Abstract —‘Lassen’ antelope bitterbrush is recommended for restoring depleted rangelands, burned areas, mined lands, and other disturbed sites in the Intermountain West. Lassen was selected for its seedling vigor, upright growth habit, seed production, productivity, and retention of overwintering leaves. Selection trials indicate Lassen is adapted to antelope bitterbrush sites receiving 300 to 600 mm of precipitation at elevations ranging from 900 to 1,800 m. Best growth occurs on deep, coarse, well-drained, neutral to slightly acidic soils. Productive Lassen plantings have been established on such sites in northeastern
California, eastern Oregon, and central and southern Idaho.
Antelope bitterbrush ( Purshia tridentata [Pursh] DC.) is a widely distributed shrub of western rangelands, occurring from British Columbia to California and eastward from Montana to New Mexico. It grows at elevations from near sea level to 3,500 m on sites receiving 200 to 850 mm of annual precipitation (Giunta and others 1978; Nord
1965). Antelope bitterbrush, a member of the rose family, occurs as a community dominant and in other vegetation types ranging from blackbrush ( Coleogyne ramosissima
Torr.) to big sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata Nutt.), oak brush ( Quercus gambelii Nutt.), mountain brush, pinyonjuniper ( Pinus L.Juniperus L.), lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loudon), and ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Lawson) and occasionally on exposed highelevation ridges with limber pine ( Pinus flexilis [James]
Rydb.). It commonly occurs on deep, coarse-textured, well-drained, neutral to slightly acidic soils. Some stands, however, grow on shallow, fine-textured soils that may be quite alkaline (Giunta and others 1978).
Antelope bitterbrush populations differing in site requirements, seedling vigor, growth habit, and morphological characteristics have evolved as a result of intraspecific differentiation and recent and likely ongoing introgression with Stansbury cliffrose ( Cowania stansburiana Torr.)
(Jabbes and Brunsfeld 1993; McArthur and others 1983;
Stutz and Thomas 1964). A number of extensive, productive, and easily accessible populations are regularly harvested by wildland seed collectors and sold to buyers throughout the Intermountain, Southwest, and Pacific
Northwest regions. An understanding of the ecology and range of adaptability of these and other populations is needed to aid in prescribing seed sources for planting projects and to manage natural and seeded stands.
In: Roundy, Bruce A.; McArthur, E. Durant; Haley, Jennifer S.; Mann,
David K., comps. 1995. Proceedings: wildland shrub and arid land restoration symposium; 1993 October 19-21; Las Vegas, NV. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-
GTR-315. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station.
Nancy L. Shaw and Stephen B. Monsen are Botanists, Intermountain
Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, stationed at Boise, ID, and Provo, UT, respectively.
364
Over the last 50 years, characteristics of more than
200 populations of antelope bitterbrush, desert bitterbrush ( Purshia glandulosa Curran), Stansbury cliffrose, and Apache-plume ( Fallugia paradoxa [D.Don] Endl.) have been examined in ecological studies of native stands, range seeding studies, and species adaptation trials conducted in common garden settings in the Intermountain region, in northern California, and in the Pacific Northwest (Davis 1983). The importance of antelope bitterbrush in mule deer diets and stand depletion resulting from uncontrolled livestock grazing triggered early work with the species. More recent studies have examined species and population characteristics to provide clues to their evolutionary relationships. Use of the species in wildland plantings has expanded to include soil stabilization, low maintenance landscaping, and community restoration.
The collective results of this work, plus implementation of seed certification systems being developed or adapted for wildland species by State seed certification agencies, provide an opportunity to systematically begin (1) compiling descriptions and performance data for commonly collected antelope bitterbrush populations, (2) delimiting the range of adaptability for individual populations, and
(3) providing land managers and revegetation specialists with procedures for verifying seed origin. One approach toward meeting these objectives is illustrated by the release of ‘Lassen’, a named variety of antelope bitterbrush.
Released in 1984, Lassen is a distinctive antelope bitterbrush ecotype that has been extensively planted and studied over the last 40 years. Traits of interest in revegetation work are its seed production, seedling vigor, upright growth habit, productivity, winter leafiness, and palatability (Shaw and Monsen 1986; Shaw and others
1984a,b; Soil Conservation Service 1986). Lassen is recommended for planting in depleted rangelands, burned areas, mined lands, and other disturbed sites within its area of adaptation (Monsen 1987; Monsen and Davis 1986;
Shaw and Monsen 1986).
