RAS/ICMP), Shirish
Ravan (Remote Sensing and GIS Expert, RAS/ICMP), Nazir Ahmad Shah (National
Project Coordinator), Ziauddin Zaki (Data Analyst), Abdul Mannan Ahmadzai (Survey
Assistant), Fazal Mohammad Fazli (Coordinator for Kandahar province), Mohammad
Alam Ghalib (Coordinator for Nangarhar province), Altaf Hussain Joya (Coordinator for
Hirat province), Mohammed Alem Yaqubi (Coordinator for Badakhshan province), Lutfi
Rahman Lutfi (Coordinator for Balkh province), Abdul Basir Basiret (Survey Coordinator
for Nangarhar province), Abdul Jalil (Survey Coordinator for Balkh province), Abdul Qadir
Palwal (Survey Coordinator for Kandahar province), Fawad Alahi (Survey Coordinator for
Hirat province), Mohammad Rafi (Survey Coordinator for Badakhshan province),
Rahimullah Omar (Survey Coordinator for the central region), Sayed Ahmad (Regional
Survey Assistant for Kandahar province), Abdul Rahim Marikh (Regional Survey
Assistant for Nangarhar province).
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Vienna)
Anja Korenblik (Programme Manager, RAS/ICMP), Thibault le Pichon (Chief, RAS),
Martin Raithelhuber (Programme Officer, RAS/ICMP).
The Survey would not have been possible without the dedicated work of the field
surveyors. The UNODC Illicit Crop Monitoring activities in Afghanistan were made
possible by financial contributions from the Governments of the United Kingdom, Finland
and the United States of America.
1
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
Table of Contents
1.
FINDINGS............................................................................................................................... 6
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
1.7.
1.8.
1.9.
1.10.
2.
GENERAL FINDINGS................................................................................................... 6
REASONS FOR OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION....................................................... 8
CASH ADVANCES RECEIVED FOR POPPY CULTIVATION................................. 9
FAMILIES INVOLVED IN OPIUM CULTIVATION.................................................. 9
EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE......................................................................................... 10
FIELD SECURITY ....................................................................................................... 13
REASONS FOR NON-CULTIVATION OF OPIUM POPPY..................................... 13
ERADICATION............................................................................................................ 14
PRICES ......................................................................................................................... 15
CANNABIS CULTIVATION ...................................................................................... 16
FINDINGS BY PROVINCE ................................................................................................ 26
NORTH-EASTERN REGION ................................................................................................... 26
BADAKHSHAN PROVINCE .................................................................................................. 26
TAKHAR PROVINCE ............................................................................................................. 27
EASTERN REGION .................................................................................................................. 28
NANGARHAR PROVINCE..................................................................................................... 28
KUNAR PROVINCE ............................................................................................................... 29
NURISTAN PROVINCE ......................................................................................................... 30
NORTHERN REGION .............................................................................................................. 31
BAGHLAN PROVINCE .......................................................................................................... 31
BAMYAN PROVINCE ............................................................................................................ 31
BALKH PROVINCE ............................................................................................................... 32
FARYAB PROVINCE.............................................................................................................. 33
KUNDUZ PROVINCE............................................................................................................ 33
JAWZJAN PROVINCE ........................................................................................................... 34
SAMANGAN PROVINCE ....................................................................................................... 34
SARI PUL PROVINCE ........................................................................................................... 35
CENTRAL REGION.................................................................................................................. 36
GHAZNI PROVINCE.............................................................................................................. 36
KHOST PROVINCE ............................................................................................................... 36
LOGAR PROVINCE ............................................................................................................... 37
PAKTIKA PROVINCE............................................................................................................ 37
PAKTYA PROVINCE.............................................................................................................. 38
PARWAN PROVINCE ............................................................................................................ 38
KAPISA PROVINCE............................................................................................................... 39
WARDAK PROVINCE............................................................................................................ 39
SOUTHERN REGION ............................................................................................................... 40
KANDAHAR PROVINCE ....................................................................................................... 40
HILMAND PROVINCE .......................................................................................................... 40
URUZGAN PROVINCE.......................................................................................................... 41
ZABUL PROVINCE................................................................................................................ 42
WESTERN REGION ................................................................................................................. 43
HIRAT PROVINCE................................................................................................................. 43
FARAH PROVINCE ............................................................................................................... 43
NIMROZ PROVINCE ............................................................................................................. 44
GHOR PROVINCE ................................................................................................................. 44
BADGHIS PROVINCE ........................................................................................................... 45
3.
METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................... 46
2
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
Maps
Map 1: Expected opium poppy cultivation trends in 2007 (by province) ..........................18
Map 2: Expected opium poppy cultivation trends in 2007 (by district) .............................19
Map 3: Calendar of opium poppy planting in 2007...........................................................20
Map 4: Expected opium poppy flowering time in 2007.....................................................21
Map 5: Expected opium poppy harvest time in 2007 .......................................................22
Map 6: Dry opium prices (USD) .......................................................................................23
Map 7: Sampling frame and selected villages..................................................................24
Map 8: Security situation in surveyed villages..................................................................25
3
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
PREFACE
In most of Afghanistan opium poppy planting has been completed. While the seedlings
for the 2007 harvest have just started to grow, UNODC has assessed the likely
cultivation trends.
This Winter Survey suggests that opium cultivation in Afghanistan in 2007 may not be
lower than the record harvest of 165,000 hectares in 2006, although trends may vary
among provinces.
Significant decreases are expected in the North. This welcome news is the result of
several initiatives aimed at providing farmers and local leaders with incentives to switch
to licit livelihoods.
The situation is worse in Afghanistan’s richly fertile yet highly unstable southern
provinces. Bear in mind that this region accounted for more than 50 per cent of all opium
cultivated in Afghanistan last year.
This Survey looks at reasons why farmers decide to grow opium, or not. Evidence shows
that villages that have received assistance are less likely to grow opium. Since this not a
new finding, it would be desirable to build on this evidence by making Afghanistan the
best example of how poppy cultivation can be countered by greater development
assistance.
There is some good news on this front. A Good Performance Fund was recently
established to reward provinces demonstrating significant progress towards becoming
opium free. The goal for 2007 is to double the number of opium-free provinces from six to
twelve. That will create an opium-free belt across the middle of the country so as to
concentrate later efforts to combat crime and insurgency in the South.
The results also show clear correlations between insurgency and illicit drug-related
activities. While this is not new, Afghanistan seems to be the most obvious case in the
world of how drug cultivation, refining and trafficking fund political violence, and vice
versa.
Using the results of this assessment, district and provincial authorities are now alerted
about opium cultivation trends in their jurisdiction. This Survey helps authorities put
names and places together in order to improve transparency and accountability. The
government and other stakeholders can now better target eradication efforts as well as
reward areas that are opium free. Over time this will contribute to winning back
Afghanistan from the drug lords, province by province.
While opium attracts most attention, this report raises a new and disturbing trend: a
significant increase in cannabis cultivation. The last thing we need is for Afghanistan to
switch from one drug to another or – worse – to become a world leader in cannabis as
well as opium production.
Antonio Maria Costa
Executive Director
UNODC
4
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
5
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
1. FINDINGS
1.1.
GENERAL FINDINGS
Opium poppy cultivation trends
The Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey (ORAS) forecasts the following cultivation
trends in 2007:
x An increase in cultivation in 15 provinces, mainly in the South, East and West;
x A decrease in cultivation in seven provinces, mainly in the North and North-East;
x No change in six provinces, mainly in the North and North-East;
x No poppy cultivation in six provinces, mainly in the central region.
Overall, opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan is likely to increase in 2007. However,
effective countrywide eradication may alter this trend.
Table 1: Expected opium poppy cultivation trends in 2007
Cultivation trend
in 2007
Increase
(15 provinces)
Decrease
(7 provinces)
No change
(6 provinces)
Opium poppy-free
(6 provinces)
Region
No. of
provinces
Provinces
South
6
West
East
Central
3
3
3
Uruzgan, Zabul, Hilmand, Kandahar, Day
Kundi
Nimroz, Hirat, Badghis
Nangarhar, Kunar Laghman
Kabul, Kapisa, Khost, Ghazni
West
1
Ghor
North
5
Balkh, Saripul, Samangan Bamyan, Jawzan
North-East
1
Badakhshan
West
1
Farah
North
2
Faryab, Baghlan
North-East
2
Takhar, Kunduz
East
1
Nuristan
Central
6
Panjshir, Parwan, Wardak, Logar, Paktya,
Paktika
In 2006, opium poppy cultivation increased in 13 provinces, decreased in eight provinces
and remained at the same level in seven provinces; six provinces were found to be opium
poppy-free (Annual Opium Survey 2006 Report, UNODC). The 2006 ORAS pointed to an
increase in cultivation, which was confirmed by survey results reported in August 2006. A
total area of 165,000 hectares was under opium poppy cultivation in 2006, which
represents an increase of 59 per cent as compared to 2005. That increase was chiefly
attributable to large-scale poppy cultivation in the South, particularly in the Hilmand
province. A decrease in cultivation was observed in the northern provinces in 2006.
The 2007 ORAS indicates a decrease in poppy cultivation in the North and North-East,
but an increase in the main opium poppy-growing areas of the southern provinces, which
may result in an overall increase in opium poppy cultivation in 2007.
However, these trends may be affected by the eradication campaign. While the
Government and international stakeholders remain committed to eradication, few
6
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
eradication activities had been reported in the provinces of Nimroz, Farah, Nangarhar,
Laghman and Badakhshan by mid-January 2007 (only 653 ha of crops had been
eradicated). To date, no eradication activities have been implemented in the northern and
southern provinces.
