Berry class synchronization: a prospective to
understand berry ripening ?
Laurent Deluc
Horticulture Department (OSU) - August 25th 2011
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Two questions:
Do we have uniform
clusters at harvest ?
How does it work?
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Two questions:
Do we have uniform
clusters at harvest ?
If not it may contribute to the wine balance
How does it work?
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Two questions:
Do we have uniform
clusters at harvest ?
If not it may contribute to the wine balance
How does it work?
it could be useful to improve fruit quality
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Consequences of ripeness heterogeneity
at harvest
•Wine Quality :
- presence of a non-negligible proportion of unripe berries can increase the
appearance of bitter and astringent characters in wine and undesirable flavors
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Contributions of different berry classes to the overall quality
Harvest date based on ripening
rate of berry class # 1
1: 100%
Berry Class
1 2 34 5 6 7 8 910
Harvest date based on
ripening rate of berry class
#1
5: 100%
4,6: 92%
2: 90%
3,7: 82%
3: 80%
2,8: 68%
4: 67%
1,9: 55%
5: 55%
10: 50%
6: 43%
7: 35%
8: 20%
9: 10%
10: 0%
Overall Quality = 50%
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Gray 2006
Overall Quality = 74%
Consequences of ripeness heterogeneity
at harvest
•Wine Balance :
- presence of a non-negligible proportion of unripe berries can increase the
appearance of bitter and astringent characters in wine and undesirable flavors
•Heterogeneity in phenolic maturity observed between
different berry classes at harvest in Cabernet Sauvignon
(Kontoudakis et al., 2011):
- Higher sugar content is correlated to higher anthocyanin, total
phenolic index, proanthocyanidin concentrations
•Few data are available...
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Ripeness heterogeneity among berries may
depend upon the genetic background
“Pinot Noir Berries”
“Zinfandel, Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz”
Low
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Moderate
“Merlot Berries”
Extreme
Is Pinot Noir able to alleviate berry variability
at harvest?
?
Are under ripe berries at mid-véraison able to
catch up more advanced berries and how?
Thursday, August 25, 2011
1)
Reduction of berry class variability
2)
RS: Red Soft
Intensity of
PS: Pink Soft
variability
GS: Green Soft
GH: Green Hard
Fruit quality
curve
No reduction of berry developmental variability
Véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Harvest
Post-harvest
Reduction of berry developmental variability is effective
Véraison
Harvest
Post-harvest
1)
Reduction of berry class variability
2)
RS: Red Soft
Intensity of
PS: Pink Soft
variability
GS: Green Soft
GH: Green Hard
Mid-véraison
Fruit quality
curve
No reduction of berry developmental variability
Véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Harvest
Post-harvest
Reduction of berry developmental variability is effective
Véraison
Harvest
Post-harvest
1)
Reduction of berry class variability
2)
RS: Red Soft
Intensity of
PS: Pink Soft
variability
GS: Green Soft
GH: Green Hard
Post-véraison
Mid-véraison
Fruit quality
curve
No reduction of berry developmental variability
Véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Harvest
Post-harvest
Reduction of berry developmental variability is effective
Véraison
Harvest
Post-harvest
1)
Reduction of berry class variability
2)
RS: Red Soft
Intensity of
PS: Pink Soft
variability
GS: Green Soft
GH: Green Hard
Pre-Harvest
Post-véraison
Mid-véraison
Fruit quality
curve
No reduction of berry developmental variability
Véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Harvest
Post-harvest
Reduction of berry developmental variability is effective
Véraison
Harvest
Post-harvest
1)
Reduction of berry class variability
2)
RS: Red Soft
Intensity of
PS: Pink Soft
Ripe
variability
GS: Green Soft
GH: Green Hard
Pre-Harvest
Post-véraison
Mid-véraison
Fruit quality
curve
No reduction of berry developmental variability
Véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Harvest
Post-harvest
Reduction of berry developmental variability is effective
Véraison
Harvest
Post-harvest
1)
Reduction of berry class variability
2)
RS: Red Soft
Intensity of
PS: Pink Soft
Ripe
variability
GS: Green Soft
GH: Green Hard
Pre-Harvest
Post-harvest
Post-véraison
Mid-véraison
Fruit quality
curve
No reduction of berry developmental variability
Véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Harvest
