Medical School Enrollment Plans
Through 2013:
Analysis of the 2008 AAMC Survey
Center for Workforce Studies
May 2009
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© 2009 AAMC. May not be reproduced without permission.
Medical School Enrollment Plans:
Analysis of the 2008 AAMC Survey
Summary
Each year, the AAMC Center for Workforce Studies surveys medical schools
regarding their enrollment plans for the next 5 years. Based on the 2008 survey, the
AAMC estimates that first-year U.S. medical school enrollment will increase to
19,946 in the 2013 academic year. This represents an increase of 21% (3,458) from
the 2002 academic year. Looking beyond 2013, this rate of growth will not lead to
a 30% increase by 2015 as recommended by AAMC, but it could by 2017 or 2018.
Of the 125 U.S. medical schools accredited in 2002, 113 (90%) have increased enrollment or plan to increase enrollment in the next five years; this represents the vast
majority (76%) of the overall projected enrollment growth. A portion of the growth
comes from schools that have been accredited or received preliminary accreditation
since 2002 (15%); and the balance (9%) reflects an estimate of enrollment from
schools in the beginning stages of the Liaison Committee on Medical Education
(LCME) accreditation process but not yet currently eligible to enroll medical students.
Thirty-three of the schools with expansion plans are targeting minority groups
currently under-represented in medicine, rural areas, or under-served urban
communities. Medical schools expressed continued concern over the availability
of clinical training sites, which was cited as a barrier to expansion.
The American Association of Osteopathic Colleges of Medicine (AACOM) uses a
similar survey to collect data in order to project future osteopathic enrollment.
Osteopathic programs are projecting a continued rapid rate of growth in enrollment
which will lead to a projected 79% increase between 2002 and 2013. AACOM projects
5,519 first year enrolled students in 2013, which would be 2,440 higher than 2002.1
The combined growth in medical and osteopathic enrollment is projected to lead
to an increase in first year students in 2013 of nearly 6,000. In the current
environment, it appears unlikely that GME will expand at a sufficient pace to
accommodate all of the increase in MD and DO graduates. Without an increase in
GME positions, the impact of the growth in MD and DO enrollment on the
overall supply of physicians will be limited.
Introduction/
Background
In 2006, in response to concerns of a likely future physician shortage, the AAMC
recommended a 30 percent increase in U.S. medical school enrollment by 2015.
This recommendation used the 2002 first year enrollment of 16,488 students as a
baseline. A 30 percent increase would lead to 21,434 first year medical students, an
increase of 4,946 students per year.
The AAMC recommended that this goal be met by both increasing enrollment at
existing medical schools and, where appropriate, the creation of new medical
schools. The AAMC also recommended ongoing monitoring of supply and
demand for physicians in order to continue to provide guidance to the medical
education community and other interested parties.2 The annual survey of
medical school enrollment plans is part of the monitoring process.
1 Preliminary Data from the 2008 Survey of Osteopathic Medical School Growth Plans
2 AAMC Statement on the Physician Workforce (2006). Retreived February 18, 2009, fromhttp://www.aamc.org/workforce/workforceposition.pdf
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Association of American Medical Colleges, 2009
Medical School Enrollment Plans:
Analysis of the 2008 AAMC Survey
In 2002, there were 125 medical schools, including the then preliminarily accredited,
now fully accredited Florida State University College of Medicine. By 2008, one
additional school had received LCME accreditation (San Juan Bautista) and four new
medical schools (Florida International University College of Medicine, University of
Central Florida College of Medicine, The Commonwealth Medical College, and Texas
Tech University Health Sciences Center Paul L. Foster School of Medicine) were
granted Preliminary Accreditation by the LCME, bringing the number of U.S.
medical schools to 130.3 In addition, there are 5 schools that have been designated
by the LCME as having “Applicant School” or “Candidate School” status. Though
they cannot yet enroll students, they hope to receive “Preliminary” accreditation in
time to enroll students before 2013. Finally, there are numerous local discussions
reported in the media of at least eight other medical schools that at this point have
not entered the LCME accreditation process. For purposes of this report, we have
only included enrollment projections for the 130 schools that have received full or
preliminary accreditation, and the five schools with LCME “Applicant School” or
“Candidate School” status. (Refer to Appendix A for details).
