United States
Department of
Agriculture
Forest Service
Recent Publications
of the Pacific Northwest Research Station
Pacific Northwest
Research Station
RE
TU
DE PA
RT
Third Quarter, 2012
MENT OF AGRI C U L
Now online!
See inside
cover for more
information.
Contents
About the Pacific Northwest Research Station .................................................... 1
Subscribe to Our RSS Feeds .................................................................................... 2
Locate Publications by Using Treesearch ............................................................ 3
Station Publications ................................................................................................... 4
Journals and Other Publications .............................................................................8
Order Form/Mailing List Updates .............................................Inside back cover
Publications are also available at http://www.fs.fed/us/pnw/publications/index.shtml
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Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Third Quarter, 2012
The Pacific Northwest Research Station
The Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research Station is one of 11 research units in the
USDA Forest Service. The research units collectively conduct the most extensive
and productive program of integrated forestry research in the world. The PNW
Research Station was established in 1925. The station has its headquarters in
Portland, Oregon; 11 research laboratories and centers in Alaska, Oregon, and
Washington; and 12 active experimental areas (watershed, range, and experimental
forests). The station also conducts research in more than 20 research natural areas.
Our mission is to generate and communicate impartial scientific knowledge
to help people understand and make informed choices about natural resource
management and sustainability.
PNW Research Station Laboratories and Centers
Anchorage
Forestry Sciences Laboratory
3301 C Street, Suite 200
Anchorage, AK 99503-3954
Corvallis
Forestry Sciences Laboratory
3200 SW Jefferson Way
Corvallis, OR 97331-4401
Fairbanks
Boreal Ecology Cooperative
Research Unit
University of Alaska Fairbanks
P.O. Box 756780
Fairbanks, AK 99775-6780
Juneau
Forestry Sciences Laboratory
11305 Glacier Highway
Juneau, AK 99801-8545
La Grande
Forestry and Range Sciences Laboratory
1401 Gekeler Lane
La Grande, OR 97850-3368
Olympia
Forestry Sciences Laboratory
3625 93rd Avenue SW
Olympia, WA 98512-9193
Portland
Forestry Sciences Laboratory
620 SW Main, Suite 400
P.O. Box 3890
Portland, OR 97208-3890
Prineville
Western Wildland Environmental
Threat Assessment Center
3160 NE 3rd Street
P.O. Box 490
Prineville, OR 97754
Seattle
Pacific Wildland Fire Sciences
Laboratory
400 N 34th Street, Suite 201
Seattle, WA 98103
Sitka
Alaska Wood Utilization Research
and Development Center
204 Siginaka Way
Sitka, AK 99835-7316
Wenatchee
Forestry Sciences Laboratory
1133 N Western Avenue
Wenatchee, WA 98801-1229
1
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
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Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Third Quarter, 2012
Locate USDA Forest Service Research Publications online at
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PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
Station Publications
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Bibliographies
12-024M
►Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 2012.
Recent publications of the Pacific Northwest
Research Station, second quarter, 2012. Portland,
OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 12 p.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/2q12.pdf
Economics
12-178M
►Kline,
J.; Patterson, T.; Mazza, R. 2012.
Ecosystem service markets 101: supply and
demand for nature. Science Findings 144. Portland,
OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 6 p.
Establishing markets for ecosystem services—the
benefits that nature provides, such as clean air,
water, and wildlife habitat—has gained traction in
some circles as a way to finance the conservation of
these public goods. Market influences on supply and
demand work in tandem to encourage ecosystem
protection. Jeff Kline and Trista Patterson, scientists
4
with the Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research
Station, have identified several criteria needed for
ecosystem service markets to achieve their potential.
These include regulatory limits on environmental
damage, ecosystem services that are amenable to
trading, and manageable transaction costs related to
administering market programs and the necessary
measuring and monitoring of marketed resources.
If these criteria are not met, other conservation
methods such as conservation easements, landowner
incentive programs for environmental enhancement
or protection, or taxes on environmental damage
may be more effective. Discussions about ecosystem
services often focus on increasing supply—storing
more carbon or delivering more water, for example.
However, net pressures on ecosystems can also be
reduced by addressing consumption. Many energy
efficiencies can be achieved by promoting awareness, informed choices, and behavior change. The
PNW Research Station is examining both supply
and demand approaches to ecosystem protection by
encouraging the development of ecosystem services
markets and identifying ways to reduce its own
environmental footprint.
