Legume Seed Source
Decisions from Common
Garden Traits and Genetically
Differentiated Groups
Shaun Bushman
Doug Johnson
Kishor Bhattarai
1
Decision paradigm for seed zones
Agronomic Performance:
Economical seed production
Few sources (consistent need)
Ecological considerations:
Appropriate for locale
Survive and establish
Cryptic adaptability (1 in 20)
Climate change considerations
• Genetic structures indicates genetic isolation.
• Phenotypic characterization shows plant performance and
likelihood of adaptability.
Three legumes we love
Astragalus filipes (basalt milkvetch)
Dalea ornata (western prairie clover)
Dalea searlsiae (Searl’s prairie clover)
Astragalus filipes
• 67 collections, 2 common gardens, and
AFLP markers.
• Most phenotypic traits were correlated.
• Site elevation affected phenotypes and
genotypes.
• Peripheral collections showed genetic
isolation.
Genetically differentiated groups
Genetically differentiated groups
Light gray and black
= OR, WA, CA
Gray = ID-ish
dotted = central NV
• Bayesian clustering shows how collections relate to each other.
• Above is a 5-group test.
• The smaller bars within each collection is the % of coancestry of the
individual plants.
White = BC
Phenotypic assessments of adaptive traits
Combined
traits
Biomass
Seed yield
Seed weight
HRT
SFL
Crude protein
Mortality
PC1
PC2
loadings
loadings
0.94296
-0.00719
0.86839
0.0956
0.5002
0.71312
0.79667
-0.35545
0.93034
-0.12901
-0.66877
0.46767
-0.62771
-0.45086
biomass
seed yield
# flowers (SFL)
plant height (HRT)
crude protein
winter mortality
seed
weight
(yield)
PC1
PC2
Elevation
-0.71**
0.36**
Longitude
-0.49**
0.11 ns
Latitude
0.46**
-0.47**
Max
-0.19 ns
-0.14 ns
Min
0.25*
-0.35**
MM
0.28*
0.26*
Higher elevation correlates to lower
PC1 loadings.
So higher elevation sites might have:
Lower
Higher
biomass
crude protein
seed yield
winter mortality
# flowers
plant height
Will releases be able to survive
elevation ~400 m
NBR-1 from elevations 1,000 m – 1,600 m
elevation ~2000 m
Dalea ornata
Genetically differentiated groups
Deschutes River collections = 9,10,14,16,23,25 (black)
John Day River collections = 17,20,22 (white)
Genetically differentiated groups
Phenotypic assessments of adaptive traits
Traits
Dry matter yield (Millville)
Dry matter yield (Hyde Park)
Inflorescence weight
Plant height
No. of infl. (Hyde Park)
Foliage diameter
Flowering date
No. of infl. (Millville)
Eigenvalue
Cumulative proportion
PC 1
0.8020
0.9253
0.9487
0.2689
0.8411
0.5513
-0.5481
0.9462
4.6787
0.5848
PC2
0.5159
0.1674
-0.0432
0.7929
-0.2723
-0.2663
0.6615
-0.0027
1.5073
0.7733
PC 3
0.1016
0.2050
0.1400
-0.3414
-0.3810
0.6987
0.4110
-0.1603
1.0165
0.9003
PC1 = biomass
flower weight
# of flowers / plant
PC2 = plant height
flowering date
PC3 = foliage diameter
Groups I and II are Deschutes and
John Day intermingled.
