)-
UnitedStates
of
Department
Agriculture
ForestService
lntermountain
Forestand Range
Station
Experiment
Ogden,UT84401
Resource
Bulletin
INT-30
May1983
Utah'sForest
1978
Resources,
DwaneD.VanHooser
AlanW. Green
THEAUTHORS
r f theForest
D W A N ED .V A N H O O S E Ri s p r o j e c tl e a d e o
. e
h o r k U n i ta t l n t e r m o u n t a iSnt a t i o n H
S u r v e yR e s e a r c W
h o l d sa B . S .d e g r e ei n f o r e s t r ya n d a n M . S .i n f o r e s t r y
a n d b u s i n e s sm a n a g e m e nftr o m S o u t h e r nl l l i n o i sU n i v e r s i t y ,C a r b o n d a l eH. e b e g a nh i s F o r e s tS e r v i c ec a r e e ri n
, ew
1 9 6 4w i t h t h e S o u t h e r nF o r e s tE x p e r i m e nSt t a t i o n N
, e h e l da s t a f fp o s i O r l e a n sB. e f o r ec o m i n gt o O g d e n h
s
t i o na t t h e F o r e s tS e r v i c en a t i o n ahl e a d q u a r t e ri n
W a s h i n g t o nD, . C .
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
y c k n o w l e d g et sh e
T h eI n t e r m o u n t a iSnt a t i o ng r a t e f u l l a
cooperationof the UtahDepartmentof NaturalRes o u r c e sD
, i v i s i o no f S t a t eL a n d sa n d F o r e s t r ya; n dU S D A
F o r e s tS e r v i c eI,n t e r m o u n t a iRn e g i o nA. p p r e c i a t i oins
a l s oe x p r e s s e fdo r t h e c o o p e r a t i oonf o t h e rp u b l i ca g e n c i e sa n dp r i v a t el a n d o w n e risn p r o v i d i n gi n f o r m a t i o an n d
a c c e s st o t h e s a m o l el o c a t i o n s .
s n a l y s ti n t h e
A L A NW . G R E E Ni s p r i n c i p arl e s o u r c e a
ForestSurveyResearchWork Unit at lntermountainStat i o n .H i s c a r e e rh a s i n c l u d e dr e s e a r c hi n s i l v i c u l t u raen d
r e g e n e r a t i oe
n c, o n o m i c so f t i m b e rp r o d u c t i o na,n d
f o r e i g nf o r e s t r yr e s o u r c e sI.n a d d i t i o nt o a d e g r e ei n
e c o n o m i c sh, e h o l d sb o t h B . S .a n d M . S .d e g r e e si n f o r e s t r yf r o m P u r d u eU n i v e r s i t y .
R E S E A R CSHU M M A R Y
T h i sr e s o u r c eb u l l e t i np r e s e n t st h e p r i n c i p afli n d i n g s
of the secondforest surveyof Utah'sforestresources.
.1975
a n dw a s
F i e l d w o r kb e g a nd u r i n gt h e s u m m e ro f
. h e I n t e r m o u n t a iFno r e s t
c o m p l e t e di n t h e f a l l o f 1 9 7 8 T
and RangeExperimentStation'sForestSurveyResearch
W o r kU n i ts a m p l e dt h e l a n d so t h e rt h a nt h e N a t i o n a l
Forests.Datafor NationalForestSystemlandswereprovidedby the IntermountainRegion.ForestSurveythen
for
c o m b i n e dt h e s ed a t ai n t o a S t a t e - w i dceo m p i l a t i o n
u s ei n t h i s r e p o r t .
Originally,ForestSurveywas authorizedby the
McSweeney-McNary
Act of 1928.Thecurrentauthorization is throughthe RenewableResourcesResearchAct
of 1978.The primaryobjectiveof ForestSurvey,which is
a c o n t i n u i n gn a t i o n w i d eu n d e r t a k i ncgo n d u c t e db y t h e
USDAForestService,is to providean assessmentof the
renewableresourcesituationon the Nation'sforestsand
l t h e a c c o m p l i s h m e notf t h i s
r a n g e l a n d sF.u n d a m e n t at o
resourceinventories,
objectiveare the State-by-State
which are conductedperiodically.
The resourceinventoriesfor the RockyMountain
Statesof Arizona,Colorado,ldaho,Montana,New Mexico, Nevada,Utah,Wyoming,and SouthDakotawest of
the 103d,meridian,and OklahomaandTexaswest of the
1 0 0 t hm e r i d i a na, r ec o n d u c t e db y t h e I n t e r m o u n t a i n
Forestand RangeExperimentStation,headquartered
in
Ogden,Utah.Theseinventoriesprovideinformationon
the extentand conditionof Stateand privatelyowned
forestlands,volumeof timber,ratesof timbergrowth,
mortality,and removals.Thesedata,whencombinedwith
s i m i l a ri n f o r m a t i o no n f e d e r a l a n d s ,p r o v i d ea b a s i sf o r
t h ef o r m u l a t i o n
o f f o r e s tp o l i c i e sa n dp r o g r a m sa n df o r
the orderlydevelopmentand use of the resources.
H i g h l i g h t so f t h e r e p o r ta r e a s f o l l o w s :
. U t a hh o l d s. 1 6 , 0 6 6 , 6a0c0r e so f f o r e s tl a n d ,i n c l u d i n g
pinyon-juniper,
which is the most extensiveforest
type.
. A b o u t3 , 1 5 1 . 3 0a0c r e sa r ec l a s s i ife da s c o m m e r c i a l
timberland.
. Morethan83 percentof the forestland is administered
b y p u b l i ca g e n c i e sm
, o s to f i t f e d e r a l .
. N e a r l y7 0 p e r c e n ot f t h e c o m m e r c i atli m b e r l a n d
is
s a w t i m b esr t a n d s .
. Thespruce-firand aspentypesoccupythe most acres
o f c o m m e r c i at li m b e r l a n d .
. U t a h ' sc o m m e r c i at li m b e r l a n d cs o n t a i na b o u t4 . 4b i l l i o nc u b i cf e e to f w o o d ,i n c l u d i n g1 5 . 7b i l l i o nb o a r d
feet' of sawtimber.
. Net annualgrowthaveragedonly about21 cubicfeet
p e ra c r ei n 1 9 7 7 , l e s tsh a nh a l ft h e l a n dp o t e n t i a l .
. Mortalitywas about35 percentof total grossgrowth,
largelyfrom insects,disease,and f ire.
. Timberremovalsamountedto a little morethan
'13
m i l l i o nc u b i cf e e t ,o r 7 9 m i l l i o nb o a r df e e t .
. For most speciesgrowthexceededremovals.
. Nontimberusesof Utah'sforestsare substantialand
of highvalue:they produce8 millionacre-feetof water
duringa normalyear;provided660,000AnimalUnit
Monthsof grazingin 1978;and providedfor over
1 4 m i l l i o nd a y so f r e c r e a t i ojnu s t o n t h e N a t i o n a l
Forestsalone.
. TheWasatchNationalForestis the most heavilyused
NationalForestin the Nationfor recreation.
. Utahhas an enormousmineralestate.Thevalueof
mineraloroductionin 1976was estimatedat nearty
, r i m a r i l yf r o mp e t r o l e u mc,o p p e rc, o a r '
$ 9 6 6 . 5m i l l i o n p
g
o
l
d
.
and
'All estimatesof boardfoot volumein this bulletinarein tne
lnternational
1/4-inch
rule.
I
CONTENTS
Page
The Forest
1
ElevationalRange .
2
F o r e s tL a n dC l a s s e s. . . .
2
e
ProductiveForest Land .
2
Other Forest Land .
Major ForestTypeson CommercialTimberland. . .
4
Fir-Spruce
4
ir
Douglas-f
o
Ponderosaand LodgepolePine
WhiteFir
Aspen .
6
Owners
I
The Timber Resource
13
Stand-Size
Classes
13
How Much Wood?
IJ
Componentsof Change
16
1''
Growth
Mortality
19
Removals
20
Forest Uses .
23
Water.
23
Grazing
25
Recreatioa
nnd Wildlife
27
Minerals
30
A p p e n d i xA : T e r m i n o l o S y. . . .
32
AppendixB: InventoryTechniques
40
AppendixC: Reliabilityof the Data
41
AppendixD: ForestSurveyTables
42
1 Areaof forest land by type of land,Utah,1978.
3
2 Areaof commercialtimberlandby stand-size,
Utah.1978
13
3 Summaryof componentsof change,Utah,
1 9 7 7. .
16
4 Area of commercialtimberlandby forest type
and area condition class; other public,and
privateowners,Utah, 1978
18
5 Annual mortalityof growing stock and
sawtimberon commercialtimberlandby cause
of death,Utah, 1977
19
6 Area of forest land (excludingNational
Forests) with percent standard error, Utah,
1 9 7 8. .
41
7 Net volume,net annual growth,and annual
mortalityof growing stock and sawtimberon
commercialtimberland(excludingNational
Forests)with percent standarderror, Utah . . . .
4'l
8 Total land and water area by ownershipclass,
Utah,1978
42
9 Area of commercialtimberlandby ownership
c l a s s ,U t a h , 1 9 7 8. .
42
10 Area of commercialtimberlandby forest type,
stand-sizeclass, and site class,Utah,1978 . . .
43
11 Area of commercialtimberlandin National
Forest ownership,by forest type, stand-size
class,and site class, Utah, 1978
44
12 Areaof commercialtimberlandin other public
ownershipby forest type, stand-sizeclass,and
site class, Utah,1978
45
Page
13 Areaof commercial
timberland
in farmand
otherprivateownership
by foresttype,stand48
sizeclass,andsiteclass,Utah,1978. .
14 Areaof commercial
timberland
by stand-size
classandownership
class,Utah,1978... . . . . 47
15 Areaof productivedeferred,productiver+
served,
andothertimberland
by landclass,
ownership
class,andforesttype,Utah,1978
..
.16
Numberof growing-stock
treeson commercial
timberland
by speciesanddiameterclass,
49
Utah,1978
17 Netvolumeof growingstockon commercial
timberland
by speciesanddiameterclass,
49
Utah.1978
18 Netvolumeof sawtimber
on commercial
timberland
by speciesanddiameterclass,
Utah,1978
50
19 Netvolumeof growingstockandsawtimber
on
commercial
timberland
by ownership
classand
species,
Utah,1978
50
20 Netvolumeof timberon commercial
timberlandby classof timberand softwoods
andhardwoods,
5't
Utah,1978..
21 Net annualgrowthof growingstock and
sawtimberon commercialtimberlandby
ownership
classandspecies,
Utah,1977. . . . . 5 1
22 Net annualgrowthof growingstock on commercialtimberlandby speciesand diameter
class,Utah,1977. .
52
23 Net annualgrowthof sawtimberon commercial timberlandby speciesand diameterclass,
Utah,1977
53
24 Annualmortalityof growingstock and
sawtimberon commercialtimberlandby ownershipclassand softwoodsand hardwoods,
Utah,1977
54
25 Annualmortalityof growingstock on commercial timberlandby speciesand diameterclass,
Utah,'1977
54
26 Annualmortalityof sawtimberon commercial
timberland
by speciesanddiameterclass,
Utah.1977
55
27 Annualmortalityof growingstockand
sawtimberon commercialtimberlandby cause
of deathandspecies,Utah,1977
28 Annualtimberremovalsfrom growingstockon
commercialtimberlandby item and softwoods
and hardwoods,
Utah,1977..
50
29 Annualtimberremovalsfrom sawtimberon
commercialtimberlandby item and softwoods
and hardwoods,
Utah,1977..
56
30 Outputof roundwoodproductsby source,
product,and softwoodsand hardwoods,
Utah,
1 9 7 7. .
57
31 Annualremovals
of growingstockand
by
sawtimber
on commercial
timberland
species,
Utah,1977
cd
I
(con.)
CONTENTS
Page
Figures
'1 Distribution
of forestland,Utah,1978' .
ol forest land by foresttypeand
2 Occurrence
Utah,1978
elevation,
3 Areaof forestlandby foresttypeandlandtype'
Utah,1978
4 Areaof commercialtimberlandby foresttype
..
Utah,1978
andstand-size,
5 Ownershipof Utah'sforestlands(source:
' . . '.
Bureauof LandManagement)
by
timberland
of commercial
6 Distribution
Utah,1978
ownershiP,
7 NationalForestslocatedwhollyor partlyin
U t a h. .
within
timberland
of commercial
8 Distribution
by surveyunit,Utah,1978 .
ownership
9 Distributionof growingstockand sawtimber
volumeon commercialtimberlandby ownership,Utah,1978.
timber'
10 Netvolumeof timberon commercial
landby classof timber,and softwoodsand
Utah,1978
hardwoods,
timbervolumeon commercial
11 Growing-stock
landby sPecies,Utah,1978
timbervolumeon commercial
12 Growing'stock
1978
Utah,
class,
diameter
and
species
landby
13 Cunentvs. potentialgroMh of growingstock
on commercialtimberlandby ownership'Utah,
1977..
14 Net annualgrowth,mortality,and removals
from growingstock on commercialtimberland
by species,Utah,1977
15 Majorriverbasinsand hydrologicareasof
U t a h. .
Utah... '...
central
Beltspanning
16 Overthrust
't
2
5
10
11
{.t
tt
12
14
14
15
16
17
25
31
)
Utah'sForestResources,
1g7B
DwaneD.VanHooser
AlanW. Green
TIIE FOREST
Utah'sscenicforestsare
partof a complexof surfaceandsubsurface
resources.
Over 30 percentof the
State is forested.
The 15million acresof forestsin Utah are as variedas they are scenic.AIso varied
are the uscsto which the forestedacresare put. They not only provide raw materialfor
the region'sforestindustries,but alsothey providevaluablesoil-holdingpropertiesfor
the State'swatersheds,
forageand coverfor the State'sabundantwildlife and domestic
livestock,and recreationfor millionsof visitorsannually.Utah's forestsalso overlay
much of the State'svaluablemineraldepositsas well a.sextensiveoil and gasreserves,
cod, tar sands,and oil shalethat may play a sigrrficantrole in determiningthe Nation's
future energypolicies.