Lassen is used by big game and livestock during all seasons and remains productive with moderate use. Mature, moderately grazed plants can provide more available forage than low, spreading forms of antelope bitterbrush, particularly when snow cover is present. The large plants provide hiding and thermal cover for many vertebrates and invertebrates. Birds, rodents, and insects consume its seeds. Lassen is an attractive shrub for low-maintenance landscaping in campgrounds, recreation areas, and along roadways. The root system contributes to soil stabilization, but mixed plantings with low-growing or spreading species may be more effective in stabilizing surface soils.

Lassen’s release resulted from cooperative efforts of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Soil Conservation Service, and the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources (Shaw and others 1984a,b). Seven State agencies in California, Idaho,
Nevada, and Oregon cooperated. Characteristics of the variety and performance data were made available to potential users through release documents, a U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service brochure, and a release announcement in Rangelands (Shaw and
Monsen 1986; Shaw and others 1984a,b; Soil Conservation Service 1986).
Lassen originates from native stands in Lassen County,
CA. The ecotype occurs in a narrow, 80-km strip along the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains extending from Susanville to drier sites near Doyle (fig. 1). Elevation at the Susanville airport is 1,250 m. Mean annual precipitation is 370 mm. The frost-free season averages
120 days with a range of 82 to 156 days. Average temperature is 9 ° C. Temperature extremes normally range from highs near 43 ° C to lows of -9 ° C, although temperatures as low as -34 ° C have been reported (Alderfer 1976;
Nord 1963, 1965; National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration 1982; Soil Conservation Service n.d.).
Native Lassen stands occupy dry lake beds, alluvial fans or terraces, and lower foothills of the Sierra Nevada
Mountains. Soils are generally deep, slightly acid to neutral, gravelly to loamy sands derived from granite (Alderfer
1976; Nord 1965; Soil Conservation Service n.d.). Permeability is high. Vegetation is dominated by basin big sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata var. tridentata ), antelope bitterbrush, and cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum L.) with ponderosa pine and Jeffrey pine ( Pinus jeffreyi Balf. in
Murray) in the foothills (Alderfer 1976; Nord 1965; Soil
Conservation Service n.d.).
Since 1954, seed collected from this area has been planted in selection trials and field plantings in northeastern California (Shaw and others 1984a,b), western
Nevada (Shaw and others 1984a,b), Utah (Davis 1983),
Idaho (Shaw and Monsen 1983; Shaw and others 1984a,b;
Welch and others 1983), and eastern Oregon (Edgerton and others 1983). Results of this work indicate Lassen has high potential for establishment on sites from 900 to
1,800 m that receive 300 to 600 mm of annual precipitation and that support, or once supported, antelope bitterbrush. It has performed well on sites with deep, coarse, well-drained, neutral to slightly acidic soils. It does not appear well adapted to basic, fine-textured, or poorlydrained soils.
Mature Lassen plants are large, leafy, upright shrubs with few basal stems, heavy lateral spur production, and long, ascending to erect leaders (Alderfer 1976) (fig. 2).
McArthur (1982) found plants growing near Janesville averaged 2.2 m in height with 3 m crowns. Nord (1962) reported a large shrub found near Janesville was 4 m tall with a crown spread of 6 m and a stem circumference of nearly 1 m, measured 0.2 m aboveground. Age of the shrub was estimated at 128 years based on a count of annual growth rings.
Figure 1 —Native Lassen stands.
365
Figure 2 —Lassen antelope bitterbrush growing near Janesville, CA.

Figure 3 —Overwintering leaves, Lassen antelope bitterbrush.
Lassen is an unusual ecotype; its vegetative and floral morphology is highly uniform and typical of pure antelope bitterbrush with little evidence of introgression with
Stansbury cliffrose (Alderfer 1976). New leader growth is pubescent. Leaves are three-lobed, gray-green to gray, and tomentose beneath. Fascicles of small, gray-green pubescent leaves persist through the winter (Shaw and
Monsen 1986; Welch and others 1983) (fig. 3). Glands on leaves are rare and their density on leaders is low (Alderfer
1976). Decumbent branches are uncommon; layering or root sprouting is rarely observed (Alderfer 1976; Nord
1965; Shaw and Monsen 1983). Gland density on the tomentulose hypanthium is variable (Alderfer 1976).
