/96,2
,
__
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.
_-
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INT-RRE
PROCEDURESREFERENCEFILE
TIMBtFR RL:.TOURCtF$
OF IDAHO
-,
ALVIN
.
'
.
.
.
:-
:
....
. ....
-
/
.
'_'.
'.:
.: - , ..
-...
'
.
INTERMOUNTAIN FOREST 8 RANGE
EXPERIMENT STATION
FOREST
. !:'.,-,
.
K. WILSON
SERVICE
,
i_...: :.
U, S, DEPARTMENT
OGDEN.
OF
AGRICULTURE
UTAH
. - ..,i.J
..
:
',
:'.
"
3
REED W. BAILEY. DIRECTOR
FOREWORD
A recent
comprehensive
review
of the
tionwide forest situation
(17)* stresses that
pected
crease
naex-
population
increases
may greatly
indemands
for timber
from the Nation's
The statistics
and discussion
that
based on the most recent
surveys.
the initial
completed
follow
Results
are
of
Forest
Survey
of northern
Idaho,
in 1938, were published
in 1942 (4).
forests.
In the past, the demand
for wood has
risen with the country's
growth,
an.d recent
A second survey was
1951, and its results
industry
and population
trends
indicate
that
pressures
for greater
production
and more intensive utilization
of timber
resources
will continue,
(5).
The inventory
data
in this report
were
taken
from the second
survey
and a 1950-54
survey in southern
Idaho.
The northern
Idaho
data were adjusted to allow for beetle-caused
Another
recent
study
(3) suggests
(a) that
it may be impossible
to meet the Nation's
potential
demands
for wood
without
drawing
losses in Douglas-fir
tha_ occurred
after
made.
heavily on Mountain
States timber,
(b) that
the shifting
timber
supply
situation
between
regions
is steadily
improving
the competitive
The Forest
Survey
in Idaho represents
the
combined
work of so many
individuals
that it
is impractical
to list all of them
here. The
position
of Mountain
States
timber,
and (c)
that the population
increase
in the Mountain
States
(which
has been proportionately
large
in comparison
with that of other regions in recent years and promises
to continue
so) should
northern
Idaho surveys
were conducted
by personnel of the former
Northern
Rocky
Mountain
Forest and Range Experiment
Station;
the survey of southern
Idaho is the result of the combined
efforts
of Forest
Service
Region
4 and
provide
greatly
timber products.
These trends
Northern
Rocky
Mountain
Station
personnel.
Harry W. Camp, Paul D. Kemp, and Melvin
E. Metcalf
directed
the work of the NRM
Sta-
expanded
have
local
special
markets
for
significance
for
Idaho, inasmuch
as its output
of timber
products is the greatest
of any of the Mountain
States.
It is therefore
appropriate
to take
a
detailed
look at Idaho's
timber
resources,
*Italic
numerals
in parentheses
refer
to numbered
items
in the
made
were
between
published
1947 and
in 1953
,
"
and Engelmann
spruce
the
inventory
had
been
tion personnel;
Joel L. Frykman,
Clair R. Melvin, and Mark M. Johannesen
were successively
project
leaders
for the southern
Idaho
survey
work done by Region 4.
References
section.
1
FOREST
SURVEYRELEASE
NO. 3
1962
THE TIMBER RESOURCES OF IDAHO
Division
INTERMOUNTAIN
ALVIN
K. WILSON
of Forest Economics
FOREST
United
States
& RANGE
Forest Service
Department
Ogden,
Reed
EXPERIMENT
of Agriculture
Utah
W. Bailey,
Research
Director
STATION
CONTENTS
Highlights
Forest
Land
Areas .............................
Forest Land Ownership
.........................
Timber Volumes
...........................
Principal
Forest
Types and Species ................
Timber
Growth
................................
Production
and
Trends .........................
References
....................................
Appendix
.......................................
1
2
3
5
18
19
23
25
The
ALVIN
K. WILSON
ducts and timber
Au
thor
is in charge of the procut phase of the Forest
Survey
at Intermountain
Forest
and Range
Experiment
Station.
After
working
in
Forest
Survey
at the Northeastern
Forest
Experiment
Station,
he
transferred
to
forest management
research
at Intermountain Station
in 1949, returning
to forest
survey
work in 1957.
He is author
of some
25 publications
on forest management
and
forest economics
subjects
and coauthor
of
4 others.
HIGHLIGHTS
_Idaho
has
21.8 million
acres
of forest
occupying
more
than
two-fifths
of the
State. Seventy-three
percent
of the forest land (15.8 million
acres)
is
classed
as commercial.
This is divided
about
equally
between
the
northern
and southern
portions
of the State. 1
e'8.7
million
acres of
mercial
forest
Douglas-fir
Lodgepole
Ponderosa
Western
e'Four-fifths
Most
_The
is sawtimber.
pine
1.9 million
volume
of forest land
of commercial
in sawtimber
One-third
e, The
net
annual
_The
sawtimber
1947-54
of the
of that
growth
trees
volume
cut in 1956 was
the average
annual
timber
cut
the
com-
has
been
national
Government.
including
forest.
forest is in private
holdings.
are in northern
Idaho.
is 115 billion
board
feet. a
board
feet.
is Douglas-fir.
of sawtimber
output
from
been rising.
principal
acres
of the forest land is managed
by the Federal
of this is national
forest which contains
acres
acres
The
4.8 million acres
3.0 million acres
2.6 million acres
percent
of the commercial
Most of these private
lands
total
_Most
forest
pine
pine
white
16.3 million
11.3 million
Twenty
the commercial
types are:
is 1.6 billion
1.9 billion board
cut was 1.3 billion
from
forests,
private
feet.
