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Information for Forest Sector POlicy 1
Klaus Janz2
Reidar Persson 3
Abstract-Information for forest resources management, conservation and development at national/state level is often insufficient.
At the same time existing forest resources information is poorly
used. This is particularly but not exclusively ·true of developing
countries. There are several reasons for this. Institutions for the
formulation and implementation of forest sector policies are weak.
Dialogue between producers and users of information is insufficient
or absent. Information gathering is seen as a merely technical
problem. For the reasons mentioned the mechanism to formulate
the questions to be answered in the political process are often
absent. The visible result that forest inventory specialists can
often observe is that inventory fmdings are simply not used.
It is proposed that increased emphasis is needed on interaction
between policy development and implementation on one side and
information gathering on the other side. For this an analysis
function is needed that organizes existing information from various
sources, has knowledge of data sources and data quality and
provides a capability to undertake ad hoc studies on request. This
function should also serve as a link between data collection and
data use. By assisting users (public and private policy/decision
makers) with tailor-made information and studies on request it
acquires knowledge about the problems and needs of the user
community. By interacting with data collecting organizations it can
feed back to those its knowledge about current and emerging
information needs. It can thus help identifying gaps in data collection as well as research needs.
Analysis of consequences of political action or non-action is
presented as example of a demanding use of forest sector information. Obstacles to relevant information gathering and smooth
interaction are discussed. Among them the attitude of governments and of various stakeholders to consider information as a
potentially dangerous instrument of power.
The Problem
Information for forest resources management, conservation and development at national/state level is often
insufficient. At the same time existing forest resources
information is poorly used. There are several reasons for
Ipaper presented at the North American Science Symposium: Toward a
Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem
Resources, Guadalajara, Mexico, November 1-6,1998.
2Klaus Janz is Project Manager for a Capacity Building Program in
Forest Policy Formulation and related Data Collection at the National Board
of Forestry, S-55183 Jonkoping,Sweden. Phone: +46-36-15 57 27; Fax: +4636-1661 70; e-mail: klaus.janZ@Svo.se
3Reidar Persson is Assistant Director General, Center for International
Forestry Research, CIFOR, P. O. Box 6596 JKPWB, Jakarta 10065 Indonesia.
Phone: +62-251-622622 or 622070, ext 110; Fax: +62-251-622 100; e-mail:
r. persson@cgnet.com
USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-12. 1999
this apparently paradox situation. Institutions for the
formulation and implementation of forest sector policies
are weak. Dialogue between producers and users of information is insufficient or absent. Information gathering is
seen as a merely technical problem. For the reasons mentioned there are often no mechanisms to formulate the
questions that need to be answered in the political process.
The visible result that forest inventory specialists frequently
observe is that inventory findings are simply not used.
This is in essence the problem that my co-author and I take
up in this paper. We restrict the discussion to the national
and state levels and we think of situations in developing
countries. But much of what we say has validity for developed countries as well.
Our views are based on observations made during many
years' national and international work in the field of forest
inventbry and forest policy. The message we want to convey
is that we forest inventory people have to broaden our field
of interest and get more involved in the process of forest
policy making.
The need for a strong linkage between forest inventory on
one side and forestry planning and policy making in a
country on the other side has been discussed on several
occasions (FAO 1994 and Janz 1993). A forest inventory
without use or a forest policy without supporting data,
serve little purpose. A close integration ofthe two activities
is most desirable for the development of the forestry sector.
It is also important to highlight that the task of inventory
experts is not to make policy or plans but to support planners
and policy makers in making informed decisions. In an ideal
world, inventories will be designed in anticipation of problems to be solved and not otherwise; and planners would
make decisions using forest resources information.
What we say is nothing new. The Rio Conference and its
follow-up processes have highlighted the shortcomings mentioned. AGENDA 21, in its CHAPTER 11, problem area D,
has given the following diagnosis: "Assessment and systematic observations are essential components of long-term
planning, for evaluating effects, quantitatively and qualitatively, and. for rectifying inadequacies. This mechanism,
however, is one of the often neglected aspects of forest
resources, management, conservation and development. In
many cases, even the basic information related to the area
and type of forests, existing potential and volume of harvest
is lacking. In many developing countries, there is a lack of
structures and mechanisms to carry out these functions.