Flowers have one or very rarely two pistils and a single series of approximately 25 stamens. Achenes are pubescent and obovate.
Chromosome number for Lassen and all other antelope bitterbrush populations tested to date is 2 n = 18 (Alderfer
1976; McArthur and others 1983). Alderfer’s (1976) comparisons of 20 Oregon and northern California populations, including plants from the Janesville area, suggest a line of gene flow may have progressed from the Great Basin westward to the Cascade-Sierra Mountains in northern
California and northward into Oregon and Washington.
She suggested the Janesville population be assigned ecotypic status based on its high degree of uniformity in growth habit and morphological characteristics (Alderfer
1976; Winward and Findley 1983). The ecotype’s growth habit and other attributes are retained in offsite plantings
(Edgerton and others 1983; Monsen and Christensen
1975; Shaw and Monsen 1983; Shaw and others 1984a)
(tables 1, 2).
Lassen’s palatability and response to use have not been examined in common garden settings with other antelope bitterbrush populations. Livestock are grazed on native
Lassen stands in summer. Lassen and others (1952), studying the Doyle mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus
Rafinesque) herd, found antelope bitterbrush constituted
48.8 percent of mule deer stomach contents in October, declining to 9.6 percent in January as diets shifted to big sagebrush. Hormay (1943) recommended that use of antelope bitterbrush in northeastern California be restricted to 60 percent of current annual growth to prevent stand degredation. To preclude excessive use on any portion of the range, the California Fish and Game Commission, Interstate Deer Herd Committee (1954) suggested that average stand use not exceed 34 percent.
Winter crude protein content of 8.9 percent is considered adequate for sheep and possibly mule deer (National
Academy of Sciences 1975; Welch and others 1983).
Table 1 —Growth habit, 1977-79 grasshopper damage, and 1981 growth characteristics for one Cowania stansburiana , one Fallugia paradoxa , and eight Purshia tridentata accessions planted at the Keating Uniform Garden, Baker County, OR, in April 1976. Elevation at the
Keating Garden is 980 m, annual precipitation 300 mm, and frost-free season 145 days. Soils are fine montmorillonitic, mesic Calcic
Argixerolls of the Brownscombe series (from Edgerton and others 1983)
Species and accession
Growth habit
1977-79 grasshopper damage
Leaf area Bark area Height
1981 growth characteristics
Crown Biomass
- - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - cm - - - - - - - - g
Mortality
Percent
Cowania stansburiana
American Fork, UT
Fallugia paradoxa
Richfield, UT
Purshia tridentata
Lassen, CA
Boise Basin, ID
Fort Hall, ID
Garden Valley, ID
Hat Rock, OR
Keating, OR
Pringle Falls, OR
Warren Mt., OR
Erect
Erect
Erect
Decumbent
Semierect
Erect
Erect
Erect
Decumbent
Decumbent
32
37
34
30
42
39
35
38
87
47
12
8
5
2
4
5
5
6
9
6
80
103
88
76
61
78
83
78
47
68
91
141
127
138
124
133
144
137
106
121
452
497
824
851
490
847
799
867
164
653
3
7
0
76
7
0
0
0
0
0
366

Table 2— Growth habit and 1980 growth characteristics of one Cowania stansburiana , one Fullugia paradoxa , and five Purshia tridentata accessions planted at the Boise Shrub Garden in March 1974. Elevation at the Boise Shrub Garden is 1,000 m, annual precipitation
430 mm, and frost-free season about 126 days. Soils are gravelly, sandy loams derived from granite (Shaw and Monsen 1983)
Species and accession
Growth habit Height Crown
Leader length Shrub biomass Survival
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - cm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - g Percent
Cowania stansburiana
American Fork, UT
Fallugia paradox
Richfield, UT
Purshia tridentata
Lassen, CA
Maybell, CO
Lucky Peak, ID
Starvation Canyon, UT
Eureka, UT
Erect
Erect-diffuse
Erect
Diffuse
Erect-diffuse
Diffuse
Diffuse
115
82
122
83
106
89
108
153
108
175
176
191
186
187
6.4
6.2
5.2
3.7
5.2
2.4
5.2
43
353
454
314
345
523
372
94
60
96
100
100
100
98
Bissell and others (1955) reported crude protein content of antelope bitterbrush near Honey Lake was approximately
8.8 percent in November and 9.4 percent in March. Welch and others (1983) found winter crude protein content of available browse was 15 to 34 percent greater for Lassen compared to four other antelope bitterbrush populations planted in a common garden near Boise, ID (table 3). Percent of winter leaves equaled or exceeded values for the other four populations by as much as 156 percent, and in vitro digestibility exceeded by other values by as much as