During
board feet.
lands.
as a percentage
However,
of total
the
period
the
sawlog
output,
has
IThe deep canyon of the Salmon River is the natural dividing line between the two
commonly recognized (in Idaho) subunits. For this report, the Little Salmon River and the
Adams-ldaho County line complete the separation into subunits on the western side of the
State; on the eastern side, all of Lemhi County is included with southern Idaho.
These subunlts are geographicalIy and economically distinct. Only one intrastate highway joins the northern and southern subunits; there is no intrastate rail connection. Economically,
northern Idaho is tied to the Inland Empire while southern
Idaho's economy is
mainly related to the Snake River Plains.
2 International
X-inch
log rule board-foot
iii
volumes
are used throughout
this
report.
"_
FOREST
•
Idaho
has 21,815,000
acres of forest
This is more than two-fifths
of tb_e total
LAND AREAS
land.
land
(_omnlereialfore._t
iandareaby,_tand-,Mze
_'la._._es
area of the State.
Only eight states have more
forest land, and of the Rocky
Mountain
States,
only Montana has more than Idaho (by about
one-half million acres).
Sawtimber
Poletimber
Northern
Southern
Million
acres
8.7
3.5
5.2
3.9
1.9
2.0
Practically
of the Rocky
Seedling-sapling
Nonstocked
and other
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.2
.4
.4
15.8
7.8
8.0
ada southward
to the Salmon
all this forest land is on a branch
Mountains
that reaches from Canthrough the
and Sawtooth
south-central
part
of
forested
area of Idaho
miles wide anti stretches
Idaho Panhandle
Mountains
of the
the
State.
The
main
varies
frcm 45 to 120
for 400 miles from the
Class
State
Total
•
Sawtimber
stands
occupy
8.7 million
cr more than half the commercial
forest
Only
four states
(Oregon,
Washington,
acres
area.
Cali-
Canadian
boundary
to the Snake River Plains
of southern
Idaho.
Smaller
forested
areas are
located in southeastern
Idaho, where the middle
Rockies extend into the State.
fornia, and Alaska)
have more sawtimber
area
than Idaho.
It is estimated
that more than a
third of the sawtimber
stands
are old-growth
timber.
The large amount of old-growth
timber
Although
the total
land area of northern
Idaho
is less than one-third
that of southern
Idaho,
the two subunits
share the State's
for-
reflects
the slower
exploitation
pared
to other regions)
that
Idaho
and other
Mountain
est lands
about
equally.
In northern
Idaho,
10.2 million
acres
of forest
land occupy
81
percent
of the total land area, while 11.6 million
forested
acres
cover
29 percent
of southern
Idaho.
cently.
It also presents
forest lan.d managers
with a series of complex problems
having to do
with (a) prevention
of excessive
losses in timber
that is overmature
and highly
susceptible
to
damage by insects, disease, windthrow, and
other
agencies;
(b)
economically
salvaging
losses that do occur;
and (c) the orderly
con-
"final forest
land area by major cla,_,_es
Class
State
Northern
Million
Commercial :
Noncommercial:
Productive- reserved
Unproductive
Total
•
Commercial
forest
Southern
acres
15.8
7.8
8.0
1.9
.9
1.0
4.1
1.5
2.6
21.8
10.2
11.6
land
includes
land
version
of these
old-growth
managed
stands.
Northern
Idaho
has
had
rate (as cornhas prevailed
in
States
until
re-
stands
a history
intensive use than southern Idaho.
flected
in the fact that sawtimber
cap-
to
healthy
of more
This is restands
now
occupy
45 percent
of the commercial
forest
land in that part of the State, but they occupy
65 percent of the commercial
forest land of
southern
Idaho.
able of, and available
for, producing
commercially
valuable
tree crops.
Seventy-three
percent of the State's
forest area belongs
in this
broad
land
classification.
Idaho
accordingly
ranks sixteenth
among all states and first among
the Mountain
States in commercial
forest land
•
Poletimber
stands have less than 1,500 board
feet per acre and are characterized
by trees
between
5 and
11 inches in diameter.
These
stands
occupy
one-fourth
of the State's
cornmercial
forest land.
•
One-fifth
of the commercial
forest land is
area.
seedling-sapling
stands and
nonstocked
areas.
The striking
feature
in the distribution
of these
size classes
is that
three-fourths
of the total
area of each is in northern
Idaho.
This again
reflects
the longer
history
of use in northern
Idaho but is also due to northern
Idaho's
severe
fire history.
The worst fires in northern
Idaho
were in 1910; they
burned
over an estimated
1.9 million acres.
Large areas were also burned
in 1919, 1926, 1929, 1931, and 1934.
More than
1 acre out of every 7 of commercial
forest land
in northern
Idaho is nonstocked.
Given enough
time, much of this land would restock naturally,
but many
nonstocked
areas have persisted
for
40 years or more.
Over large areas, brush cover,
steep topography,
and inaccessibility
complicate
the rehabilitation
that must be .done if these
lands are to contribute
effectively
to meet increased forest products
requirements
a few years
from now.
•
Six million acres of Idaho's
forest are non-
4 million
belcng
in the noncommercial
class
because
they are unproductive
for timber
use.