Methodology
The AAMC Center for Workforce Studies administered the fifth annual survey of medical
enrollment plans to U.S. medical schools in the fall of 2008. Most of the information
contained in this report is from their responses. The Center also gathered public information regarding new medical schools either in the planning stages or under discussion
in order to provide more detail regarding the future of allopathic medical school enrollment. Further, data were received from the American Association of Osteopathic Colleges
of Medicine (AACOM) on enrollment plans at osteopathic programs.
The deans of 129 LCME accredited or preliminarily accredited U.S. medical schools
were asked to participate in the survey in the fall of 20084. An e-mail introduction
of the survey was sent out followed by a link to the web survey itself. Follow-up
reminder e-mails were sent to deans who did not initially respond. Of the schools
surveyed, 121 (94%) responded to the survey. The survey was completed by the
dean of the medical school or their designated appointee, most often an associate
dean. While the survey was designed to be anonymous, each of the 121 responding
schools identified themselves for tracking purposes.
Respondents were asked to provide their medical school’s enrollment for the current
year as well as their anticipated enrollment for the next five years, ending with the
2013-14 academic year. For schools that did not respond in 2008, first year enrollment
in 2008 from the AAMC student records system was projected forward through 2013
with no change in class size. The information provided by the respondents was selfreported, though current year enrollment was validated with an independent source.
For this report, our calculations only include schools somewhere in the LCME
accreditation process. Except where noted otherwise, projected increases represent
the increases of enrollment above the baseline year of 2002.
3 Institutions with Developing Medical Education Programs that have Applied for Preliminary Accreditation by the LCME (2009). Retrieved March 3, 2009,
from http://www.lcme.org/newschoolprocess.htm
4 One currently preliminarily accredited school was not included in the initial 2008 survey as its status was granted after the survey was released.
However, this school did provide planned enrollment figures via e-mail communication.
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Association of American Medical Colleges, 2009
Medical School Enrollment Plans:
Analysis of the 2008 AAMC Survey
As a supplement to the enrollment survey administered to the 129 accredited
schools, the AAMC requested data from each of the Applicant and Candidate
Status schools. Four schools are anticipating enrollment of a first class in 2010.
Figure 1 shows the estimated class sizes for the new institutions.
Results
Ninety eight (78.4%) of the 125 schools accredited by the LCME in 2002 had increased
their first year enrollment by the 2008-09 academic year. An additional 15 schools
show plans to increase by 2013-14 for a total of 113 schools (90.4%) accredited in 2002
having either already increased or planning to increase first year enrollment.
With the inclusion of applicant schools, the total planned enrollment for academic
year 2013-14 is 19,946 (Figure 1). This total represents a 21% increase from the
baseline year of 2002-03.
Figure 1. Projected First Year Enrollment for Current and New Schools.
Baseline
Schools accredited in 2002 (125)
20025
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
16488
18125
18546
18723
19011
19123
228
292
384
456
508
18353
18838
19107
19467
19631
40
160
220
280
315
Accredited schools since 2002 (5)
130 schools accredited as of 2008
16488
Applicant Schools as of 2009 (5)
Total (135)
Projected
18,393
18,998
19,327 19,747
19,946
% increase from 2002
16488
11.6%
15.2%
17.2%
19.8%
21.0%
# increase from 2002
1,905
2,510
2,839
3,259
3,458
When looking just at projected increases in enrollment over the next five years,
for the 121 schools that completed the survey, the majority of schools (n=68,
56.2%) project no change in enrollment in the next five years, 54 (44.6%) schools
show they are planning to increase or continue to increase in the next five years,
and 6 schools (4.9%) show a decrease.
The cumulative number of first year positions for the 130 LCME accredited
medical schools, as of 2008, is projected to increase by 19.1% (3,143 positions) by
2013, and has already increased 9.4% (1,548 positions) as of the 2008 enrollment
period.
For schools showing a decrease, the decline ranges from 2 to 16 positions, and the
decreases will all be effective or phased in during the next academic year (20092010). Four of the six schools planning a decrease had already increased enrollment since 2002-03, and the net effect of the decrease will leave them equal to or
slightly above their 2002 first year enrollment.