Post-harvest
Reduction of berry developmental variability is effective
Véraison
Harvest
Post-harvest
1)
Reduction of berry class variability
2)
RS: Red Soft
Intensity of
PS: Pink Soft
Ripe
variability
GS: Green Soft
GH: Green Hard
Pre-Harvest
Post-harvest
Post-véraison
Raisin
Mid-véraison
Fruit quality
curve
No reduction of berry developmental variability
Véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Harvest
Post-harvest
Reduction of berry developmental variability is effective
Véraison
Harvest
Post-harvest
1)
Reduction of berry class variability
2)
RS: Red Soft
Intensity of
PS: Pink Soft
Ripe
variability
GS: Green Soft
GH: Green Hard
Pre-Harvest
Post-harvest
Post-véraison
Raisin
Mid-véraison
Mid-véraison
Fruit quality
curve
No reduction of berry developmental variability
Véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Harvest
Post-harvest
Reduction of berry developmental variability is effective
Véraison
Harvest
Post-harvest
1)
Reduction of berry class variability
2)
RS: Red Soft
Intensity of
PS: Pink Soft
Ripe
variability
GS: Green Soft
GH: Green Hard
Pre-Harvest
Post-harvest
Post-véraison
Post-véraison
Raisin
Mid-véraison
Mid-véraison
Fruit quality
curve
No reduction of berry developmental variability
Véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Harvest
Post-harvest
Reduction of berry developmental variability is effective
Véraison
Harvest
Post-harvest
1)
Reduction of berry class variability
2)
RS: Red Soft
Intensity of
PS: Pink Soft
Ripe
variability
GS: Green Soft
GH: Green Hard
Pre-Harvest
Pre-Harvest
Post-harvest
Post-véraison
Post-véraison
Raisin
Mid-véraison
Mid-véraison
Fruit quality
curve
No reduction of berry developmental variability
Véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Harvest
Post-harvest
Reduction of berry developmental variability is effective
Véraison
Harvest
Post-harvest
1)
Reduction of berry class variability
2)
RS: Red Soft
Intensity of
Ripe
PS: Pink Soft
Ripe
variability
GS: Green Soft
GH: Green Hard
Pre-Harvest
Pre-Harvest
Post-harvest
Post-véraison
Post-véraison
Raisin
Mid-véraison
Mid-véraison
Fruit quality
curve
No reduction of berry developmental variability
Véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Harvest
Post-harvest
Reduction of berry developmental variability is effective
Véraison
Harvest
Post-harvest
1)
Reduction of berry class variability
2)
RS: Red Soft
Intensity of
Ripe
PS: Pink Soft
Ripe
variability
GS: Green Soft
GH: Green Hard
Pre-Harvest
Post-harvest
Pre-Harvest
Post-harvest
Post-véraison
Post-véraison
Raisin
Mid-véraison
Mid-véraison
Fruit quality
curve
No reduction of berry developmental variability
Véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Harvest
Post-harvest
Reduction of berry developmental variability is effective
Véraison
Harvest
Post-harvest
1)
Reduction of berry class variability
2)
RS: Red Soft
Intensity of
Ripe
PS: Pink Soft
Ripe
variability
GS: Green Soft
GH: Green Hard
Pre-Harvest
Post-harvest
Pre-Harvest
Post-harvest
Post-véraison
Post-véraison
Raisin
Raisin
Mid-véraison
Mid-véraison
Fruit quality
curve
No reduction of berry developmental variability
Véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Harvest
Post-harvest
Reduction of berry developmental variability is effective
Véraison
Harvest
Post-harvest
1)
Reduction of berry class variability
2)
RS: Red Soft
Intensity of
Ripe
PS: Pink Soft
Ripe
variability
GS: Green Soft
GH: Green Hard
Pre-Harvest
Post-harvest
Pre-Harvest
Post-harvest
Post-harvest
Post-véraison
Post-véraison
Raisin
Raisin
Mid-véraison
Mid-véraison
Fruit quality
curve
No reduction of berry developmental variability
Véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Harvest
Post-harvest
Reduction of berry developmental variability is effective
Véraison
Harvest
Post-harvest
1)
Reduction of berry class variability
2)
RS: Red Soft
Intensity of
Ripe
PS: Pink Soft
Ripe
variability
GS: Green Soft
GH: Green Hard
Pre-Harvest
Post-harvest
Pre-Harvest
Post-harvest
Post-harvest
Post-véraison
Post-véraison
Raisin
Raisin
Mid-véraison
Mid-véraison
Fruit quality
curve
No reduction of berry developmental variability
Véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Harvest
Raisin
Post-harvest
Reduction of berry developmental variability is effective
Véraison
Harvest
Post-harvest
Developmental stages
Scenario 1
If we assume differences at
mid-véraison, we must still
see differences near harvest
at the developmental level
RS-V
PS-V
GS-V
GH-V
Mid-véraison
Scenario 2
Maturity State
Harvest
If under ripe berries are
catching up we do not
know when that happens....