Typically,
these
are adverse
sites
including
extremely
rocky land, subalpine
areas,
or certain kinds of persisting
brushlands
where
tree
form and growth
rates are so poor as to exclude
them from consideration
as economically
feasible timber
sources.
However,
some isolated
areas capable
of producing
timber
crops
may
be included
as unproductive
because
they are
physically
and economically
inaccessible.
Noncommercial
forest land in the "productire-reserved"
category
totals
1.9 million
acres.
These lands could produce
commercially
valuable timber
crops but are not available
for this
use because
of their reserved
status.
Nearly
all of this land is in wilderness
areas (the Selway-Bitterroot
and Sawtooth),
the Idaho Primitive Area, and Yellowstone National
Park.
However,
a small amount
of State-owned
land
commercial.
is reserved
Of this
6 million
acres,
more
FOREST
than
LAND
•
A high percentage
of Idaho's
forest land
area is federally
managed.
Either through
ownership
or trusteeship
(in the case of Indian
lands),
the Federal
Government
is responsible
for four-fifths
of Idaho's
21.8 million
forested
acres.
Most of these acres are in 16 national
forests. :_ The national
forests contain
16.3 raillion acres of Idaho's
forest land.
Indian
lands,
Bureau
of Land
Management
tional park lands make
Federal
area.
Private
lands,
up the remainder
holdings,
mostly
and
OWNERSHIP
thern Idaho,
contain
15 percent
of all forest
lan, d. The remaining
5 percent
are State-owned
lands.
•
Seventy-one
percent
of the
15.8 million
acres of commercial
forest land is in national
{'omnlercial
na-
of the
in nor-
a Eight national forests (the Coeur d'Alene, St.
Joe, Clearwater, Nezperce, Payette, Boise, Salmon, and
Challis) are entirely within Idaho. The major parts
of four more (the Kaniksu, Sawtooth, Targhee, and
Caribou) are within the State, and parts of four others
(the Kootenai. Lolo, Bitterroot, and Cache) extend
into Idaho from neighboring states.
also.
Class
forest land area
classes
State
by ownership
Northern
Million
National forest
Other Federal
State
Private
Total
Southern
Acres
11.3
.5
4.4
.2
6.9
.3
.9
3.1
.7
2.5
.2
.6
7.8
8.0
15.8
"_
._
forests,
and
account
for another
contain
other
20
land.
federally
percent
Four-fifths
in northern
of
the
of the
Idaho
managed
3 percent.
and
areas
Private
holdings
commercial
private
more
half
are
•
in Ivc_thern
Of Idaho's
acres
is
Idaho.
6 million acres of noncommercial
is in the
Areas
and
._'oncommereial
fore,_t
landarea
('la_se_
Class
State
National
Other
forest land, 5 million acres (84 percent)
national forests.
More than half of
million
Area.
of their
total area is in industrial
ownership.
Two-thirds
of the State-owned
commercial
forest land
also
Wilderness
Primitive
in the
Idaho
forest
holdings
than
Sawtooth
Selway-Bitterroot
are in
this 5
and
forest
Million
2.2
.5
State
Private
Total
_ Less
Northern
5.0
Federal
than
0.05
by ownership
Southern
Acres
2.8
(1)
.5
.2
.1
.I
.3
6.0
.1
2.4
.2
3.6
million
acres.
ponderosa
northern
pine
Idaho
TIMBER VOLUMES
•
Idaho's
lion board
commercial
forest
feet in sawtimber
contains
trees
115 bil(trees
of
commercial
species that are 11.0 inches or larger
in diameter
at breast height and contain at least
one merchantable
sawlog).
In the
United
States,
greater
sawtimber
volumes
are found
only in the four Pacific
Coast States.
Among
the Rocky
Mountain
States,
Idaho's
sawtimber
volume
is twice that of the next most heavily
timbered state.
More
than
95 percent
of the
volume is in sawtimber
stands
ing 1,500 board feet per acre
timber
of the
•
trees).
State's
Douglas-fir
sawtimber
Northern
Idaho has 53 percent
total sawtimber
volume.
is the
most
abundant
highly
of the
and
but
valuable
volume
western
white
in true firs.
Net l_)ard-foot
Species
tree
(stands
containor more in saw-
species in Idaho.
It constitutes
nearly
of the State's total sawtimber
volume.
Douglas-fir
ern Idaho,
timber
a third
There
is, in fact, almost twice as much Douglas-fir
as there is ponderosa
pine, the second
ranking
species.
Four
principal
species--Douglas-fir,
ponderosa
pine, the true firs (mostly
grand fir),
and western
white
pine_make
up more than
three-fourths
of the sawtimber.
Most
of the
Western
Spruce
Western
white
larch
Lodgepole pine
Other species
Total
pine
pine
volume in sawtimber
by species
State Northern
Billion
Douglas-fir
Ponderosa
pine
True firs _
grows in southhas all of the
board
and
most
trees
Southern
feet 1
36.6
19.3
19.2
11.4
6.9
11.9
25.2
12.4
7.3
13.4
9.6
6.1
13.4
4.8
5.6
0
4.8
.5
4.8
6.0
1.2
5.5
3.6
.5
115.0
60.7
54.3
_International
_-inch
log rule.
rule volumes
can be approximated
ing the above figures by 0.89.
2 Grand
and subalpine
firs.