5 Table 4: Matriculants to U.S. Medical Schools by State of Legal Residence, 1997-2008 (2008) Retrieved October 17, 2008, from
http://www.aamc.org/data/facts/2008/2008slrmat.htm
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Association of American Medical Colleges, 2009
Medical School Enrollment Plans:
Analysis of the 2008 AAMC Survey
Of the 90.4% of the original 125 LCME accredited schools that have increased or
plan to increase enrollment between 2002 to 2013, the scale of increase varies
widely (Figure 2). Fifty-two schools (40%) report increases of 1-15 percent.
Thirty-two schools (24.6%) report an increase of 16-30 percent, thirteen schools
(10%) report 31-50 percent increases, and nine schools (6.9%) indicate a 51
percent or greater increase.
Figure 2. Distribution of Number of Schools by Percent Change (2002
to 2013) in First Year Enrollment for Schools Accredited in 2002
60
N=52
50
40
N=32
30
20
N=13
N=9
10
0
Distribution of
Growth from the
Existing 130
Medical Schools
1-15%
16-30%
31-50%
51+%
Of the 3,143 projected new positions from the existing 130 medical schools, 847
(26.9%) would come from private institutions and 2,296 (73.1%) from public
institutions. Regionally, the southern and western schools are showing larger
projected increases than the central or northeast schools. (Figure 3)
Figure 3. Planned Increase in First Year Enrollment by Institution Type
and Region
Baseline Enrollment
2002-03
Planned Increase
by 2013-14
Percent increase
from baseline
Private
6607
847
12.8%
Public
9881
2296
23.2%
Central
4497
555
12.3%
Northeast
5021
504
10.0%
South
5129
1699
33.1%
West
1841
385
20.9%
16488
3143
19.4%
Institution Type
Region
All Schools
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Association of American Medical Colleges, 2009
Medical School Enrollment Plans:
Analysis of the 2008 AAMC Survey
Projected Enrollment
Beyond 2013
Although expected increases fall short of the AAMC’s call for 30 percent growth by
2015, existing schools show substantial increases in first year enrollment.
Projecting beyond 2013 (using the historical rate of growth), the existing schools
would reach the 30 percent increase by 2018. With the addition of LCME applicant
and candidate schools the goal would nearly be reached by 2017. (Figure 4)
Figure 4. Projected Number of New Enrollment in 2013 and Beyond
23,000
22,000
The 130 Accredited Schools
+ Applicant Schools reach
21,590 by 2017
30% target=
21,434
21,000
20,000
The 130 Accredited
schools reach
21,647 by 2018
19,000
18,000
17,000
15,000
Actual Medical
School Enrollment
Projections Based
on Survey Responses
AAMC Projection of
Continued __% Growth
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
20
17
20
18
16,000
130 U.S. Accredited Medical Schools
130 U.S. Accredited Medical Schools + LCME Applicant and Candidate Schools
Accommodating
Expanding Class
Sizes
When counting the enrollment reports from all 135 medical schools (130
currently accredited and 5 in the accreditation process), the projected growth in
enrollment would increase the mean class size from 132 in 2002 to 148 in 2013.
Respondents who increased first year enrollment or had plans to increase first
year enrollment in the next five years were asked to elaborate on their expansion
plans. The majority of schools responded to these questions. Schools are more
likely to consider accommodating increases in class size by expanding existing
campuses (62%) rather than adding a new regional or branch campus (37%) but
were equally likely to consider the option to expand current clinical affiliations
(71%) or seek new clinical affiliations (71%). (Figure 5)
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Association of American Medical Colleges, 2009
Medical School Enrollment Plans:
Analysis of the 2008 AAMC Survey
Figure 5. Plans to Add or Expand Clinical Affiliations
80%
71%
70%
71%
62%
60%
50%
37%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Expansion of
existing campus
A new
regional/branch
campus
Definitely
Expansion of current
clinical affiliations
New clinical
affiliations
Probably
Schools were also asked whether their expansion plans were targeted to a specific
population. Thirty-three schools (21.9%), out of the 81 who responded to the
question, indicated such plans. The majority of respondents indicated targeting
more than one population group. The most common targets for expansion were
indicated as minority groups currently underrepresented in medicine and rural
communities. (Figure 6)
Figure 6. Increase in Enrollment Targeted to Specific Populations
Targeted Population
# of schools*
Minority groups currently underrepresented in medicine
23
Rural communities
21