The 2007 ORAS highlights the following key cultivation trends as compared to 2006:
x A sharp increase in cultivation in the provinces of Nangarhar, Kunar and Uruzgan;
x A sharp decrease in the northern provinces (Balkh, Samangan, Saripul) and in
Ghor;
x An increase in the Hilmand and Kandahar provinces;
x Six provinces continue to be poppy-free.
Alfalfa in Nangarhar province
Wheat in Nangarhar province
Opium poppy in Nangarhar province
Vegetables in Nangarhar province
In Hilmand and Zabul, 100 per cent of respondents in surveyed villages believed that
poppy would be cultivated in those villages. A significantly high proportion of respondents
in Kandahar (93 per cent), Uruzgan (88 per cent), Farah (86 per cent), Badakhshan (67
per cent) and Nangarhar (67 per cent) indicated likewise. While Ghazni province was
poppy-free in 2006, the ORAS forecasts that 13 per cent of surveyed villages in the
province will cultivate poppy in 2007.
Additional opium poppy crops could be sown in upland areas of the northern and central
provinces before mid-March, particularly in rain-fed areas, potentially leading to a further
increase in opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan. In 2007, rainfall and water availability
7
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
are expected to be extremely good throughout Afghanistan, which may result in good
opium poppy yields.
Table 2: Cultivation levels from 2004 to 2006 and expected trends in 2007
PROVINCE
Kabul
Khost
Logar
Paktya
Panjshir
Parwan
Wardak
Ghazni
Paktika
Central Region
Kapisa
Kunar
Laghman
Nangarhar
Nuristan
Eastern Region
Badakhshan
Takhar
North Eastern Region
Badghis
Baghlan
Balkh
Bamyan
Faryab
Jawzjan
Kunduz
Samangan
Sari Pul
Northern Region
Hilmand
Kandahar
Uruzgan
Zabul
Day kundi
Southern Region
Farah
Ghor
Hirat
Nimroz
Western Region
Total (rounded)
1.2.
Cultivation Cultivation Cultivation Change 2005- Change 2005- 2007 Cultivation
2004 (ha)
2005 (ha)
2006 (ha)
2006 (ha)
2006 (%)
trend
282
838
24
1,200
0
1,310
1,017
62
0
4,733
522
4,366
2,756
28,213
764
36,621
15,607
762
16,369
614
2,444
2,495
803
3,249
1,673
224
1,151
1,974
14,627
29,353
4,959
11,080
2,977
N/A
48,369
2,288
4,983
2,531
115
9,917
131,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
106
0
0
106
115
1,059
274
1,093
1,554
4,095
7,370
1,364
8,734
2,967
2,563
10,837
126
2,665
1,748
275
3,874
3,227
28,282
26,500
12,989
2,024
2,053
2,581
46,147
10,240
2,689
1,924
1,690
16,543
104,000
80
133
0
0
0
124
0
0
0
337
282
932
710
4,872
1,516
8,312
13,056
2,178
15,234
3,205
2,742
7,232
17
3,040
2,024
102
1,960
2,252
22,574
69,324
12,619
9,703
3,210
7,044
101,900
7,694
4,679
2,287
1,955
16,615
165,000
80
133
0
0
0
124
-106
0
0
231
167
-127
436
3,779
-38
4,217
5,686
814
6,500
238
179
-3,605
-109
375
276
-173
-1,914
-975
-5,708
42,824
-370
7,679
1,157
4,463
55,753
-2,546
1,990
363
265
72
61,000
100%
100%
0%
0%
0%
100%
-100%
0%
0%
218%
145%
-12%
159%
346%
-2%
103%
77%
60%
74%
8%
7%
-33%
-87%
14%
16%
-63%
-49%
-30%
-20%
162%
-3%
379%
56%
173%
121%
-25%
74%
19%
16%
0%
59%
Increase
Increase
Poppy free
Poppy free
Poppy free
Poppy free
Poppy free
Increase
Poppy free
Increase
Strong increase
Increase
Strong increase
Stable
Decrease
Stable
Increase
Stable
Strong Decrease
Strong Decrease
Stable
Decrease
Stable
Strong Decrease
Strong Decrease
Increase
Increase
Strong increase
Increase
Increase
Stable
Strong Decrease
Increase
Increase
Overall Increase
REASONS FOR OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION
According to respondents, the high sale price of opium is the main reason for poppy
cultivation. For one hectare of opium poppy, farmers can earn nearly 10 times more than
cereal crop (Afghanistan Annual Opium Survey 2006 Report, UNODC).
8
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
Table 3: Reasons for opium poppy cultivation in 2007
Reasons for opium poppy cultivation
High sale price of opium
Poverty alleviation (provision of basic food and shelter)
Lack of land
High cost of financing a family wedding
No aid received from the Government or other sources
Possibility of obtaining a loan
Demand among addicts
Lack of water during summer
External pressure (e.g., from a drug trader or local commander)
Unemployment
Total
Percentage of
respondents
26.2%
20.5%
14.3%
14.1%
12.9%
7.3%
2.3%
1.7%
0.5%
0.1%
100%
It is interesting to note, by way of comparison, that in 2006, poverty alleviation (provision
of basic food and shelter) was the most commonly cited reason for opium poppy
cultivation (37 per cent of respondents), while 20 per cent of respondents cited lack of aid
from the Government or other sources.
1.3.
CASH ADVANCES RECEIVED FOR POPPY CULTIVATION
Villages in the Badakhshan, Hilmand, Uruzgan, Laghman, Logar, Farah, Khost and Kunar
provinces reported that they had received cash advances from drug traffickers to grow
opium poppy. The ORAS indicates that 32 per cent of the opium poppy-growing villages
received such advances.
Table 4: Cash advances by province in 2007
Province
Khost
Uruzgan
Badakhshan
Hilmand
Laghman
Nangarhar
Zabul
Kunar
Farah
Kandahar
Total
1.4.
No advance
received
Advance
received
Total
0
11
8
14
4
10
12
4
10
25
150
2
18
12
14
4
8
7
2
2
2
71
2
29
20
28
8
18
19
6
12
27
221
Advance received
(percentage of
respondents)
100%
62%
60%
50%
50%
44%
37%
33%
17%
7%
32%
FAMILIES INVOLVED IN OPIUM CULTIVATION
ORAS results indicate that 13 per cent of families in surveyed villages are involved in
opium cultivation. This figure is consistent with the findings of the 2006 Annual Opium
Survey. The corresponding percentage for the southern provinces is strikingly high,
closely followed by that for the eastern provinces. A high proportion of families are
9
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
reported to be involved in opium cultivation in the following provinces: Hilmand
(88 per cent), Zabul (86 per cent), Uruzgan (64 per cent), Nangarhar (52 per cent), Farah
(39 per cent), Kandahar (31 per cent), Laghman (29 per cent) and Nuristan (26 per cent).
While Nuristan was not a opium poppy-growing province until 2005, surveyors report that
farmers in the province are increasingly turning to opium poppy cultivation.
1.5.
EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE
Of the 508 villages visited, 451 received external assistance (89 per cent). A total of 828
assistance activities were reported in those 451 villages. The fact that 42 per cent of
villages that had received external assistance cultivated poppy, as compared to 50 per
cent of those that had not, suggests that external assistance has a direct effect on the
extent of opium poppy cultivation.
An analysis of the link between external assistance and poppy cultivation by region
appears to confirm that villages that have not received assistance are more likely to
cultivate opium poppy. However, in certain regions, a significant number of villages have
cultivated opium poppy despite having received external assistance: 94 per cent of
villages in the South, 53 per cent in the North-East, 51 per cent in the East and 34 per
cent in the West. Only six per cent of villages in the central region cultivated opium poppy
after receiving external assistance. These figures indicate the degree to which the various
regions respond to assistance received by curbing opium poppy cultivation.
Table 5: External assistance by village
Region
Central
East
North-East
North
South
West
Assistance
received
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No. of villages
No opium
poppy
cultivation
96
0
35
9
15
15
50
0
6
3
56
Opium
poppy
cultivation
6
2
37
6
17
10
7
6
97
3
29
% of villages cultivating
poppy despite having
received assistance
6%
51%
53%
12%
94%
34%
The table below sets out the type of assistance received by villages and the bodies
engaged in providing assistance.
10
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
Table 6: Distribution of external assistance activities in 2006
Assistance
received
Medical (including
vaccinations)
Construction
(road/other)
Agricultural inputs
(including fertilizers)
Education
Off-farm employment
opportunities
Irrigation structure
Electricity
Drinking water
Supply of tools to
self-employed
persons
Food
Materials for those
affected by floods
Refugee shelters
Total
Government
NGOs
United
Nations
226
32
154
3
1
416
50.2%
63
40
15
3
15
136
16.4%
63
27
10
3
9
112
13.5%
57
25
6
1
3
92
11.1%
19
3
9
1
32
3.9%
8
6
2
3
7
3
3
15
13
5
1.8%
1.6%
0.6%
2
2
4
0.5%
1
1
0.1%
1
0.1%
1
828
0.1%
100.0%
Unknown USAID Total
1
447
144
1
198
10
29
%
In the villages visited, 23 per cent of assistance activities were provided by the United
Nations. Agricultural assistance has decreased to 13.8 per cent as compared to 18 per
cent in 2005. The number of assistance activities routed through the Government has
increased since 2005: in 2006, the Government provided 53 per cent of assistance, as
compared to 40 per cent in 2005.