Keywords: Ecosystem services, ecosystem
protection, conservation.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sciencef/scifi144.pdf
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Third Quarter, 2012
Forest Management
12-158S
►Alexander,
S.J.; Parrent, D.J. 2012.
Estimating sawmill processing capacity for
Tongass timber: 2009 and 2010 update. Res. Note.
PNW-RN-568. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 15 p.
In spring and summer of 2010 and 2011, sawmill
production capacity and wood utilization information was collected from major wood manufacturers
in southeast Alaska. The estimated mill capacity in
southeast Alaska for calendar year (CY) 2009 was
249,350 thousand board feet (mbf) (log scale), and
for CY 2010 was 155,850 mbf (log scale), including
idle sawmills. Mill consumption in CY 2009 was
estimated at 13,422 mbf (log scale), and for CY
2010 was 15,807 mbf (log scale). Wood products
manufacturing employment in southeast Alaska
increased from 57.5 full-time equivalent positions
in 2009 to 63.5 in 2010 despite the loss of 23,500
mbf of capacity in two sawmills owing to fires, the
decommissioning of one large sawmill (65,000 mbf),
and equipment sales at two small mills (5,000 mbf).
Keywords: Alaska sawmills, mill capacity, timber
usage.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_rn568.pdf
Invasive Plants and Animals
12-244M
►Progar,
R.; Meznarich, P. 2012.
A barrage of beetles: controlling leafy spurge
through beetle inundation. Science Findings 146.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
6 p.
Leafy spurge is an invasive weed that has appeared
along streams throughout much of the country.
Riparian ecosystems are particularly sensitive
areas that can be threatened by nonnative invasive
species. These areas also can be damaged by
herbicides commonly used in uplands to control
invasive plants. In a collaborative effort by the U.S.
Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and
Agricultural Research Service, researchers found an
effective way to use an insect to control the weed.
Flea beetles (Aphthona spp.) are a natural predator
of leafy spurge in its native range in Europe and
Asia. The researchers released huge numbers of the
flea beetles that inundated patches of leafy spurge
along three streams in southwestern, central, and
eastern Idaho. They found that releasing 50 beetles
per flowering stem reduced the biomass, crown,
and stem density by 80 percent and seedling density
by 60 percent, compared to untreated plots. Land
managers are now applying this inundative method
of biological control to other situations, such as to
prevent leafy spurge outbreaks after wildfires, as
well as exploring the method’s effectiveness against
other invasive weeds.
Keywords: Leafy spurge, Aphthona, flea beetle,
biocontrol, invasive species.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sciencef/scifi146.pdf
Silviculture
12-206M
►Harrington,
T.; Kirkland, J. 2012.
Logging debris matters: better soil, fewer
invasive plants. Science Findings 145. Portland,
OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 6 p.
The logging debris that remains after timber harvest
traditionally has been seen as a nuisance. It can
make subsequent tree planting more difficult and
become fuel for wildfire. It is commonly piled,
burned, or taken off site. Logging debris, however,
contains significant amounts of carbon and
nitrogen—elements critical to soil productivity. Its
physical presence in the regenerating forest creates
microclimates that influence a broad range of soil
and plant processes. Researchers Tim Harrington
5
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
of the Pacific Northwest Research Station; Robert
Slesak, a soil scientist with the Minnesota Forest
Resources Council; and Stephen Schoenholtz, a
professor of forest hydrology and soils at Virginia
Tech, conducted a 5-year study at two sites in Washington and Oregon to see how retaining logging
debris affected the soil and other growing conditions
at each locale. They found that keeping logging
debris in place improved soil fertility, especially
in areas with coarse-textured, nutrient-poor soils.
Soil nitrogen and other nutrients important to
tree growth increased, and soil water availability
increased due to the debris’ mulching effect. The
debris cooled the soil, which slowed the breakdown
and release of soil carbon into the atmosphere. It
also helped prevent invasive species such as Scotch
broom and trailing blackberry from dominating the
sites. Forest managers are using this information to
help maximize the land’s productivity while reducing their costs associated with debris disposal.
Keywords: Logging debris, soil, carbon, invasive
plants.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sciencef/scifi145.pdf
Wildlife
encourage wind energy development. While much
of the development thus far has occurred on private
lands, there is interest in expanding onto federal
land. However, there are concerns about the impacts
of wind energy on wildlife. Wind energy facilities
have the potential to harm wildlife both directly
through collisions with turbines and transmission
lines, and indirectly by modifying habitat. This
report synthesizes the available scientific literature
on potential wind energy facility impacts to wildlife,
with a focus on the Pacific Northwest (Oregon and
Washington), and summarizes the current best
management practices recommended in federal
and state guidelines for wind energy development.
