• Human Anatomy
– Study of human body structure (morphology)
and the relationships of body parts
• Physiology
– Study of body functions
• Gross Anatomy
– Study of macroscopic body structures
• Systemic anatomy
– Body parts organized according to their
functions
• Regional anatomy
– Structures located in a specific body
region
• Surface anatomy
– Body features that can be observed or
felt (palpated)
Microscopic Anatomy
• Cytology
– Study of cells (e.g. PAP smear, fine
needle aspirate)
• Histology
– Study of tissue sections, cut thin and
stained
Other Branches of Anatomy
• Developmental anatomy
– Study of changes of the body throughout
lifespan and the effects of aging
• Embryology
– Study of how body structures form and
develop before birth
• Pathology
– Studies the structural changes in cells,
tissues, and organs caused by disease.
Levels of Structural Complexity
• Homeostasis
– Interaction of organ systems which maintain a
constant internal environment while enduring
fluctuations both internal and external.
Body Systems
• Your objective is to be able to state the
general function and components of each
of the following:
• Anatomical
position
Directional and Regional Terms
Body Planes
and Sections
Body Cavities
Microscopic Anatomy
• Dissecting microscope
– 4X, 3D
– Gross inspection
• Light microscopy
– 10X to 1000X, 2D
– Stained sections
• TEM
– 1,000,000X, 2D
– Micro cellular detail
• SEM
– 50,000X, 3D
Medical Imaging Techniques
•
•
•
•
•
Radiography (X-ray)
Tomography (CT scan)
Ultrasonography (ultrasound, sonography)
Scintigraphy
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
X-ray
Computed Axial Tomography (CAT)
Ultrasonography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Chapter 2:
The Cell
Chapter 4: Tissues
• Tissues – “to weave”
– Cells that are organized into layers or groups
whose size, shape, arrangement and function
are similar.
• 4 Major Types
– Epithelial (covering)
– Connective (support)
– Muscle (movement)
– Nerve (control)
Epithelium Tissue
•
•
Covers all inner and
outer body surfaces
Characteristics
– Rapidly growing,
regenerative
– Avascular
– Secretions (glands)
– Absorption (gut)
– Excretion (gut)
– Filtering (kidney)
– Sensory (innervated)
Classification of Epithelia
• Simple
– single layer
• Stratified
– More than one layer
• Squamous
– “plate like”, wider than
tall
• Cuboidal
– Cubes, about as wide
as tall
• Columnar
– Taller than wide
Epithelial Tissues
•
•
•
•
•
•
Simple squamos
Simple cubodial
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
Stratified squamos
Transitional
Mesothelium; Meso = middle, lining of body cavities
Endothelium; Endo = inner, lining blood and lymph vessels, heart lining