11
Table 7: Counter-Narcotics Trust Fund projects by province (as of 29 Nov. 2006)*
Province/
Project
approved
Residential
Mycro-hydro treatment
power plants centre
Badakhshan Badakhshan
Badghis
Baghlan
Baghlan
Balkh
Balkh
Bamyan
Day Kundi
Farah
Faryab
Faryab
Ghazni
Ghor
Hilmand
Hirat
Jawzjan
Jawzjan
Kabul
Kandahar
Kapisa
Khost
Kunar
Kunar
Kunduz
Laghman
Laghman
Logar
Nangarhar
Nangarhar
Nimroz
Nuristan
Nuristan
Panjshir
Paktika
Paktya
Parwan
Samangan
Samangan
Sari Pul
Takhar
Uruzgan
Wardak
Zabul
Budget
approved
(in US$)
2.5 mill
360,000
Councelling/ Mushroom
treatment
production
services
(Pilot)
Greenhouses Roads/
(Pilot)
bridges
Roads/
bridges
Silkworm
Honeybees
Flood
protection
Fruit
orchards and Drought
check dams appeal
No. of
Irrigation projects per
province
system
Badakhshan
Bamyan
Farah
Faryab
Ghazni
Ghor
Baghlan
Balkh
Bamyan
Badghis
Baghlan
Baghlan
Balkh
Balkh
Farah
Faryab
Ghazni
Ghor
Hirat
Hirat
Jawzjan
Jawzjan
Hirat
Jawzjan
Kabul
Kandahar
Kunar
Kunduz
Kunduz
Nangarhar
Kunduz
Nangarhar
Kunduz
Nangarhar Nangarhar
Nangarhar
Takhar
935,000
130,000
5.3 mill
650,000
3
4
1
1
2
4
1
Paktya
1
Samangan
Sari Pul
500,000
3
3
2
2
Nuristan
Samangan
Sari Pul
Takhar
Takhar
1.4 mill
Farah
6
1
2
Nimroz
Sari Pul
2
2
5
5
2
Badghis
Baghlan
Balkh
600,000
300,000
* The information presented in this table is not a finding of the Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey.
1.2 mill
1.5 mill
(up to 4
mill.)
3
3
3
240,000 15.6 mill
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
1.6.
FIELD SECURITY
Security was good in most provinces during the Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey.
However, it was a general concern in most areas of Hilmand, Uruzgan, Kandahar,
Ghazni, Khost, Paktika, Zabul, Nuristan, Laghman, Nangarhar and Farah. This situation
may worsen as the opium poppy flowering or harvesting period approaches, since most
of these areas report that villagers and certain groups are prepared to resist eradication.
Such resistance has already been encountered in Nangarhar province.
The survey indicates that approximately 79 per cent of villages with poor security and 63
per cent villages with very poor security are involved in poppy cultivation, as compared to
only 22 per cent of villages with good security. There is a strong link between security
conditions and opium poppy cultivation in the southern provinces. Drug traffickers and
criminal groups are encouraging villagers to grow opium poppy, particularly in the
Hilmand province, giving villagers guarantees for the protection of land on which opium
poppy is cultivated and in some areas using threats and intimidation to force those
farmers that have not yet cultivated opium poppy to do so.
Table 8: Security situation in surveyed villages
Security
situation
Poor
Very poor
Very good
1.7.
No. of villages
No opium poppy
Opium poppy
cultivation
cultivation
21
79
11
19
152
42
% villages cultivating
opium poppy
79%
63%
22%
REASONS FOR NON-CULTIVATION OF OPIUM POPPY
The main reason cited for non-cultivation of opium poppy was the belief that opium poppy
cultivation is against Islam (24 per cent of respondents). Other major reasons given were
respect for the decisions of the Shura (village council) and the Government’s ban on
opium poppy cultivation. Fear of eradication plays a major role in non-cultivation in areas
where eradication has been effective in past years.
Table 9: Reasons for non-cultivation of opium poppy in 2007
Reasons for non-cultivation of poppy
Believed to be against Islam
Respect for decisions taken by village elders or Shura
Observance of poppy cultivation ban
Fear of eradication
Fear of other forms of law enforcement (e.g. imprisonment)
Provision of assistance
Lack of water
Low sale price of opium
Low demand for opium
High cost of inputs (seed, fertilizers, labour, etc)
Unfavourable weather
Lack of experience
Not traditional
Fear of addiction
13
Percentage
24%
20%
18%
16%
9%
3%
2%
2%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
The number of responses received for each of the above reasons was consistent with
those given in 2006 (Afghanistan Annual Opium Survey 2006 Report, UNODC).
1.8.
ERADICATION
The Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey did not assess the implementation of the
eradication campaign, but collected general information on eradication activities in areas
visited.
Eradication in Muhmand Dara district of
Nangarhar province
Eradication in Baharak district of Badakhshan
province
Of the 508 villages surveyed, only 38 had cultivated opium poppy in spite of eradication
activities in 2006, whereas 184 villages where eradication measures had not been
implemented had cultivated opium poppy. Twenty-two villages have responded to
eradication activities in 2006 by desisting from poppy cultivation in 2007.
Table 10: Eradication in 2006 vis-à-vis opium poppy cultivation in 2007
Eradication in
2006
No. of villages
No
No opium poppy
cultivation
260*
Opium poppy
cultivation
184*
Yes
22
38
% of villages
cultivating
opium poppy
41%
63%
*Includes villages where poppy was not cultivated in 2006
The awareness campaign against poppy cultivation was conducted in many areas of
Afghanistan in October and November 2006. Of the 126 villages targeted by the
campaign, only 36 villages have cultivated poppy. However, almost 50 per cent of the
337 villages not included in the campaign have opted for poppy cultivation.
14
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
Table 11: Impact of the opium poppy prevention campaign
Prevention
campaign
No. of villages
Opium Poppy
No
No opium poppy
cultivation
191
Yes
90
36
cultivation
186
% villages cultivating
opium poppy after
campaign
49%
29%
Regional results indicate that the awareness campaign was highly successful in the
northern, central and western provinces, where approximately 90 per cent of villages
have not cultivated poppy since the campaign period. The campaign has had mixed
success in the East and North-East, where 50 per cent of villages continue to cultivate
poppy. In the South, the campaign has had little impact (only four villages have
responded positively).
Table 12: Impact of the opium poppy prevention campaign by region
Region
Central
East
North-East
North
South
West
Campaign
conducted
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No. of villages
No
Yes
89
7
28
7
11
10
23
41
6
5
1
32
7
8
15
15
3
99
4
27
6
34
25
Total
no. of
villages
94
8
60
14
19
25
38
44
105
4
61
31
% of villages
cultivating opim
poppy
5%
13%
53%
50%
42%
60%
39%
7%
94%
100%
44%
19%
UNODC is verifying Governor-led eradication activities and providing all stakeholders with
regular updates on the status of those activities. At the time of drafting this report (15
January 2007), 653 hectares of poppy crops had been eradicated in the Nimroz, Farah,
Nangarhar, Laghman and Badakhshan provinces.
1.9.
PRICES
In addition to the monthly collection of price information for key provinces, the 2007
ORAS collected price information in all 508 villages surveyed. The average farm-gate
prices of dry opium (as at the time of the survey) were in line with the monthly price
report. An overview of dry opium prices by province shows that prices are higher in the
southern, western and eastern provinces, while generally lower in the northern provinces.
Prices are higher in Kabul (province), Khost, Nangarhar and Nimroz owing to the
strategic location of these provinces along the trafficking route and/or to strong law
enforcement. Overall, opium prices have been conspicuously stable in 2006, and did not
decrease as much as one could have expected after the 49% production increase in
2006.
15
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
Farmers in Afghanistan usually cultivate crops twice a year in irrigated areas, typically
growing maize, rice, vegetables or cotton following the opium poppy or wheat harvest.
Some grow cannabis following the first harvest during the summer. None of Afghanistan’s
agricultural products can currently match per hectare income from opium poppy, which is
estimated at USD 4,900.
Figure 1: Average farm-gate prices for dry opium (USD/kg)
250
222
200
187
180
170
167
Price in (USD/Kg)
161
154
150
171
161
159
152
147
145
139
150 149
137
145
134
141 140 140 141 139
136 133
125
123
100
50
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
0
Month
Source: UNODC Monthly Opium Price Report for Afghanistan, December 2006
1.10.
CANNABIS CULTIVATION
A greater number of villages are reporting cannabis cultivation than in 2006: of the 508
villages surveyed for the 2007 ORAS, 13 per cent reported cannabis cultivation, whereas
the corresponding figure in the 2006 ORAS was only six per cent. Of the villages
surveyed, cannabis cultivation was reported in Zabul (74 per cent), Kandahar (62 per
cent), Farah (43 per cent), Paktya (33 per cent), Hilmand (29 per cent), Badghis (17 per
cent), Logar (17 per cent), Nangarhar (11 per cent), Balkh (11 per cent) and Badakhshan
(10 per cent). Small-scale cultivation of cannabis has also been reported in the Takhar,
Uruzgan, Baghlan and Hirat provinces.
16
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
According to the 2006 Afghanistan Annual Opium Survey, an estimated 50,000 ha of
cannabis crops were cultivated in Afghanistan in 2006, as compared to 30,000 ha in
2005. Data obtained from the field indicated a sharp increase in cannabis cultivation in
2006, particularly in the southern provinces and in some areas of Nangarhar and Paktya.
Cannabis cultivation in Afghanistan is expected to increase in 2007.
17
Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2007: Expected opium poppy cultivation trends (by province)
UZBEKISTAN
TAJIKISTAN
Jawzjan
TURKMENISTAN
!