Research gaps in our understanding of wind energy
impacts on wildlife remain. Future research needs
include long-term, multisite, experimental studies of
wind energy impacts on wildlife, improved ability
to estimate population-level and cumulative impacts
of wind energy facilities on wildlife, and better
knowledge of key wildlife species’ migration and
demography.
Keywords: Wind energy, turbine, wildlife, Pacific
Northwest, Oregon, Washington.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr863.pdf
Wood Utilization
12-002S
►Mockrin,
M.H.; Gravenmier, R.A. 2012.
Synthesis of wind energy development and
potential impacts on wildlife in the Pacific
Northwest, Oregon and Washington. Gen.
Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-863. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 55 p.
Nationally, there is growing public interest in and
policy pressure for developing alternative and
renewable sources of energy. Wind energy facilities
in the Pacific Northwest expanded rapidly over
the past decade, as a result of state policies that
6
12-140S
►Gale,
C.B.; Keegan, C.E., III; Berg, E.C.; Daniels,
J.; Christensen, G.A.; Sorenson, C.B.; Morgan, T.A.;
Polzin, P. 2012.
Oregon’s forest products industry and timber
harvest, 2008: industry trends and impacts of the
Great Recession through 2010. Gen. Tech. Rep.
PNW-GTR-868. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 55 p.
This report traces the flow of Oregon’s 2008 timber
harvest through the primary timber processing
industry and provides a description of the structure,
operation, and condition of Oregon’s forest products
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Third Quarter, 2012
industry as a whole. It is the second in a series of
reports that update the status of the industry every
5 years. Based on a census conducted in 2009 and
2010, we provide detailed information about the
industry in 2008, and discuss historical changes
as well as more recent trends in harvest, production, and sales. To convey the severe market and
economic conditions that existed in 2008, 2009, and
2010, we also provide updated information on the
industry and its inputs and outputs through 2010.
Keywords: Oregon forest products industry, timber
harvest, timber receipts, log flow, timber-processing
capacity, lumber overrun, mill residue, employment.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr868.pdf
12-130S
►Morgan,
T.A.; Brandt, J.P.; Songster, K.E.; Keegan,
C.E., III; Christensen, G.A. 2012.
California’s forest products industry and timber
harvest, 2006. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-866.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
48 p.
This report traces the flow of California’s 2006
timber harvest through the primary wood products
industry (i.e., firms that process timber into
manufactured products such as lumber, as well as
facilities such as pulp mills and particleboard plants,
which use the wood fiber or mill residue directly
from timber processors) and provides a description
of the structure, condition, and economic impacts
of California’s forest products industry. Historical
wood products industry changes are discussed, as
well as trends in harvest, production, mill residue,
and sales. Also examined are employment and
worker earnings in the state’s primary and secondary forest products industry.
12-054S
►Nicholls,
D.; Zerbe, J. 2012.
Cofiring biomass and coal for fossil fuel reduction
and other benefits—status of North American
facilities in 2010. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-867.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
22 p.
Cofiring of biomass and coal at electrical generation
facilities is gaining in importance as a means of
reducing fossil fuel consumption, and more than
40 facilities in the United States have conducted
test burns. Given the large size of many coal plants,
cofiring at even low rates has the potential to utilize
relatively large volumes of biomass. This could
have important forest management implications if
harvest residues or salvage timber are supplied to
coal plants. Other feedstocks suitable for cofiring
include wood products manufacturing residues,
woody municipal wastes, agricultural residues,
short-rotation intensive culture forests, or hazard
fuel removals. Cofiring at low rates can often be
done with minimal changes to plant handling and
processing equipment, requiring little capital investment. Cofiring at higher rates can involve repowering entire burners to burn biomass in place of coal,
or in some cases, repowering entire powerplants.
Our research evaluates the current status of biomass
cofiring in North America, identifying current
trends and success stories, types of biomass used,
coal plant sizes, and primary cofiring regions. We
also identify potential barriers to cofiring. Results
are presented for more than a dozen plants that are
currently cofiring or have recently announced plans
to cofire.