More than 3Opercentof the State'stotal land areais occupiedby woody vegetation.
The compositionof the coveris determinedby many factorssuchas elevation,aspect
(directionthe slopefaces,i.e., north, south, east,or west),soils,climate,and past fre
history. Much of the forestland occursin a zone about 60 mileswide along a line
rougtrlyparallelingLnterstate15.Additional acreageis found in and around the MantiLaSalNationalForestin southeastern
Utah, the Uinta Mountainsin northeasternUtah.
and a smallarnountin the Raft River Mountainsin the northwesterncorner of the State
(ne.l).
6ar2],^
%E;
Q
Ptnyon-Juntpct
$
Otn., tor.!t
.,f."*.\
%d
W
'tt.tt///
tc!l!nt.
Flgure1.-Dlstribuilonof lorestland,
Ulah,1978.
h
u
tt
,||]
The occurrenceof a predominanttree speciesis highly correlatedwith elevation(hg.
2). At the lowestelevation,about 5,00 feet, the vegetationis composedprimarilyof
the speciesmix changesto that of pinyon pine (Ptnus
desertshrub.As altitudeincreases,
juniper
(Juniperusosreosperma
Fon.l Little). Beyondthe P-J zone,
edulbEngelm.)and
Elevationand soil moisture the next specieslikely to be encounteredis ponderosapine (PinusponderosaLaws.)and
on
menziesiitMirb.l Franco)mixedwith
rre majorinfluences
mountainbrush,then Douglas-hr(Pseudotsuga
white
fu (AbiPsconcolor[Gord. and Glend.]
grow.
(Pinus
and
contortaDougl.)
lodgepolepine
whert treesPecies
Lindl.). Engelmannspruce(PiceaengelmanniiParry) and subalpinefu (Abieslasiocarpo
[Hook.] Nutt.) are next on the elevationprogressionscale.Frrally at 10,000to ll,m
feet, in northernor southernUtah, limber pne (Pinusflexilis James)and mountain
spp.) becomethe dominantspecies.
mahogany(Cercocarpus
ElevationalRange
The elevationzonesvary considerably.For example,one of the largestlimber pinesin
relaUtah is found nearBearLake summitat about 8,50 feet. The species/elevation
tionships,however,will generallyhold true-
l0,m
tr
z.
k
5
5,0m
FOREsT
TYPE
Flgure2.-Occursnco of forestland
by loresttypeandelevatlon,Utah,
1978.
ForestLand Classes
Forest land classesidentifY
forest pmductivitY and
availability of wood for
industrial use.
For purposesof inventory,forestland traditionallyhasbeenclassifiedby its inherent
ability to produceindustrialwood products.Thoseacresthat are capableof producing
at least20 cubic feet of industrialwood per acreper ye:u at culminationof averageannual incrementare classifiedas productiveforestland. Landsthat do not meetthis
minimumproductivitystandardare placedin the "other" forestland category.
Productiveforestland that is publiclyownedis further subdivided:areasbeingconsideredfor inclusionin the wildernesssystemare classifiedas productivedeferred;land
the minimumproductivitystandardbut alreadyhas been
that meetsor exceeds
withdrawnfrom timber productionthroughstatute,ordinance,or administrativeorder,
is classifiedas productivereservedforestland.
)
Fores'tland that mees the minimum produaivity standardbut is not reservedor
deferredis classifiedascommercialtimberland.On theseacresdetailedmeasurements
of
the timber resourceare taken and are reportedhere.Only minimal information suchas
foresttype and ownershipis presentedfor productivereserved,productivedefened,and
other forestland.
Productiveforestlgnd.-Those landsclassedas productiveforestland accountfor
slightlymore than one-fifth of the total forestacresin Utah, and all but X2,000 acres
are consideredcommercialtimberland(table l).
Table 1.-Area of forest land by type of land,
Utah, 1978
About one-fifthof Utah's
forestsareproductive...
and nearlyall of it is
availablefor timber
harvesting.
Typeof forest land
Productive:
Commercial
timberland
Defened
Reserved
Total
Otherforest land:
Reserved
Nonreserved
Total
Total forest land
Thousandacres
3,151.3
157.3
124.3
3,€2.9
428.7
12,2f,5.0
12,633.7
lqp66!
Although someof the commercialtimberlandsoccur at lower elevation,most are
found between6,500and 11,000feet.
Otherforestlsnd.-Neady 13million acresor 79 percentof the 16.l million acresof
forestland in Utah is classifiedasother than commercialtimberland. By far the largest
Thereis morepinyonjuniperthanrny other
type...
over 9 million acres...
and about 90 Percentis ort
public lands.
componentof "other" forestland is the areaoccupiedby pinyon-juniper(fig. 3). This
foresttypecoversmorethan 9 million acresandaccountsfor morethan 70percentof
the otherforestland in Utah. Almost 90percentof thescacresis in publicownership.
Another 12percentof otherforestland consistsof mountainbrushand otherhardwood types.Ownershipof theseacresis aboutequdly diyidedbetweenthe publicand
privates€ctors.
The remaining17percentof the other forestacresarein the aspen,fr-spruce,
typ€s.The majorityof theselandsareadandmiscellaneous
lodgepolepine,Douelas-flu,
ministeredby publicagencies.
But theselands havehigh
vdue for nontimber uses.
to be capableof producingeconomictimber
But whiletheselandsarenot considered
importancefor gazngand coverby both wildlife and
crops,theyareof considerable
domesticlivestock.Theselandsarealsobecominga sigtficantsourceof fuelwoodsupportingboth commercialandpermituseoperations.Moreover,pinyonandjuniper has
All of these
long beena commonsourcefor firewood,Christmastrees,and fenceposts.
in the future.
demandsareverylikelyto increase
Commarcl!l
tlmb.r l.nd
I R.
O O U G L AFS
Prodsctlva raaatyad
othat for.rt
land
PONOEROSA
PINE
LODGEPOI.T
PINE
L I M E EPRI N E
W H I TFEI R
F I R .S P R U C E
PINYON-JUNIPER
ASPEN
c0n0Nw00D
OTHER
HARDWOODS
IHOUSNDACRES
Flgure3.-Area of lorestlandby forusttypeendland
type,Utah,1978.
Major ForestTypeson
Commercial
Timberland
Fir-spruce.-Oneof the mostabundantt)'pcsin the Stateis fu-spruce,occupying
acres(fig. 4 andappendixtable8). Standswithin the typein whichEngelmann
837,000
on
sprucedominatesarnountto 549,ffi0acres.Subalpinefir is the principalspecies
with
the
288,ffi acres.Thesestandsareusuallyfound above6,ffi feetelevation,
with
commonlyassociated
between9,00 and I l,m feet.Species
heaviestconcentration
tnis qp€ areDouglas-fr, white fltr, and lodgepolepine.
,
is the most
Fir-spruce
commercial
abundant
foresttype...
D O U G L AFSI-R
f
I
srwrtmuor
rotrttmlrr
P O N D E R OPSI N
AE
I
I O O G E P OPIIfN E
I
L I M B EP
RI N E
W H I TFEI R
S U B A LI N
P EF I R
ENGTLMANN
SPRUCE
PI N Y O NJ.U N I P E R
A SP E N
COTTONVOOD
0
]m
200
300
@
t00
THOUSAND
ACRES
Figure4.-Area ol commercial
timberlandby forest
typeandsland-size,
Ulah,1978.
Scrdllne-Srellne
nonrtocrra
>
stands-This apparentlopsided
About 87percentof thistypearesawtimber-size
gnd mostof it is sawtimber distributionof areaby stand-size
for
concernif forestindustry's
cause
may be
sprucecontinues'
on Engelmann
rnd...
dependence
This typeoccupiesthe mostproductivesitesin the State,somealeashavinga glofih
acresof thistypehavea
potentialofup to 164cubicfeetperacreperyear.But, 776,000
ison thebettersites.
productioncapabilityles than 85cubicfeetper acreper year'
Dougtas-fir.-The Douglas-hrtypecoversslightlymorethan 500,000acresandaccountsfor about 16percentof commercialtimberlandin Utah. Like the fr-sprucetype,
Dougias-fris fairly welldistributedthoughoutthe forestregionsof the State.This type
ha.sa tendencyto gow in an elevationalzonethat isjust abovethe upperlevelof the
oak brushzoneandjust belowthe zonedominatedby flu-spruce'Although somestands
do occuraslow as5,000feetand ashigh as10,000feet,mostof the Douglas-hrtypeis
betweenabout6,800and 9,200feet'
found at elevations
Thereareone-halfmillion
acresof the Douglas'fir
rype...
most of it sawtimber.
As with mostof the othersoftwoodtypesin Utah, the Douglas-f,rtype is dominated
trees.Nearly85percentor 42'l,offi acresof thistypeareclassedas
by sawtimber-size
sawtimberstands,with morethan two-thkdsof thesebeingmorethan 100yearsold'
asmoderateto low for
Potentialproductivityof the Douglas-f,ftypecouldbe classed
commercialtimberland.More than three-fourthsof the areain thistypecould produce
up to 49cubicfeetperacreperyearunderthe bestof naturalconditions.Another oneproducebetween50and 85cubic feet.
fifth would, undersimilarcircumstances,
pineforesttypes
pineandlodgepole
pine.-The ponderosa
andlodgepole
Ponderosa
in Utah.
timberlands
togetheraccountfor almost890,000acresor 28percentof the
Generallyspeaking,wherelodgepoleoccurs,ponderosadoesnot. Practicallyall of the
in theUinta Mountainsin the northeastern
lodgepolegrowingin Utah is concentrated
portionof theState,andmostof it (about!2 percent)is foundon NationalForestland'
6
I
I
\
I
Ponderosaand lodgepole
pinemakeup over 25 perc e n to f t h e f o r e s t . . .
with most of the lodgePole
in the Uinta Mountainsand
ponderosain the south.
Similarly,three-quartersof the areain the ponderosapine type is in the Dixie and
Manti-LaSalNational Forestsin the southernportion of the State.Although someof the
ponderosapine foresttype occursin northern Utah, theseacresaccount for lessthan l0
percentof the total occurringin the type.
The ponderosapine type is also dominatedby sawtimbersizestands,with some
360,000acresin this classification.Only half of the areain the lodgepolepine type, on
the other hand, is classifiedassawtimbersize,with poletimbersizestandsmaking up
40 percent.Lodgepolepine standsare frequentlyovercrowded,with thousandsof stems
per acre.In suchstandstreesseldom,if ever,reachsawtimbersize.
The lodgepolepine are frequentlyovercrowdedand
the treessmaller.
,
In termsof potentialproductivity,both the ponderosapineand lodgepolepinetypes
would be classifredaslow. Virtually all the areain thesetypeshasa productivity potential of lessthan 50 cubic feet per acreper year. Both, however,provide a significant
amount of the annualtimber harvesttaken from Utah's forests.
White fir.-The remainingmajor forest type, white fr, covers151,000acresin Utah.
This foresttype is usuallyfound below 8,000feet and is marnlyconcentratedin a
narrow band running south through the centralportion of the State.
White fir also is largelYin
sawtimberstandson
moderateto low sites.
The white fir type alsohasa high percentage(nearly92 percent)in sardimber-size
stands.And l-ikethe Douglas-flrtype, the productivepotential for white fir type could
be classedas moderateto low. About one-third of the acresin this type hasthe natural
potential to produce,on the average,more than 50 cubic feet per acreper year. The remaining two-thirds can producesomethinglessthan 50 cubic feet per acreper year.
The coniferousforesttypes,when combined,account for more than three-quartersof
the commercialtimberlandin Utah.
The remaining23 percentof the commercialacreageis occupiedby hardwoods,with
aspenbeingthe only speciesof any significance.
Aspen is secondonlY to firsprucein atrundanceon
commercialtimberland.
Aspen.-The aspenforesttype covers717,000acresof Utah's commercialtimberland.
Standsof "quakie" are found throughout the timber zonesin the State,beginning
around 6,000feet and continuingto 10,000feet and higher.
Although aspenis consideredto haveusefulindustrialpropertiessuch as straight
grain, uniform texture,and workability, the acreageoccupiedby this type also hasconsiderablevalue for usesother than production of timber products.The areassupporting
standsof aspenareliterallyinvaluableto the State'swatersheds.Aspen also providesan
important sourceof browseand cover for big gameand other wildlife. And' finally, no
discussionof this foresttype is completewithout mentioningits estheticvalue. The
golden hue that aspen'sautumn foliageimpartsto the mountainsof Utah is unsurpassed
in scenicbeauty. This display of autumn grandeur is internationally famous and draws
thousandsof visitors to Utah annually.
Aspen'swood valueis
equaledby its value to
wildlife,...
B
I
w r t e n i h e dp r o t e c t i o na, n d
Utah scener-v.
On hanh sitesaspenstands
frequentlydo not reach
sarvlimbersize.
Owners
A b o u t 8 3 p e r c e n ot f U t a h ' s
forest land is administered
by publicagencies...
with Federalagencies
for most of it.
responsible
The remaining2.7 million
acresare privatelyowned.
aspoletimberstands,whilethe other forest
About one-halfof thistype is classed
t.rpesin Utah havewell over half of their areain sawtimber-size
stands.This is panly
due to the definitionof poletimberand sarv'timber
asrelatedto variousspecies.
Hardwood poletimbertrees,includingaspen,arethosebetween5 and 10.9inchesd.b.h. Softrvoodpoletimbertrees,on the other hand, rangefrom 5 to only 8.9 inchesd.b.h. This
resultsin a differencein classificationof areaby stand-sizeclass,with hardwoodshaving
a smallerrelativepercentageof areain sarvtimberstands.
Another contributingfactor is that on more harshsitesaspentendsto stagnateand
may well succumbto pathogensand snowdamagebeforeattainingthe I l-inch d.b.h.
sawtimberthreshold.In termsof productivity,the aspentype is about averagefor the
Stare.Slightlymore than three-fourthsof the areain this type hasthe potentialto produce between20 and 49 cubic feet per acreper year.The remainingone-fifth generally
hasa productivepotentiaiof between50 and 84 cubic feet per acreper year. And in a
few areas,standshavethe inherentability to produce rvood at the rate of 85 to I l9
cubic feet per acreper year.