Developmental stages
GH-H PS-H
GS-H RS-H
RS-V
PS-V
GS-V
GH-V
Mid-véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Maturity State
Harvest
Developmental stages
Scenario 1
If we assume differences at
mid-véraison, we must still
see differences near harvest
at the developmental level
RS-V
PS-V
GS-V
GH-V
Mid-véraison
Scenario 2
Maturity State
Harvest
If under ripe berries are
catching up we do not
know when that happens....
Developmental stages
GH-H PS-H
GS-H RS-H
RS-V
PS-V
GS-V
GH-V
Mid-véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Maturity State
Harvest
Developmental stages
Scenario 1
RS-H
PS-H
GS-H
GH-H
RS-V
PS-V
Optimum of
maturity asymptotic
curve
GS-V
GH-V
Mid-véraison
Maturity State
If we assume differences at
mid-véraison, we must still
see differences near harvest
at the developmental level
Scenario 2
Harvest
If under ripe berries are
catching up we do not
know when that happens....
Developmental stages
GH-H PS-H
GS-H RS-H
RS-V
PS-V
GS-V
GH-V
Mid-véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Maturity State
Harvest
Developmental stages
Scenario 1
RS-H
PS-H
GS-H
GH-H
RS-V
PS-V
Optimum of
maturity asymptotic
curve
GS-V
GH-V
Mid-véraison
Maturity State
If we assume differences at
mid-véraison, we must still
see differences near harvest
at the developmental level
Scenario 2
Harvest
If under ripe berries are
catching up we do not
know when that happens....
Developmental stages
GH-H PS-H
GS-H RS-H
RS-V
PS-V
GS-V
GH-V
Mid-véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Maturity State
Harvest
Developmental stages
Scenario 1
RS-H
PS-H
GS-H
GH-H
RS-V
PS-V
GS-V
GH-V
Mid-véraison
Ripening rate
Maturity State
Optimum of
maturity asymptotic
curve
If we assume differences at
mid-véraison, we must still
see differences near harvest
at the developmental level
Scenario 2
Harvest
If under ripe berries are
catching up we do not
know when that happens....
Developmental stages
GH-H PS-H
GS-H RS-H
RS-V
PS-V
GS-V
GH-V
Mid-véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Maturity State
Harvest
Developmental stages
Scenario 1
RS-H
PS-H
GS-H
GH-H
RS-V
PS-V
GS-V
GH-V
Mid-véraison
Ripening rate
Maturity State
Optimum of
maturity asymptotic
curve
If we assume differences at
mid-véraison, we must still
see differences near harvest
at the developmental level
Scenario 2
Harvest
If under ripe berries are
catching up we do not
know when that happens....
Developmental stages
GH-H PS-H
GS-H
GS-H RS-H
RS-V
PS-V
Synchronization
harvest
GS-V
Ripening rate +
GH-V
Mid-véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Optimum of
maturity asymptotic
curve
Maturity State
Harvest
Developmental stages
Scenario 1
RS-H
PS-H
GS-H
GH-H
RS-V
PS-V
GS-V
GH-V
Mid-véraison
Ripening rate
Maturity State
Optimum of
maturity asymptotic
curve
If we assume differences at
mid-véraison, we must still
see differences near harvest
at the developmental level
Scenario 2
Harvest
If under ripe berries are
catching up we do not
know when that happens....