Keywords: Cofiring, coal, biomass, fossil fuel,
harvest residues.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr867.pdf
Keywords: Bioenergy, employment, forest
economics, lumber production, mill residue, mill
capacity, wood products.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr866.pdf
7
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
Journals and Other Publications
The following publications were not published by the Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research
Station, although the work was supported by the station. These publications may be viewed
online at the USDA Research and Development Treesearch Web site listed under each article. If you would like a hard copy, you may print the articles from this Web site. For more
information about Treesearch, see page 3 of this report. You may also obtain hard copies
through university libraries or from the publisher; some outlets may charge for these services. Forestry libraries in the Northwest receive proceedings volumes and subscribe to the
journals in which PNW authors publish. Some forestry libraries in the Northwest are:
Valley Library
Natural Sciences Library
Oregon State University
Box 352900
Corvallis, OR 97331
University of Washington
(Visit or request article from
Seattle, WA 98195-2900
the Interlibrary Loan section)
(To visit only)
Interlibrary Borrowing Services
Suzzallo Library, FM 25
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195
(To request article only)
University of Alaska Library
3211 Providence Drive
Anchorage, AK 99508
(Visit or request article from the
Interlibrary Loan section)
Atmosphere
►Flitcroft,
R.L.; Burnett, K.M.; Reeves, G.H.; Ganio,
L.M. 2012.
Do network relationships matter? Comparing
network and instream habitat variables to
explain densities of juvenile coho salmon
(Oncorhynchus kisutch) in mid-coastal Oregon,
USA. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater
Ecosystems. 22: 288–302.
Keywords: Stream, catchment, distribution,
endangered species, conservation evaluation, fish.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/41685
Fire/Fuels
►Ager,
A.A.; Vaillant, N.M.; Finney, M.A.; Preisler,
H.K. 2012.
Analyzing wildfire exposure and source–sink
relationships on a fire prone forest landscape.
Forest Ecology and Management. 267: 271–283.
Keywords: Wildfire simulation, wildfire risk,
conservation biology, national forest planning
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/41721
►Andreu,
2012.
A.G.; Shea, D.; Parresol, B.R.; Ottmar, R.D.
Evaluating fuel complexes for fire hazard
mitigation planning in the southeastern United
States. Forest Ecology and Management. 273: 4–16.
Keywords: Surface fire behavior, fuel reduction, fuel
load, Fuel Characteristic Classification System.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/40556
8
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Third Quarter, 2012
►Kochi,
2012.
I.; Champ, P.A.; Loomis, J.B.; Donovan, G.H.
Valuing mortality impacts of smoke exposure
from major southern California wildfires. Journal
of Forest Economics. 18: 61–75.
Forest Management
►
Bundling of ecosystem services to increase
forestland value and enhance sustainable forest
management. Forest Policy and Economics. 17:
69–76.
Keywords: 2003 southern California wildfires,
mortality impact, social cost, air pollution.
Keywords: Ecosystem services, bundling, markets,
water, wetlands, carbon.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/40384
►
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/41683
Ottmar, R.D.; Blake, J.I.; Crolly, W.T. 2012.
Using fine-scale fuel measurements to assess
wildland fuels, potential fire behavior and hazard
mitigation treatments in the southeastern USA.
Forest Ecology and Management. 273: 1–3.
Keywords: Fire behavior, fuel inventory, fuel
treatment effectiveness, southeastern United States.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/41693
►Parresol,
►
Deal, R.L.; White, R. 2012.
Integrating forest products with ecosystem
services: a global perspective. Forest Policy and
Economics. 17: 1–2.
Keywords: Ecosystem services, forest products,
sustainable forestry management, water, carbon.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/41684
B.R.; Scott, J.H.; Andreu, A. [et al.]. 2012.
Developing custom fire behavior fuel models from
ecologically complex fuel structures for upper
Atlantic Coastal Plain forests. Forest Ecology and
Management. 273: 50–57.
Keywords: Calibration, centroid, cluster
analysis, Euclidean distance, Fuel Characteristic
Classification System, surface fuels.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/40559
Fish
►Marcot,
Deal, R.L.; Cochran, B.; LaRocco, G. 2012.
Genetics
►Kohnle,
U.; Hein, S.; Sorensen, F.C.; Weiskittel,
A.R. 2012.
Effects of seed source origin on bark thickness
of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) growing
in southwestern Germany. Canadian Journal of
Forestry Research. 42: 382–399.
Keywords: Plastome, polyploidy, self-compatibility,
interspecific hybridization.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/41688
B.G.; Allen, C.S.; Morey, S. [et al.]. 2012.
An expert panel approach to assessing potential
effects of bull trout reintroduction on federally
listed salmonids in the Clackamas River, Oregon.