27 percent. Winter leafiness was 3.3 times greater for two desert bitterbrush and one Stansbury cliffrose accession planted at this site. Lassen’s in vitro digestibility, however,
Table 3 —Winter crude protein level, winter leafiness and in vitro digestibility of winter forage samples from one Cowania stansburiana , one Fallugia paradoxa , two Purshia glandulosa , and five Purshia tridentata accessions grown at the Boise Shrub garden. Data expressed on a dry matter basis (from Welch and others 1983). Within columns, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 95 percent level
Species and accession
Crude protein
Winter leaves
Digested dry matter
- - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - -
Cowania stansburiana
American Fork, UT
Fallugia paradoxa
Richfield, UT
Purshia glandulosa
Mono Co., CA
Washington Co., UT
Purshia tridentata
Lassen, CA
Lucky Peak, ID
Starvation Canyon, UT
Eureka, UT
Maybell, CO
8.8cd
4.8a
9.3d
8.6cd
7.9c
6.9b
6.8b
6.6b
5.9a
47.5e
27.3d
50.5e
49.5e
15.1c
5.9a
9.0abc
13.1bc
7.4ab
37.6d
29.8b
37.0d
34.6cd
30.6bc
28.3ab
26.4ab
25.2a
24.1a
was exceeded by only two accessions and its crude protein content was exceeded by only one of these evergreen accessions.
Insects and microorganisms associated with Lassen have received little study; investigations have centered on those considered detrimental. Organisms studied and plant parts affected are listed in table 4; none are specific to this ecotype. Differential use of Lassen and other antelope bitterbrush populations by several grasshopper species in a northeastern Oregon common garden (Edgerton and others 1983) suggests increased knowledge of insect and microorganism relations may be essential to selecting appropriate seed sources for revegetation projects.
Nord (1965) reported antelope bitterbrush plants near
Doyle, CA, flowered in late April or early May and set seed in early July, with an average of 62 days from flowering to seed ripening. Shaw and Monsen (1983) monitored
Lassen plants in a common garden at an elevation of
1,000 m in Ada County, ID. Floral buds appeared in April, reaching anthesis in early to mid-May; seeds ripened in early July. During the 2 years of study, time from appearance of floral buds to seed set averaged 80 days.
Nord (1965) reported seed production of northern
California stands, including those near Janesville, was strongly influenced by the previous year’s precipitation as seeds are produced on 1-year old leaders. Leader lengths and frequency of good crops were greater in areas receiving at least 250 mm of precipitation, in drainageways, in catchment basins, and where the water table was within
5 to 8 m of the surface.
Seed collection from native Lassen stands at Janesville is facilitated by high frequencies of good seed crops,
367

Table 4 —Fungi and insects associated with Lassen antelope bitterbrush
Species
Fungi
Fusarium oxysporum Sahlecht
Pithium ultimum Trow.
Pithium irregulare Buisman
Pithium catenulatum Matthews
Insects
Aulocara elliottii or
Elatridae larvae
Thomas
Arphia pseudonietana
Chlorochroa uhleri
Chlorochroa ligata Say
Malacosoma fragile
Thomas
Melanoplus sanguinipes F.
Melanoplus foedus foedus
M. f. fluviatilis Bruner
Stal
Lycophotia margaritosa
Scudder
Haworth
Stretch
Common name damping-off damping-off damping-off damping-off grasshopper grasshopper grasshopper grasshopper
Plant part affected seedlings seedlings seedlings seedlings stink bug stink bug wireworm variegated cutworm seeds seeds seedling roots seedlings
Great Basin tent caterpillar leaves, twigs
1 Described from a seeded stand near Doyle, CA. Seed origin not specified.
leaves, twigs leaves, twigs leaves, twigs leaves, twigs
Reference
Nelson (1987)
Nelson (1987)
Nelson (1987)
Nelson (1987)
Edgerton and others (1983)
Edgerton and others (1983)
Edgerton and others (1983)
Edgerton and others (1983)
Nord (1965)
Nord (1965)
Hubbard (1956) 1
Hubbard (1956) 1
Clark (1956) caterpillar extensive stands, high production per plant, and ease of collection from the large upright shrubs (Alderfer 1976;
Nord 1962, 1965). Cleaned seeds from Lassen plants in
California and Idaho average about 35,000/kg (Nord 1956;
Shaw and others 1984a). Private seed dealers and State and Federal agencies have collected large quantities of seed from the Janesville site for use in revegetation projects in northern California and throughout the West, making it one of the major antelope bitterbrush seed collection centers in some years (Shaw and Monsen 1986).