There is an urgent need to rectify this situation for a better
understanding of the role and importance of forests and to
realistically plan for their effective conservation, management, regeneration, and sustainable development."
The UN-CSD Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF)
has formulated demands on National Forestry Programs
139
and national systems for collection of data. In one of he
relevant paragraphs we read:
B1(b) (The PaneL.) "encouraged all countries, where
appropriate and step by step, to improve national forest
resources assessments, forest statistics and the capacity to
analyze and make proper use of forest resources information, and encouraged donor countries and international
organizations to support these initiatives;"
We can note an emphasis on linking assessment with
long-term planning and evaluating effects and on improving
the capacity to analyze and make proper use of forest
resources information. Ideally, gathering, organizing, disseminating, analyzing and using information should come
in one logical chain in which each link is made to fit the
others.
Why is Information Needed?
At national and state level the need for information is
almost exclusively related to the formulation and implementation offorest sector policies and strategies and to monitoring their impacts. The political process involves a number of
steps which all require information: Public debate, problem
identification, formulating options for political action and
analyzing the consequences of such action. Following these
steps informed decision-making and, finally, implementation can take place. Stakeholders and the general public can
only participate in the process, if reasonably correct and
complete information exists and is readily available. A good
information base is, therefore, a requirement of democracy.
In a good political process much attention is given to
consensus building. Effective implementation of a political
program can hardly be thought of without consensus
among the stakeholders regarding the main program components. It is easiest to build such consensus stepwise:
Consensus on basic facts regarding the forest resource and
the utilization of forests; consensus on the nature of the
major political problems; consensus on which options there
are to solve the problems; conse'nsus on the consequences of
different political programs. All this requires information of
increasing complexity.
The critical importance of information for a successful
political process has been highlighted by one of the intersessional activities of the UN-CSD Intergovernmental Panel
on Forests, namely the Intergovernmental Workshop on
The Process of Consensus Building, held under a SwedishUgandan Initiative 1996 (Sida & Ministry of Nat. Res.,
Uganda 1996). The Synthesis Report from this workshop
states: "There cannot be consensus unless the competing
claims on land are understood and agreed upon by the
interested parties. Understanding these claims expedites
convergence of opinion and hence orientation towards common vision and goals. This implies that all the basic facts
have to be known and presented in a transparent manner
before decisions that are acceptable to all and can stand the
test of time, can be made." The same report also notes
"The process of consensus building ... must always be based
on good knowledge of the actual land uses and on the
different options for future use of land."
140
What Information is Needed?
Information gathering should be demand driven. What is
the demand, from where does it come and how do we know it?
At national and state levels it is the political process in
a wide sense that generates most of the demand for information. A good way to approach the question 'what information is needed' is to examine what information we need to
analyze consequences of political action. Such analysis is
very demanding in terms of information. What satisfies the
needs for analysis of consequences will satisfy many or most
other needs with regard to formulating policies and strategies and to planning their implementation.
Analysis of Consequences
Analysis of consequences is a necessary part of the political process. It considers optional action programs that have
been designed and answers the question what happens if a
given program is implemented. Box 1 intends to illustrate
what this means.
In conjunction with an analysis ofthe kind described here
a number of questions will also arise related to stakeholders
and their driving forces: Who are the stakeholders, how will
in particular forest owners respond to various changes such
as changes in wood prices, other prices, taxation, training,
extension service, financial support, progress in agricultural techniques, changes in the market for agricultural
products and roadnet? In a country with much private forest
ownership, how will the response from the owners differ
between young and old, big and small, those living where the
forest is and those living far away and those having forestry
as their dominating source of income and those living from
other sources, mainly? How will local populations be affected
by changes in the forest? How are decisions made in a
village? Some of these questions are not usually considered
to be the subject of forest administrations. They cut across
sectors, and there we have one of the more serious problems
with information gathering for forest sector policy.
The analysis of consequences as outlined here is complex
and very demanding in terms of base data and techniques.
It is in this context the most difficult questions to data
collection will be formulated. Certainly information gathering for forestry planning is far more than forest inventory.
We, the forest inventory community, can only cover our part
of the whole. But we should be more aware of the linkages
and more involved in dialogue vertically, with politicians
and those who do things in the forest, and horizontally, with
other sectors of society, including research.