Scribner
log
by multiply-
•
Half of the State's
trees between
11 and
and
an
additional
sawtimber
20.9 inches
third
volume
is in
in ,diameter,
is in trees
from
Net
21 to
cubic-foot
wflume
ill growing
by species
Species
30.9 inches in diameter.
The remaining
17 percent of the volume
is in trees larger than 31
inches--definitely
in the overmature
category,
which
is especially
susceptible
to mortality
losses.
The State's 15.8 million acres of commercial
State
7.7
4.2
cubic
2.5
2.5
Lodgepole pine
Ponderosa
pine
3.7
3.2
1.2
1.2
2.4
1.8
1.3
1.6
25.9
2.4
.9
1.2
1.3
13.2
Western
white
Spruce
Western
larch
Other species
Total
•
The total volume
of all "growing
26 billion
cubic
feet.
This volume
1 Grand
of commercial
in diameter
species
at breast
5.0 inches
height
that
and larger
meet
_:_
Stand-size
volume
_
classes
Percent
of
commercial
forest area
I0
.9
.1
.3
12,7
OF TIMBER IS
DISTRIBUTED
IN IDAHO
..:_=.,=,
_":2":z"::J
_.7_.,::.,.._.:.....
_
.......
_2-'_;
...........
_.....:._:
_;-;_i_-:_ _:_-._
_;.:_
.......-_
0
in sawtimber
M b.f.
per
acre
0
_::'_'_-:;" ....
_-_\,-;:a_-.
..........
in sawtimber
stock volume.
per acre_
State
2.5
2.0
HOW THE VOLUME
%:2Z_
.........
_
--_':_"-_:
30_
Two-thirds of the lodgepole pine growing stock
is in southern Idaho.
Board-foot
5.2
1.7
firs.
_-'-_'-
volume
is only
of Douglas-fir.
Lodgepole
pine ranks only seventh
volume, but ranks third in growing
feet
_,0_
•
Thirty
percent
of the growing
stock is
Douglas-fir.
This species
is particularly
importent
in southern
Idaho,
which
has
twothirds
of the Douglas-fir.
The true firs rank
although
their
total
more than
half that
subalpine
Forest
Survey
standards
for soundness
and form (see
definitions).
Sawtimber
and poletimber
stands
together
contain
98.7 percent
of all growing
stock
volume
in Idaho.
second
slightly
and
pine
_
_:_'-:
_:
6- IO I_-_0
_-30
32-40
42 +
T/?EE _IAMETER
CLAKS"SES- /_C_es
trees by stand-size
Northern
Percent
of
commercial
forest area
"-_:_
_
M b.f.
per
acre
classes
Southern
Percent
of
commercial
forest area
M
b.f.
per
acre
Sawtimber
Poletimber
55
25
12.6
1.2
22
12
16.5
1.1
33
13
9.9
1.2
Seedling-sapling
Nonstocked
and
10
.2
7
.2
3
.4
other
All classes
International
_-inch
10
.2
8
.2
2
.2
100
7.3
49
7.8
51
6.7
..
log rule.
trees
Southern
Douglas-fir
True firs1
forest
land have an average
of 7.3 thousand
board feet per acre in sawtimber trees.
Sawtimber
stands
alone
average
12.6
thousand
board feet per acre.
trees
Northern
Billion
stock"
is
includes
stock
..................
-_
PRINCIPAL FOREST TYPES AND SPECIES
On the following
pages,
forest types
and timber
discussed.
These are:
the most
species
in
important
Idaho
In the table
are
Douglas-fir
Ponderosa
Spruce
species other than
pine
and
and
true
text
for each,
neted
that
(a) area data
type, which can and often
is named;
firs
subject
wherever
Western
white pine
Western larch
Lodgepole pine
and
(b)
it should
the one for which the type
volume
species
only,
and
the species occurs.
data
apply
to the
include
its volume
For the convenience
of those interested
in the principal
statistics
individual
types and species, some data
sented elsewhere are repeated here.
5
be
apply
to the forest
does contain several
for
pre-
Doucjlas-fi
*-AREA
of the Douglas-fir
r
type
(thousands
State
Sawtimber
stands
Poletimber stands
Seedling-sapling stands
Nonstocked and deforested
Total
L: VOLUME
Northern
Southern
3,606
694
668
339
2,938
355
224
274
181
98
43
176
4,798
L
of Douglas-fir
Sawtimber (board feet)
Growing
stock
(cubic
feet)
of acres)"
timber
1,286
3,512
(billions):
36.6
7.7
11.4
2.5
25.2
5.2
-
DOUGLAS-FIR
4 is one of the most widely
distributed
timber
species of the United
States;
on the basis of total
stand
volume,
it is the
d.b.h, and
31 inches.
Because
most important
these respects,
much the same
species, notably
accessible,
and is one of the two strongest
of
Idaho's
native softwoods, 5 Douglas-fir
has been
used for lumber
and other products
since the
beginning
of settlement
in the State.
It also
timber tree in the country.
In
the situation
of Douglas-fir
is
in Idaho as in the Nation.
Other
western white pine and ponder-
osa pine,
command
timber
markets,
but
higher
prices
in Idaho's
Douglas-fir
is the mos_
abundant
and widespread
species,
rides
a larger
proportion
of the
than any other single species,
and it protimber
cut
85 percent
it
is widely
supplies
a substantial
ported
to other states.
is in trees
smaller
distributed,
part
of the
than
generally
lumber
ex-
In years
past,
the output
of Douglas-fir
lumber has been exceeded by the production
of
white pine and ponderosa
pine.