Seed availability has been reduced in recent years due to extensive wildfires and stand loss.
Release of Lassen permits verification of seed origin through cooperation with State seed certification agencies. Recognized classes of seed and plant materials for this release are foundation and certified (Shaw and others
1984a,b; Soil Conservation Service 1986). There is no registered seed or plant materials class.
• Foundation seed—Parent plants for the Lassen release are protected in a fenced exclosure near Janesville maintained by the California Department of Fish and
Game. Foundation seed is harvested from this exclosure.
• Certified seed—Seed harvested from wildland stands in an area between Doyle and Susanville may be certified for commercial sales. Seed collectors should contact the
California Crop Improvement Association, 231 Hunt Hall,
University of California, Davis, CA 95616, for information regarding certification procedures and costs. Certified seed may also be harvested from certified seed orchards.
• Foundation seedlings—Seedlings are produced from foundation seed for establishment of certified seed orchards. Foundation seedlings are available from the
Nevada Division of Forestry, 201 S. Fall Street, Carson
City, NV 89710. Certified seed may not be used to produce seedlings for establishment of certified seed orchards.
• Certified seedlings—Seedlings produced from certified seed may be certified for commercial sales.
The recent history of the Doyle mule deer winter range parallels that of many other mule deer winter ranges dominated by antelope bitterbrush, but has been more thoroughly documented than most. The California Department of Fish and Game initiated a major study of this range in 1948 in response to concerns over the degredation of northeastern California mule deer winter ranges resulting from excessive browsing by livestock and mule deer, drought, and wildfires (Lassen and others 1952). They were later joined by the Nevada Fish and Game Commission, the U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land
Management, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service in forming the Lassen-Washoe Interstate
Deer Study Committee. Documentation of overstocked deer populations, poor herd health, and decadent, heavilybrowsed populations of major forage species with little regeneration led to recommendations for major changes in deer herd management and regulation (see, for example,
Bissell and others 1955; Bissell and Strong 1955; Dasmann and Blaisdell 1954; Dasmann and Hjersman 1958; Lassen and others 1952; Leach 1956; Longhurst and others 1952).
Research conducted through a cooperative agreement between the California Department of Fish and Game and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station initiated in
1952 contributed to development of site preparation, planting, and stand management practices for the reestablishment of antelope bitterbrush in northeastern California and throughout its range (Hubbard 1962, 1964; Hubbard and McKeever 1961; Hubbard and others 1959; Neal and
368

Sanderson 1975; Sanderson and McIntosh 1961). Seeds for many of these studies were harvested near Janesville
(Hubbard 1983; Neal 1983; Sanderson 1983), and several study sites were located in this area.
Factors contributing to the decline and loss of mature antelope bitterbrush stands on this range have also inhibited regeneration (Hormay 1943; Nord 1965; Updike and others 1990; Young and Evans 1981). Sanderson (1962) and Nord (1965) reported native seedlings established only infrequently. Sanderson (1962) found native seedlings on a site near Doyle established primarily from rodent caches, with survival greatest on sites with limited competition for moisture. Hubbard and Sanderson (1961) and Young and others (1972) noted one consequence of summer wildfires was the proliferation of cheatgrass and a reduction in natural antelope bitterbrush seedling recruitment.
During the 1980’s, critically important antelope bitterbrush stands in the Doyle mule deer winter range were fragmented and fire suppression efforts were complicated by rural housing development (Hall 1992; Updike and others 1990). Substantial antelope bitterbrush stands were consumed by wildfires during this period. Remaining antelope bitterbrush stands have been mapped and digitized in a Geographic Information System to provide data needed by wildlife managers, land use planners, and fire suppression officials to aid in protecting the remaining stands (Hall 1992). Stand fragmentation was one factor leading to the decision to release Lassen as a named variety.
The release of named varieties provides users with a comprehensive data summary, procedures for verification of seed origin, and regulations for maintaining the genetic identity of agriculturally produced seed. The variety release process, however, is rather costly, slow, and complex. It is not a viable approach for dealing with the many wildland populations of antelope bitterbrush and other species.