Urban underserved communities
17
*schools could indicate more than one target population
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Association of American Medical Colleges, 2009
Medical School Enrollment Plans:
Analysis of the 2008 AAMC Survey
Activities Taken
Related to
Expansion
Most medical schools have undertaken activities related to expansion to determine
how or whether to increase their class size. Of the 92 schools who indicated participating in the activities related to expansion, 79% assessed the financial need/ implications of expansion, and 61% assessed the depth and quality of the applicant pool. Two
out of three are either constructing new teaching space and/or reconfiguring existing
space. Nearly half (49%), have added new clinical training sites or hired new faculty
(43%). Yet, only 26% obtained additional state funding for expansion. (Figure 7)
Figure 7. Activities Related to Expansion
# of Schools
% of question
respondents (92)
Conducted an assessment of the financial need and/or implications of expansion
73
79%
Constructed new teaching space and/or reconfiguring existing space
62
67%
Conducted an assessment of the depth and quality of applicant pool
56
61%
Developed new teaching or curriculum methods and practices
53
58%
Added new clinical training sites
45
49%
Hired new faculty
40
43%
Obtained additional state funding for expansion
24
26%
Hired consultants to conduct studies/analysis related to expansion
13
14%
Expansion Related Activity
Clinical Training
Sites
As the availability of clinical training sites could provide a barrier to expansion, schools
were asked to rate their level of concern about the possibility of shortages in clerkship
positions for their students. Of the 121 schools who responded to the survey, sixty-two
schools (51%) noted being “moderately concerned” with possible shortages of clinical
training sites for their students. Thirty-two schools (26%) noted they were “very
concerned”, and twenty-six schools (21%) noted being “not concerned”. The concern
appears to be increasing when compared to results from the 2007 survey. (Figure 8)
Figure 8. Concern with Clinical Training Sites
60.0%
51%
50.0%
42.7%
40.0%
30.3%
30.0%
27.0%
26%
21%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Very Concerned
Moderately Concerned
2007
7
Not Concerned
2008
Association of American Medical Colleges, 2009
Medical School Enrollment Plans:
Analysis of the 2008 AAMC Survey
Challenges to
Expansion
Respondents were also asked to indicate the three top challenges for increasing
medical school enrollment in an open-ended question. Though the responses
varied, several themes emerged. Consistent with the earlier question about clinical
sites, over half of the schools (57%) indicated concern about the adequacy and
availability of clinical training sites, and similar percentages (51%) were concerned
about classroom and lab space. As with previous surveys, there is little concern
about the adequacy of the applicant pool to support expansion. However, earlier
surveys showed high levels of concern with scholarships for students, but that was
not raised, by many, as an issue in this survey. (Figure 9)
Figure 9. The Number and Percent of Schools Indicating Top Challenges to Expansion
Challenges to Expansion
% of Schools
# of Schools
Adequate and available clinical sites for students
57%
69
Classroom and lab space to meet growing class size
57%
69
Faculty, not only size but also time and retention. Faculty resistance was also mentioned.
51%
62
Funding, often noted as state funding, but also general funding to build and maintain a
new space needed to expand
44%
53
Applicant pool
5%
6
Scholarships available to students
5%
6
Osteopathic
Enrollment
Projections
The American Association of Osteopathic Colleges of Medicine (AACOM) uses a
survey similar to the AAMC survey to collect their future enrollment figures. The 2008
enrollment numbers (4,732) show a 53.7% increase from the first year enrollment in
2002 (3,079). Further growth is expected for 2009 with a projected first year enrollment of 4,994 students, yielding a 62.2% increase from 2002. Furthermore, AACOM
projects 5,519 first year enrolled students in 2013, a 79.2% increase from 2002. 6
Figure 10 presents the projected growth for both medical and osteopathic first
year enrollment. While first year osteopathic enrollment is rising far more rapidly
than for medical schools (79% compared to 21% through 2013), absolute growth
is greater for medical schools (3,458 vs. 2,440 for DO programs). The combined
growth creates nearly 6,000 additional first year students by 2013, representing a
considerable increase in opportunities for Americans to become physicians.