Recently, how-
The Douglas-fir
type occupies
nearly
onethird of Idaho's
commercial
forest
land.
Its
4.8 million
acres are distributed
throughout
the
State, but most of the acreage
(73 percent)
is
ever, the output
of these latter
two species has
declined,
and production
from Douglas-fir
has
mounted.
Douglas-fir
moved
into first place in
1956.
in southern Idaho.
Commercial
forest lands
support
36.6 bilIion board
feet of Douglas-fir
sawtimber--32
It is becoming increasingly evident that in
the future
Douglas-fir
will be cut in greater
amounts
to meet demands
for lumber,
veneer,
percent
of the State's
total sawtimber
volume,
Although
trees larger
than 40 inches d.b.h, are
not infrequent,
about
half of the sawtimber
volume
is in trees between
11 and 21 inches
and commercial
poles and pulpwood,
because
of its abundance
in the State's
stands.
4 Two forms of Douglas-fir,
forms, are commonly recognized.
occurs naturally in Idaho.
the coast and inland
Only the inland form
if only
timber
5 In combined
bending
and compressive
strength,
western larch is the strongest, followed by Douglas-fir.
(U.S.D.A. Forest Products Laboratory Report No. 1169,
rev. 1956.)
Ponderosa
.........
:':_i;__i:>_?_._i
of the
ponderosa
Pine
pine
type
State
Sawtimber
stands
Poletimber stands
Seedling-sapling stands
Nonstocked and deforested
Total
__
1,936
274
127
287
2,624
of ponderosa
Sawtimber (board feet)
Growing stock (cubic feet)
pine
timber
19.3
3.2
(thousands
Northern
of acres):
Southern
600
223
121
165
1,336
51
6
122
1,109
1,515
(billions):
6.9
1.2
12.4
2.0
_J
PONDEROSA
PINE
is the most widely
distributed
pine species in North
America
and
is one of the most important
timber trees of the
United
States.
In the interior
of western
United
States, the
ponderosa
pine type is typically
the first timber
type of consequence
encountered
as one proceeds
from
the deserts,
valley
bottoms,
and
State's
commercial
forest
land.
Fifty-eight
percent
of the ponderosa
pine area is in southern Idaho.
Ponderosa
pine sawtimber
totals more than
19 billion board feet; 64 percent
of this volume
is in southern
Idaho.
The species accounts
for
17 percent of the State's
sawtimber
volume
and
is second in volume only to Douglas-fir.
prairies
to higher elevations.
Since the valleys
and prairies
were the routes of travel
and the
sites of earliest
settlement,
the ponderosa
pine
type has been used longer
and more continuously than any other,
In Idaho
the ponderosa
pine type
is the
third
most
extensive
and covers
slightly
less
than
17 percent
(2.6 million
acres)
of the
Between
1900 and the late 1940's, except
for a short period
in the early
1930's, ponderosa pine consistently
made up 25 to 40 percent
of the timber
cut.
Production
of lumber
from
this species reached
its all-time
peak, 417 raillion board
feet, in 1948, but since then
has
fallen.
In I956 the production
of ponderosa
pine lumber was 304 million board feet.
--..
--
_ii,
Spruce
AREA
of the
spruce
and
and
"
True
true
fir
State
Sawtimber stands
Poletimber stands
Seedling- sapling
stands
Nonstocked and deforested
Total
VOLUME
of spruce
Sawtimber (board feet)
Growing stock (cubic feet)
and
true
II'f '_" /'_1_
•
Jill
ill.
ii
inai
--
Firs
types
(thousands
of acres):
Northern
Southern
1,311
257
771
125
540
132
109
78
103
40
6
38
1,755
1,039
716
fir timber
28.8
6.0
10
(billions):
16.7
3.4
12.1
2.6
--
ENGELMANN
SPRUCE
and two true firs,
GRAND
FIR
and
SUBALPINE
FIR,
are
widely
distributed
in Idaho.
Each
one is the
characterizing
species
of a recognized
forest
type, but the three
are grouped
here because
(a) they frequently
occur in mixture
with each
other and as associates
in a number
of other
types:
(b) all three species have several
simi-
type is in northern
Idaho while all of the cornmercial
subalpine
fir type is in the south.
Together
these species constitute
about onefourth of the State's
sawtimber
inventory.
Oneeighth of the sawtimber
is grand fir, which ranks
t'_:ircl after
Douglas-fir
and
ponderosa
pine.
Eight percent
of Idaho's
sawtimber
is Engelmann spruce and 5 percent
is subalpine
fir.
larities for utilization:
and (c) the wide diepersion of the individual
types makes it virtually
imt)ossible
to show them separately
on a generalized forest type map. _
Lumber
production
from the true firs, which
averaged
about
100 million board feet a year in
the late 1940's, reached
305 million board
feet
in 1956.
The market
status
of Engelmann
The spruce-true
fir group of types
occupies
11 percent
of Idaho's
commercial
forest land.
Half
of this area
(874,000
acres)
is in the
grand
fir type an J the rest is divided
almost
equally
between
the Engelmann
spruce
(463,-
spruce
was especially
improved
by an aggressive salvage
and sales program
that began
in
1952 to reclaim
beetle-killed
spruce in northern
Idaho counties.
The cut of spruce lumber
increased
twelvefold
between
the late 1940's and
000 acres)
and the subalpine
fir (418,000 acres)
types.