Developmental stages
GH-H PS-H
GS-H RS-H
RS-V
PS-V
GS-V
GH-V
Mid-véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Maturity State
Harvest
Developmental stages
Scenario 1
RS-H
PS-H
GS-H
GH-H
RS-V
PS-V
GS-V
GH-V
Mid-véraison
Ripening rate
Maturity State
Optimum of
maturity asymptotic
curve
If we assume differences at
mid-véraison, we must still
see differences near harvest
at the developmental level
Scenario 2
Harvest
If under ripe berries are
catching up we do not
know when that happens....
Developmental stages
RS-pH
RS-V
Thursday, August 25, 2011
GS-pH
PS-pH
GH-
PS-V
GS-V
GH-V
Ripening rate ++
Synchronization
pre-harvest
Mid-véraison
Laurent Deluc
GH-H PS-H
GS-H RS-H
Maturity State
Harvest
Developmental stages
Scenario 1
RS-H
PS-H
GS-H
GH-H
RS-V
PS-V
GS-V
GH-V
Mid-véraison
Ripening rate
Maturity State
Optimum of
maturity asymptotic
curve
If we assume differences at
mid-véraison, we must still
see differences near harvest
at the developmental level
Scenario 2
Harvest
If under ripe berries are
catching up we do not
know when that happens....
Developmental stages
GH-H PS-H
GS-H RS-H
RS-V
PS-V
GS-V
GH-V
Mid-véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Maturity State
Harvest
RS-H
PS-H
GS-H
GH-H
RS-V
PS-V
GS-V
GH-V
Mid-véraison
Ripening rate
Maturity State
Optimum of
maturity asymptotic
curve
If we assume differences at
mid-véraison, we must still
see differences near harvest
at the developmental level
Scenario 2
Harvest
If under ripe berries are
catching up we do not
know when that happens....
Developmental stages
Developmental stages
Scenario 1
RS-V
PS-pV
GS-pV
RS-pV
GH-pV
PS-V
GS-V
GH-V
Ripening rate +++
Synchronization
post-véraison
Mid-véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
GH-H PS-H
GS-H RS-H
Maturity State
Harvest
Questions
Is there a reduction of berry developmental
variability at harvest in Pinot Noir?
What is the contribution of each berry class
to the overall fruit quality?
What is the mechanism ?
Appropriate way to correlate berry classes
and a berry developmental stage?
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
How describe a developmental stage?
Using genomic hybridization or sequencing technology as
fingerprint to describe a given developmental stage or a tissue
DNA microarray experiment
Generate the most comprehensive snapshot at the gene
expression level to describe a particular stage
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
A global gene expression profile reflects a
developmental stage (Lund et al., 2008)
Plant A
18 berries - Plant A
S i g n i fi c a n c e t e s t ( g l o b a l
t r a n s c r i p t p r o fi l e v e r s u s
phenotypic variables)
Phenotypic variable
Plant B
18 berries - Plant B
Berries from same class have similar
global transcript profile signatures
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Significance (p<0.05)
Plant
Position in the cluster
0.72
Diameter
0.18
Weight
0.10
Soluble Solids
0.04
Color + Firmness
Firmness
0.08
Color
0.03
0.54
0.07
Global transcript signatures are
significantly correlated to some
phenotypic variables
Phenological measurements of individual
berries at mid-véraison and harvest
Mid-véraison
Berry Formation
PV
GH-V
Monitoring
individual
berries from
véraison to
harvest
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Harvest
Berry Ripening
Véraison
GS-V
PS-V
Berry Ripening
GH-H GS-H PS-H RS-H
6 plants
5 clusters per plant
5 berries per class
Four berry classes
RS-V
Refractometer
