United States Department of Agriculture • Forest Service • 0571-2835-MTDC
TECHNOLOGY AND
DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAM
Number 2
Pepper-Based
Coating Protects
Signs and
Structures
news
2005
A
Facilities
nimals don’t make
friends when they peck
and chew buildings, signs,
and equipment at Forest
Service facilities around the
country. A new coating that
may alleviate this problem
was tested recently by
the Missoula Technology
and Development Center
(MTDC) at several Forest
Service sites.
These preliminary tests
produced some dramatic
results. Porcupines were
deterred from chewing
treated signs, and horses and
mules left corral rails alone. The coating may discourage woodpeckers from boring through
wood siding and keep chipmunks and other small mammals from damaging plastics, such as
equipment boxes and weather seals on overhead doors.
The active ingredient in this coating is a concentrated food-quality oleoresin capsicum
extract. This extract is derived from a particularly potent strain of habanero peppers
originally found in Central America. The coating is produced using a patented process that
bonds the pepper extract molecularly to paints, stains, plastics, and rubberized products.
The tech tip, Quit Eating My Signs! Pepper-Based Coating Discourages Animals from
Damaging Structures (0573–2313–MTDC), discusses these tests and includes information
about ordering the product.
For additional information about coatings that discourage animals from damaging
structures, contact Kathie Snodgrass, project leader (phone: 406–329–3922; e-mail:
ksnodgrass@fs.fed.us).
To order the tech tip, contact MTDC publications (phone: 406–329–3978; e-mail:
cahegman@fs.fed.us).
1
Electronic Physical
Security
P
hysical security at Forest Service facilities is an
increasing concern. Electronic equipment, such
as closed-circuit television, can monitor facilities and
deter intruders. Determining the equipment that is
best suited for a particular situation can be difficult
for facility managers, engineers, law enforcement
officers, and others in charge of physical security.
The MTDC facilities program funded a pilot
physical security help desk to provide professional
consultation for Forest Service employees who
design, document, procure, operate, and troubleshoot
electronic security systems.
The tech tip, Answers to Questions About
Electronic Physical Security at Forest Service
Facilities (0573–2305–MTDC), explains the help desk project and includes employee
questions and feedback.
For more information on physical security at Forest Service facilities, contact Andy
Trent, project leader (phone: 406–329–3912; e-mail: atrent@fs.fed.us).
To order the tech tip, contact MTDC publications (phone: 406–329–3978; e-mail:
cahegman@fs.fed.us).
Physical security help desk services can be reached at:
http://www.tech-answers.com/ForestService.htm
T
Fire
he guide for submitting equipment for testing, Manufacturer Submission Procedure
Qualification Testing
for the Qualification Testing of General-purpose, Screen, and Locomotive Spark
of Spark Arrester
Arrester Exhaust Systems
Exhaust Systems
(0551–1803P–SDTDC), has
been revised. Off-highway
vehicles, chain saws, and
other machines powered
by an internal combustion
engine can start wildland
fires if the exhaust throws sparks
or if the muffler contacts wildland
fuels. Spark arresters used on these
devices must be tested and qualified
by the Technology and Development
Program before they can be used
on lands administered by the Forest
Service, other Federal agencies, and in most instances, States and municipalities.
The present qualification program for small- and medium-sized engines is based on
performance requirements established by the Forest Service, the Society of Automotive
Engineers, and the Association of American Railroads.
2
news
The San Dimas Technology and Development Center (SDTDC) has a laboratory set up
specifically to test the effectiveness of spark arrester systems for internal combustion engines.
SDTDC is authorized to issue a qualification notice to the manufacturer of equipment that
passes these tests.
For more information on qualification testing of spark arresters, contact Ralph Gonzales,
project engineer, (phone: 909–599–1267, ext. 212; e-mail: rhgonzales@fs.fed.us).
To order the guide, contact Kene Owu, SDTDC publications (phone: 909–599–1267, ext.
235; e-mail: kowu@fs.fed.us).
New, Larger Fire
Shelter May Be Just
Your Size
T
he New Generation Fire Shelter, introduced
in 2003, was designed in just one size.