A considerableamount of Utah's land is administeredby federalagencies(fig. 5). In
all, federalagencies,includingthe USDA ForestService,USDI Bureau ol Land NIanagement,Departmentof Defense,and others,administermore than 76 percentof the
forests.Stateand local governmentsadministerabout 7 percentoI the total forestland
base.Land managementpolicieson thesepublicly administeredacresare legislatively
mandatedand politicallycontrolled. In most cases,managementobjectivesare multipleuseoriented and desigrredto provide marimum benefit to all users.
Farmers,ranchers,and other private owners,which comprisea diversegoup that includeshousewives,doctors, lawyers,and numerousother occupations,control some
2.7 million acres(17percent)of Utah's forestland. Many of theseownershipsare small,
managedfor maximum wood producsomeunder l0 acres,and may not be necessarily
tion. While size,objectives,and proximity to potential industrialusersmay constrain
managing someof theseareasas timber units, all of theseacresare currently producing
wood. Past experiencesuggeststhat nearly all of theseacreswill eventaully be used
either for industrialproductsor Frewood.
OWNERSHIP
Legend
Stole
Stote Lond
Priv ole
Privole Lond
PublicLonds
Noiionol Forest
N o t i o n o lP o r k s & M o n u m e n i s
Federol
M i l i t o r y R e s .& W d l s .
lndionLonds
W i l d l i f eR e f u g e
--;+,'a
tsy
..!
r-ri
r+rSArC:-\i
J I I E;__
.
I
,- c)
--
r:!
'P
1.
,.__
J U C F:E S.N^E
'
-:,i.
:i
*''i,i
"1
I' ll . l
I
. i :
i"';'ia.)i*fi
' \;^
o r"
| .
hr.5a,gn-+une;a
:"'s'4..A"
7r
JLTJL;1f+.o-di.
a
rr r_rnL
l"J'eY':t'.tt*i.#*
Ldla'd.'r.1,"..J-";{#
r-r,JrrJ.r--rJl
---Lij;
ro
20
Figure5.-Ownership of Utah'sforestlands(source:Bureauof LandManagement).
10
\F^-lrr.'+:
Pl . clx
;J .dr- . Y
)
three-fourthsof the
^\-.earl1
commercialtimberlandis
o n N a ( i o n aF
l orests...
by
As with other foresrland, most of the commercialtimberlandis administered.
public agencies.Nearlythree-quartersof theseacresare in the National ForestSystem.
Other public agenciesmanagean additional l2 percent.Farmers,ranchers,and other
privateindividualsor corporationsown the remaining l6 percent(fig. 6).
N a t i o nF
ao
l rest
B u r e ao
u f L a n dM a n a g e m e n t
o-
=
l/^l
e.
z.
O t h eF
r e d e r aSlt,a t eC, o u n t yM, u n i c i p a l
=
F a r m e rasn dr a n c h e r s
PE R C T N T
Figure5.-Distribution of commercialtimbedandby
o w n e r s h i pU, t a h ,1 9 7 8 .
Eight National Forestsare partially or wholly within the Stateof Utah (fig. 7) and are
found largelydown through the centerof the Stateand in the Uinta Mountains. SLxoi
them account for nearlyall the 2.3 million acresof the commercialtimberland administeredby the National ForestSystem.Theselands,which wereremovedfrom the public
domain at the turn of the century, are by law managedfor multiple use.They zueespecially important as watershedsand for recreation.In fact, the Wasatch National Forest
ranks amongthe highestfor recreationaluseof any National Forestin the United States.
ln.J,.,
\\
M.nrl-L.s.l
Figure7.-National Forestslocaled
whollyor parllyin Ulah.
11
_ l.l
)
and
The other publicownership,which is principallyBureauol Land Nlanagement
portions
west-central
the
and
southeastern
of
in the
Statecontrolled,is concentrated
State.The BLM holdingsare important for grazingasweil as timber production and account for some186thousandacres.
land is
State-owned
scr{tered...
b u t m o s to f S t a t e - o w n e d
commercialtimberlandis in
s o u t h e r nU t a h . . .
and privaleland is largelY
i n t h en o r t h .
The StatelandsoriginallyincludedSections2, 16,32,and 36 in everytownshipand
wereto be usedin supponol the schools,resultingin scatteredand fragmentedownerof landsthat
did occur,however,asa resultof replacement
ships.Someconsolidation
percent
I 15,000
of
the
had aireadybeendisposedof by the United States.Nearly4O
ponion
acresof commercialtimberlandownedby the Stateis found in the southeastern
of Utah.
Almost 40 percentof the 512,000acresof commercialtimberland in private ownership
portion of the State(fig. 8). Another one-fourthis located
is found in the northeastern
Wasatch
Front. More than 100,000acresof this ownershipis
along the Bear River and
countiesof Carbon,Emery,Grand, and SanJuan.
in the southeastern
=l
Percent
=l
0wner
Percent
1
*[
^flu==
0wner
Figure8.-Distribution of commercial
timbedandwilhin ownershipby suntey
unil, Utah,1978.(SinceNationalForesls do nol conform lo surveyunil
boundaries,the acreageis includedin
lhe suwey unil that conlains the majorily of each individualforest.)
12
I
I
I
-
TI{E TIMBER RJSOURCE
Stand-SizeClasses
About70percent
of the
commercial
timberlandis in
sawtimber
stands,a third
of whichareold gmwth,...
Sawtimber
stands(seeappendixA for dehnition)predominate
in Utah,sforests.
Nearly70percentof thecommercialtimberlandis classified
assawtimberstands(table2
andfig' 4)' And' aswouldbeexpected,
thedistributionof thisstand-Je throughoutthe
Stateisessentially
thesameasthedistributionof commercial
timberland:30percentol
thecommercial
timberlandand30percentof thesawtimber-size
standsoccurin southeastern
Utah' Moreover,thedistributionof thesestandsin State
andprivateownership
indicates
that fullyone-rhirdaremorethan 100yearsold.
Table 2.-Area of commercial timberland by stand
size,Utah..1978
Sland-sizeclass
Sawtimber
Poletimber
Seedlingand sapling
Nonstocked
Total
20 percent is in
poletimber...
and 2 percent has almost
no trees.
Thousand acres
2,174.7
674.'l
225.4
77.1
3,151.3
Poletimber-size
standsmakeup slightlymorethan one-fifthof the State,s
commercial
timberland'On the surface,this would seemto augur well for
future timber supplies.
But the majorityof thesestandsdo not lendthemselves
to sustained
timberproduction.
For example,D&Y of the 184,000
acresof poletimberlodgepoleareso overstocked
that
treeswill neverreachsawtimbersize.
of the remaining9 percentof commerciartimberrand,7 percent
is in seedlingand
spling standsand 2 percentis insufficientlystockedto allow classification
by predominant treesize.
How Much Wood?
Thecommercialtimberland
has4.7billioncubicfeetof
wood...
including15.7billionboard
feetof sawtimber.
About 80percentof the
volumeis on publiclands...
75percentis on National
Forests.
Eightyto ninetypercentof
thevolumeis in softwood
species...
AltogetherUtah's 3.2 million acresof commercialtimberland
supports4.7 billion
cubic feet of timber of which 4.4 billion is classifiedas growing
stoct<.rrris includes
somel5'7 billion board feet that is classifiedas sawtimber.In
addition, there aresome
400million cubic feet in treesthat are salvabledeador of
suchpoor quality that they
qmnot meetthe minimumrequirement growing
for
stock. This componentof the stand
accountsfor about l0 percentof total cubicfoot volume.
More than four-hfthsof Utah'sgrowingstockand sawtimber
volumesis on landad_
ministeredby publicagencies
(fig. 9). The NationalForestSystehcontainsthe largest
proportion-nearly 75p€rcentof both growingstock
andsawtimber.
More than two-thirdsof the timbervolumein Utah's forestsis in
treesclassedas
sawtimber(fig. l0). Poletimber-size
treesaccountfor 29percentof the total volume.
softwood species
dominateutah's forests.As a grouptheyaccountfo.rmorethan
80 percentof the State'sgrowingstockvorume(fig. l0), and nine-tenths
of the
sawtimberinventory.Hardwoods,with aspenbeingthe only species
of significance,
compriseles than one-hfthof the cubicvolume.
National
Forest
Other
Pu b l i c
PERCENT
Figure9.-Distributionof grolvingslockand-sawtimbsr
Ulah'
iimberlandby ownership,
on commercial
"oLt"
1978.
t
F
z.
o
2rm
I
=
SOFIWOOD
Figure10.-Net volumeof limb€r
on commercialtimberlandbY
class of limber, and sollwoods
and hardwoods,Utah,1978.
HARDWOOD
)
spruce,lodgeEngelmann
polepine,subalpinefir,
If individual speciesare considered,the predmoninantconifer is Engelmannspruce
(fig. I l), accountingfor 2l percentof the growing stock volume and 26 percentof the
andDouglas-firhavethe
mostvolume...
sawtimbervolume in Utah. Not far behind is lodgepolepine, with about a fifth of rhe
growing stock inventory, followed by subalpinehr and Douglas-fir.However, variations
in tree sizedistributionamong the other speciestend to scramblethe ranking of
sawtimbervolume (appendlr tablesl5 and lO tabulatedbelow:
but volumeby treesize
varies.
Species
Englemann
spruce
Lodgepolepine
Subalpineir
Dougias-hr
pine
Ponderosa
White fr
Growing Stock
Yolume
I
Sawtimber
Volume
I
2
J
J
A
a
4
5
6
2
5
6
P o n d e r o spai n e
pine
Lodgepole
prne
Lrmoer
Subalpine
fir
P i n y o n -j u n i p e r
other hardlymds
(FT3)
MILLION
Figure1'1.-Growing.slock
volumeon commorclal
limberland
byspecies,
Utah,1978.
About 87 percentof lodgepole pine volume is in trees
lessthan 17 inchesd.b.h...
but 7 percentof the
ponderosapine volume is
in tres 17 inchesd.b.h.
and larger.
Sawtimbervolumeof both Douglas-firand Engelmannspruceis consistently
(fig. 12and appendixtable lQ. But the volumeof
distributedover all diameterclasses
pine
lodgepole
and subalpinefir beginsto declhe quite rapidly at the 18-to 2Ginch
d.b.h. class.In fact some87 percentof the lodgepolepine sawtimbervolumeis in trees
les than 17inchesd.b.h. (appendixtablelO. In contrast,althoughthe total volumeis
not asgreataslodgepolepine, about 77 percentof the ponderosapine sawtimber
volumeis in trees17inchesd.b.h. and larger.
15
I
Aspen&
otherhardwood
her softwood
o
F
4
Engelmann
spruce
z
=
=
J
Ponderosa
t2
l4
l6
18
20
ll
24
lo
28
D.B.H. CLASS
volumeon
Figure12.-Growing-stock
by speciesand
timberland
commercial
class,Ulah,1978.
diameter
Componentsof
Change
Removals,growth, and
mortality combined to in-
The currentconditionof Utah's forestsis determinedby the dynamicswithin the
forestover time. The major componentsof change-growth, removals,and mortality-are displayedin table3 for 197'1.
Utah,1977
ol change,
Table3.-Summary
ot components
creasethe stock inventorY
of wood volume.
Tolal
Gross growth
Mortality
Net growth
Timber removals
Net change
Net changeas percent
of inventory
Sawlimber
Growing stock
Component
Softwood
Hardwood
------ Thousand cubic leet -----23,165
100,710
77,545
35,396
65,314
13,057
26,090
51,455
12,N1
9,306
13,859
u:o
Total
Soltwood
------Thousand board teet -----62,695
411,028
348,333
123,710
287,318
79212
103,010
245,323
77,092
20,700
41,995
2,120
+ 39,875
+52,257
+ 39,054
+'13203 + 208,106 + 168231
+1.2
+ 1.1
+1.8
16
Hardwood
+ 1.3
+ 1.2
+ 2.9
)
ln lW, growth was about
101million cubic feet;
sawtimber411 million
board feet...
but treeshaving35.4
million cubic feet and 1A
million board feet died...
Gmwth.-In 1977,thegrowingstockinventoryin Utahincreased
by 52millioncubic
feet,with softwoods
percent
accounting
for about75
of theincrement.
The State's
sawtimber
inventoryincreased
by 208millionboardfeet.Thelargestcomponentof
changeisgrowthand,for meaningful
discusionof standdynamics,
mustbe discussed
asgrossgrowthandnetgowth. ln 1977,grossgowth of growingstockwasnearlyl0l
millioncubicfeet.To determine
netgrowthannualmortalitymustbe subtracted.
Thus,
n lW Utah'sforestsachieved
an average
annualnetgrowthof 65millioncubicfeet,
slightlylessthantwo thirdsthetotalincrement.
leavinga net increaseof
65 million cubic feet and
287million board feet of
sawtimber.
Net annual growth per acre
wasonly about 2l cubic
feet, lessthan half the
potential.
A comparison
of netannualglowthwith potentialgrowthindicates
theextentto
whichthesitesarebeingutilized(flg. 13).Basedon theinventorydara,Utah's
timberlands
arecapable
of producingon theaverage
43cubicfeetperacreperyear.In
1977,actualnetannualgrowthamountedto only2l cubicfeetperacre,lessthanonehalf thepotentialattainable.
Thisapparentdeficitcanbepartiallyexplained
by stocking
levels,standstructure,andstandsize.
Potontlal
Growth
National
Forest
Currenl
Growth
0ther
Public
Private
Atl
0wners
t0
20
30
40
(FT3)
AVERAGE
ANNUAL
NEI'
GROWTH
Figure'l
3.-Cunentvs.potential
growlhof growingslockon commercialtimberland
byownership,
Utah,
1977.
17
I
theextentto whichtreesutilizethegrowthpotentialof a site,and
Stockingindicates
thestanddensity-in termsof numbersof treesor basal
is determined
by comparing
area-with a specifiedstandard.Full or 100percentstockingis achievedwhenthereis
in growthwith an increase
in stocking.
no increase
thecondition
Standstockingandthenatureof thetreesmakingup thestandindicates
of areaconditionclasses.)
of the forest(table4). (Seedefrnitions
Althoughthe datain table4 coveronly "other public" and "private" ownergroups,
commercialtimberlandon NationalForestsis probablysimilar.Thereforethe percentagesof areaby condition classcalculatedfrom table4 would be essentiallythe samefor
all lands.