The accumulated literature on antelope bitterbrush
(see, for example, Meyer 1989; Tiedemann and Johnson
1983 and bibliographies by Basile 1967; Clark and Britton
1979; and Hall 1964) plus unpublished data and reports provide a basis for describing additional commonly collected populations and their ranges of adaptability. There is a need to consolidate performance data for the most frequently harvested populations in publications or databases to aid in selecting seed sources and developing seed transfer guidelines.
The Association of Official Seed Certification Agencies has developed standards for four classes of wildland plant seeds representing increasing degrees of certainty of seed source origin (Association of Official Seed Certification
Agencies 1991). These range from site-identified seed of nonselected populations for which certification involves field verification of origin to the seed categories (breeder, foundation, registered, and certified) developed for varietal releases. Most State seed certification agencies will now provide site-identified certification services for wildland seed collections. This program provides verification of seed origin if direct supervision of seed collection by the user is not possible. Additional information on procedures and costs can be obtained from State seed certification agencies. The development of additional antelope bitterbrush varietal releases or the intermediate categories of tested or selected seeds and plant material may depend on the level of demand for improved or agriculturally produced seed.
Alderfer, Jean Marie. 1976. A taxonomic study of bitterbrush ( Purshia tridentata [Pursh] DC.) in Oregon.
Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 197 p. Thesis.
Association of Official Seed Certification Agencies. 1991.
Pre-variety germ plasm certification standards. Unpublished document on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forestry Sciences Laboratory,
Boise, ID. 6 p.
Basile, Joseph V. 1967. An annotated bibliography of bitterbrush ( Purshia tridentata [Pursh] DC.) Res. Pap.
INT-44. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 27 p.
Bissell, Harold D.; Harris, Bruce; Strong, Helen; James,
Frank. 1955. The digestibility of certain natural and artificial foods eaten by deer in California. California
Fish and Game. 41: 57-78.
Bissell, Harold D.; Strong, Helen. 1955. The crude protein variations in the browse diet of California deer.
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235-266.
Clark, Edwin C. 1956. The Great Basin tent caterpillar in relation to bitterbrush in California. California Fish and Game. 42: 131-143.
Clark, Robert G.; Britton, Carlton M. 1979. A bibliography of bitterbrush ( Purshia tridentata [Pursh] DC.) Annotated from 1967 to 1978. Stn. Bull. 640. Corvallis,
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Dasmann, W. P.; Hjersman, H. A. 1958. Deer survival and range forage trends on eastern California winter ranges. California Fish and Game. 44: 51-72.
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1983. Survival and growth of Apache-plume, Stansbury cliffrose, and selected sources of antelope bitterbrush in northeast Oregon. In: Tiedemann, Arthur R.; Johnson,
Kendall L., comps. Proceedings—research and management of bitterbrush and cliffrose in western North
America; 1982 April 13-15; Salt Lake City, UT. Gen.
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Bass Hill/Susan Hills, Lassen County, California, Spring
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Hubbard, Richard L. 1956. Bitterbrush seedlings destroyed by cutworms and wireworms. For. Res. Notes
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American wildland natural resources conference transactions. 1962: 394-401.
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Hubbard, Richard L.; McKeever, Sturgis. 1961. Meadow mouse girdling—another cause of death of reseeded bitterbrush plants. Ecology. 42: 198.
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1959. Bitterbrush reseeding—a tool for the game range manager. Misc. Pap. 39. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 14 p.
Hubbard, Richard L.; Sanderson, H. R. 1961. Grass reduces bitterbrush production. California Fish and
Game. 47: 391-398.
Jabbes, Mohamed; Brunsfeld, Steven J. 1993. Molecular genetics and ecology of bitterbrush. Unpublished paper on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Boise, ID. 7 p.
Lassen, R. W.; Ferrel, C. M.; Leach, H. 1952. Food habits, productivity, and condition of the Doyle mule deer herd.
California Fish and Game. 38: 211-224.
Leach; H. R. 1956. Food habits of the Great Basin deer herds of California. California Fish and Game. 42:
243-308.
Longhurst, W. M.; Leopold, A. S.; Dasmann, R. F. 1952. A survey of California deer herds, their ranges, and management problems. Bull. 6. Sacramento, CA: California
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McArthur, E. Durant. 1982. [Personal communication].
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