Figure 10. Enrollment Projections for Allopathic & Osteopathic First
Year Enrollment
#
increase
%
increase
#
increase
%
increase
19,946
3,458
21.0%
62.2%
5,519
2,440
79.2%
19.3%
25,465
5,898
30.1%
2002
2009
MD
16,488
18,353
1,865
11.3%
DO
3,079
4,994
1,915
Total
19,567
23,347
3,780
2013
6 American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine. (2009, February). Preliminary data from the 2008 survey on osteopathic medical school growth
plans. Chevy Chase, MD: Tom Levitan
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Association of American Medical Colleges, 2009
Medical School Enrollment Plans:
Analysis of the 2008 AAMC Survey
Discussion
Will the AAMC goal of a 30% increase in 1st year medical school
enrollment by 2015 be reached?
In its 2006 workforce position statement, the AAMC recommended that medical
school enrollment in the US be increased by 30%7. Based on the data presented
in this report it appears that enrollment will rise by 30% by 2017 or 2018. It
could be sooner if the schools in the LCME review process and those under
discussion at the local level move forward more rapidly than now planned.
On the other hand, the recession appears to be slowing medical school expansion
which may make achieving the goal before 2017 less likely. A majority of the
expansion expected by 2013 (73%) comes from expansion at publicly sponsored
medical schools. The financial pressures states are facing could slow further
expansion.
The AAMC position statement suggested that the increase in enrollment should
come from both growth at existing schools and new medical schools. That has
been the case. Expansion at the 125 LCME schools accredited in 2006 is expected
to comprise 76% of the growth anticipated by 2013; schools accredited since then
or under review by the LCME are estimated to account for 24%. It would appear
that most of the growth after 2013 will come from the newer schools.
Concern regarding clerkship site shortages has grown since the 2007 medical
school enrollment questionnaire (see Figure 8) with 76% of respondents indicating
they were “moderately concerned” or “very concerned” regarding the possible
shortages of clinical training sites for their students compared to 69.7% in 2007.
New York medical schools in particular may feel strain due to Caribbean medical
schools contracting with New York City’s hospitals to provide hundreds of clinical
training positions to their students. 8, 9 This development could discourage
expansion of medical school enrollment or certainly make it more difficult.
Will the AAMC recommendation for a concomitant increase in GME
be reached?
The goal of the 2006 position statement was to increase the supply of physicians
to help assure future access to needed medical services. Therefore, the position
statement also called for an increase in graduate medical education (GME)
positions to accommodate the recommended increase in MD enrollment. A 30%
increase in 1st year medical school enrollment above the 2002 level would lead to
an increase of nearly 5,000 MD graduates, all of whom would need to enter GME
before becoming licensed to practice. Currently, more than 7,000 international
medical school graduates (IMGs) enter GME each year. If GME positions are not
increased, it is likely that the expansion of MD graduates would lead to a parallel
reduction in IMGs without an increase in physician supply to serve the nation.
7 AAMC Statement on the Physician Workforce (2006). Retreived February 18, 2009, from http://www.aamc.org/workforce/workforceposition.pdf
8 Hartocollis, A. (2008) New York hospitals create outcry in foreign deal. Retreived February 10, 2009, from
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/05/nyregion/05grenada.html
9 Ross university school of medicine expands clinical rotations in new york (2008). Retreived March 3, 2009, from
http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS169749+13-Feb-2008+BW20080213
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Association of American Medical Colleges, 2009
Medical School Enrollment Plans:
Analysis of the 2008 AAMC Survey
Between 2002 and 2007, the number of first year residents without prior GME
increased by 1,67210 compared to an expected increase in 1st year medical school
enrollment between 2002 and 2009 of 1,865. Based on these numbers alone, it
might appear that GME is keeping pace with increased medical school enrollment.
However, the financial challenges facing hospitals may lead to a slowing up in
growth in GME positions. Furthermore, since about half of the graduates of
osteopathic schools also enter ACGME residency programs and DO enrollment is
rising rapidly with an increase of 1,534 first year DO students between 2002 and
2009, GME growth is unlikely to be able to keep pace with the combined growth
of MDs and DO graduates; most likely leading to a reduction in IMGs entering
GME.
Is the expansion responding to the social mission of medical
education?
A recent meeting of leaders in the medical education field called on medical
schools to be responsive to the social and community needs of the country
beyond merely increasing the number of graduates.11 As indicated in this report,
many of the schools expanding enrollment are also focusing on increasing
diversity in medicine as well as rural and underserved communities.