2024
Takhar
Badakhshan
Kunduz
7232
3040
!
102
Mazar-E-Sharif
2178
Balkh
Samangan
Baghlan
Sari Pul
Faryab
1960
2742
2252
Panjshir
Nuristan
Badghis
282 0
3205
124
Bamyan
Parwan
2287
!
Wardak
!
Ghor
7044
0
Kabul
Logar
Day Kundi
Ghazni
!
Jalalabad
9703
!
4872
Peshwar
0
INDIA
Khost
133
Uruzgan
Farah
Kunar
Nangarhar
Paktya
0
932
710
0
4679
1516
KapisaLaghman
80
17
Hirat
13056
Fayz Abad
Legend
Paktika
Poppy free
Zabul
7694
Strong Decrease (Above 50%)
0
Decrease (Between 10% to 50%)
Stable (Between 0 to 10%)
!
PAKISTAN
12619
69324
3210
1955
IRAN
Hilmand
Increase (Between 10% and 50%)
Strong increase (Above 50%)
Kandahar
!
Nimroz
Quetta
¯
Source: MCN - UNODC Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assesment Survey, 2007 (http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop_monitoring.html)
Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
Main Cities
International boundaries
0
50 100
Provincial boundaries
Kilometers
Geographic Projection
Datum: WGS 84
2006 Cultivation level (ha)
Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2007: Expected opium poppy cultivation trends (by district)
Darwaz
UZBEKISTAN
Khwahan
TAJIKISTAN
Shighnan
Ragh
Darqad Chah Ab
Fayz Abad
Shahri Buzur
Khamyab Qarqin
Shortepa
Yangi Qala
Mingajik
Fayz Abad
Mardyan
Kaldar
Khani Chahar
Khwaja GharRustaq
!
Imam Sahib
Baharak
Dawlat Abad
Andkhoy
Mazar-E-Sharif
Archi
Qalay-I- Zal
Khwaja Du Ko
Nahri
Shahi
Chahar BolakBalkh
Kunduz
Ishkashim
Taluqan Kalafgan
Qaramqol
AqchaFayz Abad
!Mazari Shari Khulm
Dihdadi
Chahar Dara
Marmul
Kishim
Bangi
Chimtal
Dawlat Abad
Jurm
Shibirghan
Ali Abad
Hazrati Sultan
Chal Farkhar
Chahar Kint
Ishkamish
Baghlani Jad
Zebak
Aybak
Sari
Pul
Burka
Sholgara
Shirin Tagab
Baghlan
Warsaj
Sozma Qala
Darzab Sayyad
Khwaja SabzMaymana
Khost Wa Firing
Khuram Wa Sabagh
Kishindih
Almar
Nahrin
Kuran Wa Munjan
Dara-I- Suf
Dahana-I- Ghori
Sangcharak
Bilchiragh
Bargi Matal
Ghormach
Qaysar Pashtun Kot
Andarab
Dushi
Murghab
Ruyi Du Ab
Balkhab
Khinjan
Hisa-I-Awali
Kohistanat
Kamdesh
Wama
Mandol
Kohistan
Tala Wa Barfak
SalangPanjsherHisa-I-Duwum
Nari
Kahmard
Muqur
Waygal
Bar Kunar
Dawlat Shah
Yakawlang
Shinwari
Gulran
Ab Kamari
Alasay
Nuristan
Asad Abad
Ghorband
Shibar Shekh Ali
Kushk
Nijrab
Jawand
Dangam
Pech
Bagram
Qadis
Qalay-I- Naw
Bamyan
Istalif
Kohi SafiTagab Alishing Alingar
Sirkanay
Kushki Kuhna
Surkhi
Parsa
Guldara
Kohsan
Mihtarlam
Dih Sabz
Chaghcharan
Lal Wa Sarja
NurgalChawkay
Hisa-I- Awali BihsudJalrez
Paghman!
Injil
Karukh
Surobi Qarghayi
Khas Kunar
Panjab
Bagrami
! KamaGoshta
Zinda Jan
Chishti
Shar
Nirkh
Obe
Hirat
Markazi Bihs
!
Lal Pur
Khaki JabbarHisarakJalalabad
Rodat
Day Mirdad
Pashtun Zarghun
Waras
Shinwar
Muhammad Agh
Sherzad
Guzara
Azra
Peshwar
Chaki Wardak
Khogyani
Ghoryan
Shahrak
Dur Baba
Puli AlamKhushi
!
Day Kundi
Tulak
JajiChamkani Dih BalaAchin
Sayd
Abad
Farsi
Lija Mangal
Shahristan
Jaghatu
Adraskan
Jani Khel
Nawur
Charkh Sayid Karam
SabariBakJaji Maydan
Zana Khan
Pasaband
Gardez
Saghar
Bahrami
Shah
Taywara
Ajristan
GhazniDih Yak
Kijran
Gizab
Musa Khel Tere Zayi
Malistan
Zurmat Jadran
Andar
Khost(Matun)
Shamal
Mata Khan
Shindand
Qarabagh
ZirukSpera Tani Gurbuz
Jaghuri
Pur Chaman
Khas Uruzgan
Giro SharanSar Hawza
Baghran
Anar Dara
Shahidi Hass
UrgunGayan
MuqurAb Band
Omna
Chora
Warsaj
Nahrin
Sarobi
Bala Buluk
Khost Wa Firing
Daychopan
Zarghun
Shah
Gelan
Tirin Kot
Khaki Safed
Barmal
Arghandab
Dihrawud
Gulistan
Dila
Musa Qala
Pusht Rod
Shahjoy
Kajaki
Naw Zad
Gomal
Nesh
!
Qalay-I-Kah
Andarab
Bakwa
Nawa
Farah
Hisa-I-Awali
Qalat
Mizan
Shah
Wali
Ko
Shib Koh
Washer
Ghorak
Sangin
Khakrez
Shamulzayi
Tarnak Wa Ja Shinkay
Mandol
Waza Khwa Wor Mamay
Nahri Sarraj
Panjsher
Arghandab
Lash Wa Juwa
Atghar
Khash Rod
Jawzjan
TURKMENISTAN
Wakhan
Takhar
Badakhshan
Kunduz
Legend
Balkh
Samangan
Cultivation trend as compared
to 2006
Baghlan
Sari Pul
Faryab
Panjshir
No data
Nuristan
Badghis
No poppy cultivation
Kapisa
Bamyan
Strong decrease
Laghman
Parwan
Decrease
Kunar
No change
Kabul
Wardak
Ghor
Increase
Nangarhar
Logar
Hirat
Day Kundi
Ghazni
Paktya
Strong increase
International boundaries
Provincial boundaries
Uruzgan
Zabul
Nad Ali
!
Kandahar
Maywand
Lashkar Gah
Naway i Barakzayi
PAKISTAN
Spin Boldak
Zaranj
Reg
Hilmand
Dawlat Shah
Alasay
Bagram
Kohi Safi Tagab
Nimroz
Mihtarlam
Surobi
Reg
Shorabak
Quetta
!
Dishu
Qarghayi
Bagrami
Garmser
Chahar Burja
Alishing
Kandahar
Dih Sabz
Kamdesh
Wama
¯
Hisarak
0
50 100
Azra
Kilometers
Geographic Projection
Datum: WGS 84
Source: MCN - UNODC Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assesment Survey, 2007 (http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop_monitoring.html)
Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
Khushi
Nuristan
Nari
Bar Kunar
Asad Abad
Chapa Dara Pech
Dangam
Marawara
Alingar
Narang
Chawkay Sirkanay
Dara-I-NurNurgal
Khas Kunar
Kuz Kunar
Jalal!AbadKama
Surkh Rod
Khaki Jabbar
Bargi Matal
Waygal
Kohistan
Koh Band Nijrab
Daman
Panjwayi
Chakhansur
Kuran Wa Munjan
Hisa-I-Duwum
Arghistan
Maruf
Kang
IRAN
Eastern zone
Paktika
Farah
INDIA
Main Cities
!
Khost
Goshta
Lal Pur
Chaparhar
Rodat Bati Kot
Sherzad
ShinwarMuhmand Dara
Khogyani
Nazyan
Pachir Wa Agam
Dur Baba
Dih Bala Achin
Jaji
Lija Mangal
Sayid Karam
ChamkaniDand Wa Pata
Jaji Maydan
!
Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2007: Opium planting calendar
Darwaz
UZBEKISTAN
Khwahan
TAJIKISTAN
Shighnan
Ragh
Khamyab Qarqin
TURKMENISTAN
Darqad Chah Ab
Shahri Buzur
Shortepa
Yangi Qala
Kaldar
Khani Chahar
MingajikMardyan Dawlat Abad
Andkhoy
Nahri Shahi
Khwaja Du Ko
Balkh
Muqur
Gulran
Ab Kamari
Kushk
Kohsan
Injil
Zinda Jan
Ghoryan
Qadis
Karukh
Hirat
#
Obe
Ghor
Tulak
Farsi
Day Kundi
Pachir Wa Agam
Sayd Abad Puli AlamKhushi
Sayid Karam
Shahristan
Jaghatu
Nawur
Charkh
Jani Khel
Zana Khan
BakJaji Maydan
Bahrami ShahGhazni
Gardez
Ajristan
Dih Yak
Zurmat
Gizab
Tere Zayi
Jadran
Malistan
Andar Mata Khan
Khost(Matun)
Shamal
NikaZirukSpera Tani Gurbuz
Qarabagh
Jaghuri
Sharan
Sar
Hawza
Giro
Chora Khas Uruzgan
UrgunGayan
MuqurAb Band
Omna
Day Kundi
Adraskan
Pasaband
Saghar
Taywara
Kijran
Shindand
Baghran
Shahidi Hass
Uruzgan
Bala Buluk
Khaki Safed
Pusht Rod
Gulistan
Musa Qala
Kajaki
Naw Zad
Farah
#
Qalay-I-Kah
Bakwa
Farah
Shib Koh
Washer
Lash Wa Juwa
Khash Rod
Nad Ali
IRAN
Zaranj
Nimroz
Zarghun Shah
Dila
Shahjoy
Nesh
Zabul
Maywand
Lashkar Gah
Naway i Barakzayi
Hilmand
Gelan
#
Kandahar
Sarobi
Barmal
Gomal
Nawa
Wor Mamay
March
October/March
Peshwar
October/February
#
Kamdesh
Wama
Mandol
Hisa-I-Duwum
KohistanKoh Band
Nijrab
Dawlat Shah
Mahmud Raqi
Bagram
Alasay
Tagab
Alishing
Mihtarlam
Nuristan
Asad Abad
Azra
#
Quetta
¯
Khushi
0
50 100
Kilometers
Geographic Projection
Datum: WGS 84
Narang
Sirkanay
Chawkay
Dara-I-NurNurgal
Kuz Kunar
Goshta
Lal Pur
Chaparhar
Bati Kot
Rodat
Sherzad
ShinwarMuhmand Dara
Khogyani
Nazyan
Pachir Wa Agam
Dur Baba
Dih Bala
Achin
Jaji
Puli Alam
Dand Wa Pata
Lija MangalChamkani
Sayid Karam
Gardez
Shwak
Source:MCN - UNODC Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2007 (http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop_monitoring.html)
Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
Qarghayi
Jaji Maydan
Jani Khel
Musa KhelSabari
Bak
Qalandar
Nari
Dangam
Marawara
Alingar
Jalal Abad Kama
Surkh Rod
Khaki Jabbar
Muhammad Agh
Shorabak
Bar Kunar
Khas Kunar
Surobi
Bagrami
Garmser
Waygal
Chapa Dara Pech
Dih Sabz
PAKISTAN
Main Cities
Hisa-I-Awali
Eastern
Panjsher Afghanistan
Hisarak
Dishu
December
Provincial boundaries
Maruf
Kandahar
Reg
November
International boundaries
Spin Boldak
Reg
Chahar Burja
October
November/March
Kohi Safi
Arghistan
Daman
Panjwayi
No data
September
#
Paktika
Shah Wali Ko Mizan
Waza Khwa
Qalat
Sangin Ghorak Khakrez
Shamulzayi
Tarnak Wa Ja Shinkay
Nahri Sarraj
Arghandab
Atghar
Kang
Chakhansur
Daychopan
Arghandab
Dihrawud Tirin Kot
Planting Dates
Paktya
Khost
Ghazni
Pur Chaman
Anar Dara
Legend
Panjshir
Nuristan
Parwan Kapisa
Kunar
Laghman
Bamyan
Kabul
#
NirkhKabul Khaki Jabbar
Markazi Bihs
Sherzad RodatJalalabad
Hisarak
Wardak
Lal Pur
Muhammad Agh
Waras
Day Mirdad
Azra Nangarhar
Chaki Wardak
Logar Jaji KhogyaniDih BalaAchin Dur Baba
Shahrak
Guzara
Badakhshan
Takhar
Baghlan
Chishti Shar
Hirat Pashtun Zarghun
Wakhan
Samangan
Sari Pul
Badghis
Qalay-I- Naw
Kushki Kuhna
Kunduz
Balkh
Faryab
Murghab
Fayz Abad
Fayz Abad
Khwaja Ghar Rustaq
Baharak
Archi
Taluqan
Mazar-E-Sharif
Ishkashim
Qaramqol
Kalafgan
#
Khulm
Aqcha
Chahar DaraKunduzBangi
Marmul
Kishim
Chimtal
Dawlat Abad
Fayz Abad
Jurm
Dihdadi
Shibirghan
Ali Abad
Hazrati Sultan
Chal Farkhar
Chahar Kint
Ishkamish
Baghlani Jad
Zebak
Sholgara
Shirin Tagab
Sari Pul
Aybak
Burka
Baghlan
Warsaj
Sozma Qala
Darzab Sayyad
Khuram Wa Sabagh
Puli Khumri Nahrin Khost Wa Firing
Khwaja SabzMaymana
Kishindih
Almar
Sangcharak
Kuran Wa Munjan
Dahana-I- Ghori
Dara-I- Suf
Bargi Matal
Pashtun KotBilchiragh
Andarab Hisa-I-Awali
Qaysar
Dushi
Ruyi Du Ab
Balkhab
Kamdesh
Mandol
Khinjan
Wama
Kohistanat
Kohistan
Tala Wa Barfak
SalangPanjsher
Nari
Kahmard
Dawlat Shah
Waygal
Shinwari
Bar Kunar
Nijrab
PechAsad Abad
Nuristan
Shibar Shekh Ali
Jawand
Yakawlang
Dangam
Alishing Alingar
Ghorband Bagram
Marawara
Bamyan
Kohi Safi
Surkhi Parsa
Sirkanay
Narang
Dih Sabz
Nurgal
Tagab
Chaghcharan
Paghman
Chawkay
Lal Wa Sarja
Mihtarlam
Hisa-I- Awali Bihsud
Jalrez
#
Qarghayi
GoshtaKhas Kunar
Surobi
Panjab
Jawzjan
Ghormach
#
Imam Sahib
Qalay-I- Zal
INDIA
Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2007: Expected opium poppy flowering time
J
UZBEKISTAN
S
Darwaz
TAJIKISTAN
Khwahan
Khamyab
Ragh
Darqad Chah Ab
Shahri Buzurg
Yangi Qala
Shortepa
Shighnan
Qarqin
Fayz Abad
Khani Chahar Bagh
Kaldar
!
Imam Sahib Khwaja GharRustaq Fayz Abad
Mingajik
Badakhshan
Dawlat Abad
Andkhoy
Baharak
Khwaja Du Koh Mardyan
Archi
Wakhan
Nahri Shahi
Qalay-I- Zal
Taluqan
Kunduz
Qaramqol
Ishkashim
JawzjanFayz Abad
Kunduz
TakharKalafgan
Balkh !Mazar-E-Sharif
Aqcha
Chahar Dara Khan
Kishim
Marmul Khulm
Abad
Jurm
Shibirghan
Bangi
Dawlat Abad
Chimtal
Hazrati Sultan
Chal Farkhar
Chahar Kint
Baghlani JadidAli Abad
Ishkamish
Sholgara
Sari Pul
Zebak
Shirin Tagab
Aybak
Baghlan Burka
Sozma Qala
DarzabSayyad
Warsaj
Khuram Wa Sarbagh
Khwaja Sabz PoshFaryab
Legend
Puli
Khumri
Khost
Wa
Firing
Nahrin
Almar
Samangan
Maymana
Kuran Wa Munjan
Sangcharak Kishindih
Dara-I- Suf
Dahana-I- GhoriBaghlan
Bargi Matal
Flowering Calendar
Ghormach
Pashtun KotBilchiragh
Sari Pul
AndarabHisa-I-Awali Panjsher
Ruyi Du Ab
Dushi
Qaysar
Balkhab
Kamdesh
Murghab
Khinjan
Panjshir Mandol Wama
Kohistan
Panjsher
Kohistanat
Tala Wa Barfak
Salang
NuristanWaygal Nari
Panjsher
Muqur
Kahmard
Late March
Bar Kunar
Gulran
GhorbandJabalussaraj
Badghis
Nijrab
Ab Kamari
Chaharikar
Nuristan
Alasay
Kushk
Asad Abad
Shibar
Yakawlang
Early April
Parwan BagramKapisa AlishingAlingarPechKunarDangam
Jawand
Qalay-I- Naw Qadis
Narang
BamyanBamyan Shekh Ali Guldara
Kohi Safi
Late April
Laghman
Kushki Kuhna
NurgalChawkay
Surkhi ParsaDih Sabz
Tagab
Kohsan
Lal Wa Sarjangal
Mihtarlam
Hisa-I- Awali BihsudJalrez
Chaghcharan
Surobi
Early May
Kabul
!
Qarghayi GoshtaLal Pur
Karukh
Panjab
Injil
Surobi
!
Nirkh
Zinda Jan
Markazi Bihsud
Chishti Sharif
!
Hirat
Nirkh Khaki Jabbar
Jalalabad
Late May
Muhmand
Dara
Hisarak Rodat
Day MirdadWardak
Pashtun ZarghunObe
Azra
Shahrak
HiratGuzara
Azra
NangarharShinwar
Ghoryan
Waras
Early June
Chaki
Wardak
Logar
Dur Baba
Day Kundi
!
Puli Alam
Jaji
Achin
Ghor
JajiSherzad
Baraki BarakKhushi
Tulak
Sayd Abad
Dih Bala
Late June
Lija Mangal
Peshwar
Farsi
Day KundiShahristan
Nawur
Jaghatu
Charkh Jani KhelChakmaniSabari
Adraskan
Early July
Bahrami Shahid(Jaghatu)Zana Khan
GardezJani Khel
Musa KhelBakJaji Maydan
Pasaband
GhazniDih Yak Paktya
Ajristan
Taywara
Saghar
Nadir Shah KKhost
Main Cities
!