Feedback from field employees prompted
development of a larger shelter to provide better
protection for larger firefighters. For such
firefighters, the large shelter:
• Reduces body contact with the hot shelter
material during deployment
• Provides more insulating space between
the shelter material and large occupants
• Prevents the shelter from being damaged
when the occupant stretches out
The tech tip, Large New Generation Fire
Shelter Now Available (0551–2325–
MTDC), provides guidelines on the size
of shelter that is best for firefighters to
carry, as well as information for training with
the new shelter and for ordering the shelters.
For more details on the large New Generation Fire Shelter, contact Tony Petrilli, project
leader (phone: 406–329-3965; e-mail: apetrilli@fs.fed.us).
To order the tech tip, contact MTDC publications (phone: 406–329–3978; e-mail:
cahegman@fs.fed.us).
Effects of DEET on
Nomex Clothing
news
W
ildland firefighters may encounter lots of
mosquitoes while working. Because mosquitoes
transmit West Nile virus, mosquitoes are no longer just
an inconvenience.
Tests were performed with DEET (N, N–
diethyl–3–methylbenzamide) and permethrin (an
insecticide) on various types of Nomex clothing worn
by firefighters. DEET reduces the flame resistance
of Nomex clothing, but permethrin does not. DEET
can be applied directly to the skin, so long as the
manufacturer’s instructions are followed.
3
The tech tip, DEET Mosquito Repellent Reduces the Flame Resistance of Firefighters’
Nomex Clothing (0551–2327–MTDC), discusses DEET and permethrin products, and offers
some recommendations to help firefighters contend with mosquitoes.
For more information on DEET and Nomex clothing, contact Leslie Anderson, program
leader (phone: 406–329–1043; e-mail: landerson@fs.fed.us).
To order the tech tip, contact MTDC publications (phone: 406–329–3978; e-mail:
cahegman@fs.fed.us).
Latest Wildland
Firefighter Health
and Safety Report
Now Available
Situational
Awareness Fire
Posters Shout
Watch Out
4
W
ildland Firefighter Health and Safety
Report: No. 9 (0551–2803–MTDC)
discusses the importance of a balanced and
nutritious diet that can help firefighters meet
energy demands and vitamin and mineral
needs. The report outlines nutritional
requirements, describes how servings of
fruits and vegetables are measured, and
includes a sample food plan. The report
provides summaries of recent field studies
of supplemental feeding and its effects on
cognitive function and on the influence of
hydration on the core temperature of wildland firefighters.
For more information, contact Brian Sharkey, project leader (phone: 406–329–3989; e-mail:
bsharkey@fs.fed.us).
To order a copy of the report, contact MTDC publications (phone: 406–329–3978; email: cahegman@fs.fed.us).
A
fire safety poster, How
is your Situational
Awareness? (0451–2M35–
MTDC), is available.
Copies of the poster can be
sent to individuals, as well
as to groups, such as fire
organizations and safety
committees.
To order this poster,
contact MTDC publications
(phone: 406–329–3978; e-mail:
cahegman@fs.fed.us).
news
Incident Sign Guide
Helps Improve
Firefighter Safety
Keep Your Crosscut
Saw Singing
news
P
roper use of signs during wildland fires and
other incidents is important to inform drivers
of hazards. Signs not only inform motorists, they
also inform incident management personnel.
MTDC has published the Incident Sign Installation
Guide (0551–2814–MTDC) to explain how to use
signs properly. The guide is based on standards
established by the Manual on Uniform Traffic
Control Devices and the Standards for Forest
Service Signs and Posters (EM–7100–15).
For more information on sign installation,
contact Andy Trent, project leader (phone: 406–
329–3912; e-mail: atrent@fs.fed.us).
To order the report, contact MTDC
publications (phone: 406–329–3978; e-mail:
cahegman@fs.fed.us).
A
Recreation
fter more than 35 years working in the
woods, Tahoe National Forest Trails
Program Manager David E. Michael has written
a comprehensive guide to share his experience
with a traditional tool—the crosscut saw—and
to help wilderness trail crews, smokejumpers,
historic preservation specialists, and others who
want to learn more about crosscut saws.