Monitoring
An important activity is monitoring the result of new
policies and strategies. Here we encounter the problem of
measuring change. The object of interest may be area
change, e.g. area of plantations, or change in activities, such
as silvicultural or harvesting activities. In our example
above the interest will be changes in key characteristics of
young forests. In the long run changes in volume or biomass
USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-12. 1999
Box 1.-Analysis of consequences
In the political process a problem is identified. Let us assume it is poor status of young forests.
At a later stage in the process options for solutions will be designed, e.g. different programs to
promote the establishing of better young forests. Programs may incl ude information campaigns,
legislation, research, as well as financial incentives. There is then a need to estimate the
consequences of optional programs.
A simple example: Politicians design programs for improving the quality of young forests and
wish to know the wood supply possibilities at different points in the future assuming implementation of the programs. The quality of regeneration measures can be influenced by forest policy
tools such as extension services, implementation of legal regulations, as well as subsidies and
taxation. Revamp those political tools and make assumptions as to their impact on various types
of forest owners. Study previous experience in this field. Use forest research to find realistic
relationships between type and quality of regeneration measures on one side and biological
response to regeneration measures on the other side.
are of interest. Certainly some of the observations needed for
such monitoring are not in the mainstream of forest inventory, but will require quite special techniques. The developing country environment will call for particularly creative
approaches.
What is Wrong? _ _ _.______
There is agreement that the political process requires a
solid basis of information. Without this the seeking of political solutions is blind, and working for consensus has no
meaning. In reality however, the following is often the case:
• public debate is ill-informed and therefore easily mislead;
• problem identification is not based on relevant facts or
on studies based on such facts;
• the same is true for the specification of options for
political action;
• analyses of consequences suffer from insufficient knowledge base or are not at all undertaken;
• information related to forest resources is kept in confidential government files and not .used to promote informed public debate or informed cooperation across
sectors of society;
• finally we cannot take for granted that knowledge-based
policy formulation is what a given government wants.
The agenda of the powerful can be quite something else.
National Forest Inventories are used to collect information about a country's forest resources. The information
produced is strategic in nature, serving planning at country
or state level. Thus the political process can be said to be a
main client of National Forest Inventories. Insight into
this process and its information needs should govern design
and information content of the inventories. This, however, is
seldom the case. We observe that a clear link to national
forest policy is missing. The design and information content
of such inventories are often influenced by ideas from preinvestment surveys, from traditional forest inventories in
developed countries, from management plan inventories
etc. The reason for undertaking a national forest inventory
may be that a donor is willing to provide funds for it. In
USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-12. 1999
another case the background to undertaking a national
forest inventory may be a forest policy problem such as
deforestation. To fight the problem is a complex matter of
many sectors of economy and involves changing living conditions and behaviors of many. There is a general notion
that 1I\.ore information is needed to attack the problem. In
this situation a forest inventory is asked for as a one shot
operation and without formulating the questions that have
to be answered in the political process. The inventory in such
a case may give a welcome impression of activity and may be
attractive to donors but has little chance to produce the
results needed.
Yet another common problem is that forest inventory is
done in one office and production and trade statistics in
another, with insufficient interaction between them. The
result is that we may have statistics about wood utilization,
but don't know how much standing volume is needed to
make up for it. There is no translation between the results
of forest yield studies and utilization statistics. Those who
have tried to compare the two know that the differences are
significant.
Findings from some targeted studies can confirm the
picture just given:
In conjunction with the global forest resources assessment
1990 FAO examined the status of forest inventories in
tropical countries and summarized its findings in table 1.
Table 1.-State of forest inventory in the tropics in 1990
Number of countries with forest resources data at national level
Total number of countries considered
Forest area information
No assessment
One assessment Abefore 1980
),;1980-1990
More than one assessment
Information on
Plantations
Volume & biomass
Harvesting & use
90
3
39
27
21
24
18
15
Adapted from FAO 1993
141
The FAD report (1993) presents the following comments
on the table:
• There is considerable variation among regions with
respect to completeness and quality of the information.
• There is considerable variation in the timeliness of
the information. The data is about ten years old, on
average.
• There are some countries which have carried out more
than one assessment. These countries, however, have
not used appropriate techniques, such as continuous
forest inventory design, for change assessment.