Old-growthstandsoccuPY
20 percentof commercial
timbedand.
80 and 90) makeup nearly20 percentof
Old-growthstands(Area Condition Classes
the commercialtimberland,and well over half is Douglas-fir.Douglas-fr and ponderosa
pine togethermakeup nearly65 percentof the high-riskold-growthstands.
timberlandis ocExcludingold-growthstands,about75 percentof the commercial
with
including
nonstockedareas
desirable
trees,
les
than
fully
stocked
by
stands
cupied
mercialtimberlandis
ponderosapine and
area
is
in
the
nonstocked
virtually
half
the
with
no
trees.
Over
of
understockedwith desirable
Douglas-futypes.In manystands,growingspaceis preemptedby rough and rotten trees
trees.
and brush,which precludefuture improvementin stocking.
About 75 percentof com-
Standstructureor the diameterdistributionof stemsin the standin termsof basal
areaby treediameterclasscan alsoaffect net annualgowth. Standsin which a large
portion of the standbasalareais in treeslessthan sawlogsizeoften haveslow gowth
becauseof the overcrowdingof smalltrees.A good exampleis lodgepolepine stands
with severalthousandtreesper acre.
Large areasof understockedstands,some
stagnatedstands,some
slow-growingold stands,
and nonstockedlandsare
Slightlymore than 300,000acresare eithernonstockedor in seedlingor sapling
stands.Another 674,m acresare classedas poletimber.Sawtimberstandsoccupy2.2
million acres,and a third of theseare classedas old growth. Thus nearly33 percentof
the State'sforestsare eitherstockedwith smalltreesor stockedwith overmaturetrees,
neitherof which contributemuch in the way of net annualgowth.
factorsin the low growth.
Table4.-Area of commercialtimberlandby torest type and areaconditionclass;other public,and privateowners,Utah,1978
Area condlllon class
Forest lype
10
Douglas-fir
Ponderosapine
Lodgepolepine
Limberpine
Fir-spruce
White fir
Pinyon-juniper'
Aspen
Cottonwood
All types
m
30
4
50
60
Nonstocked
70
80
90
AI
classes
---:-----*;-*'*--';;;-'';-;;
,4";:;;; ;r^ ;;^.* ;1.,;-;;;:;-;
4,056
15,153 34202 3,777 32,533 13,009 102,79
-
z,rg
:
10,296 10,163
7,633
4fi2
opos nias rs]zs zo,ste4e'3e tzttg ro,lro ,?:i33
-
3r5e :
724s
35,725
tJ:311
1'* ::ff i;ffii t,tan 3;#3 z,Ls l):,X
47'w7unfoT'i:i33
2'58812'ffi216;t72
5,367
5,071
?fl
-
7:,1i2
1'172'l1:ffi
27,644 47,369 78,545 133,674218,159 145,078 57,555 12s,270 31,669
'Pinyon-juniperusuallyoccurs on unproductivetorest lands;when mixed with oth€r specieson productivesites it is reportedin commercial
timberlandstatistics.
18
874,330
)
Insects,disease,fire, and
weatherwere the primary
known caus€sof death in
gn.
Mortdity.-Estimatesof net annualgowth and the resultantestimates
of standinginventoryareaffectedby volumelost to insects,disease,
hre, and other destructive
agents.
ln 1977,morethan 35 millioncubicfeetof growingstockwaslos+to destructive
agentsof one sort or another.Mortality of sawtimberamountedto nearly 124million
board feet(table5).
Table S.-Annual mortalityof growing stock and sawtimberon commercialtimberlandby cause of
death.Utah.1977
Cause ol dealh
Insects
Disease
Fire
Animal
Weather
Suppression
Logging
Unknown
Growing stock
Sawtimber
Thousand cubic leet
5,477
4,679
4,939
908
4,383
667
Thousandboard leet
22,898
17,257
19,021
858
17,986
805
707
44,178
'I ?1
14,210
15 ?OA
Total
123,7't0
lnsects were the most damaging agent, accounting for some 5.5 million cubic feet.
Another 4.9 million cubic feet was contained in trees killed by hre, and trees containing
4.7 million cubic feet succumed to disease.In many cases,however, the actual causeof
death could not be determined becauseseveraldamaging agents usually work in concert
or successionto kill the trees. Some 14.2 million cubic feet died of unknown causes.
Insectsgot 5.5 million
cubic feet, 4.9 million cubic
leet went up in smoke,...
and 4.7 million cubic feet
died of disease.
19
Salvagingand utilizingdeadtreesis uzuallynot economicallyfeasible.Generally,
volumeis low and salvableonly in conjunctionwith a normalharvest.
Lodgepolepine standsfrequently offer the best
chancefor laryesalvage
operations.
Lodgepolepine salvageoperations,however,are economicallyfeasible.Therearehigh
concentrationsof deadbut useablestandingtreesand good marketsfor smalldiameter
stemsfor houselogs,posts,corral poles,and so forth. In addition deadlodgepoletrees
may standfor severalyears,reducingbreakageand makingthe treesmore useful.
The impact of destructiveagentsis not limited to just the los of growingstock
describedabove.Thes€agentskill treesunder 5 inchesin diameter,destroyseedcrops
and seedlings,inhibit heightand diametergrowth, reducethe quality and utility of
volume,and evenchangethe standcompositionfrom preferredto lessdesirablespecies.
Damageby destructive
agentsis more than just
killing trees.
Treescan be stunted.
growth reduced,or deformed, lowering quality of
products.
Removalsamounted to 13
million cubic feet in 1971,
mostlysoftwoodsincluding
E0 million board feet of
sawtimber.
Much of the damagedone by insectsand diseases
eitherextendsthe time requiredto
grow treesto a merchantable
sizeor reducesthe utility and quality of the wood produced.Insects,suchasshoot and tip moths, and diseases,
zuchas dwarf mistletoe,stunt
young treesand slowthe growth rate. Defoliatinginsectsreducegrowth and alsokill
trees.
Meansfor reducingand controllingthe lossesto destructiveagentsincludecultural
practicessuchas thinningand the plantingof resistantspecies.Chemicalsto control insectsand diseasehavealsobeenwidelyused,but in recentyears,havebecomeboth expensiveand subjectto environmentalconstraints.
Removals.-The final componentof change,removals,can be of the followingkinds:
(l) roundwoodhawestsfor productszuchas sawlogs,pulpwood,and poles;(2) loeging
residues;and (3) pre-commercial
thinningand other cultural operations,housing
developments,
and withdrawalof commercialtimberlandfor parks, wildemes areas,
and other nontimberuses.
ln 1947,removalsfrom Utah's growingstock inventoryamountedto 13million cubic
feet and included nearly 80 million board feet of sawtimber(appendixtables24 and 2t.
Removalsweremainlysoftwoods,mostlytaken from NationalForests.
20
)
Foreverycubicfoot
rcmoved,5 cubicfeetwere
grown.
of the
Skty percent
werelodgepole
removals
pineandEngelmann
spruce.
Elevenmillioncubicfeet,
70millionboardfeetof
werecut from
sawtimber
roundwood.
At the presenttime, removalsin Utah areequivalentto lessthan I percentof the
growingstock and sawtimberinventories.Moreover,n 1977Utah's forestincreased5
cubic feet for everycubic foot removed.Similarbut smallergainswerefound in the
sawtimberinventory.
Lodgepolepineand
Nearly95 percentof total removalswasmadeup of four species.
pine addedanother
Engelmannspruceeachaccountedfor some30 percent.Ponderosa
22percentand Douglas-flraccountedfor slightlymore than l0 percentof all material
removed.
Timber harvestedfor roundwoodproductswasby far the largestof the removalsfrom
the growingstockinventory.lnl97l , suchremovalsamountedto more than ll million
cubic feet and includednearly70 million board feet of sawtimber.Practicallyali of this
materialwassoftwood.
Additional materialwasharvestedfrom the nongrowingstock portion of the inventory. Slightlymore than one-halfmillion cubic feet of materialcamefrom rough and
rotten trees,deadtreesand other nongrowingstock sources.
r!:. - ',a
T
."i:'
1"-Jj.?:;k
qttult!{#-r'
-
w
..7.t;: :
Sawlogswerethe number
one product (85 percentof
total).
In rrcentyearsminetimber
productionhasincreased,
lumberproductionhas
decreased.
Sawlogswerethe most important singleproduct harvestedfrom Utah's forestsin
l97.Total output accountedfor nearly85 percentof the timberproducts.In 197 the
output of lumberwasabout 63 million board feet. But in recentyearslumber production hasdeclinedand substantialamountsof sawlogsare beingconvertedto dimension
mine blocks.
industrialprodThe remainingtimber productsharvestwasmostly for miscellaneous
additionaloneAn
fuelwood.
poles,
posts,
and
commercial
mine
timben,
as
ucts zuch
to
excelsior.
for
conversion
was
hawested
haif million cubic feet of aspen
21
I
ln l9'l over 1 million
cubicfeetof wood were
left in the woodsafter
logging.
ln 1!1'7more than I million cubic feet of growingstock wasleft in the woodsafter
loggingoperations.Theseloggingresiduesamountedto 9 percentof total removalsand
consistedof thosesectionsof growingstock treesbetweena l-foot stump and a 4-inch
top (diameteroutsidebark) that did not hnd their way to the mill.
The f,rnalcategoryof removalsis that materialtakenout of the standinginventorybut
significantin
not convertedto anyindustrialproduct.This categorywasnot especially
volume
removed.
percent
of the
Utah in 197, accountingfor les than 3
The bottom line...
removalswere lessthan I
percent of the existing
volume for any species...
net annual growth was far
greaterthan removals...
the volume lost to mortality was nearly three times
that cut in1977.
Increaseddemandsfor
enerp-relatedwood productscould increase
removalsfrom Utah's
forrsts.
Without exception,removalsdid not exceedan amountequalto I percentof the inby net annualgrowth for
In addition,removalswereexceeded
ventoryof anyspecies.
eachspecies-usuallyby a substantialmalgn (hg. 14).An exceptionis ponderosapine
whereremovalswere65 percentof net annualgrowth.
Removalsfrom growingstockand sawtimberin Utah havefar lessimpacton the
standinginventorythanthe amountof materiallost annuallyto insects,disease,fltre,
agents.lolume lostto mortality,n 1977at least,wasnearlythree
and otherdestructive
timesthat removedduringtimberharvestingoperations.The forelt in whichlessthan I
annuallymaybe contributingto the excess
percentof the standinginventoryis harvested
it will mostcertainly
in mortality.If thegrowingstockinventorycontinuesto increase
to seriousinsect
and highlysusceptible
producestandsthat areovercrowded,
stagnated,
outbreak.
or disease
The relativelylow levelof harvestfrom Utah'sforestin 1977couldbe attributedto
suchfactorsasinaccesibility,generallylow volumesperacre'longhaul distances,and
and developing
accessibility
Increasing
low marketdemandfor someof the species.
improvethe
product
could
value
with
low
species
and
material
for
small-size
markets
for increased
shoring
mount,
costs
and construction
utlization.As energyrequirements
particle
board
miningoperations,fuelwoodneeds,andcompositeor
subsurface
the demandfor timberproductsfrom Utah's forests.
manufacturecouldincrease
opportunitiesaffordedby a viable
In the meantime,havingto foregothe management
timberhawestingprogam will mostlikely resultin a continuationof currentconditions
within Utah'sforests,whichin turn will contributeto lessthan optimalgfowth ratesand
high mortalitylevels.
22
-----4
I
i5,000
ts
a
z.
=
F
5.0m
White
f i r E n g eml a n n
Lodgepole
Subalpine
Douglas-Ponderosa
pine
pine
spruce
fir
fir
Aspen
Figure14.-Nel annualgrowth,morlality,andremovals
fromgrowingstockon commercial
timberland
by sp+
cies,Utah,1977.
FORESTUSES
Utah's forestshave high
vdue for nontimber uses.
Waler, grzzing,rccreation,
wildlife,and mineralsare
importantto the Nationas
wellastheState.
for moreinOpportunities
tensiveuseof forestland
arelimitedin manyareas.
Water
Utah's forestedlandprovidesmanyvaluesnot only to Utah but alsothe restof the
Nation.Wateris fastbecomingoneof themostvaluable,if not the mostvaluable,output. Much of the forestland providesforageandbrowsefor livestockand big game
of wildlife.The trees
animals,and almosteveryacreprovideshabitatfor otherspecies
providea sourceof timberfor commercialuseand fuelwood.In addition,mostforest
in energy
landofferssomeform of outdoorrecreation.Moreover,recentdevelopments
will certainlyimpactmuchof the State'sforestland.
explorationand development
of Utah reallygot underway,the water,
Sincethe mid-I800'swhenthe settlement
forage,and timberhavebeenthe foundationof economicdevelopmentof the State.
opForestrecreationcamelater.Todayeventhe desertareasareprovidingrecreational
portunities.Mineralsunderlyingmuchof forestand nonforestland haveonly recently
to the Stateand the Nation is not
beentapped.The truevalueof the mineralresources
enoughto
reallyknown. But the oil, oil shale,tar sands,and coaldepositsareextensive
investment.
haveattractednationalattentionand sigrif,rcant
In manyareasus€hasreachedthe limit the land cansupport.Someareashavebeen
abusedand overused.Restoringsuchlandsor preventingfurtherdeteriorationrequires
curtailmentof someuses.
The waterrunningoff Utah's forest(andotherlandswithin the samegeneralelevational range)is a vital sourceof supplyfor Utah aswellasotherwesternStates.It is the
principalsourceof waterfor irrigation,domestic,and industrialuse.Utah-produced
wateris alsoessential
to Nevada,Arizona,southernCaiifornia,and Mexico.
The forestsandintermingledopenlandsof the mountainsand foothillscomprise
abouthalf theState'slandarea,but furnishalmost80percentof thewaterrunoff.Nonforestedlandsaboveandbelowthe forestsprovidethe remainingrunoff.