In Saws That Sing: A Guide To Using
Crosscut Saws (0423–2822–MTDC), Michael
presents techniques for using and maintaining
crosscut saws. The guide includes photos and
descriptions of different types of crosscut saws,
saw handles, and wedges.
For more information, contact Brian
Vachowski, project leader (phone: 406–329–
3935; e-mail: bvachowski@fs.fed.us).
To order the report, contact MTDC publications (phone: 406–329–3978; e-mail:
cahegman@fs.fed.us).
5
Redesigned Tools
for Crosscut Saw
Maintenance
Marking the Way in
the Backcountry
Electronic Scanning
of Wilderness
Permits
6
C
rosscut saws and the tools to maintain them are hard to
find. Crosscut saws can be beneficial in nonwilderness
areas and should be used in wilderness areas where the 1964
Wilderness Act prohibits the use of motorized equipment.
Working from traditional designs, MTDC built prototypes of
eight tools used to maintain crosscut saws. The report, New
Tools for Old Saws (0523–2815–MTDC), describes the basic
functions of these tools. Mechanical drawings of the tools
are included for those who wish to build their own or have a
machinist build one for them.
For more information on crosscut saw maintenance,
contact Bob Beckley, project leader (phone: 406–329–3996;
e-mail: rbeckley@fs.fed.us).
To order the report, contact MTDC publications (phone: 406–329–3978; e-mail:
cahegman@fs.fed.us).
H
ikers need trail markers when the path is not
obvious. In rocky backcountry terrain, trails often
wind through areas where only a small amount of soil
covers the bedrock, making it difficult to install markers.
To help recreation crews install permanent trail
markers, SDTDC developed design criteria and tested
four types of anchoring systems: rock basket (least
complex), stake anchor, holddown anchor, and the metalpost base anchor (most complex).
The report, Anchoring Trail Markers and Signs
in Rocky Areas (0523–1202P–SDTDC), provides
instructions and materials lists for installing trail markers and signposts without the use of
heavy tools and equipment.
For additional information about anchoring trail markers and signs in rocky
areas, contact L’Tanga Watson, project leader (phone: 909–599–1267, ext. 296; e-mail:
ltwatson@fs.fed.us).
To order the report, contact Kene Owu, SDTDC publications (phone: 909–599–1267, ext.
235; e-mail: kowu@fs.fed.us).
T
he tech tip, Technologies for Scanning
Wilderness Permits (0523–2324–
MTDC), covers the use of optical scanning
technologies to convert information on printed
wilderness permits into an electronic form for
incorporation into the Forest Service’s InfraWILD database. Optical scanning systems can
eliminate the need to enter information from
thousands of permits manually into a database.
The tech tip also includes information on
optical mark recognition scanning systems that read checkboxes and shaded bubbles and on
news
intelligent character recognition systems that can read handwriting.
For more information on technologies for scanning wilderness permits, contact Gary
Kees, project leader (phone: 406–829–6753; e-mail: gkees@fs.fed.us).
To order the tech tip, contact MTDC publications (phone: 406–329–3978; e-mail:
cahegman@fs.fed.us).
Using Vitamin C To
Neutralize Chlorine
in Water
Alternatives to
Burlap for Wrapping
Seedlings
news
T
he tech tip, Using Vitamin C to
Neutralize Chlorine in Water
Systems (0523–1301P–SDTDC),
addresses safety concerns of sanitation
engineers and operators of water and
wastewater systems.
Seasonal water systems must be
sanitized for safe human use at the
beginning of each season. Often, a strong
chlorine solution is added to the water to
kill bacteria and other organisms. If this
water is allowed to enter a lake or stream,
it can kill fish and other aquatic life. This water could upset the bacterial balance in a septic
system or small wastewater treatment plant if the water were directed there.
Over time, air and sunlight would neutralize chlorine in tanks or ponds, but chemical
treatments are much faster. Although sulfur compounds can be used as dechlorinators,
sulfur-based chemicals are oxygen scavengers and will lower the amount of oxygen dissolved
in water. Many sulfur compounds also are classified as hazardous chemicals.
Vitamin C is a newer chemical method for neutralizing chlorine. It does not lower the
dissolved oxygen as much as the sulfur compounds and it isn’t toxic to aquatic life at the
levels used for dechlorination.