• Only a few countries have reliable estimates of actual
plantations, harvest and utilization, although such estimates are essential for national forestry planning and
policy-making.
• No country has carried out a national forest inventory
containing information that can be used to generate
reliable estimates of the total woody biomass volume
and its changes.
Table 1 refers to the status in 1990. Since that time forest
inventory activity in developing countries as a whole has
dropped further (communication from FAD).
Co-author Persson has analyzed the system for collecting
forest information and its relation to important policy issues
in some Asian countries. The following are highlights from
the findings.
-National Inventory: Most countries analyzed do have
some kind of National Forest Inventory. They are rarely
continuous inventories. They are very often designed to fit a
special technique.
-Areas: The area information is often based on remote
sensing. Often visual interpretation of LANDSAT-TM is
being used. With this technique it is difficult to identify
areas smaller than 25 ha. Available information is often
more than ten years old.
-Area of plantations: In most countries plantations are
thought to become the main source of wood in the future.
Ambitious plantation programs are often taking place. But
hardly any country has good information about plantations.
This is because plantations are often made in small lots
and in the form of lines or belts. The standard remote
sensing techniques normally used for inven tory cannot identify such plantations. Virtually nothing is known about
growth and yield of plantations. Although plantations are
often the main thrust of the forest policy no monitoring
systems are in place that can tell the success of plantation
programs.
-Changes: In most countries deforestation and rapid
changes in land use are considered to be important forestry
problems. Nevertheless reliable information about the
changes taking place is rare. To learn about the size and
the character of changes requires continuous inventory.
But most inventories so far have been unrelated one-shot
undertakings.
-Fuelwood production: In most countries fuelwood is
the dominating forest product. In spite of this hardly anything is known about fuelwood removals. The difference between the highest and the lowest guesstimate in a country can
have the magnitude 4: 1. Technically it is very difficult to collect
information about fuelwood. What is consumed is biomass of
142
which fuelwood is just a part. The use of biomass and its
composition vary also over the year and between districts.
-Production of industrial wood: Very little is known
about the production of industrial wood. The figures given
are often planned production (Annual Allowable Cut). Actual production is often much higher.
-Non-wood forest products: Occasionally we notice
sca ttered sta tis tics about non -wood forest products reaching
the market. However, non-wood forest products playa major
role locally for the subsistence of many rural people. The
where and what and how much of this and the relationships
with other land uses are in most cases unknown. What is
known is fragmentary and rarely helpful for policy-making.
-Biological diversity: This topic receives high attention in public debate. Nevertheless there is little systematic
information about status and change in this field. Research
is going on and perhaps practical methods will be developed.
But will the methods be used? At present even good information about forest area is lacking in most countries although
methods to estimate areas have been known for hundreds of
years.
-Monitoring: Most countries have no systems for following up what the impact is of different political measures.
We have already mentioned plantations. Their area, type,
success rate, growth rate and intended and actual use are
poorly known or unknown. Further examples are changes in
quality of the forests, and reduction of illegal fellings.
-Supply driven information: The inventory method
used often decides which information is collected. The method
is chosen before the questions are formulated.
-In summary: There is a wide gap between information
needed and information actually collected. Decisions about
which information to collect seem often to be based on
tradition. Needs assessments are rare. In most countries the
lack of information and knowledge makes it difficult to
formulate policies and strategies. It is rarely known to what
degree policies and programs are being implemented.
What Can be Done?
Progress requires a commitment by the Government towards sustainable development of the forestry sector. The
policy-making and the strategy development that emanate
from such commitment will generate the questions that
should be answered by national forest inventories and other
providers of information.