23
Utah's forestsare Prime
sourceof waterfor the
Southwest.
The 8 million acre-feetof
water generatedin Utah is
part of 23 million acre-feet
of flowing water in or
through the State.
Over half the water ends
up in the Great Basin
area...
and most of the restgoes
into the Colorado River at
somepoint before it getsto
the Baja.
variesfrom
is l3 inchesperyear.But precipitation
annualprecipitation
Utah'saverage
vast
forest
The
3 inchesin the desertto asmuchas60inchesin thehigh mountains.
in the form of snow.The spring
largeamountsof precipitation
accumulate
watersheds
Although some23million acrerunoff feedsthe streamsandthe waterstoragesystems.
only 8 million acre-feetare
Utah,
through
goes
in
or
into streamsflowing
feetof water
precipitation.
year
of average
duringa
derivedfrom Utah watersheds
The 8 million acre-feetof runoff flowsinto two major drainageareas.About 56percentgoesinto the GreatBasinareaconsistingof the BearRiver,WeberRiver,Jordan
River,SevierRiver,BeaverRiver,Provo River,andGreatSaltLake Deserthydrologic
areas.About 43percentgoesinto theupperandlowerColoradoRiverhydrologicareas
(fig. l5). A smallamount,aboutI percentof therunoff, from theRaft RiverMountainsin northwestUtah flowsinto the ColumbiaRiverBasinthru Idaho.
Runoff originatingon the forestzonesis distributedin aboutthe sameproportionas
of runoff amountsto about1.9inches
the entireStaterunoff.The8 millionacre-feet
for the entireState.But therearesomelargedifferencesin wateryieldfrom nonforest
and forestareasand from differenttypesof forestsduringa yearof averageprecipitation:
Nonforest
Pinyon-juniper
Other forest
All lands
24
Runoff
Inches
0.8
1.0
/.6
Lq
I
c oL U M B I A
R I VE R B A S I N
_t
GreatSaltLakeDesert
GREAT
BASIN
COLORADO
R I V E RB A S I N
CedarBeaver
Figure15.-Maior riverbasinsand
hydrologic
areasol Utah.
The increasingdemand for
wateris expectedto
continue...
by the year20(X),water use
is projectedto be some6.4
million acre-feetin Utah,
with nearlyhalf going for
irrigation and livestock.
Grazing
The livestockindustry
heavilycontributedto
Utah's growth in the
1800's...
Water producedin the forestand high elevationrangelandsis of vital importance.The
ground waterand runoff are the total watersuppliesfor usein homes,industry,agriculture, for recreation,fisheries,and wildlife. Economicdevelopmentand expansionwill
bring increaseddemandfor quality water.By the year2000,water useis expectedto increasefrom 5.7 million acre-feetto nearly6.4 million acre-feet,with nearlyhalf of it
(47.9percent)to be consumedby inigation and livestock.'1
The importanceof waterto the Stateunderscores
the necessityfor watershedprotection and resourcemanagement
that enhanceproductionof high quality water. Research
to dateindicatesthat wateryieldsfrom mountainsnowpackand the timing of runoff
can indeedbe influencedby manipulationof the vegetation.But more researchis needed
activitieson other forestvalues.
on the effectsof watermanagement
The forestrangesof Utah havebeenheavilygrazedsincethe mid 1800's.Beforethat
of deer,elk, antelope,and buffalo. But by
the forestland supportedlargepopulations
1880at least136,000headof cattle and an estimated600,000sheepgrazedUtah's
ranges,frequentlyin conflict. By 1900the numberswereat 344,000cattle and nearly
4 million sheep.
:Utah Departmentof NaturalResources.
Stateof Utah water-1980. Salt Lake City, UT: Utah Department
1981.47 p.
Divisionof Water Resources;
of NaturalResources,
25
)-
but frequentlyproduced
disastrousconsequences.
grazingwaslargelyuncontrolled.Overgrazing
In thoseearlyyearsof development,
in
the proximityof wateror the movingof largeherdsof sheepbetweenwateringplaces
of forestedand other rangelandwere
wasthe rule. By the turn of the centuryvasta.reas
gone,
the land wasunprotectedfrom the
badlydepletedof forage.With the soil cover
frequenthigh-intensitysunmer stormsand springand fall showers.The erosioncamein
werethe disastrousmud and rock floods
The most spectacular
many forms and degrees.
poundingdown into townsand settlements
alongthe WasatchFront (particularlyin
DavisCounty) and from the WasatchPlateauinto the towns of Ephraim and Manti.
of the needfor grazingcontrols,and economic
The depletedranges,the realization
difficultiesin the sheepindustryall contributedto the declinein grazingon the forest
range.From a peakof over I million sheepgrazingon NationalForestsin 1913,the
numbersfell to 4fr,000in l%2. CattlenumberspeakedduringWorld War I at 179,000,
weregrazingUtah'sNationalForests.
but by 1962only 102,000
DuringFiscalYear 198, on the NationalForestswheremuchof the forestrangeis
located,93,083cattle,18,ffi4horsesand burrosand 254,568sheepgrazeda total of
660,000animalunit months(AUM's). Cattleaccountedfor about60 percentof the
populationsof 1880.
les than eventhe Statewide
AUM's. Theseareconsiderably
Livestockgrazingis considerablylessnow than in
earlyUtah.
In 198,366,000animals
grazedabout660,000
AUM's. with cattleaccountingfor 68percent.
Utah's gazing landshavealwaysbeenan important resourceas they compriseabout
92 percentof the State'sland. The proper useand developmentof theselandsis critical
as a sourceof water,wildlife habitat, livestockforage,scenery,open space,and many
forms of recreation.The consewation,improvement,and maintenanceof the State's
rangelandsfor presentand future useis importantto virtually all segmentsof the population. It is importantto the tourist seekingsceneryor open space,the recreationistseeking an enjoyableoutdoor experience,
the urban residentdemandinga high-qualitywater
26
)
supply, the person interestedin a healthy wildlife population, and the rural family and
community that depend on livestock gat:u:,gfor their livelihood and economic stability.
Under proper managementthesemultiple usesand valuesare compatible.
The managementof forest range is complicatedby the necessityof having to consider
watershed, wildlife, and recreation values as well as grazing levels when developing managementplans.
Competition betweenbig game and livestockhas decreasedover the last several
decades.Although the mountain forest rangehas ample forage, the lower foothills,
which are lessproductive and more limited in area, are critical winter range for deer and
are heavily grazedby domestic livestock during the spring and fall.
Good rangemanagement
for livestockand big game
goeshand-in-handwith
watershedproduction.
Recreationand
Wildlife
But the managementof the rangehas improvedconsiderablyover the years.Closer
control over numbersof animals,constructionof check damsand reservoirs,and conversionof pinyon-juniperand sagebrushto more desirablespeciesof forageand browse
haveincreasedthe amount and quality of the range.Even watershedrehabilitation
measuressuch as furrowing, trenching,and terracingfollowed by seedinghave improved
Utah's livestockand big gamerange.
Utah's forestedmountainsare someof the most heavilyusedrecreationallandsin the
West. In 19?7only the National Forestsin Colorado and Arizona had more recreational
visitor daysof use.
.r\7.'\:'.,'-
T'l"r
.l:'t:i
Utah'smountainforests
arehighlyprizedfor
recreation.
Campers,
hikers,skien,andhuntersfrom theState,theNation,andaroundthe
world comehereto enjoythe manyactivitiesavailablein the vastand variedlandscape
of theState.
27
)
In 1980the National
Forestsaloneprovidedover
14 million visitordays...
and the Wasatchwas the
most heavilyusedNational
Forestin the Nation.
A commonlyusedmeasure
useisthevisitor-day.
of recreation
The NationalForest
visitorday
p€rson
System
isan aggregate
hours,whichmayentailonepersonfor
of 12
l2 hours,12persons
for I hour,or anycombinationof individualor groupuse,either
continuous
or intermittent.ln1977theestimated
recreational
useof Utah'sNationai
year1980thenumbersroseto over14
wasI 1.3millionvisitor-days.
Forests
In fisca1
million,accounting
for about15percentof therecreation
useon NationalForesrs
nationwide.
TheWasatch
NationalForest,with 6.74millionvisitor-days.
wasthemost
heavilyusedNationalForestin the Nation:
NationalForest
Wasatch
Uinta
Ashley
Fishlake
Dixie
Manti-LaSal
Thousands
of
visitor-days
6,7Q.8
2,338.8
1,579.4
1,318.9
l)1)7
982.5
Total
Nationalrank
in use
I
34
56
ol
67
83
t4,t92.7
ln 197'7camping and picnicking accountedfor 36 percent of the total recreation:
Activity
Campingand picnicking
Recreationtravel(mechanized)
Fishing
Hunting
Hiking and mountainclimbing
Winter sports
Water
Horsebackriding
Other
Total
Camping,picnicking, and
fishing are the favorite
activities.
Thousands of
visitor-days
4,470.6
2,m.8
l,?4.5
689.2
455.3
38s.4
294.8
226.6
1,538.6
I1,341.8
Many recreationsitesoutsidethe NationalForestsare alsoheavilyused.Privateenterprisesinsideand outsidethe NationalForestsprovide facilitiesfor skiing, boating, float
trips, and other activities.The Utah StatePark and RecreationCommission,rhe National Park Service,and other public agencies
all provideoutdoor recreationopportunities.lnln'l, for example,recreationon BLM land in Utah wasreportedat 1.3milIion visitordays,excludingsightseeing.
The increasein recreationalactivitiesin Utah sinceWorld War II is due to improved
transportationand a more mobilesociety.The Statehas madea concertedeffort to attract visiton from aroundthe world.
The Lake Powelland FlamingGorgerecreationareasare relativelyrecentadditionsto
Utah's recreationsceneand attractthousandsof peopleannually.Utah's snow provides
someof the bestskiinganiavherein the world. And big gamehunting is not only a local
activity, it attractsthousandsfrom out of State,particularlyCalifornia,as doesthe
fshing.
28
b--
-
r
,{
\
J
,1
*
f ]J
t.
'i;"i
L{,
t*
rl
j
I
--4
t7
--'A
Wildlife resourceshelp generatemuch of the recreationaluse of Utah's
forests.Big
game animals, always the most spectacularto see in the wild,
are abundant and are
heavily hunted by severalhundred thousand people annually, many from
out of State.
Utah's wildlife contributes
heavilyto Utah's attraction
for recreationists...
.!,bq
A;
ii+rr
i
I
rl
,*
29
.J
I
the basicherdsapAlthoughgamepopulationsfluctuateyearlyfor variousreasons,
of populationsof
1982
estimates
The
stableor areincreasing.
parentlyarereasonably
someselectedbig gamespeciesin Utah are:
particularlybig game
animals,...
waterfowl, and other
migratorybirds.
Species
Bison
Antelope
Bighornsheep
Mule deer
Elk
Moose
Number
150
2,500
250
600,000
20,000
1,000
Total
623,900
some
big gamepermitsweresoldand huntersharvested
During l98l well over200,000
90,809deer,3,456elk, and 1)6moose.
In additionto big gameandnongameanimals,Utah hasa largepopulationof waterfowl andotherbirds.Also Utah is part of a major flywayfor migratorybirdsof all
both to hunters
affordmanyhoursof recreation,
kinds.Thelargevarietyof bird species
and sightseers.
Huntersharvested
populationof waterfowlisabout11,000.
resident
Themidsummer
in
1980'In addition,
(mostly
geese
Canadian)
ducksandmorethan25,000
some367,265
165hunters''
100,
uplandgamebirdsand animalsweretakenby
an estimated847,730
Recreationandtourismin Utah is a major componentof the economyand will remain so.The opportunitiesfor recreationon the forestsandotherlandsin Utah will be
major factorsin anYlandusePlan.
Minerals
Utah's mineralestateis
vast...
especiallyin the Overthrust
Belt area.
Mineral extraction can
disturb the earth'ssurface
to varyingdegrees...
valuablemineralestate.
of Utah liesan increasingly
Beneaththe forestandrangelands
at
In 195, the valueof mineralproductionin Utah wasestimated $966'5million, with
primarymineralsbeingpetroleum,copper'coal,andgold'
lie
Someof the richestdepositsof criticalenergyand mineralresourcesin the Nation
in the overthrust Belt (hg. lo that runs from Mexicointo canada.The oil, oil shale,
tar sands,coal, molybdenum,phosphaterock, and a host of othersare beingconsidered
overlayingthesedepositshavetheir
for development.But, the forestsand rangelands
conflictingvalues.In Utah the OverthrustBelt spans
own mix of high and sometimbs
Front
the Stateroughlywestof the Greenand ColoradoRivers,and eastof the Wasatch
area.
land
the
of
a
third
and I-15 (fig. lo. It underlalsapproximately
Somemetalsand mineralsare most efficiently extractedby surfacemining with
But any mining, whetherfrom the surface
substantialdisturbanceto surfaceresources.
or underground,can causezurfacedisturbance,i.e. from wastedumps,land subsidence,
transportation,and poweraccesscorridon.
Oil exploration,drilling,andproductioncanbe donein manyareaswith minimalsustainedimpacton surfaceresources.
'Unpublisheddata, Utah Divisionof Wildlife Resources.
30
)
toa"r"oro*
/ (
-'-^
---{
\('
oREcoH
\l
M O I { T AN A
/)
I
\t
)=JI
i NEvaoa
I
luro,
\
\
aoa,ao"n,o\
Figure16.-OverthrustBeltspanning
cenlralUtah.
but pmper planningcan
protect the land resource.
Management
of forestandrangelandis beingplannedin concertwith mineral
development
soall resources
canbe utilizedwithoutpermanentdamageto the landbase.
3'l
l-
APPENDD( A: TERMINOLOGY
Acceptabletrees-Growing-stocktrees
of
standards
meetingsPecifred
qualifYnot
qualitY,
but
sizeand
ing asdesirabletrees.
Areaconditionclass-Seestocking'
land-Federal
Bureauof Land Management
Bureau
the
bY
landsadministered
U.S. DePartof Land Management,
mentof the Interior.