These types
occur in practically
all of
the timbered
parts of the State but the most
1956.
Lumber
from spruce
comprised
one-third
of the
duction
in 1956.
extensive
areas are in the central portion.
Commercial
forest land area in the spruce
type is about equally
divided
between
the State
subunits,
but practically
all of the grand
fir
All three species are suitable for pulping and
have provided
an important
part of the wood
supply
for Inland
Empire
mills.
Some pulpwood has been shipped
to the west coast also.
(i Separate area data for each type and volume
data for each species are given in supplementary
tables
1,i, 17, and 18 in the Appendix.
and the true firs
State's
total
pro-
During
the period
1948-56
about 55 percent
of
the round pulpwood
cut in Idaho was of these
species.
Wesfern
:=_i..
:.:___i;,
A((I.I.:
i:,:_.,
! of the
" _i' "*:_',"'_'i_._=:_; "_''''
'
:_ ".
Whi÷e
western
white
Pine
pine
State
type
(thousands
Northern
of acres)"
Southern
Sawtimber stands
Poletimber stands
782
316
782
316
0
0
Seedling-saplingstands
Nonstocked and deforested
142
680
142
680
0
0
_"
0
.
Total
ii___iiii_
1,920
of western
white
pine
Sawtimber
(board
feet)
Growing stock (cubic feet)
1,920
timber
13.4
2.4
12
(billions):
13.4
2.4
0
0
WESTERN
WHITE
valuable
of Idaho's
tree
PINE
species.
is the
White
most
pine
this conversion
has taken place largely in young
stands,
the disease has not greatly
affected
the
sawtimber
stands
represent
more than
a third
of the value of all the State's
sawtimber, _ although
they
contain
less than
one-eighth
of
supply of old-growth
western
white pine timber.
Idaho has nearly two-thirds
of all the western white pine sawtimber
in the United
States.
all sawtimber
volume.
About
1930, they
a major
factor
in attracting
lumbermen
The present
volume
of 13 billion board
about 60 times the annual
rate of cutting
were
from
feet is
in the
other parts of the country.
All of Idaho's
western
white pine grows in
the northern
subunit,
where the type occupies
25 percent of the commercial
forest. Most of the
white pine land is in Shoshone
and Clearwater
Counties.
State
in recent
years.
Western
white
pine has been one of the
main supports
of Idaho's
lumber
industry
for
most of the industry's
existence.
Between
1913
and 1940 more than two-fifths
of all the lurebet produced
in the State was white pine, turned
White
pine blister
rust has made cons:..derable inroads
in the type.
This disease was introduced
into Idaho in 1923. Although
a control
program
has
been
effective
in curbing
the
disease, many white pine stands outside the control zone have been hard
hit by blister
rust.
Extensive
areas of white pine have been converted to other
forest types by the killing off
of their western
white
pine component.
Since
out at an average
annual
rate of 322 million
board
feet.
In the depression
year
of 1932,
when lumber
output
sank to the lowest
point
since 1935, total production
was only 248 million
board feet but 68 percent
of it was white pine.
White
pine lumber
production
reached
an alltime peak of 460 million
board
feet in 1937,
while the depression
was still being felt.
About
1940, however,
production
of white
pine lumber
began to .decline rapidly
and has
since leveled
off at about
200 million
board
7 Estimated
from
stumpage
prices for
Forest
1958.
Service
Region
1
average
feet annually.
13
Wes÷ern
AREA
Larch
of the western
larch
type
State
(thousands
of acres):
Northern
Southern
Sawtimberstands
Poletimberstands
306
190
302
189
4
1
Seedling-sapling stands
Nonstocked
and deforested
169
65
169
64
(1)
1
730
724
6
Total
J
VOLUME:
of western
larch timber
Sawtimber (board feet)
Growing stock (cubic feet)
1Less than 500 acres.
6.1
1.3
14
(billions):
5.6
1.2
0.5
.1
The range of WESTERN
LARCH
in northwestern
United
States
is centered
in northern
Idaho.
It is the largest of the American
larches
and is one of the best formed of Idaho's
timber
species.
Individual
trees occasionally
exceed 40
both
to timber
management
and marketing.
Larch
timber
is cut mainly
for lumber,
but it
is also a fine veneer wood and is used extensively
for utility
poles,
pulpwood,
railroad
ties, and
mine timbers.
Its clean-boled
form and strength
inches
timber
inches
--it is the strongest
of Idaho's
softwoods-are
special assets for these uses.
In 1956, 6 percent
of the pulpwood
produced
in Idaho was larch
in diameter,
but 83 percent
of the sawvolume
is in trees between
11 and 31
in diameter.
Because
the mature
trees are
typically
tall and straight
and have a high percentage
of clear length,
western
larch
can produce more clear wood
than
any other
local
species.
an.:t nearly
one-fourth
of all utility
poles produced in the Inland
Empire
between
1947 and
1956 were of this species.
Western larch is unique in wood chemistry
Western
6,000 acres
Sawtimber
type area.
among softwoods
as a source of arabogalactan,
a wood sugar, that can be used in manufacturing baking
powder
and other
products.
The
gum from which arabogalactan
is derived is
often
concentrated
in the butt
logs of larch
trees in quantities
sufficient
to make that part
of the tree unsuitable
for lumber.