Chromameter
(lightness, hue,
chroma)
Multivariate Analysis of Variance,
Principle Component Analysis,
Discriminant Analysis
Brix values of individual at mid-véraison and
harvest
Harvest:
Mid-véraison:
GH-V GS-V
PS-V
GH-H
RS-V
GS-H
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
10
15
RS-H
Brix Range
Brix Range
5
PS-H
20
15
20
25
30
35
Chroma values of individual at mid-véraison
and harvest
Harvest:
Mid-véraison:
GH-H
RS-V
PS-V
GS-V
20
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
30
40
50
PS-H
RS-H
PS-V GS-V GH-V
RS-V
GH-V
Chroma Range
10
GS-H
15
Chroma Range
20
25
30
Discriminant Analyses using Brix, lightness,
hue and chroma
b)
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
c)
Transcriptomic experiment (genome hybridization)
Mid-véraison
Harvest
GS-V PS-V RS-V
GS-H PS-H RS-H
27 arrays ( 3 tissues, 3 plants, 3 berry classes)
27 arrays ( 3 tissues, 3 plants, 3 berry classes)
Nimblegen Grape whole
transcriptome ∼29,550 genes
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Transcript profile of a
UFGT gene
Normalized expression values
20
15
10
5
Developmental stages
For 29,550 genes
Thursday, August 25, 2011
SH
R
H
PS
SH
G
SV
R
V
PS
G
SV
0
Transcript profile of a
UFGT gene
Normalized expression values
20
RSV
15
PSV
10
GSV
5
Developmental stages
For 29,550 genes
Thursday, August 25, 2011
SH
R
H
PS
SH
G
SV
R
V
PS
G
SV
0
Transcript profile of a
UFGT gene
Normalized expression values
20
RSH
GSH
RSV
PSH
15
PSV
10
GSV
5
Developmental stages
For 29,550 genes
Thursday, August 25, 2011
SH
R
H
PS
SH
G
SV
R
V
PS
G
SV
0
Transcript profile of a
UFGT gene
2 FC
Normalized expression values
20
RSH
GSH
RSV
PSH
15
1.5FC PSV
10
GSV
5
Developmental stages
For 29,550 genes
Thursday, August 25, 2011
SH
R
H
PS
SH
G
SV
R
V
PS
G
SV
0
Transcript profile of a
UFGT gene
2 FC
Normalized expression values
20
RSH
GSH
RSV
PSH
15
1.5FC PSV
10
GSV
5
SH
R
H
PS
SH
R
G
SV
V
G
PS
SV
0
Developmental stages
For 29,550 genes
Tissue
Biological
significance
Genes
Pulp
Mid-véraison (GSV, PSV, RSV)
Near Harvest (GSH, PSH, RSH)
>1.5 Fold Change >1.75 Fold Change >2 Fold Change >1.5 Fold Change >1.75 Fold Change >2 Fold Change
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
4,393 15 2,180 7 1,266 4 1,060 4 200 0.6
#
%
60 0.2
Seed
3,102 10 1,416 5
781
3 1,004 4 327 1.1 116 0.4
Skin
3,986 13 1,797 6
998
3 1,748 6 535 1.8 201 0.7
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Transcript profile of a
UFGT gene
2 FC
Normalized expression values
20
RSH
GSH
RSV
PSH
15
1.5FC PSV
10
GSV
5
SH
R
H
PS
SH
R
G
SV
V
G
PS
SV
0
Developmental stages
For 29,550 genes
Tissue
Biological
significance
Genes
Pulp
Mid-véraison (GSV, PSV, RSV)
Near Harvest (GSH, PSH, RSH)
>1.5 Fold Change >1.75 Fold Change >2 Fold Change >1.5 Fold Change >1.75 Fold Change >2 Fold Change
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
4,393 15 2,180 7 1,266 4 1,060 4 200 0.6
#
%
60 0.2
Seed
3,102 10 1,416 5
781
3 1,004 4 327 1.1 116 0.4
Skin
3,986 13 1,797 6
998
3 1,748 6 535 1.8 201 0.7
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Transcript profile of a
UFGT gene
2 FC
Normalized expression values
20
RSH
GSH
RSV
PSH
15
1.5FC PSV
10
GSV
5
SH
R
H
PS
SH
R
G
SV
V
G
PS
SV
0
Developmental stages
For 29,550 genes
Tissue
Biological
significance
Genes
Pulp
Mid-véraison (GSV, PSV, RSV)
Near Harvest (GSH, PSH, RSH)
>1.5 Fold Change >1.75 Fold Change >2 Fold Change >1.5 Fold Change >1.75 Fold Change >2 Fold Change