Commercialforestland-See commercial
timberland.
suitCommercialspecies-Treespecies
products'
ablefor industrialwood
Commercialtimberland-Forestland
that is Producingor iscaPableof
producingcropsof industrialwood
and not withdrawnfrom timber
utilization bYstaiuteor administrativeregulation.(Note:
AreasqualifYingascommercial
of
timberlandhavethecaPabilitY
producingin excesof 20cubic
feetper acreP€rYearof industrial wood in naturalstands'
andinopCurrentlY,inaccessible
erableareasareincluded.)
Cord-A pile of stackedwoodcontaining
128cubicfeetwithin its outside
surfaces.The standarddimensions
are4by4bY8feet.
Cropland-Land undercultivation within
the pastZ montls, including
croplandharvested,crop failures'
cultivatedsunmer fallow, idle
croplandusedonly for Pasture'
orchards,andlandin soilimProving croPs,but excludinglandcultivated in develoPingimProved
pasture.
Cull trees-Live treesof sawtimberand
poletimbersizethat areunmerchantablefor sawlogsnow or Prosof roughnes,
pectivelY
because
(also
rot, or sPecies seerotten
treesand roughtrees).
32
Defenedforestland-National Forest
landsthat meetProductiYity
standardsfor commercialforest,
but areunderstudYfor Possible
inclusionin the wilderness
system.
trees
Trees-Growing-stock
Desirable
(l) havingno seriousdefectin
qualityto limit Presentor Prospectiveusefor timberProducts;(2)of relativelYhiglt
vigor;and (3)containingno
that maYresultin
pathogens
deterioration
deathor serious
age.
rotation
before
of
Diameterclasses-Aclassifrcation
treesbasedon diameteroutside
at breastheight
bark measured
(4Vzfeetabovethe ground).
D.b.h. is thecommonabbreviation for "diameterat breast
height." Whenusing2-inch
the Ginch
diameterclasses,
class,for examPle,includes
trees5.0through6.9inches
d.b.h.,inclusive.
Ecosystem-A complete,interacting
considered
systemof organisms
environment;
their
with
together
a
e.g.,a marsh,a watershed,
lake,etc.
Establishment-Aneconomicunit,
generallYat a singlePhYsical
locationriherebusinesis conor
ductedor whereservices
are
oPerations
Perindustrial
formed.
Farmerandotherprivate-All private
excePtindustry'
ownershiPs
lands-Lands ownedby a
Farmer-owned
a farm,
p€rsonwho oPerates
himselfor
work
the
eitherdoing
the
directlYsuPervising work'
Forestindustrylands-Lands ownedby
or individualsoperacomPanies
ting wood-ProcesingPlants'
u
Forestland-Land at leastl0 percent
stockedby foresttreesof any
size,includinglandthat formerly
hadsuchtreecoverandthat will
be naturallyor artificially
(AlsoseeCommercial
regenerated.
timberland,Productive-reserved
forestland, andOtherforest
land.)Forestlandincludes
transitionzones,suchasareas
betweenheavilyforestedand
nonforestedlandsthat areat
leastl0 p€rcentstockedwith foresttrees,and forestareasadjacentto urbanandbuilt-uplands.
Also includedarepinyon-juniper
and chaparralareasin the West,
and afforestedareas.The minimum
areafor classification
of forest
landis I acre.Roadside,streamside,and shelterbelt
stripsof
timbermusthavea crownwidth at
least120feetwideto qualifyas
forestland. Unimprovedroadsand
trails,streams,andclearingsin
forestareasareclassifiedas
forestifles than 120feetin
width.
Forestsiteproductivityclass-A
classification
of forestlandin
termsof potentialcubic-foot
volumegowth per acreat culmination of meanannualincrementin
fully stockednaturalstands.
Foresttypes-A clasificationof
forestlandbascdupon the tree
pres€ntlyforminga
species
pluralityof stocking.For
poletimber-size
treesandlarger,
stockingis determinedfrom basal
areaoccurrence;for treesless
than5.0inchesd.b.h.,from
numberof trees.
Major westernforesttypegoups:
Douglas-fir-Forests in which
Douglas-f,rcomprisesa
plurality of the stocking.
(Commonassociates
includewestern hemlock,westernredcedar,
the true frs, redwood,ponderosapine, and larch.)
33
pine-Forestsin which
Ponderosa
ponderosa
pinecomprises
a
pluralityof the stocking.
(Commonassociates
include
Jeffreypine, sugarpine,limber pine,Arizonapine,Apache
. pine,
Chihuahuapine,Douglasfu, incensecedar,and white
fu.)
Limberpine-Forestsin which
limberpinecomprises
a
pluralityof thestocking.
(Commonassociates
include
lodgepole
pine,aspen,Engelrnann
spruce,andsubalpine
fir.)
pine-Forestsin which
Lodgepole
lodgepole
pinecomprises
a
pluralityof thestocking.
(Commonassociates
arealpine
hr, westernwhitepine,
Engelmann
spruce,aspen,and
larch.)
Fir-spruce-Forestsin whichtrue
hrs (,4Dr'es
spp.),Engelmann
spruce,or Coloradoblue
spruce,singlyor combination,
comprises
a pluralityof the
stocking.(Commonassociates
aremountainhemlockand
pine.)
lodgepole
White fir-Forests in whichwhite
fir comprises
a pluralityof the
(Common
stocking.
associate
is
Douglas-hr).
Aspen-Forestsin whichaspencomprisesa pluralityof the
stocking.
Cottonwood-Forestin which
cottonwoodcomprises
a plurality
of thestocking.(Common
associates
arewillow and red
alder).
Hardwoods-Forestsin whichred
alderor otherwesternhardwoods,singlyor in combination, comprises
a pluralityof
thestocking.
lPinyon-juniper-Forestsin which
pinyonpineor juniper(or both)
a pluralitYof the
comprises
stocking.
trees-Livesawtimber
Growing-stock
trees,
trees,poletimber
meeting
splings, andseedlings
qualitY
or
of
specifiedstandards
cull trees.
vigor;excludes
Growing-stockvolume-Net volumein
cubicfeetof livesawtimberand
poletimber
trees,fromstumpto a
minimum4-inchtop (of central
stem)outsidebarkor to thePoint
wherethecentralstembreaksinto
Iimbs.
Growth-See dehnitionfor "Net annual
growth."
trees,
Hardwoods-Dicotyledonous
decidand
broad-leaved
usually
uous.
Indianlands-Tribal landsheldin fee
by the FederalGovernmentbut
for Indiantribal
administered
goups and tndiantrust allotments.
Industrialwood-All commercialroundwood productsexceptfuelwood.
Land area-Cenzusdefinition:The area
of dry landandlandtemporarilY
or partiallycoveredby watersuch
swamps,andriver
asmarshes,
(omittingtidal flats
plains
flood
belowmeanhightide);streams,
andcanals
sloughs,estuaries,
lessthan l/8 of a statutemilein
and
width: andlakes,reservoirs,
pondsles than40acresof area.
ForestSurveydefurition:
Sameasaboveexceptminimumwidth
of streams,etc.,is 120feetand
minimumsizeof lakes,etc.,is I
acre.
Loggingresidues-Theunusedportions
of poletimberandsawtimbertrees
cut or killedby loing.
34
Mortality-The volumeof soundwood
in livetreesthat havedied
from naturalcauses
duringa
period.
specified
NationalForestSystemland-Federal
lards desigrrated
by Executive
Orderor statuteasNational
Forests
units,and
or purchase
otherlandsunderthe administrationofthe ForestService
includingexperimental
areasand
Bankhead-Jones
Title III lands.
Net annualgowth-The net increase
in the volumeof treesduringa
specifiedyear.Componentsof
net annualgrowthincludethe
incrementin net volumeof trees
at the beginningof the specific
yearsurvivingto its end, plus
the netvolumeof treesreaching the minimumsizeclassduring the year,minusthe volume
of treesthat diedduringthe
year,and minusthe net volume
of treesthat becameroughor
rottentreesduringthe year.
Net volumein board feet-The gros
board-footvolumeof treesles
deductionsfor rot or otherdefectaffectingusefor lumber.
Net volumein cubicfeet-Gross volumein cubicfeetlessdeducand
tionsfor rot, roughness,
poor form.-Volumeis computed
for the centralstemfrom a
l-foot stumpto a minimum4.G
inchtop diameteroutsidebark,
or to the point wherethe
centralstembreaksinto limbs.
Nonforestland-Land that hasnever
supportedforestsand lands
formerlyforestedwhereusefor
is precluded
timbermanagement
for otheruses.
by development
(Note: Includesareasusedfor
crops,improvedpasture,residentialareas,city parks,improvedroadsof anywidth and
adjoiningclearings,Powerline
u
clearings
of anywidth,and
l- to 4Gacreareasof water
classified
by theBureauof the
Census
asnonforestland.If
intermingledin forestareas,
unimproved
roadsandnonforest
stripsmustbemorethan 120feet
wide,andclearings,
etc.,more
than I acrein size,to qualifyas
nonforestland.)
Nonstocked
areas-Commercial
timberlandlessthan l0 percentstocked
with growing-stock
trees.
OtherFederalland-Federalland
otherthan landsadministered
by
theForestService
or theBureau
of Land Management.
Other forestland-Forest land incapableof producing20cubicfeetper
acreof industrialwoodunder
naturalconditionsbecause
of
adverse
siteconditions
suchas
sterilesoils,dry climate,poor
drainage,
highelevation,
steepness,or rockiness.
Otherland-All landareaotherthan
forestandrangelands.
Otherprivateland-Privately owned
landotherthan forestindustrvor
farmer-owned.
Otherpublicland-Publicly ownedland
otherthan NationalForestSvstem
land.
Otherremovals-Thenet volumeof
gowing-stocktreesremovedfrom
the inventoryby cultural
operationssuchastimber-stand
improvement,by landclearing,and
by changes
in landuse,suchasa
shift to wilderness.
Otherspecies-Treespecies
of typical
smallsize,poor form, or inferior
qualitywhichnormallydo not
developinto treessuitablefor
industrialwoodproducts.
Ownership-Thepropertyownedb-vone
owner,includingall parcelsof
landin theUnitedStates.
Pasture-Landwhichiscurrently
improvedfor grazingby cultivation, seeding,
or irrigation.
Plantbyproducts-Woodmaterialfrom
primarymanufacturingplants
(suchasslabs,edgings,
trimmings,miscuts,sawdust
veneercoresand
shavings,
clippings,and pulp screenings)
that areusedfor someoroducts.
Poletimber
stands-Standsat least10
percentstockedwith growingstocktrees.of whichhalfor
moreof thestockingis
sawtimberand/ or poletimber
treeswithpoletimber
stockingexceeding
that of sawtimber.(Seedefinitionfor
Stocking.)
Poletimber
trees-Livetreesof commercialspecies
at least5.0
inchesin diameterat breast
heightbut smallerthan sawtimbersize,and of good form
andvigor.
Potentialgowth-The average
net
annualgowth per acreattainablein fully stockednatural
standsat culminationof mean
annualgrowthof dominantor
codominanttrees.
Primarymanufacturingplants-Plants
usingroundwoodproductssuchas
sawlogs,pulpwoodbolts,veneer
logs,etc.
Productive-reserved
forestlandProductivepublic forestland
withdrawnfrom timberutilization throughstatuteor administrativeregulations.
Productivityclass-A classifi
cation
of forestland in termsof
potentialgowth in cubicfeet
of fullystockednaturalstands.
)
Rangeland-Landon whichthepotenispretialnaturalvegetation
grasses,
grass-like
dominantly
plants,forbs,or shrubs,
innatucludinglandrevegetated
rallyor anificiallythatis
likenativevegetation.
managed
includes
natural
Rangeland
grasslands,
shrubsavannas,
most
deserts,
tundra,
lands,
alpinecommunities,
coastal
that are
marshes,
andwetmeadows
lessthan l0 percentstocked
with foresttreesof anvsize.
Removals-Thenetvolumeof growingtreesremoved
stockor sawtimber
from theinventoryby hawestsuchas
ing;culturaloperations,
land
timberstandimprovement;
in
land
use.
clearings;or changes
Residues:
suitCoarseresidues-Plantresidues
ablefor chipping,suchas
andends.
slabs,edgings,
not
Fineresidues-Plantresidues
suitablefor chipping,suchas
sawdust,shavings,
andveneer
clippings.
Loggingresidues-Theunusedportions
of sawtimberandpoletimber
treescut or killedby logging.
Plantresidues-Woodmaterialsfrom
primarymanufacturing plants
that arenot usedfor anyproduct.
Urban residues-Woodmaterialsfrom
urbanareas,suchasnewspapers,
lumberandplyrvoodfrom building
demolition,andusedpackaging
andshippingwoodmaterials.
Rottentrees-Livetreesof commercial
species
that do not containa saw
primarlog, now or prospectively,
(e.g.,
ily because
rot
when
of
rot
accounts
for morethan50percent
of thetotalcullvolume).
36
L-
Roughtrees-(a)Livetreesof commercialspecies
that do not containa sawlog,now or prospectively,primarilybecause
of
poor form, splits,
roughness,
andcracks,andwith lessthan
one-thirdof thegrosstree
volumein soundmaterial:and
(b) all livetreesof
noncomrnercial
species.
Roundwoodequivalent-Thevolumeof
logsor otherroundproducts
requiredto producethelumber,
plywood,woodpulp,paper,or
othersimilarproducts.
Roundwoodlogs-Logs, bolts,or other
roundsections
cut from trees.
deadtrees-Standingor down
Salvable
deadtreesthat areconsidered
currentlyor potentiallymerchantableby regionalstandards.
Saplings-Livetreesof commercial
species
1.0inchto 5.0inches
in diameterat breastheightand
of goodform and vigor.
Saplingandseedlingstands-Stands
at leastl0 percentoccupied
with growing-stocktreesof
whichmorethan half of the
stockingis saplingsand/or
seedlings.
Sawlog-A log meetingminimum
of diameter,Iength,
standards
anddefect,includinglogsat
least8 feetlong, soundand
straight,andwith a minimum
diameterinsidebark for softwoodsof 6 inches(8 inchesfor
hardwoods)
or othercombinations
by
ofsizeanddefectspecified
regionalstandards.