North American Journal of Fisheries Management.
32: 450–465.
Keywords: Restoration, multi-species interactions,
risk assessment, threatened and endangered species.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/41690
Mycology
►Jumpponen,
2012.
A.; Brown, S.P.; Trappe, J.M. [et al.].
Twenty years of research on fungal–plant
interactions on Lyman Glacier forefront—lessons
learned and questions yet unanswered. Fungal
Ecology. 5(4): 430–442.
Keywords: Community assembly, community
convergence, community divergence, community
trajectory, establishment, glacier forefront,
mycorrhiza, propagule.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/41687
9
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
Plant Ecology
►Johnson,
D.M.; McCulloh, K.A.; Woodruff, D.R.;
Meinzer, F.C. 2012.
Remote Sensing
►Kumar,
2012.
A.; Marcot, B.G.; Talukdar, G.; Roy, P.S.
Evidence for xylem embolism as a primary factor
in dehydration-induced declines in leaf hydraulic
conductance. Plant, Cell and Environment.
35: 760–769.
Application of geoinformatics for landscape
assessment and conserving forest biodiversity in
northeast India. Asian Journal of Geoinformatics.
12(1): 13 p.
Keywords: Cavitation, drought stress, transpiration,
water potential.
Keywords: Geoinformatics, spatial statistics, forest
management, biodiversity conservation, Garo Hills,
Meghalaya, northeast India, shifting cultivation.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/41686
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/41689
McCulloh, K.A.; Johnson, D.M.; Meinzer, F.C.
[et al.]. 2012.
►
Hydraulic architecture of two species differing
in wood density: opposing strategies in cooccurring tropical pioneer trees. Plant, Cell and
Environment. 35: 116–125.
Keywords: Anacardium excelsum. Miconia
argentea, hydraulic conductivity, vulnerability
curves, xylem anatomy.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/41692
► McCulloh,
2011.
K.A.; Meinzer, F.C.; Sperry, J.S. [et al.].
Comparative hydraulic architecture of tropical
tree species representing a range of successional
stages and wood density. Oecologia. 167: 27–37.
Keywords: Whole-plant hydraulic conductance,
wood anatomy, sap flux, vessel diameter.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/41568
► Shaw,
C.G., III; Omdal, D.W.; Ramsey-Kroll, A.;
Roth, L.F. 2012.
Inoculum reduction measures to manage
Armillaria root disease in a severely infected
stand of ponderosa pine in south-central
Washington: 35-year results. Western Journal of
Applied Forestry. 27(1): 25–29.
Keywords: Root disease control, inoculums
reduction, disease spread, sanitation.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/41696
10
Silviculture
►
Stephens, S.L.; Boerner, R.E.J.; Moghaddas, J.J.
[et al.]. 2012.
Fuel treatment impacts on estimated wildfire
carbon loss from forests in Montana, Oregon,
California, and Arizona. Ecosphere. 3(5): 1–17,
Art38.
Keywords: Carbon sequestration, fire suppression,
fire surrogates, fuel management, mixed conifer,
Pinus ponderosa, wildfire.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/41246
Urban Forestry
►McLain,
R.; Poe, M.; Hurley, P.T. [et al.]. 2012.
Producing edible landscapes in Seattle's urban
forest. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening.
11: 187–194.
Keywords: Green infrastructure, urban ecosystems,
urban food production, urban forestry, urban
planning.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/40502
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Third Quarter, 2012
Wildlife
► Marschang,
R.E.; Miller, D. 2011.
2011 International Ranavirus symposium. Journal
of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery. 21(1): 1–2.
Keywords: Amphibians, disease, conservation,
mortality, surveillance.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/41691
►
Pauli, J.N.; Smith, W.P.; Ben-David, M. 2012.
Quantifying dispersal rates and distances in
North American martens: a test of enriched
isotope labeling. Journal of Mammalogy.
93(2): 390–398.
Keywords: Carbon, deuterium, isotopic enrichment,
Martes americana, Martes caurina, mesocarnivore,
nitrogen.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/41694
►
Robert, J.; Chinchar, V.G. 2012.
“Ranaviruses: an emerging threat to ectothermic
vertebrates.” Report of the First International
Symposium on Ranaviruses, Minneapolis MN
July 8, 2011. Developmental and Comparative
Immunology. 36: 259–261.
Keywords: Iridoviridae, emerging infectious
diseases, viral immunity, virus.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/41695
11
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