This tech tip reports the results of a series of dechlorination tests using two forms of
vitamin C: ascorbic acid and sodium ascorbate.
For additional information about using vitamin C to treat water, contact Brenda Land,
project leader (phone: 909–599–1267, ext. 219; e-mail: bland@fs.fed.us).
To order the tech tip, contact Kene Owu, SDTDC publications (phone: 909–599–1267,
ext. 235; e-mail: kowu@fs.fed.us).
T
Reforestation
raditionally, sheets of burlap have
been used to wrap bareroot seedlings
into bundles that fit in planters’ bags, but
rolls of polypropylene- and cellulosebased toweling are becoming more
popular. These lightweight materials
clean up easily, hold moisture well, and
can be reused several times before being
discarded.
7
When Kimberly-Clark Corp. discontinued cutting a favorite product, Kimtex, into the
proper size needed to wrap seedlings, MTDC searched for alternative materials that might
provide the needed absorbency, reusability, stability, and affordability. A DuPont product,
spun-woven Sontara, worked best in limited evaluations.
The tech tip, Reusable Toweling for Wrapping Tree Seedlings (0524–2323–MTDC),
discusses the evaluation’s results, provides contact information for two suppliers of Sontara,
and includes a summary of the proper procedures for wrapping trees.
For more information on reusable toweling for wrapping seedlings, contact Brian
Vachowski, project leader (phone: 406–329–3935; e-mail: bvachowski@fs.fed.us).
To order the tech tip, contact MTDC publications (phone: 406–329–3978; e-mail:
cahegman@fs.fed.us).
S
Sterilizing Pallets of
Styroblocks
tyrofoam container blocks (styroblocks) are
popular for growing seedlings in nurseries. The
styroblocks come in various sizes and can be reused
several times. Residual organic matter within the
blocks may harbor pathogens that could infect
future seedling crops. Sterilizing the styroblocks
using traditional methods, such as hot-water
dipping, is time consuming and labor intensive.
MTDC evaluated several treatments for reducing
fungal contamination of styroblocks.
The report, Using a Steamroom To Sterilize
Pallets of Styrofoam Seedling Container Blocks
(0524–2808–MTDC), describes testing to evaluate
the effectiveness of radiofrequency waves, dry
heat (low humidity), and wet heat (high humidity)
in sterilizing the styroblocks. The report also describes the fabrication and evaluation of a
steamroom at Lucky Peak Nursery, ID, that can sterilize 4,000 styroblocks at one time.
For more information on sterilizing styroblocks, contact Andy Trent, project leader
(phone: 406–329–3912; e-mail: atrent@fs.fed.us).
To order the report, contact MTDC publications (phone: 406–329–3978; e-mail:
cahegman@fs.fed.us).
Monitoring Changes
at Remote Locations
n some remote areas, radio
transmissions and cellular phone
coverage may be unreliable. In these
areas, satellite telemetry can be used to
monitor environmental conditions, such
as temperature, conditions at facilities,
and the status of intrusion sensors. The
cost of hardware and monthly fees can
make some means of satellite telemetry
unaffordable. The report, AXTracker:
An Inexpensive Satellite Transmitter
for Sensing Changes at Remote
8
I
news
Locations (0524–2802–MTDC), provides information on a relatively inexpensive and fully
programmable device that can be used nearly anywhere for reliable location and monitoring
reports. The AXTracker transmitter communicates using the Globalstar satellite network.
For more information on the AXTracker, contact Gary Kees, project leader (phone:
406–829–6753; e-mail: gkees@fs.fed.us).
To order the report, contact MTDC publications (phone: 406–329–3978; e-mail:
cahegman@fs.fed.us).
Fourth Video in the
Personal Safety
Video Series
news
T
Safety
he video, Personal Safety in Remote Work
Locations Module 4: Building Trust in
Small Towns (0567–2V01–MTDC), describes
common sources of conflict between the Forest
Service and members of small communities.
The video emphasizes how building trust is the
most powerful tool employees have to protect
their personal safety and shows steps employees
can take if hostility is ever directed at them,
their families, or their personal property. The
tech tip, Personal Safety Awareness for Field
Employees (0567–2317–MTDC), provides an
overview of the video.