Sawlog portion-That partof the
boleof sawtimbertreesbetween
thestumpandthesawlog top.
,
Sawlog top-The pointon theboleof
sawtimbertreesabovewhicha saw
The
logcannotbeproduced.
minimumsawlog top is 7.0inches
and9.0
d.o.b.for softwoods,
d.o.b.for hardwoods.
inches
samplingmethods.Samplingerrors
do not includetechnique
enors
photo
that couldoccurin
classification
of areas,
measurement
of volume.or
compilationof data.
Sawtimberstands-Standsat least10
percentoccupiedwith growingstocktrees.with halfor moreof
total stockingin sawtimberor
poletimbertrees,andwith
sawtimberstockingat leastequal
to poletimber
stocking.
suchas
Standimprovement-Measures
thinning,pruning,release
cutting,girdling,weeding,or
poisoningof unwantedtrees
aimedat improvinggrowing
conditionsfor the remainins
trees.
trees-Livetreesof comSawtimber
containingat
mercialspecies
leastone l2-foot sawlog or two
noncontiguous
8-footlogs,and
meetingregionalspecifications
for freedomfrom defect.Softwood
treesmustbe at least9 inchesin
diameterandhardwoodtreesI I
inchesin diameterat breast
height.
classes-Aclassifi
cation
Stand-size
of forestlandbasedon the
predominantsizeof timber
present.SeePoletimber
stands,
Saplingseedlingstands,and
Sawtimberstands.
Sawtimbervolume-Net volumeof the saw
log portion of livesawtimber
treesin boardfeet.
livetreesof
Seedlings-Established
lessthan 1.0
commercialspecies
inch in diameterat breastheight
and ofgood form andvigor.
trees,
Softwoods-Monocotyledonous
havingneedle
usuallyevergreen,
or scalelikeleaves.
Specialinterestareas-Areasdescribed
in the EnvironmentalPolicyAct of
190 whichinclude(l) cultural
areas-historic or prehistoric
sitesandplacesof obviousfuture
historicalvalue-and (2)natural
of the
areas-outstandingexamples
Nation'sgeologicalandecological
features.
of the
Standardenor-An expression
degree
ofconfidence
thatcanbe
placedon an estimatedtotal or
average
obtainedby statistical
37
State,county,andmunicipallandsLandsownedby States,counties,
andlocalpublicagencies,
or
governlandsleasedby these
mentalunitsfor morethan 50
years.
Stocking-Stockingis an expression
of theextentto whichgrowing
spaceis effectivelyutilized
by presentor potentialgrowing
stocktreesof commercial
species."Percentof stocking"
with "percentage
is synonymous
of growingspaceoccupied"and
meansthe ratio of actualstocking to full stockingfor comparablesitesandstands.Basal
areais useda.sa basisfor
stocking.
measuring
Full utilizationof the siteis
to occurovera rangeof
assumed
basalarea.As an interim
guide,60percentof the normal
yieldtablevalueshasbeenused
to establishthe lowerlimit of
this range,whichrepresents
full-siteoccupancy.This is
calledl0Gpercentstocking.
The upperlimit of full stocking
)
hasbeens€tat 132p€rcent.
Siteswith lessthan l0Gpercent
lessthan
stockingrepresent
full-siteoccupancy.Overstocking is characterized
by siteswith
133percentor morestocking.
express
" Stockingpercentages"
currentareaoccupancyil relafor
tion to specified
standards
full stockingbasedon number,
of treesconsize,andspacing
to fully utilize
siderednecessary
the forestland.andare
into the following
summarized
areaconditionclasses:
Classl0-Areas fully stocked
(100to 132percent)
with
desirabletreesand not
(133percentor
overstocked
more).
Class20-Areas fully stocked
with desirable
trees,but
with all live
overstocked
trees.
Class3O-Areasmediumto fully
stocked(60to 99percent)
with desirable
treesand
with lessthan 30percent
of the areacontrolledby
othertreesor inhibiting vegetation,or surface
conditionsthat will preventoccupanryby desirable
trees.
Class60-Areas poorlystocked
with desirabletrees,but
with mediumto full stocktrees.
ing of growing-stock
Clas 70-Areas nonstocked
than 16.7percent)
Qess
or poorlystockedwith
desirabletrees,and
poorlystockedwith
gowing-stocktrees.
Class80-Low-risk old-growth
stands.
Class9O-HiCh-riskold-growth
stands.
Nonstocked-Areaslessthan 16.7
percentstockedwith growingstocktrees.
Upper-stemportion-That part of the
mainstemor fork of sawtimber
treesabovethe sawlog top to a
minimumtop diameterof 4 inches
outsidebark or to the point
wherethe mainstemor fork
breaksinto limbs.
Urban andotherareas-Areaswithin
the legalboundariesof cities
and towns;suburbanareasdevelopedfor residential,induspurposes;
trial, or recreational
yards;
cemeteries;
roads;
school
railroads; airports;beaches;
powerlinesand otherrights-ofway;or othernonforestlandnot
includedin anyotherspecified
landuseclass.
Class4G-Areas mediumto fully
stockedwith desirable
treesandwith 30p€rcent
or moreof the areacontrolledby othertrees,or
conditionsthat ordinarily
preventoccupancyby
desirabletrees.
Water-Censusdefrnition:Strearns
andcanals
sloughs,estuaries,
morethan l/8 of a statutemile
in width; andlakes,resewoirs,
and pondsmorethan 40 acresin
area.
ClassSfAreas poorlystocked
(16.7to 59percent)
with
desirabletrees,but fully
stockedwith growing-stock
trees.
ForestSurveydefmition:
Sameasaboveexceptminimum
width of streams,etc. is 120
feet,and minimumsizeof lakes,
etc.is I acre.
3B
,
Wilderness-An areaof undeveloped
Federal land retaining its primevalcharacterand influence,
without p€rmanentimprovements
or human habitation,which is
protectedand managedso asto
preserveits natural conditions
and which (l) generallyappeaffto
havebeenaffectedprimarily by
the forcesof nature,with the
imprint of mal's work substantiallyunnoticeable;(2) has
outstandingopportunitiesfor
solitude or a primitive and
unconhnedt)?e of recreation;(3)
has at least5.000acresof land
or is of sufficientsizeas
to make practicableits preservation and usein an unimpairedcondition; and (a) may alsocontain
ecological,geological,or other
featuresof scientific.educational, scenic,or historicvalue
(from WildernessAct 1964).
?q
lAPPENDIX B: INYENTORYTECHNIQUES
primarilyat theStateand
to providereliablestatistics
The inventorywasdesigned
wereasfollows:
workingcirclelevels.Procedures
werebasedon theclassification
of 668,057
l. Initiaiareaestimates
samplepointssysplacedon thelatestaerialphotographs
available.
Thesamplepointswere
tematically
fieldsampling.
andgroupedinto stratafor subsequent
The photopoints,
summarized
adjustedto meetknownlandareas,wereusedto computeareaexpansion
factorsfor the
fieldstratummeans.
andvolumewerebased
2. Landclassification
andestimates
of timbercharacteristics
at 719groundsamplelocations.Sample
andmeasurements
recorded
on observations
treeswereselected
usinga lGpoint cluster,whichincludeslxed plots(l/30Gacre)for
treeslessthan5 inchesd.b.h.andvariableplots(40-BAF)for trees5 inchesd.b.h. or
larger.
developed
for
volumeanddefectwerecomputedusingequations
3. For mostspecies,
were
used.
Kemp's
equations
theAshleyNationalForest.For otherspecies,
4. All photoandflelddataweresentto Ogden,Utah, for editingandwerepunched
onto cardsandstoredfor machinecomputing,sorting,andtabulation.Finalestimates
werebasedon statistical
of thedata.
summaries
4o
)
APPENDTXC: RELIABILITY OF THE DATA
Individualcellswithintablesshouldbeusedwith caution.Somearebasedon very
smallsamplesizes,andsoresultin highsamplingerrors.The standardelror percentages
level.
at the67percentconfidence
shownin tables6 and7 werecalculated
Table 6.--Area
of
forest
land (excluding
National
Forests)
with
percent
errot,
stildard
Al1 tlpes
Hardvoods
Softwoods
Utah, 1978
Iten
Acres
Productive
other
forest
lad:
Unproductive nonreseryed
lResewed
Tablc
lmd
standard
34,698
571,495
t l n p r o d u c t i v er e s e r v e d l
therefore,
!3.7
\a )<)
4,0tl
28,241
resewedl
Percent
Acres
874,530
282,t33
592,r97
tinberland
Comercial
Percen t
Acres
Pe r c e n t
!0.7
8,f35,599
,406,195
l'!
areas are estinated fron aeri.al photos without
are not calculated.
erors
and annual trortality
volrJne, net mnual glowth,
7.--Nct
(ixcluding
Nationat Forests)
tinberlmd
comercial
verification;
field
of growing stock ud
vith pelcent stmdard
All
Hardwoods
Softroods
on
savtiober
error, Utah
species
Iten
Volue
Nct voltDe, 1978:
Glowing stock (M cubic feet)
Sautinber (M board feetr)
801,290
5,138,966
Vohne
Percent
+< 7
.< |
iln
lqq
<44 (eO
Net annual growth, 1977:
Growing stock (cubic feet)
Sawtinber(boardfeet!)
13,728,031
68,115,628
i11.6 9,46r,753
!L0.6 3r,273,739
f977 :
Annual nortality,
Groying stock (cubic feet)
Savtinber (board feet')
5,679,847
19,599,960
=ZL. L
2,090,010
121.0
)
llntornational
I/4-inch
nrIe.
41
174 )ra
Percent
Vohne
Percent
lt4.2
1,111,485
5, 707,555
!4.8
!5.7
!10.7
!22.2
2 3, 1 8 9, 7 6 4
99,389,367
!8. 2
!9.8
146. 8
ZZ. JZJ, LI'
=6.
I
7,769,857
+17 o
!19.4
I, -
APPENDTXD: FORESTSURVEYTABLES8-31
Table B.--Total
land and water area by ownership class, Utah, 1978
Thousand acres
Land class
Commercial timberland
Commercial deferred
\
!
1)
L -
t
|
L .
F .
t\/
\
e
,
a
)O<, n
- v r .
v
r24.3
428.7
land
1 6 0 6 6 .6
Nonforest land
Total
l \
L e
,
i'loncommercial forest land:
Other forest nonreserved
Productive reserved
Other forest reserved
Total forest
t
3 6 , 4 6 0. I
land a r e a l
Isource:
Bureau of the Census, land and water area of the United
States,1980.
T a b l e 9 . - - A r e a o f c o m m e r c i a l t i n ' , b e r 1 a n db y o w n e r s h i p c l a s s , U t a h , 1 9 7 8
Ownership class
Thousand acres
National Forest
Bureau of Land l'{anagement
Indian
Miscellaneous Federal
State
County and municipal
Forest industry
Farmer
0ther private
a
o.J
1 1 4 .8
3.7
n
3 0 3 .9
208.9
A11 ownerships
3,151.3
+L
\-.
2 7 7. 0
186.0
5 0 .7
)
titrberland
Table 10.--Area of comercial
site class, Utah, 1978
Forest type and
stand-size class
165+
1 2 0 -1 6 4
-
D o u g l a s -f i r :
Sawtinber
P ol e t i m b e !
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
Site class
85-119
-
Thousand
( l
rt ,l r
stand-size
5 0 -8 4
ac:es
1 0 1. 4
::
-:
2.6
a1
RR
109.6
Ponderosa pine:
Sawtinber
P ol e t i n b e r
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
14.8
)) n
8.0
TotaI
Total
348.4
363.2
)A
I
404.8
426.8
228.9
182.3
236.9
1 8 4 .I
J).v
(I)
21.0
21.0
7
J:.
/
2.6
56-5
a.)
77
1J
28.9
?nq
100.1
11
J.J
J.Z
110.6
151.4
2 8 9 .9
1 8 .7
rn 1
J/v.u
tat.L
55.0
20.2
3 .0
76.5
30.5
3.0
3I8.9
457.2
837.1
1 4 .8
1 4 .8
^-;
L.J
l7
Total
Aspen:
Sawtirobcr
Poletiober
Sapl.ing and seedling
Nonstocked
A)
tq
Total
?
8 7. 7
2-.;
than 0.05 thousand acres.
43
L. J
|
235.6
352.6
98.7
30.1
1s5.8
546.0
717.0
rn q
tn <
1n
z,)
^.:
t7
156.8
280.7
80.7
2 7. 8
Total
74.0
r1 n
1
71.8
63.7
18.0
2.3
Cottonwood:
Sawtinber
Poletinber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
z->
139.0
a1
J).O
J.Z
Total
|
460.4
Pinyon-jutiper:
Sawtinber
Poletinbor
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
I
5UZ.I
450.6
>.2
Fir- spruce:
Sawtirnber
Poletimber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
I
JdJ. /
9.8
i.rl
Total
I
426.6
39.4
29.0
7. L
7
White fir:
Sautimber
Pol etimber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
I
3 1 9 .I
38.2
24.6
1.8
J5.v
Lfuaber pine:
Sawtinber
Poletimber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
All forest types:
SaHtinber
P ol e t i n b e r
Sapling and seedJ.ing
Nonstocked
acres
)A
Lodgepole pine:
Sawtirnber
Poletinbe!
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
lless
20-49
aad
7.2
Total
Total
class,
-
1?