Research
is
More
larch is a northern
species;
only
of the type occur in southern
Idaho.
stands
occupy
42 percent
of the
than
one-fifth
of all the western
larch
sawtimber
in the Unite.d
States grows in Idaho.
This volume,
6.1 billion
board
feet, is about 5
percent
of the State's
total sawtimber
volume.
from
in progress
to develop
pharmaceutical
from arabogalactan;
this would
turn
economic
liability
into an asset. _
Western
larch
is often
not distinguished
its principal
associate,
Douglas-fir,
in lum-
ber trade
the two
practice.
However,
differences
between
species
are becoming
more important
Items
15
Washington
4(1):
1-2.
State
products
a present
Institute of Technology.
1960.
February
Newl
Lodgepole
AREA
_....
of the
Pine
lodgepole
pine
type
State
Sawtimber stands
Total
:I}I
Northern
480
Poletimber
stands
Seedling-sapling
stands
Nonstocked
and deforested
i I_."VOLUME,,
(thousands
of
lodgepole
pine
Sawtimber
(board
feet)
Growing stock (cubic feet)
Southern
374
1,837
539
142
645
365
93
1,192
174
49
2,998
1,209
1,789
timber
4.8
3.7
16
106
of acres):
(billions):
1.2
1.2
3.6
2.5
In Idaho,
the
LODGEPOLE
PINE
type
is
Lodgepole
pine
probably
has
second only
to the Douglas-fir
type in area.
It is the only one of the six types
discussed
tialities
State.
here that has
stands
rather
disadvantage,
and
form
reserve.
About
were
harvested
its greatest
acreage
than in sawtimber
in poletimber
stands.
How-
ever, much of the poletimber
is mature.
The inland
or mountain
form of lodgepole
pine (the form that grows in Idaho)
is typically
small in diameter
but relatively
tall and straight
of stem. Even so, the species produces
considerable sawtimber,
as the 4.8 billion
board feet in
Idaho's
forests
attest.
Use
of
lodgepole
pine
for
lumber
has
a large
lodgepole
in 1952.
been
pine
By
1956,
the
extensive
stands
cords
for
pulpwood
had
more
Since
pine
especially
stem,
gradual
shipments
of
States
region
from
southeastern
Idaho
swelled
to more than
23,000 cords and
than 25,000 cords were shipped
in 1959.
1959, shipments
have declined.
poles,
rail
pure
3,000
Lake
preservatives
able records
it was also a major source of ties 25 to 40 years
ago.
Idaho
has vast
areas
of pure,
practically
untouched,
lodgepole
pine stands,
mainly
because
the
State's
timber
industry
has been
largely
based
on lumber
production,
for which
larger tree species have always been available,
In recent years, improved
procedures
for handling small logs and other factors have combined
to increase
the output
of lodgepole
pine lumbet.
In 1948, only 5.2 million
board
feet of
lumber
were produced
from
the species,
but
lumber
production
was 18.4 million
board
feet
in 1954, and in 1956 was 13.5 million board feet.
poten-
to the
Lodgepole
very limited,
but records
show that some lodgepole pine lumber
has been sawed each year since
1909. In round
form, lodgepole
pine has had
considerable
use on farms
in southern
Idaho;
as great
for pulpwood
as any species
in the
For this use, the tree's
small size is no
makes
excellent
in the smaller
taper,
are all
indicate
and
assets
peak
commercial
sizes.
ready
Its straight
absorption
of
for this use. Availproduction
of lodge-
pole pine poles in northern Idaho probably
occurred
in 1946 with an output
of 37,100 poles
when the Rural
Electrification
Administration
program
was in full swing.
By 1950, northern
Idaho
production
of commercial
lodgepole
pine
poles had practically
ceased,
largely
because
of the continued
availability
of the favored
western
redcedar
and the reduced
demand
for
smaller
sizes of poles in rural power
and telephone
line construction.
All pole production
from
southern
Idaho
has been of lodgepole
pine and has averaged
about 8,000 poles annually for the past several years.
17
TIMBER GROWTH
e
For
the
1947-54
period,
the
net annual
growth
on sawtimber
trees was
1,646 million
board
feet, a net annual
increase
of 1.4 percent. :_ For all commercial
forest land in Idaho
•
An average
of 608 million
board
feet
of
sawtimber
was lost annually
to insects, diseases,
and other
forms
of attrition.
Although
this
loss totaled
nearly the same in both subunits
this was only 104 board feet per acre per year,
but the average
was considerably
higher
when
related
only to sawtimber
trees in sawtimber
stands.
It is estimated
that the average
sawtimber
stand in Idaho
added
a net volume
of
(296 million board feet and 312 million
board
feet, respectively,
for northern
and
southern
Idaho),
it was proportionately
more severe
in
southern
Idaho where the volume of live sawtimber is less.
about
180 board
feet-per
acre annually
the survey perie.d.
•
The net ann'3al
growth
of growing
trees (1947-54)
was 469 million
cubic
stock
feet, a
Practically
all mortality
of sawtimber
trees
(91 percent) occurred in sawtimber stands.
In
such stands the average
annual
loss was
more
tkan 63 bcard feet per acre per year.
For all
increment
Nearly two-thirds
of all sawtimber
mortality
occurred
in Douglas-fir
and the true
firs,
al-
net annual
commercial
increase
of 1.8 percent.
forest land, cubic volume
was
30 cubic
Idaho's
nearly
Norli:ern
cubic
higher
feet per acre
than southern
feet per acre
net
growth
during
per year.
rate
of
though together
they comprise
slightly
less than
half of the sawtimber
volume.