Kijran
Malistan
Gizab
Zurmat Jadran
Mando ZayiTere Zayi
Ghazni Andar
Provincial boundaries
Tani
Ziruk
Gurbuz
Spera
Shindand
Sharan
Pur Chaman
Jaghuri Qarabagh
International boundaries
ChoraKhas Uruzgan
Giro Sar Hawza
Baghran Shahidi Hassas
Urgun
Gayan
MuqurAb Band
Anar Dara
Omna
Uruzgan
Sarobi
Andarab
Daychopan
Gelan
Kamdesh
Zarghun Shahr
Tirin Kot
Barmal
Hisa-I-Awali Panjsher
Khaki Safed Bala Buluk
Dihrawud
Arghandab
Gulistan
Musa Qala
Wama
Dila
Pusht RodFarah
Shahjoy
Paktika
Naw Zad
Nari
Nesh
!
Kajaki
Qalay-I-Kah
Salang Panjsher
Mandol
Gomal
Bakwa
Waygal Bar Kunar
Nawa
Farah
Zabul
Mizan
Shib Koh
Shah Wali Kot
Waza Khwa
Qalat
Washer
SanginGhorakKhakrez
Koh Band
Kohistan
Nijrab
Tarnak Wa JaldakShinkay
Wor Mamay
Shamulzayi
Nuristan
Nahri Sarraj
Chaharikar
Dawlat Shah
Asad Abad Dangam
Arghandab
Lash Wa Juwayn
Atghar
Khash Rod
Chapa
Pech
!
Daman
Dara
Bagram
Maywand
Arghistan
Alasay
Nad Ali
Arghistan
Marawara
Lashkar Gah
Maruf
Alingar
Alishing
Narang
Naway i Barakzayi
Tagab
Kang
TURKMENISTAN
Eastern Afghanistan
PAKISTAN
Hilmand
Chakhansur
IRAN
Zaranj
Nimroz
Panjwayi
PAKISTAN
Kandahar
Spin Boldak
Reg
Dara-I-NurNurgal
Mihtarlam
Surobi
Khas Kunar
Kuz Kunar
Qarghayi
Kabul
Surkh Rod
Reg
Hisarak
Shorabak
!
Dishu
Quetta
¯
0
50 100
Kilometers
Geographic Projection
Datum: WGS 84
Muhammad
Agha
Logar
Sherzad
Khogyani
Azra
Kama
Pachir Wa Agam
Dih Bala
Jaji
Lija Mangal
Dand Wa Patan
PaktyaChamkani
Jaji Maydan
Source: MCN - UNODC Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assesment Survey, 2007(http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop_monitoring.html)
Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
Jalal
Abad
Goshta
Lal Pur
Chaparhar
Bati Kot
Rodat
ShinwarMuhmand Dara
Garmser
Chahar Burjak
Sirkanay
Chawkay
Achin
Nazyan
Dur Baba
Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2007: Expected opium poppy harvest time
UZBEKISTAN
TAJIKISTAN
Ragh
Darqad
Qarqin
Khani
Chahar
Andkhoy
TURKMENISTAN
Kaldar
Mingajik Mardyan
Balkh
Mazar-E-Sharif
Nahri Shahi
Chahar Balkh
Bolak
!
Dihdadi
Marmul
Chimtal
Qaramqol
Aqcha Fayz
Abad
Shibirghan
Jawzjan
Faryab
Darzab
Khwaja
Sabz
Almar
Pashtun
Kot
Qaysar
Kunduz
Sangcharak
Kishindih
Baghlan
Ruyi Du Ab
Gulran
Yakawlang
Kushki Kuhna
Chaghcharan
Hirat
Zinda
Jan
Ghoryan
Bamyan
Guzara
Wardak
Waras
Shahrak
Chaki Wardak
Ghor
Tulak
Uruzgan
Farsi
Pasaband
Paktya
Gizab
Kijran
Ghazni
Shindand
Early June
Azra
Logar
Zana Khan
Ajristan
Taywara
Late May
Late June
Jalalabad
Muhammad
Agh
Shahristan
Saghar
Early May
!
Sayd Baraki Barak
Abad
Adraskan
Late April
Kunar
Surobi
!
Maydan
Shahir
Nirkh
Panjab
Early April
Nuristan
Mandol
Kapisa
Laghman
Kabul
Chishti Shar
No Data
Kamdesh
Parwan
Obe
Pashtun
Zarghun
Harvest Calendar
Bargi Matal
Andarab
Panjsher
Salang
Shinwari
GhorbandJabalussaraj
Chaharikar
Bagram
Shekh Ali
Guldara
Lal Wa Sarja
Karukh
!
Shibar
Bamyan
Jawand
Kohsan
Injil
Baghlan
Tala Wa Barfak
Kahmard
Qalay-I- Naw Qadis
Legend
Warsaj
Nahrin
Khinjan
Kohistan
Kushk
Jurm
Dushi
Balkhab
Kohistanat
Badghis
Farkhar
Kuran Wa Munjan
Dahana
-I- Ghori
Samangan
Sari Pul
Chal
Ishkamish
Burka
Puli
Khumri
Khuram
Wa Sabagh
Dara-I- Suf
Ishkashim
Badakshan
Kishim
Bangi
Ali Abad
Baghlani Jad
Aybak
Fayz Abad
Baharak
Taluqan Kalafgan
Khan
Abad
Hazrati Sultan
!
Rustaq
Takhar
Chahar Dara
Sozma
Qala
Sayyad
Bilchiragh
Qalay-I- Zal
Khulm
Chahar Kint
Maymana
Shahri Buzur
Khwaja Ghar
Archi
Sholgara
Sari Pul
Shirin Tagab
Yangi
Qala
Imam Sahib
Dawlat Abad
Khwaja
Du Ko
Dawlat Abad
Chah
Ab
Shortepa
Early July
Nangarhar
Jaji
Dand
Lija Mangal
Wa Pata
Chakmani
Jaji
Jani Khel
Maydan
Musa Khel
Qalandar
Nadir Shah K
Mando Zayi
Gurbuz
Tani
!
Late July
Peshwar
Provincial boundaries
International boundaries
Khost
Baghran
Shahidi Hass
District Boundaries
Main Cities
!
Pur Chaman
Anar Dara
Chora
Bala Buluk
Andarab
Khaki Safed
Qalay-I-Kah
Tirin Kot
Daychopan
Musa Qala
Pusht Rod
!
Naw Zad
Farah
Kajaki
Zabul
Nesh
Ghorak
Washer
Sangin
Mizan
Shah Wali Ko
Khakrez
Arghandab
Nad Ali
Lashkar
Gah
Naway i Barakzayi
Hilmand
Maywand
!
Salang Panjsher
Arghistan
Bagram
Kandarhar
Nuristan
Kapisa
Alingar
Dara-I-NurNurgal
Mihtarlam
Spin Boldak
Daman
Surobi
Chahar Burja
!
Quetta
¯
0
50 100
Kilometers
Geographic Projection
Datum: WGS 84
Muhammad
Agha
Logar
Sherzad
Khogyani
Azra
Kama
Pachir Wa Agam
Dih Bala
Goshta
Achin
Nazyan
Dur Baba
Jaji
Lija Mangal
Dand Wa Patan
PaktyaChamkani
Jaji Maydan
Source: MCN - UNODC Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assesment Survey, 2007 (http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop_monitoring.html)
Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
Jalal
Abad
Lal Pur
Chaparhar
Bati Kot
Rodat
ShinwarMuhmand Dara
Garmser
Hisarak
Marawara
Narang
Sirkanay
Chawkay
Khas Kunar
Surkh Rod
Shorabak
Asad Abad Dangam
Kuz Kunar
Qarghayi
Kabul
Reg
Pech
Laghman
PAKISTAN
Panjwayi
Reg
Chapa
Dara
Alishing
Tagab
Nari
Kunar
Nuristan
Dawlat Shah
Alasay
Maruf
Nimroz
Waygal Bar Kunar
Mandol
Koh Band
Kohistan
Nijrab
Chaharikar
Tarnak Wa Ja
Shamulzayi
Khash Rod
IRAN
Paktika
Qalat
Nahri Sarraj
Kamdesh
Wama
Shahjoy
Bakwa
Shib Koh
Lash Wa Juwa
Panjsher
EasternHisa-I-Awali
Afghanistan
Arghandab
Dihrawud
Gulistan
Nangarhar
Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2007: Dry opium price (USD/Kg)
65°E
70°E
UZBEKISTAN
TAJIKISTAN
TURKMENISTAN
Jawzjan
Kunduz
Takhar
Balkh
Badakhshan
Faryab
Samangan
Sari Pul
Baghlan
Nuristan
Parwan Kapisa
Kunar
Laghman
Kabul
Wardak
Nangarhar
Logar
Badghis
35°N
Bamyan
Ghor
Hirat
Panjshir
Day Kundi
35°N
INDIA
Paktya
Ghazni
Khost
Uruzgan
Farah
Paktika
Zabul
PAKISTAN
Legend
Dry opium price (USD/Kg)
Hilmand
No data
IRAN
Nimroz
58 - 89
Kandahar
108 - 135
144 - 169
¯
30°N
65°E
30°N
184 - 227
0
50 100
200
Km
Geographic projection, Datum WGS 84
Source: MCN - UNODC Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2007
Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
International boundaries
70°E
Provincial boundaries
Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2007: Village sampling frame and selected villages
65°E
70°E
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!
UZBEKISTAN
TAJIKISTAN
TURKMENISTAN
Balkh
Jawzjan
Kunduz
Takhar
Baghlan
Sari Pul
Panjshir
Nuristan
Parwan Kapisa
Kunar
Laghman
Kabul
Wardak
Nangarhar
Logar
Badghis
Bamyan
Hirat
!