The personal safety in remote work
locations video series helps employees cope
with personal safety problems encountered
while working with the public. Other videos in
the series include: General Awareness (0167–
2V02–MTDC), Supervisor Responsibilities (0267–2V01–MTDC), and Avoiding Trouble
(0367–2V03–MTDC).
For more information on personal safety awareness for field employees, contact Lisa
Outka-Perkins, sociologist (phone: 406–329–3849; e-mail: loutka-perkins@fs.fed.us).
To order the video and tech tip, contact MTDC publications (phone: 406–329–3978; email: cahegman@fs.fed.us).
9
T&D Snippets: Know
More with Less
Effort
B
Engineering
e among the first to know of recently completed T&D projects. Subscribe to T&D
Snippets.
T&D Snippets gives you a quick summary of new reports or tech tips as they become
available electronically. The snippets also provide a link to the electronic version of the
document so you can read it and print it out.
In February, the premiere snippet (Fencing Out Wildlife) was sent to T&D News
subscribers, giving them an opportunity to review the snippet and subscribe if they wished.
Sample snippet: Accident Investigation Guide: 2005
Edition (0567–2806–MTDC)
This guide describes the procedures used by the
Washington Office Chief’s investigation team for serious
accidents, aviation accidents, and incidents with potential
of causing an accident. These procedures also apply to
all accident and incident investigations conducted by any
individuals working under the direction and authority of
the Forest Service.
The guide can be used at the regional, area, forest, or
district level. Accident investigation forms are available
in two formats: Adobe Acrobat PDF and Microsoft Word.
This edition replaces the 2003 and 2001 versions of the Accident Investigation
Guide.
To subscribe to T&D Snippets: Send an e-mail message with the subject
“Subscribe TD Snippets” to:
wo_mtdc_pubs@fs.fed.us
To unsubscribe from T&D Snippets: Send an e-mail message with the subject
“Unsubscribe TD Snippets” to:
wo_mtdc_pubs@fs.fed.us
New Faces
New Faces at MTDC
and SDTDC
10
John Smith joined MTDC in February 2005 as an
equipment specialist. John graduated from the University of
Montana with a bachelor’s degree in education and taught
elementary school in Ovando, MT. He began his Forest
Service career in 1974 as a district firefighter for the Superior
Ranger District of the Lolo National Forest. A Missoula
smokejumper for the past 23 years, John has experience as
assistant loadmaster foreman, master parachute rigger, and
safety program manager.
news
Tom Roethler joined MTDC in February 2005 as a
mechanical engineering technician. He is a junior at the
University of Montana in Missoula studying forestry and
resource conservation with an emphasis in hydrology.
Tom is also a technical engineering specialist (surveyor,
AutoCAD drafting, and material testing) in the U.S. Army
Reserves and has been deployed twice during Operation
Enduring Freedom. He works in the fabrication shop at
MTDC and helps with facility maintenance.
Rey Farve joined SDTDC in April 2005 as a project
leader in the inventory and monitoring program. He
received a bachelor’s degree in biology from Xavier
University in New Orleans, LA, in 1975 and a master’s
degree in wildlife biology from Ohio State University in
1978. He worked with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
on the Mark Twain National Wildlife Refuge in Missouri
before moving to Folsom, CA, in 1979. Rey was involved
in a variety of projects (including an active prescribed burn
program for wildlife habitat improvement) for the Bureau of
Land Management’s Folsom Resource Area. In 1987, Rey
moved to Los Angeles where he helped mitigate impacts
of offshore oil and gas activities on marine mammals and seabirds for the U.S. Minerals
Management Service. In 1991, Rey transferred to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ Los
Angeles District and worked on a wide variety of civilian and military projects throughout
southern California and Arizona.