(I)
Total
t)?e,
by forest
q
IU.J
2,174.7
674.1
225.4
77.L
519.6
8S.4
34.6
Lz.L
1,S78.6
577.7
190.8
62.5
651..7
2,409.4 3,151.3
)
tI
I
Table 11.--Area of conrnercial tinberland in National Forest
ovnetship by forest
t)?e, st.rnd_size class, and site c1ass, Utai, 1978
Forest tlpe
stand-si ze class
5i.te class
-
Douglas-fir:
Sawtinber
PoI et iurber
S a p l i n g a n d s e e dl i n g
Nonstocked
Total
-
lhousand
taI
acres
acres
o-l
(I)
.9
P o n d e r o s ap i n e :
Sawtimber
P ol e t i n r b e r
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
-
48.4
t.2
(t)
189.4
27.9
s.T
1.8
238.7
29.1
s.7
1.8
49.6
222.s
273.3
a1a
A
275.9
)7
7
z.a
aa
10.9
r oEal
a
1 0 .9
JZI.O
Lodgepole pine:
Sawt irnber
P oI e t i m b e r
Sapling and seedling
N o ns t o c k e d
8.0
208.5
l.o
177
2t6.5
1 7 5 .9
5 3 .4
o
|
3 3. 4
Total
Limber pine:
Sawtimber
Poletimber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
9.8
414.9
(r)
r8.6
424
1 8 .6
7
Total
fr)
White fir:
Sawtimber
P ol e t i n b e r
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
18.1
to
a
1
lo
l
91.5
109.6
J.J
J.J
7)
Total
1 8 .I
Fir- spruce:
Sawtimber
P ol e t i n b e r
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
ZJ.)
1L>.L
AA
Total
4J.
)
226.9
102.0
1 2 0 .I
J+O.y
)u.v
1 9 .0
5.0
5 8 5 .6
59.2
22.4
3.0
419.8
670.2
Pinyon-juniper:
Sawtinber
P ol e t i n b e r
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
Total
Aspen:
Sawtinber
P ol e t i n b e r
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
16 0
Lo. r
Total
201.9
46.2
L52.2
2 1 8 0.
6.2
28.9
410.0
445.3
I.JJ.
J
Cottonwood:
Sawti-nber
Poletinber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
Total
All forest types:
Sawtinbe!
Polet inber
Sapling and seedling
N o n st o c k e d
ldo
r
1a
A
3,4
474.3
r 2 9 3.
43.2
1 , 5 9 7 I.
501.7
L32.7
45.5
910.4 2
rLess than 0.05
thousand acres.
44
I
T a b l e I 2 . - - A r e a o f c o r n : r e r c i . a 1t i n b e r l a n d i n o t h e r p u b l i c o * n e r s h i p b y f o r e s t t ) ? e ,
stand-si:e cIass, and site class, Utah, 1973
Forest trpe and
stand-size class
165*
1 2 0 -I 6 4
-
Site class
8 5 -I l 9
-
5 0 -8 4
I .1
21.8
2.6
.5
Total
I,6
Ponderosapine:
Sawtimber
Pol etimber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
Total
acres
74.5
97,4
-
?.housand acres
D o u g1 a s -f i r :
Sawtimber
PoI et inber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
20-49
lq
10
tl.4
14.0
1.0
.5
24.9
u_l
89.8
5J.O
1.4
i16.3
Ol.v
1.4
qo
Total
1A
1
Lodgepole pine:
Sawtimber
P ol e t i m be r
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
57.3
o. /
o. /
2.L
2.1
.5
L.7
1.7
Total
I inhar
nino.
Sawtimber
Poletinber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
IA
Total
White fir:
Sawtinber
Pol et inber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
). r
Total
6.0
6.0
1A
1^
l.J
t.6
l.J
Fi r-cntrra.
Sawtirober
P ol e t i m b e r
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
1
ZJ.)
8.9
'))
Total
q
lq
7
3 0 .1
Pinyon- j uniper:
Sawtinber
Poletinber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
J/.U
v.J
I.J
Total
10.8
Aspen:
Sawtimber
Pol etiBber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
)l
o. z
al
lt.0
A'
4.4
11
All forest types:
Sawtinber
Poletinbe!
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
ta
I
7
-:
.)
,a
45
E?,6
1< /
Aa
Total
I
r4.2
'_!
Total
i
Jl..i.
10.0
34.5
Cottonr.rood:
Sawtinber
Poletfurber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
t
9.5
6.4
llJ.v
)1.1
Lt-6
.5
Total
I
I
4 6. 4
77
4.4
.5
7 8 .0
L. t
t-7
165.8
25.2
24.0
11.8
264.5
44.8
35.5
18.7
224.8
361.5
t, F
T a b l e 1 3 . - - A r e a o f c o r n r n e r c i a lt i n b e r l a n d i n f a r m a n d o t h e r p r i . v a t e o n n e r s h i p
by
forest t1pe, stand-size class, and site class, Utah,1978
rest true and
stand-size class
1 2 0 -1 6 4
-
D o u gl a s - f i r :
Sawtimber
P o1 e t i m be r
S a pI i n g a n d s e e d l i n g
Nonstocked
8 5 - 11 9
-
Thausad
20-49
acres
-
A1
55.2
1.8
2.2
TotaI
v.)
)1
AA
6.3
t12.5
P o n d e r o s ap i n e :
Sawtimber
Poletinrber
Sapling and seedling
No n s t o c k e d
a\
Total
,l
5.3
t 3. 7
1\
2.0
7
2.0
-9
Total
White fir:
Sawtimber
P oI e t i r n be r
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
1
1.0
1n
2.2
2.2
77
+.J
)) |
1/
Total
1.4
4.3
71
ZJ.)
r6.b
o.u
23.2
2.7
Aa
al
26.4
tv.5
).J
Total
Aspen:
Sawtimber
Poletinber
Sapling and seedling
N o n st o c k e d
4.9
).v
Total
10.8
40.9
46
l-0
o.J
o-J
tJ. o
.C.J
81.4
| )7
0
7A
IUJ. J
J6. J
a
.7
l0l. 5
1 9 3 .7
'-l
'-l
8.8
8.8
1(r
,
78.?
71
2-2
J
a).J
6.E
11
1 0 9 .9
ln
61.0
Total
Jl.v
J.Z
J.
\AA
Cottonwood:
Sawtinber
P ol e t i n b e r
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
)1
95.1
9 .6
.J
Pinyon- j uniper :
Sawtinber
P ol e t i n b e r
Sapling and seedling
N o n st o c k e d
Tot.al
1.0
4.8
R'I
Linber pine:
Sawtinber
P ol e t i n b e r
Sapling and seedling
N o n st o c k e d
All forest tfpes:
Sawtirnber
P oI e t i n b e r
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
i
3L.2
1A
Total
)a
1.0
5.5
l . J
Lodgepole pine:
Sawtimber
Poletimber
Sapling and seedling
N o n st o c k e d
Fir-spruce:
Sawtinber
Poletimber
Sapling and seedling
Nonstocked
90.5
6.4
11.5
7
3 1 3 I.
1)7
4
>9.2
t.J
12.9
274.2
5r2.8
T a b l e 1 4 . - - A r e a of cornnercial t i i n b e r l a n d b y s t a n d - s i z e c l a s s a n d o w n e r s h i . p
class , Utah, 197E
Stand-size class
National
Forest
0ther
public
whntrcanA
Sawtimber stands
Poletimber stands
Sapling and seedling
stands
Nonstocked areas
Total
(nt
'7
't7)
1
A-
264.5
4 4 .8
?
2 7 7. 0
47
Farmer and
other private
All
ownershiPs
a-rq<
't 1'7
A
2,174.7
6 74 . 1
3 3 .s
18.7
59.2
2 2 5. 4
7 7. r
361.5
5 1 2 .8
3,151.3
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F
T a b l e 2 8 . - - A n n u a l t i m b e r renovals from growing stock on connercial
t i n b e r l a n d b y iten and softwoods and hardwoods, Utah , 1977
Iten
A11 species
-
Roundwoodproducts:
Sawlogs
Veneer logs and bolts
Pulpwood
Other industrial
Fuelwood
A11 products
Logging residues
- Thousand cubic
9 ,76_2_
Hardwoods
-
feet
a 7)a
33
554
906
343
8;;
331
9
t2
11,565
I O 957
608
1,188
159
ZJ
304
28s
19
L2,401
6s6
Other renovals
Total
Softwoods
057
removals
5 ).+
T a b l e 2 9 . - - A n n u a l t i m b e r r e n o v a l s frorn sawtinber on conmercial
by item and softwoods and hardwoods, Utah, L977
Iten
A11 species
A1l products
Logging residues
62,572
1, 5 1 4
3,877
1
renovals
U',t:l
3,832
L.922
rule
)1)
1r5;;
45
70
6 9, 9 s 5
68.114
841
7, 3 7 4
207
167
883
77L
LT2
7 7 092
L20
Other removals
Total
00?
Hardwoods
Softwoods
Thousand board feet,
Tnternational
| / 4- inch
Roundwoodproducts:
Sawlogs
Veneer logs and bolts
Pulpwood
Other industrial
Fuelwood
tinberland
IJ
)1)
56
)
Ieble
of roudrood
30.--Output
products
prodlct,
by souca,
rld
rnd hrr&roodr,
toftroodt
1977
tltA,
6;fri 6l i6Giri66e; o6eii'::
products
sPeclca
md additional
renoval.s
Studrld
ui.ts
igtotp
productr
rcr.urdrood
rr\tD.t
ol 8!tt
SoftYoods
Hardroods
sav Logs
Thansud
board feet
63,962
:5-
*:f
t1ruif
a.ulc fat
llptud
lrt
dblc
lldtnd
a.blc fit
9,978
9,729
1!
61,206
Total
10,016
r;;;"r
IL
9,762
fintaat
fdt
dllc
,.ji$.,
t}qrt&d
d.blc fdt
f}qrted
Doud fctl
zoo
412t2
49
52'!60
201
50
6 2' 5 7 2
Softvoods
Hudroods
Vencer logs and bolts
Total
Softroods
Hardroods
PulPwood
stmdud
colds
554
indutrial
MiscellseoE
CooPorage
Poles
(roud)
Posts (rosd
ild
I,511
:
Pi ling
I{ine tinbers
--
554
6,412
Total
sPli't)
0thcr
all
Slesr/,
ni s caI Loeous
softvoods
Hsrdlr@ds
softroods
Hudvm&
Softroods
Hcdroods
Softv@ds
Hgtdroods
SoftYoo&
Hudroods
SoftYoodt
HardY@ds
Thosmd
borrd
Thoumd
llncu
foet
foct
Thousend ploccs
Thousud
ilblc
Thouud
ploccs
Thoumd
cublc
feot
f.ct
6
585
l9
215
215
565
9-215
93
9l
12n
;;
;a
aa
995
1l
n.l.
n-r-
Softyoods
Hardroods
;;
. -::
45
677
67
-;
.::
l5
I
E97
83
5,632
l5
I
9
I
45
Total
softYoods
HudYoods
Fuolwmd
Totsl
Total,
SoftYoods
Hsdrroo&
al1 Products
lenovals:
Additional.
Loggl.ng rasiduss
Stedrtd
colds
6,256
L?
l,l0
531
lz
70
207
--
"'
| '992
10,957
n.r.
l1,5ll
n.r.615608l42L'E'll
290
215
't9
6E,114
291
219
51
69'955
6 ' 396
550
!r5
Totsl
n.r.
12.125
11,565
Softroodr
Hudroo&
D.r.
n.t.
1,159
tt.l.
n.l.
n'a'
i...
n.r.
29
n.l.
n.r'
n'r'
167
n.r.
1,771
7,207
Totrl
Ochcr ro[ovals
Total
reDovals
llntcmational
l/4-inch
Softrood!
Hardno&
n. l.
n. t.
Total
n.r.
n.l.
softrood3
HerdYoods
n,r.
n.l.
n.r.
lr.l.
lulc.
57
!O4
l2,40l
656
tl.l-
n.e.
n.e.
1,883
D.l.
n.l.
n'l'
77,092
rr.r.
l.!-
n'r.
2,ro
Table 31.--Annual renovals of growing stock and sawtirnber on cornmercial
tiurberland by species, Utah, 1977
Species
Growingstock
- Thousand cubic
Douglas-fir
Ponderosa pine
Engelmann spruce
White fir
Subalpine fir
Lodgepole pine
Other softwoods
Total
I,479
2,897
3,913
T2
L27
3,g7g
I
softwoods
Aspen
Other hardwoods
Total
Y
hardwoods
U.S, Governrenr Prinring
Office
t983 -
feet
Sawtimber
-
- Thousand board feet, Internatj onaL L/ -inch rul-e
9, 195
1 8 , 01 2
24,330
76
749
24,727
3
I2 401
7 7 492
573
83
1,853
267
656
L20
679-245/260 Reg, I
5g
Van Hooser,DwaneD.;Green,Alan W. Utah'sforest resources,1g78.ResourBull.
INT-30.Ogden,UT:U.S.Departmentof Agriculture,ForestService,
IntermountainForestand RangeExperimentStation;1983.58p.
Reportsfindingsof the comprehensive
inventoryof Utah's16 millionacresof
forest land,which include3.2 millionacresof commercialtimberland.presents
area,volume,growth,mortality,and timber use;also describestimbertypes,
volumesper acre,stocking,ownership,and major nontimberuses of the forest
land.
KEYWORDS:
commercial
timberland,
forestinventory,
timbervolume,
timber
growth,timbermortality,timberremovals
in Ogden,Utah'is one
Station,headquartered
The Intermountain
providing
scientific
with
charged
stations
experiment
of eightregional
protect
and
needs
human
meet
managers
resource
help
knowledgeto
forestand rangeecosystems.
ldaho,
stationincludesthe statesof Montana,
TheIntermountain
or 85
acres,
million
and westernWyoming.About231
Utah,Nevada,
as
classified
are
territory
percent,of the land area in the Station
deserts'
grasslands,
include
lands
These
forest and rangeland.
forests.Theysupplyfiber
alpineareas,and well-stocked
shrublands,
development;
mineralsfor energyand industrial
for forestindustries;
Theyalso provide
and waterfor domesticand industrialconsumption.
for millionsof visitorseachyear'
opportunities
recreation
programs
and researchwork units of the station are mainField
in:
tained
Boise,ldaho
with MontanaState UniverMontana(in cooperation
Bozeman,
sity)
with UtahStateUniversity)
Logan,Utah(in cooperation
Missoula,Montana(in cooperationwith the Universityof
Montana)
of ldaho)
with the University
Moscow,ldaho(in cooperation
with BrighamYoungUniversity)
Provo,Utah(in cooperation
of Nevada)
with the University
Reno,Nevada(in cooperation