Badakhshan
!!
!!!!!!
Samangan
Faryab
35°N
!
!!
!
Ghor
35°N
INDIA
Day Kundi
Paktya
Khost
Ghazni
Uruzgan
Farah
Paktika
Zabul
IRAN
30°N
Hilmand
PAKISTAN
Legend
Kandahar
Village Sampling Frame
based on elevation zones
Nimroz
¯
65°E
0
50 100
!
200
Km
Geographic projection, Datum WGS 84
Source: MCN - UNODC Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2007
Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
<=1500 m
>1500 m and <=2500 m
>2500 m
30°N
2007 Selected villages
International boundaries
70°E
Provincial boundaries
Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assessment Survey, 2007: Expected opium poppy cultivation trends (by province) and
security situation in surveyed villages
UZBEKISTAN
!
TAJIKISTAN
!
Fayz Abad
! !
!
!
!
Jawzjan
!
!
!
2024
!!
TURKMENISTAN
!
3040
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3205
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Bamyan
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4679
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1955
IRAN
Nimroz
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Hilmand
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12619
69324
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2742!!
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!
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!
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124 !
1516 ! !
!
Kapisa
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932!
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!
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!!! Laghman
!!
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!80
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Kunar
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710
!!
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Wardak !!!! ! !!Kabul
! ! !!!
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4872
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Peshwar
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0
!
!
!
Khost
!
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0
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!
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!
!
Badakhshan
!
!
!
2287
!
1960
!
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!!
!
!
Samangan
Badghis
!!
!
!
!
!
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!
2252
!
!!
!
!
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Sari
!
Faryab
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!! !
!
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!!
!
!
!
! !!
!
!!
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!
2178
!
!
!
!!
!!
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!
!
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! ! !
!
!
102
Mazar-E-Sharif
!!
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7232
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!
!!
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!
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!
!
Legend
Cultivation trend as compared to 2006
Poppy free
Strong Decrease (AboveINDIA
50%)
Decrease (Between 10% to 50%)
Stable (Between 0 to 10%)
!
!
!
Zabul
!
!
!
!
!
3210
!
!!
!
!
Increase (Between 10% and 50%)
Paktika
Strong increase (Above 50%)
0
!
!
!!!
Main Cities
International boundaries
!!
Provincial boundaries
PAKISTAN
!
!
2006 Cultivation level (ha)
!
!!
Kandahar
Security situation in surveyed villages
!
!
!!
Quetta
¯
Source: MCN - UNODC Afghanistan Opium Rapid Assesment Survey, 2007 (http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop_monitoring.html)
Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
0
50 100
!
Very bad
!
Poor
!
Good
!
Very good
!
No data
Kilometers
Geographic Projection
Datum: WGS 84
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
2. FINDINGS BY PROVINCE
NORTH-EASTERN REGION
BADAKHSHAN PROVINCE
Cultivation
Interviews with village headmen indicated that cultivation levels in 2007 may decrease
sharply as a result of early eradication efforts and campaigns against opium poppy
cultivation. In 2006, opium poppy cultivation in Badakhshan increased by 77 per cent.
The Dareem and Argo valleys and the Faizabad, Jurm, Kishm and Baharak districts are
the main opium poppy cultivation areas in Badakhshan.
Eradication
Governor-led eradication began in the Argo, Baharak, Darayim, Jurm and Kishim district
of Badakhshan on 12 November 2006. A total of 502 ha of crops are verified to have
been eradicated in 50 villages.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
Opium poppy cultivation in Badakhshan
province
13 056
Irrigated and rain-fed
Decrease
High
Yes
Autumn/spring
End of June
Very good
85
Opium poppy eradication in Badakhshan
province
26
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
TAKHAR PROVINCE
Cultivation
Respondents reported no change in opium poppy cultivation in all districts in 2007.
Takhar lies on a major trafficking route to Tajikistan (via the Chah Ab, Yangi Qala,
Darqad and Rustaq districts).
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
27
2 178
Irrigated and rain-fed
No change
Low
No
Autumn/spring
Mid-June
Very good
117
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
EASTERN REGION
NANGARHAR PROVINCE
Cultivation
A sharp increase in cultivation was reported in Nangarhar province in 2007, following an
increase of 346 per cent in 2006 as compared to 2005. The highest levels of cultivation
were reported in districts close to the border with Pakistan and far from the centre of the
province, such as Shinwar, Achin and Nazyana, which resumed opium cultivation in
2006. Opium poppy cultivation now appears to be extending towards the centre of the
province.
Eradication
Eradication activities have been reported in the Jalalabad, Khogyani and Khash Rod
districts. A total of 37 ha of crops were verified as having been eradicated by mid-January
2007
Opium Poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
Eradicated opium poppy field in Shinwar
district of Nangarhar province
4 872
Irrigated
Sharp increase
High
No
Autumn
Mid-April
Good
191
Eradicated opium poppy field in Achin district
of Nangarhar province
28
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
KUNAR PROVINCE
Cultivation
Respondents reported a sharp increase in cultivation in 2007. An increasing trend in
poppy cultivation was also observed in 2006. Asad Abad, Chakay and Pech were the
main cultivation areas in 2006.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
932
Irrigated and rain-fed
Sharp increase
Moderate
No
Autumn
Mid-April
Good
184
LAGHMAN PROVINCE
Cultivation
Opium poppy cultivation in Laghman province is expected to increase in 2007, as in
2006, particularly in remote districts such as Alingar and Dawlat Shah.
Eradication
Eradication has been reported in the Dawlat Shah and Alishing districts. A total of 45 ha
of crops were verified as having been eradicated by mid-January 2007.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
29
710
Irrigated and rain-fed
Increase
Moderate
No
Autumn
Beginning of April
Good
169
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
NURISTAN PROVINCE
Cultivation
Cultivation is expected to remain at the same levels in 2007 as in 2006. Nuristan is
located at a high elevation, and most planting will begin in mid-March.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
1 516
Irrigated and rain-fed
No change
Low
No
Autumn
Beginning of April
Very good
160
Four of the 11 villages in Nuristan that were visited during the ORAS reported poppy
cultivation in 2007.
30
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
NORTHERN REGION
BAGHLAN PROVINCE
Cultivation
Cultivation in Baghlan province increased considerably in 2006 (as compared to 2005),
and the same level of cultivation is expected in 2007. Opium poppy cultivation has been
reported in all districts of Baghlan, but particularly in Andarab and Khost Wa Firing.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
2 742
Irrigated and rain-fed
No change
Moderate
No
Autumn/spring
End of May to mid-June
Very good
108
BAMYAN PROVINCE
Cultivation
The majority of farmers in Bamyan province prefer not to cultivate opium poppy.
Cultivation is therefore expected to fall sharply in 2007, and the province may even
become poppy-free.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
31
17
Irrigated
Sharp decrease
Very low
No
Spring
Late July
Very good
125
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
BALKH PROVINCE
Cultivation
Opium poppy cultivation decreased sharply in Balkh province from 2005 to 2006.
According to ORAS results, cultivation levels will again fall steeply in 2007. This trend
may be attributable to successful awareness campaigns against poppy cultivation
conducted before the planting season.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
Opium poppy at planting stage in Balkh
province
7 232
Irrigated and rain-fed
Sharp decrease
Moderate
No
Autumn
End of April
Very good
58
Wheat in Balkh province
32
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
FARYAB PROVINCE
Cultivation
An increase in cultivation was reported from 2005 to 2006. ORAS results suggest that
opium poppy cultivation will remain at the same level in 2007.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
3 040
Irrigated and rain-fed
No change
Moderate
No
Autumn
Mid-May
Good
71
KUNDUZ PROVINCE
Cultivation
Kunduz province is neither a major nor a traditional opium poppy-growing region. In 2006,
cultivation levels fell steeply . No change is expected in 2007.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
33
102
Irrigated
No change
Very low
No
Autumn
Mid-May
Good
N/A
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
JAWZJAN PROVINCE
Cultivation
Jawzjan province was not a significant opium poppy-growing area until 2002. Since then,
however, cultivation has increased sharply. In 2006, a reported 2,003 ha of poppy crops
were cultivated. However, ORAS results suggest that cultivation will decrease in 2007.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
2 024
Irrigated
Decrease
Moderate
No
Autumn
Late May
Good
N/A
SAMANGAN PROVINCE
Cultivation
The ORAS suggests that cultivation will decline sharply in 2007. However, since planting
takes place mainly during March, farmers may yet decide to cultivate opium poppy.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
1 960
Irrigated and rain-fed
Sharp decrease
Low
No
Spring
End of July
Good
N/A
34
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
SARI PUL PROVINCE
Cultivation
Opium poppy cultivation is expected to decrease sharply in Sari Pul province in 2007.