Three correlation approaches
Elev
MeanT
Precip
Biom_MV Biom_NP
W_FL
FL_M
HT
FL_N
DI
Emer_F ADF
NDF
CP
-0.39645
-0.38882 -0.00373 0.01066 -0.04288 0.15142 -0.10335 -0.50112 -0.02134 0.22711 0.09291
0.0551
0.0604 0.9862 0.9606 0.8423
0.48 0.6308 0.0126 0.9211 0.2859 0.6659
0.22896
0.2818
-0.16932
0.429
Elev
Factor1
Factor2
Factor3
0.03415 -0.28611 -0.32353 0.26969 -0.4955 -0.15079 0.82456 -0.04261 -0.18187 -0.16887
0.8741 0.1753
0.123 0.2025 0.0138 0.4819 <.0001 0.8433
0.395 0.4302
-0.08218
0.7026
0.1185 -0.03792 -0.42892 -0.04762 0.50226 -0.22679 0.28577 -0.27772 -0.24459
0.5813 0.8604 0.0365 0.8251 0.0124 0.2866 0.1758 0.1889 0.2494
MeanT
Precip
-0.072
-0.265
0.024
0.738
0.210
0.913
-0.430
0.711
-0.476
0.036
<.0001
0.019
-0.436
0.366
0.404
0.033
0.078
0.050
Original variables
Dry matter yield, Millville
Dry matter yield, Hyde Park
Inflorescence weight
No. of inflorescence, Hyde Park
No. of inflorescence, Millville
Plant height
Foliage diameter
Flowering date
PHEN1
-0.29
-0.10
0.26
0.48
0.29
-0.28
0.15
-0.85
PHEN2
-0.39
-0.71
-0.47
-0.58
-0.54
0.31
-0.37
0.41
Precipitation
Temperature
Elevation
CLIM1
0.39
-1.00
0.85
CLIM2
0.03
0.00
0.51
Release strategies (D. ornata)
Flowering date was also able to predict the genetic groups with 100%
accuracy using discriminant analysis.
Basing seed releases on genetic
structures also accounts for the trait
with adaptive significance.
Collection 9 from
the Deschutes
group.
Collection 4 from
the large group
Development of 2 PVGs are underway.
Dalea searlsiae
Genetically differentiated groups
Red group – southern Utah
Collection 3 is a mixture
Green group – Wendover area
Common garden
Traits
1.5
Second principal component score
20
1.0
3
5
26
7
14
0.5
12
8
17
13
10
0.0
18
16
-1.0
11
15
23
9
-1.5
-2.0
21
-2.5
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
First principal component score
2.0
2.5
PC2
PC3
Dry matter yield, Hyde Park
Dry matter yield, Millville
0.766
0.852
0.279
0.240
0.347
-0.148
No. of inflorescences, Hyde Park
0.591
0.292
0.651
No. of inflorescences (2007), Millville
No. of inflorescences (2008), Millville
0.756
0.581
0.219
-0.087
0.540
0.597
Inflorescence weight
0.937
0.168
0.210
-0.042
-0.308
-0.898
Plant height
No. of stems
0.454
0.427
0.442
0.225
-0.142
0.407
Foliage diameter
0.668
0.198
0.417
Acid detergent fiber
Neutral detergent fiber
0.268
0.068
0.766
0.927
0.439
0.085
-0.256
-0.751
-0.178
Eigenvalue
4.43
2.70
2.66
Cumulative proportion
0.63
0.75
0.86
Flowering time
25
-0.5
PC1
Crude protein
biomass
# of flowers
flower weight
foliage diameter
flowering
date
forage quality
traits
Correlated traits
Original variables
Dry matter yield, Hyde Park
Dry matter yield, Millville
No. of inflorescence, Hyde Park
No. of inflorescence (2007), Millville
No. of inflorescence (2008), Millville
Inflorescence weight
Flowering time
Plant height
No. of stems
Foliage diameter
Acid detergent fiber
Neutral detergent fiber
Crude protein
PHEN1
0.5925
0.4497
0.4977
0.5572
0.2838
0.634
-0.2923
0.2846
0.2117
0.3862
0.1653
0.288
-0.3553
Elevation
Temperature
Precipitation
CLIM1
0.2573
-0.2829
0.8901
No trait has a very high
correlation. Precipitation
affects most of the traits
to a moderate extent.
Should it be considered?
Genetic distance was
correlated to precipitation
r = 0.43, P < 01.
Release strategies (D. searlsiae)
• Single collections from each
genetic group.
-collection 14 from southern Utah
-collection 21 from Wendover area
-collection ?? from Nevada
2nd to the last slide
Agronomic Performance:
Economical, consistent, vigorous.
Ecological considerations:
Appropriate, adaptable.
A good step forward toward developing appropriate,
adaptable, and productive seed from native legumes.
Many Thanks
Great Basin Native Plant Selection and Increase
Project