In addition, the most rapid growth in medical school enrollment has been in the
Southern and Western regions of the U.S, where population growth was greatest
from 1980 and 2005, when there was no expansion in medical school enrollment,
and where the lowest medical student to population ratios are currently found.
How accurate are the projections?
When projecting enrollment there is always a concern for accuracy, especially
when asking respondents to project five years into the future. Since the 2008
survey is the fifth year of reporting, prior projections for 2008 were compared
against actual first year enrollment in 2008 (18,036). The prior year projections
for 2008 were within 5% of the actual. The projections made in 2006 and 2007
were within 1% of the actual. Prior projections slightly underestimated the actual
growth. The accuracy of past projections is encouraging, although the recession
could reduce the accuracy of projections for the next five years.
10 Salsberg, et. al. (2008) US residency training before and after the 1997 balanced budget act. JAMA. 300(10):1174-1180
11 Chairman’s summary of the conference: Revisiting the medical school educational mission at a time of expansion. Retrieved March 30, 2009, from
http://www.josiahmacyfoundation.org/documents/Macy_MedSchoolMission_10_08.pdf
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Association of American Medical Colleges, 2009
Medical School Enrollment Plans:
Analysis of the 2008 AAMC Survey
Appendix A. New or Potential Schools
Institutions (State)
State
Notes
Schools with LCME “Preliminary Accreditation” Status
Florida International University College of Medicine
Florida
Plans to enroll first class in 2009*
University of Central Florida College of Medicine
Florida
Plans to enroll first class in 2009*
The Commonwealth Medical College
Pennsylvania
Plans to enroll first class in 2009*
Texas Tech University Health Systems Center Paul L. Foster School of Medicine
Texas
Plans to enroll first class in 2009*
Virginia
Plans to enroll first class in 2010*
Scripps School of Medicine
California
Goal is to enroll first class in 2013*
Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine
Michigan
Goal is to enroll first class in 2010*
Touro University College of Medicine
New Jersey
Goal is to enroll first class in 2010*
Hofstra University School of Medicine
New York
Goal is to enroll first class in 2010*
University of California - Riverside
California
Plans may slow due to economy 12
University of California - Merced
California
Plans may slow due to economy 13
Idaho State University
Idaho
Yet to establish funding 14
University of Houston
Texas
Hopes to send the proposal to the
legislature in 2009 15
Central Michigan University
Michigan
Hopes to enroll first class in 2012 16
University of Texas, Austin
Texas
Plans are on hold 17
King College
Tennessee
Plans to enroll first class in 2012 18
Western Michigan University
Michigan
Has hired consultants to assess need and
is moving forward 19
Schools with LCME “Candidate School” Status
Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine
Schools with LCME “Applicant School” Status
Other possible new medical schools based on media reports
(not included in projections)
*Data gathered during 2008 AAMC Dean’s Enrollment Survey.
12 Gang, D. (2009) UCR med school start up funds not in latest state budget proposal. Retrieved May 6, 2009, from
http://www.pe.com/localnews/politics/stories/PE_News_Local_S_medical16.4434c8c.html
13 Schoch, D. (2008) Economy threatens med school plans: State budget crisis puts target start date in peril. Retrieved January 7, 2009, from
http://www.modbee.com/local/story/532074.html
14 Med school stance revised. (2008). Retrieved January 5, 2009, from http://www.journalnet.com/articles/2008/08/26/news/breaking/1.txt
15 Ackerman, T. (2007). UH exploring proposal to start medical school: Idea to partner with methodist, cornell comes amid projected doctor shortage.
Retrieved February 26, 2009, from http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2007_4272336
16 Barber, B. (2008). Central michigan university officials test mid-michigan support for saginaw medical school. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from,
http://www.mlive.com/saginawnews/business/index.ssf/2008/04/central_michigan_university_of.html
17 Elder, L. (2009) Austin medical school plans flat line. Retrieved May 6, 2009, from
http://galvestondailynews.com/blog.lasso?permalink=fb34b47cd3dd14bd
18 King college to pursue development of a four-year medical school. (2008). Retrieved May 6, 2009, from http://news.king.edu/NewsArticle.asp
19 Schultz, M. (2008). Will a medical school boom ease the doctor shortage? Retrieved April 21, 2009, from
http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081114/SCHOOLS/811140398/1026
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Association of American Medical Colleges, 2009