Richard Martin joined SDTDC in August as a
maintenance mechanic. He spent the majority of his
career as a welder and a maintenance mechanic in the
entertainment industry at Disneyland, Magic Mountain, and
Pacific Park on the Santa Monica Pier in California. He also
is a licensed contractor specializing in custom cabinetry.
news
11
On the Web...
u of
• Forest Service and Burea
yees–View
Land Management emplo
ents at:
MTDC and SDTDC docum
s/search
d.u
s.fe
http://fsweb.mtdc.wo.f
.us
fed
.fs.
http://fsweb.sdtdc.wo
C
• Everybody–View SDTD
documents at:
s/
http://www.fs.fed.us/eng/pub
and
• Everybody–View MTDC
at:
s
ent
um
doc
SDTDC
http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/
: t-d)
(Username: t-d, Password
Missoula Technology and Development Center (MTDC)
San Dimas Technology and Development Center (SDTDC)
Phone: 406–329–3900 • Fax: 406–329–3719
Phone: 909–599–1267 • Fax: 909–592–2309
5785 Hwy. 10 West; Missoula, MT 59808–9361
Forest Service Intranet Web site: http://fsweb.mtdc.wo.fs.fed.us
444 East Bonita Ave.; San Dimas, CA 91773–3198
Forest Service Intranet Web site: http://fsweb.sdtdc.wo.fs.fed.us
Library Card
Kilroy, Bill; McLean, Andrew; Wolf, Jerry Taylor. 2005. T&D news: number 2, 2005. Tech. Rep. 0571–2835–MTDC.
Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Missoula Technology and Development Center. 14 p.
Describes projects that are underway and finished products that are available at the Forest Service’s Missoula and San Dimas
Technology and Development Centers. Topics in this issue include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pepper-Based Coating Protects Signs and Structures
Electronic Physical Security
Qualification Testing of Spark Arrester Exhaust Systems
New, Larger Fire Shelter May Be Just Your Size
Effects of DEET on Nomex Clothing
Latest Wildland Firefighting Health and Safety Report Now Available
Situational Awareness Fire Posters Shout Watch Out
Incident Sign Guide Helps Improve Firefighter Safety
Keep Your Crosscut Saw Singing
Redesigned Tools for Crosscut Saw Maintenance
Marking the Way in the Backcountry
Electronic Scanning of Wilderness Permits
Using Vitamin C To Neutralize Chlorine in Water
Alternatives to Burlap for Wrapping Seedlings
Sterilizing Pallets of Styroblocks
Monitoring Changes at Remote Locations
Fourth Video in the Personal Safety Video Series
T&D Snippets: Know More with Less Effort
New Faces at MTDC and SDTDC
Keywords: Capsicum, cellulose, chlorine, coatings, crosscut saws, dechlorination, DEET, electronic security, fire shelters,
groundwater, hydration, newsletters, Nomex, oleoresin, optical scanning, pathogens, polypropylene, safety at work, sanitation
engineering, seedling wraps, signposts, signs, smokejumpers, spark arresters, sterilization, styroblocks, trail crews, vitamin
C, wastewater
12
news
Forest Service Technology & Development Program
PROJECT PROPOSAL
Project Name/Title:
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Date:_____________________________________________
Submitted by:_____________________________________
Unit:_____________________________________________
Address:_________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Phone:____________________ E-mail:_________________
OVERALL PROBLEM/OBJECTIVE STATEMENT (Describe the problem, how the work is currently being done, and why improvement
is needed):
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
PROPOSED TECHNOLOGY & DEVELOPMENT WORK (Describe your concept of the end product, such as a new equipment design, a
PowerPoint presentation, a video, a handbook, Web site, CD, etc.):
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
POTENTIAL BENEFITS (Describe how this project will reduce cost, save time, improve safety, increase efficiency, or improve resource
management):
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
news
Center Manager
San Dimas Technology & Development Center
444 East Bonita Ave.
San Dimas, CA 91773-3198
Phone: 909–599–1267
Fax: 909–592–2309
Center Manager
Missoula Technology & Development Center
5785 Hwy. 10 West
Missoula, MT 59808-9361
Phone: 406–329–3900
Fax: 406–329–3719
13
13
Stamp
Return address
USDA Forest Service
Missoula Technology and Development Center
5785 Hwy. 10 West
Missoula, MT 59808–9361
The Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), has developed this information for the guidance of its employees, its contractors, and its cooperating Federal and State agencies, and is not
responsible for the interpretation or use of this information by anyone except its own employees. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this document is for the information and convenience of the reader,
and
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status,
familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not
all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s
TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410,
or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
14
news