An Analysis Function
Much of what has been said above about information
needs and about shortcomings in meeting them points at
the need for an analysis function. In the process of
policymaking a function is needed that organizes existing
information from various sources, has knowledge of data
sources and data quality and provides a capability to undertake ad hoc studies on request. This function should also
serve as a link between data collection and data use. By
assisting users (policy/decision makers) with tailor-made
information and studies on request it acquires knowledge
about the problems and needs of the user community. By
interacting with data collecting organizations it can feed
USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-12. 1999
them with its knowledge about current and emerging information needs. It can thus help identifying gaps in data
collection as well as research needs. The unit could even
anticipate policy issues or problems and discuss them with
all stakeholders and provide timely support to the inventory
unit in making meaningful survey designs and later in
effective use of collected data. Main aims of an analysis unit
can be summarized in the following points:
• Support to policy development
• Support to policy implementation and evaluation
• Contribution to the development of national knowledge
systems
Box 2 shows typical tasks/activities of an analysis function
Institutional Set-up for an Aanalysis Function-The
institutional set-up has importance for the possibilities of an
analysis function to work well. In order to create a working
unit for this purpose is usually possible to use existing
organizational structures. What is needed may often be to
concentrate scattered existing activities in one place. It
seems recommendable to assign the tasks described to an
identified group with sufficient critical mass to allow building up of institutional memory. It seems also advantageous
to associate the unit with an institution that has some
degree of autonomy. This may facilitate the interaction with
a wider group including inventory unit, statistical office,
policy makers, planners and other stakeholders involved in
or likely to contribute to solving a problem under discussion.
What has been described here is not a theoretical construction. Sweden has practical experience of an analysis
function since several decades. Experience tells us that longterm political commitment is needed to make such a function
working well, that it takes decades to build up necessary
know-how and that institutional memory is important.
....•.
An example of Policy Studies for a District of India-Singh (1998) has outlined Terms of Reference for what
he calls an "Analysis and Evaluation Unit" for India. It
should be stressed that there is no request from the Government ofIndia behind this. The value of the outline is that an
experienced person has made an attempt to describe the
aims and activities of such a unit and the implications of
establishing it in a developing country. Singh has worked for
more than 20 years in FAO's forest resources assessment
program and is now at Harvard's Center for International
Development. In his paper he presents the following example of an analysis of consequences of political options for
a civil district in India.
Building of scenarios at the national level in a large
country like India is fraught with the danger of becoming too
general. The situation differs from district to district (and
village to village) in relation to fuelwood and fodder. It may
be noted that in 1991 of the 413 districts, only 40 districts
had a forest cover of more than 50 per cent, while 187
districts had forest cover less than 10%. This shows the need
for a location specific approach.
Keeping the above facts in view, a model study was
implemented in the Adilabad district of Andhra Pradesh
State, which has still today 40% of the forest cover. The
purpose was to derive some policy inferences from the study.
Fortunately for Adilabad district, comprehensive forest inventory data for the years 1973 and 1995 is available. A set
USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-12. 1999
Box 2.-Tasks of an Analysis Function
• Create and maintain an overview of forestry related information
that may be scattered in many hands. Example: information on
supply and demand of forest products and services
• Undertake ad hoc studies to support formulation and implementation of forest policy, jn particular analyses of consequences of
political action
• Based on user contacts identify information needs not covered
•
Based on contacts with producers of information serve users
with tailor-made information, including information from multiple
sources
• Ensure comparability between information coming from different sources
• Compile and disseminate standard forest sector related information, e.g. in a statistical yearbook
• Take responsibility for international exchange of information
of four scenarios was studied using the available forest
resources and socio-economic data and the FAO Area Production Model. Effort was made to make the assumptions as
realistic as possible. The model uses simulation and represents a-low-sophistication thinking aid for planning and for
discussion with stakeholders.
Main assumptions of the model are the following:
Scenario
Supply -side
Assumptions
Demand -side
Assumptions
00
No change
No change
04
- Improvement of wood
production on agricultural
land; and
- Establishment of 100 000 ha
of fuel wood plantations
No change
30
34
No change
- Improvement of wood
production on agricultural
land; and
- Establishment of 100 000 ha
of fuel wood plantations
- Reduction of population
growth rate; and
- Reduction of 2% per
year of woody biomass
demand per capita
- Reduction of population
growth rate; and
- Reduction of 2% per
year of woody biomass
demand per capita
The result of analysis using Area Production Model is
presented in figure 1. As a basis for more detailed discussion
the following conclusions could be drawn from the study: i)
Even in a district like Adilabad with a forest cover of 40%
today, a long-term program is essential to balance the
supply with the demand. In the best case the time is about
25 years. ii) Both increasing production and controlling
consumption are necessary. This suggests the need for
intersectoral integration in the local development planning. iii) The program for forest plantations must be high
yielding to achieve self-reliance in the shortest time. iv)
The establishment and development of plantations must be
secured with people participation. Control of grazing and
illicit removals are a must. v) Adequate finance on a
143
0.0 i-+-t-t~l-t-t-+++-t-t~l-t-t-+++-H-t-I-t-+-+-t-t-H
I
-0.5
-1.0
I
-1.5
-2.0
J
-2.5
-3.0
I
-3.5
Year
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
2013
2017
2021
Figure 1.-Fuelwood deficit (million m3 )
continuing and long-term basis must be secured. This will
call for an effective, creditworthy and efficient management
environment.