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
4,393 15 2,180 7 1,266 4 1,060 4 200 0.6
#
%
60 0.2
Seed
3,102 10 1,416 5
781
3 1,004 4 327 1.1 116 0.4
Skin
3,986 13 1,797 6
998
3 1,748 6 535 1.8 201 0.7
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Transcript profile of a
UFGT gene
2 FC
Normalized expression values
20
RSH
GSH
RSV
PSH
15
1.5FC PSV
10
GSV
5
SH
R
H
PS
SH
R
G
SV
V
G
PS
SV
0
Developmental stages
For 29,550 genes
Tissue
Biological
significance
Genes
Pulp
Mid-véraison (GSV, PSV, RSV)
Near Harvest (GSH, PSH, RSH)
>1.5 Fold Change >1.75 Fold Change >2 Fold Change >1.5 Fold Change >1.75 Fold Change >2 Fold Change
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
4,393 15 2,180 7 1,266 4 1,060 4 200 0.6
#
%
60 0.2
Seed
3,102 10 1,416 5
781
3 1,004 4 327 1.1 116 0.4
Skin
3,986 13 1,797 6
998
3 1,748 6 535 1.8 201 0.7
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Transcript profile of a
UFGT gene
2 FC
Normalized expression values
20
RSH
GSH
RSV
PSH
15
1.5FC PSV
10
GSV
5
SH
R
H
PS
SH
R
G
SV
V
G
PS
SV
0
Developmental stages
For 29,550 genes
Tissue
Biological
significance
Genes
Pulp
Mid-véraison (GSV, PSV, RSV)
Near Harvest (GSH, PSH, RSH)
>1.5 Fold Change >1.75 Fold Change >2 Fold Change >1.5 Fold Change >1.75 Fold Change >2 Fold Change
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
4,393 15 2,180 7 1,266 4 1,060 4 200 0.6
#
%
60 0.2
Seed
3,102 10 1,416 5
781
3 1,004 4 327 1.1 116 0.4
Skin
3,986 13 1,797 6
998
3 1,748 6 535 1.8 201 0.7
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Transcript profile of a
UFGT gene
2 FC
Normalized expression values
20
RSH
GSH
RSV
PSH
15
1.5FC PSV
10
GSV
5
SH
R
H
PS
SH
R
G
SV
V
G
PS
SV
0
Developmental stages
For 29,550 genes
Tissue
Biological
significance
Genes
Pulp
Mid-véraison (GSV, PSV, RSV)
Near Harvest (GSH, PSH, RSH)
>1.5 Fold Change >1.75 Fold Change >2 Fold Change >1.5 Fold Change >1.75 Fold Change >2 Fold Change
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
4,393 15 2,180 7 1,266 4 1,060 4 200 0.6
#
%
60 0.2
Seed
3,102 10 1,416 5
781
3 1,004 4 327 1.1 116 0.4
Skin
3,986 13 1,797 6
998
3 1,748 6 535 1.8 201 0.7
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Transcript profile of a
UFGT gene
2 FC
Normalized expression values
20
RSH
GSH
RSV
PSH
15
1.5FC PSV
10
GSV
5
SH
R
H
PS
SH
R
G
SV
V
G
PS
SV
0
Developmental stages
For 29,550 genes
Tissue
Biological
significance
Genes
Pulp
Mid-véraison (GSV, PSV, RSV)
Near Harvest (GSH, PSH, RSH)
>1.5 Fold Change >1.75 Fold Change >2 Fold Change >1.5 Fold Change >1.75 Fold Change >2 Fold Change
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
4,393 15 2,180 7 1,266 4 1,060 4 200 0.6
#
%
60 0.2
Seed
3,102 10 1,416 5
781
3 1,004 4 327 1.1 116 0.4
Skin
3,986 13 1,797 6
998
3 1,748 6 535 1.8 201 0.7
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Mid-véraison
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Harvest
Conclusion:
Sugar and pigmentation data indicate uniform berry
populations within the cluster at harvest
No perfect berry classes but more «balanced» berry classes
Reduction of berry variability at the gene expression level at
harvest is effective, few genes with high variability between
not fully ripe and more advanced berries
This reduction affects the three tissues
Pulp appears to be the most synchronized tissue
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Difference in transcriptional rates between GH and RS
berry classes