However, while few farmers plant opium poppy as late as March, good water availability
may encourage them to do so.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
35
2 252
Irrigated and rain-fed
Sharp decrease
Low
No
Spring
Late June
Very good
66
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
CENTRAL REGION
GHAZNI PROVINCE
Cultivation
In 2006, Ghazni was poppy-free. However, an increase in cultivation was observed in the
Andar district during the 2007 ORAS.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
0
Irrigated
Increase
Very low
No
Spring
Late July
Poor
N/A
KHOST PROVINCE
Cultivation
In 2006, a slight increase in cultivation was observed. ORAS results suggest an increase
in 2007, particularly in the Tani district.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
133
Irrigated
Increase
Very low
No
Spring
Late May
Poor
227
36
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
LOGAR PROVINCE
Cultivation
The vast majority of villages in Logar province do not cultivate opium poppy. This trend is
not expected to change in 2007.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
0
Irrigated/rain-fed
Poppy-free
Nil
No
Spring/autumn
May/June
Very good
N/A
PAKTIKA PROVINCE
Cultivation
Paktika province was poppy-free in 2006; the same trend is expected in 2007.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
37
0
Irrigated/rain-fed
Poppy-free
Nil
No
Spring
June
Poor
N/A
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
PAKTYA PROVINCE
Cultivation
Paktya province was poppy-free in 2006; the same trend is expected in 2007.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
0
Irrigated
Poppy-free
Nil
No
Spring
June
Poor
N/A
PARWAN PROVINCE
Cultivation
No opium poppy cultivation was observed in the villages visited, and the province may
become poppy-free in 2007. Opium poppy cultivation was reported for the first time in the
province in 2004 (1,310 ha). Cultivation was negligible in 2005, and only 124 ha of poppy
were cultivated in 2006.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
124
Irrigated/rain-fed
Poppy-free
Nil
No
Spring
Late June
Good
N/A
38
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
KAPISA PROVINCE
Cultivation
Although Kapisa is not a major opium poppy-growing province, cultivation is expected to
increase in 2007. In 2006, cultivation increased to 282 ha, as compared to 115 ha in
2005.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
282
Irrigated
Increase
Very low
No
Autumn/spring
Late May/ early July
Good
167
WARDAK PROVINCE
Cultivation
Wardak was poppy-free in 2006, and is expected to remain so in 2007.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
39
0
Irrigated
Poppy-free
Nil
No
Autumn/spring
Late May/early July
Very good
N/A
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
SOUTHERN REGION
KANDAHAR PROVINCE
Cultivation
Cultivation levels remained unchanged at around 12,500 ha in 2005 and 2006. Cultivation
is expected to increase in all districts except Kandahar and Spinboldak in 2007. .
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
12 619
Irrigated
Increase
High
Yes
Autumn
Beginning of May
Poor
135
Ninety-three per cent of the villages in Kandahar that were visited during the ORAS
reported poppy cultivation in 2007.
HILMAND PROVINCE
Cultivation
A steep increase in opium poppy cultivation was observed in Hilmand in 2006. Hilmand
accounted for 42 per cent of the total opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan, and
cultivation levels here were higher than in any other province. ORAS results indicate a
further increase in cultivation in 2007. Hilmand is also the most significant province in
terms of heroin processing and trafficking.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
69 324
Irrigated
Increase
Very high
No
Autumn
Beginning of May
Poor
144
40
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
All of the villages in Hilmand that were visited during the ORAS reported poppy cultivation
in 2007.
Opium poppy in Hilmand province
Wheat in Hilmand province
URUZGAN PROVINCE
Cultivation
Uruzgan is one of Afghanistan’s major traditional opium poppy-growing provinces.
Cultivation increased from 4,605 ha in 2005 to 9,703 ha in 2006. The ORAS results
indicate a further sharp increase in opium poppy cultivation in 2007.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
9 703
Irrigated
Sharp increase
High
No
Autumn
Mid-May
Poor
127
Eighty-eight per cent of the villages in Uruzgan that were visited during the ORAS
reported poppy cultivation in 2007.
41
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
ZABUL PROVINCE
Cultivation
The ORAS predicts an increase in cultivation in all districts of Zabul province in 2007. An
increasing trend in poppy cultivation has been observed since 2005. Zabul province is
one of the poorest regions of Afghanistan, and a high level of migration from the province
to other areas of Afghanistan has been reported.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
3 210
Irrigated
Increase
Moderate
No
Autumn
Mid-May
Very bad
128
All villages in Zabul that were visited during the ORAS reported opium poppy cultivation
in 2007.
42
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
WESTERN REGION
HIRAT PROVINCE
Cultivation
Respondents expect cultivation to increase slightly in 2007, particularly in the Ghoryan
district. Hirat was not a major opium poppy-growing province until 2003. Cultivation levels
have remained unchanged at around 2,000 ha since 2004.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
2 287
Irrigated
Increase
Low
Yes
Autumn/spring
Late May/late June
116
Very good
FARAH PROVINCE
Cultivation
Cultivation in Farah decreased sharply from to 2005 to 2006. Respondents expect
cultivation levels to remain unchanged in 2007. Since 2004, poppy has been cultivated in
all districts of the province.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
43
7 694
Irrigated
No change
High
No
Autumn
Early May
Good
124
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
NIMROZ PROVINCE
Cultivation
Cultivation is expected to increase in 2007. The year 2005 marked a record increase in
cultivation from 115 ha to 1,690 ha, and a further increase was observed in 2006. Nimroz
lies at Afghanistan’s borders with Iran and Pakistan, and is therefore one of the major
trafficking provinces for the export of Afghani opium.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
1 955
Irrigated
Increase
Moderate
No
Autumn
Mid-April
Good
186
GHOR PROVINCE
Cultivation
ORAS results indicate a strong decrease in cultivation in Ghor province. This decrease
may be attributable to crop disease in 2006, low prices for opium and fear of eradication.
Owing to difficult terrain and harsh conditions, agriculture in Ghor province is limited to
very narrow valleys. Ghor is one of the main opium-trafficking provinces.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
4 679
Irrigated
Sharp decrease
Moderate
No
Spring
Late June
Very good
150
44
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
BADGHIS PROVINCE
Cultivation
ORAS results suggest an increase in opium poppy cultivation in 2007. Cultivation levels
have risen since 2005, following a sudden increase of 383 per cent (2,967 ha) as
compared to 2004.
Opium poppy cultivation details:
Cultivation in 2006 (hectares)
Type of cultivation
Projected trend in 2006-2007
Cultivation level
Eradication reported
Planting time
Expected main harvest time
Security situation
Dry opium price (USD/KG)
3 205
Irrigated and rain-fed
Increase
No
Spring
Mid-June
Very good
89
Fifty-six per cent of the villages in Badghis visited during the ORAS reported opium poppy
cultivation in 2007.
45
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
3. METHODOLOGY
The Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey, including training and deployment, was
conducted from 10 December 2006 to 18 January 2007 by 78 local field surveyors. It was
jointly supervised by the Ministry of Counter-Narcotics (MCN) and UNODC. The
surveyors were selected on the basis of their experience in conducting opium poppy
surveys, knowledge of local customs and their acceptance by local communities.
Sampling framework
The surveyors conducted structured interviews with the headmen of selected
villages in each district. A total of 508 villages in 236 districts were surveyed
across all provinces.
Opium poppy cultivation is most successful at altitudes below 1,500 m, where it is
significantly more widespread than in areas of higher elevation; opium poppy
cultivation above 2,500 m is comparatively rare. In view of the uneven distribution
of opium poppy cultivation at different elevations, a stratified sampling method
was used to select the sample villages. The villages in the sampling frame were
divided into three groups (strata) according to their elevation:
Group 1: Villages located at an elevation of less than 1,500 m
Group 2: Villages located at elevations between 1,500 m and 2,500 m
Group 3: Villages located at an elevation of more than 2,500 m
Villages were selected from each group using a systematic random selection
technique. The total sampling ratio was 1.65 per cent. The design and size of the
sample facilitate the establishment of cultivation trends; the sample is not
designed for calculating quantitative areas or production estimates. In addition to
the sample villages, the surveyors, using their knowledge of the local situation,
visited other areas in the province to complement their assessment both of opium
poppy cultivation trends and the security situation throughout the province.
Surveyor training
Until 2006, all surveyors were provided with ORAS training in Kabul. In order to
prepare for the 2007 ORAS, and as part of a capacity-building exercise for
national staff, survey coordinators, coordinators of individual provinces and
regional survey assistants were trained in Kabul over a four-day period. They in
turn trained surveyors in their respective regions. The extension of survey training
sessions to the regional level is one of the milestones that has been reached in
building national capacity to conduct opium poppy surveys.
During the training period, a total of 78 surveyors and nine survey coordinators
were trained in the use of the survey form and survey techniques by local UNODC
staff in the southern, central, eastern, western, north-eastern and northern
regions.
Data collection
Opium poppy cultivation is illegal in Afghanistan, and is considered to be
forbidden under Islam. Given the sensitive nature of the issue, data collection is
difficult and can be dangerous. Surveyors are selected from different regions of
46
Afghanistan Opium Winter Rapid Assessment Survey 2007
Afghanistan through a very careful selection process. UNODC and MCN regional
offices and coordinators recruit surveyors according to survey specifications and
the surveyors’ skills. Most of the surveyors selected already have experience in
conducting UNODC surveys.
Surveyors were trained in techniques for approaching local community members
and conducting interviews. Following intensive theoretical and practical training,
they were deployed to the field, where they interviewed headmen of villages and
conducted other survey-related activities. UNODC and MCN coordinators
monitored data quality and the progress of the survey closely. Fortunately, the
surveyors did not encounter any security problems.
ORAS training in Hirat province
Surveyor interviewing village headman in
Nangarhar province
Debriefing
At the end of the survey, surveyors were debriefed by survey coordinators,
reporting on their findings in the areas they had visited and providing an
assessment, inter alia, of various factors thought to influence opium poppy
cultivation, the security situation, pressure from the Government concerning
survey reports, difficulties encountered in conducting the survey, the level of
control exercised by Governors over their respective provinces, the presence of
anti-government elements with a resulting impact on opium poppy cultivation,
corruption, levels of opium poppy and cannabis cultivation. Debriefing facilitates a
greater understanding of opium poppy cultivation and the socio-political and other
factors that determine cultivation trends, and provides useful guidance in
analysing survey data.
47