In a next round of discussions one may introduce issues
such as substitution of other fuels for wood, driving forces
for tree plantation, ownership and tenureship. Users of the
model will have to quantify the implications of such issues.
Conclusion (iii), above, may lead to questioning the desirability of single-purpose fuelwood plantations. Who wants
them, who protects them, which competing claims on land
are there, and which alternatives can be thought of?
Monitoring
The need for change assessment has been pointed out,
e.g. to monitor deforestation, land degradation and the
success rates of plantations. In developing countries continuous forest inventory using permanent field plots has
usually failed. Therefore remote sensing based approaches
seem to be the only viable solution. The need to observe
many, even non-traditional variables and the need for high
resolution (plantations in small lots) pose a challenge in this
connection. In some countries comparisons are being made
between satellite data taken at intervals. FAO has refined
and successfully applied this technique. It can furnish reliable time series of forest cover state and change estimates
for any unit of area (FAO, 1996). However, there are many
pitfalls. To really produce good information requires good
organization (e.g. data from same season, same person to
interpret all compared data sets from one locality in one
operation).
Ongoing and Planned Activities
(1) In 1996 the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) has adopted a training program
"Capacity building in developing forest sector policies and
144
strategies and related organization and collection of data".
One training course per year of5-7 weeks' duration has been
arranged, addressed to people in the interface between
forest policy and related data collection. The experience from
the program is good. Interest in developing countries is
growing. The program has now even a follow-up component.
(2) Intersessional workshops in the framework of the UNCSD Intergovernmental Panel (now Forum) on Forests: A
Uganda-Sweden workshop on Consensus Building has
been held in 1996 and a corresponding Vietnam-Sweden
workshop on Knowledge-based Forestry is planned for 1999.
The workshops have significance for the theme of this paper.
(3) FAO in its Global Forest Resources Assessment Program distinguishes four components, one of them being
capacity building to "bolster countries ability to acquire
their own assessments of forest resources and use these
results in developing national policies and strategies". The
need to link assessment with policy is clearly expressed
(FAO 1997).
Conclusions ------------------------------We can conclude by noting that there are still many
shortcomings regarding the supply of relevant information
to planning within the forest sector. Above all there is too
little dialogue between inventory and policy making. But
awareness is raising and there are now a number of promising activities and approaches that can improve the situation. We hope this exposure of ideas can help increasing the
attention given to the problems addressed and stimulate
further actors to contribute to their solution. Also we would
very much welcome making some new contacts with people
who work in the same direction and with whom we can join
forces.
Literature Cited
F AO, 1993: Forest Resources Assessment 1990. Tropical countries.
Forestry Paper No 112. 101 pages
FAO, 1994: A Review ofFAO's Achievements in Forest Resources
Assessment and a Strategy for Future Development. Based on an
Auto-Review by KD. Singh and K Janz, Forestry Department.
39 pages
FAO, 1996: Forest Resources Assessment 1990 - Survey of tropical
forest cover and study of change processes. Forestry Paper No
130. 152 pages
FAO, 1997: A Strategic Plan for Global Forest Resources Assessments. Forestry Department, 11 December 1997. 44 pages
Janz, K, 1993: World forest resources assessment 1990: an overview. Unasylva No 174, Vol. 44. 7 pages
Sida (Sweden) & Ministry ofNatural Resources, Forest Department
(Uganda), 1996: The Process of Consensus Building. The Swedish-Ugandan Initiative. Intergovernmental Workshop in
Stockholm of Experts on Sustainable Forestry and Land Use, 1418 October 1996. Vol. III: Synthesis Report. 44 pages
Singh, KD., 1998: Establishment of an Analysis and Evaluation
Unit (as a part of country capacity building in forest resources
assessment). Manuscript, 5 pp.
USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-12. 1999