Transcriptional Rate (TR): Transcriptional state at harvest - Transcriptional State at
mid-véraison
GS-H PS-H
GH-H
RS-H
100%
TRRS
TRRS: tsRSH-tsRSV
TRGH
Differential of TR:
TRGH-TRRS
RS-V
Transcriptional State
TRGH: tsGHH-tsGHV
PS-V
GS-V
GH-V
Mid-véraison
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Maturity State
Harvest
Genes in the pulp showing an enhanced
transcriptional rate in GS versus RS from Mid-V
to Harvest
370 genes found with an enhanced transcriptional rate superior to 2
Gene
Xyloglucan:xyloglucosyl transferase
Functional Category
Transcriptional rate (GS/RS)
from V to H
Cell wall modification
3.41
6.36
11.96
6.19
4.14
3.29
2.49
7.01
7.11
2.46
5.69
4.99
2.25
Extensin
Cell wall structural protein
CYP79A2
Glucosinolate metabolism
chalcone synthase
Flavonoid biosynthesis
Flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (8)
Flavonoid biosynthesis
Flavonone- 3-hydroxylase
Flavonoid biosynthesis
Chalcone isomerase
Flavonoid biosynthesis
UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase
Flavonoid-glucoside biosynthesis
Caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase
Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis
Limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase
Flavor
Sugar transporter ERD6-like 16
Sugar Transporter
MATE efflux family protein
Flavonoid Transport
Anthocyanin permease AM3
Flavonoid Transport
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Genes in the pulp showing an decreased
transcriptional rate
280 genes found with a repressed transcriptional rate inferior
to 0.5
Gene
Functional Category
Transcriptional rate (GS/RS)
from V to H
flavonoid 3-monooxygenase
Flavonoid biosynthesis
0.4
UDP-glucosyl transferase
Flavonoid biosynthesis
0.31
flavonoid 3-monooxygenase
Flavonoid biosynthesis
0.18
Anthocyanin-glucoside biosynthesis
0.46
Orcinol O-methyltransferase 2
Isoflavonoid biosynthesis
0.38
(+)-neomenthol dehydrogenase
Monoterpenoid biosynthesis
0.43
CYP72A1
Monoterpenoid biosynthesis
0.33
UDP-rhamnose:rhamnosyltransferase
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
What do we do next?
What is the extent of this reduction in berry variability at the
metabolic level?
If there is a catch up, in which direction ? when the
synchronization is initiated ?
Study the post-harvest stage to estimate whether the optimum
of maturity is subject to variability
Characterization of some genes involved in the control of
ripening
Extending this knowledge to other cultivars to understand the
genetic control of ripening and the effects of environmental
factors
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
How could these data be useful for the Industry
Validate the usefulness of these markers:
1) as descriptors and predictors of the ripening,
2) to validate the effects or the timing of viticulture
practice
3) to estimate the variability not at the cluster level
but at the vineyard level
Characterize the impact of berry metabolic variability
in the origin of an unbalanced wine:
Development of a breeding program:
- to screen best clones that will propose uniform
clusters
Laurent Deluc
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Acknowledgments:
Woodhall Station:
Deluc Lab:
Satyanarayana Gouthu: (Research Assistant)
Andria Wong: (Undergraduate student)
Amanda Vondras: (Graduate student)
Center for Genome Research and
Biocomputing:
Alex Moeller
Caprice Rosato
Financial Support: College of Agriculture, Department of
Horticulture, OWRI.
Thursday, August 25, 2011