Only
western
36
per year was 50 percent
Idaho's
24 cubic feet per
i.emlock
and lodgepole
pine had higher
percentages
than Douglas-fir
and the true
loss
firs.
acre.
Differences
in the average
productivity
of forest land in the two subunits
were probably
the main reason for this.
•
Mortality
losses in growing
stock
averaged
147 million
cubic feet per year for the survey
period.
Sixty percent of the annual
loss oc-
._ These growth levels are strongly influenced 'oy
the low growth rates characteristic of the large areas of
old-growth
timber
still remaining
in Idaho. Because
of this, they do not afford meaningful
bases for
decisions
on allowable
timber
cutting
levels or for
estimating
the potential
productivity
of the State'a
commercial
forest
land.
curred
t'_:ough
Annual
gro_vlh
and
mortality
in southern
tEese stands
l'_alf of the
of sawlimber
and
State's
grooving
Sawtimber
Species
growing
siodi
by
timber
stands,
somewhat
less
stock
volume.
species
Growing stock
Gross
Net
growth
Mortality
Million board
Idaho's
contain
growth
feet
Gross
Net
growth
Mortality
Million cubic
growth
feet
Douglas-fir
True firs
698
522
253
133
445
389
165
124
48
31
117
93
Ponderosa pine
Western white pine
269
236
46
34
223
202
51
51
10
7
41
44
Spruce
Lodgepole pine
Other
169
139
221
35
42
65
134
97
156
38
112
75
6
32
13
32
80
62
Total
2,254
608
1,646
18
616
147
469
althan
•
PRODUCTION AND TRENDS
Logs for lumber,
pulpwood,
and utility poles
have been the principal
products
cut from Idaho
timber
in recent
years.
However,
sawlogs
for
lumber
have been by far the most important
•
During
the period
1947-54 the timber
cut
from sawtimber
for all products
averaged
1.3
billion board feet. 1° In 1956, 1.9 billion board
feet were cut" fragmentary
data
(15) indicate
product,
making
total
production.
that this record high was surpassed
in 1959.
•
Depending
upon the formulae
used and the
assumptions
made with each, estimates
for the
allowable
annual
cut (see definitions)
for the
State range from 2.0 to 2.5 billion board feet.
up about
Lumber
95 percent
of the
output
has
been
7-
1600_
LUMBER PRODUCTION
IN IDAHO
'2
:'2
z 120o_
2
/
/
1899-1959
These
estimates
are based
on existing
forest
conditions--which
in Idaho means that they are
strongly
influenced
by the high proportion
of
decadent
old-growth
timber
and large amounts
of nonstocked
forest land.
/\/;
/_"
8O0I>
/'\" ,/,,
/
,,'
i
e_
/ X,'
!
:_
/_/1
Z
0 400_
cut
/,
_: _;_?
....
/
A_/ f\
1910
1900
[
'_ i
1920
i_
1930
_
1940
1950
1960
increasing
rapidly
since the middle
1930's.
1947, for example,
951 million
board
feet
were produced
by local mills. Between
then
1959 lumber
output
nearly
doubled,
Volume
of timber
eut_
for Iwimary
products
growing
stock,
1956
Product
Sawtimber
Sawlogs _
Percent
1,830
logs
Stock
Percent
305
94.3
2.7
8
Net annual
.,_lwtlmber
bolts
6
.3
2
.6
Poles
6
.3
3
.9
Fuelwood
5
.3
2
.6
Other 3
6
.3
3
1.0
Unit
1,905
100.0
323
1,646
Northern
Southern
feet
for
the
total
for 1956
sawtimber
cut
were
estimated
and
32
million
to be 85 million
cubic
feet
for
board
sawmill
total
1948,
the
all
sawlogs
were
timbers,
shingle
for
lumber,
but
these
figures
also
in-
clude veneer logs.
eous
afarm
Includes
timbers. mine
logs
and
bolts,
1948
970
sawtimber
1950
--
959
687
740
230
for
estimates:
880
_
for selected
years,
cut
1952
board
--
1954
1,300
1,020
--
1956
leer
1,590
1,070
230
_
_
1,905
1,570
335
posts,
and
log
and
Range
receipts
1950;
Northern
Experiment
also
and
NRM
Rocky
Station
lumber
Station
file
production
Paper
Mountain
records
for
35 and
of
1946,
Re-
search Note 136; Intermountain
Forest and Range Experiment
Station file data prepared
for
U.S.F.S.
Forest
Resource Report No. 14, also Research Note 54; Bureau
of the Census 1947 and 1954 Censuses of Manufactures
(Lumber and Timber Basic Products).
cut fromgrowingstock,
Practically
Total
1946
cut
subunits
100.0
lOBases
residues
.,_wtlmber
Million
Forest
J Logging
and
by Slate
annual
State
Total
growth
1946-56,
Net
2.6
growth
Pulpwood
cut with allowable
up to and through
sawtimber
cut was more than replaced
by the
net annual
growth
of sawtimber.
By 1959, a
timber
cut estimated
at 2.1 billion
board feet
was reached--a
point within the allowable
cut
range
and considerably
above the Forest
Survey's estimate
of net annual growth.
and
Million
Cubic Feet
96.1
52
In
(7)
and
sawtimber
Growing
Million
Board
Feet
Pulpwood
from
of sawtimber
indicates
that
the 1947-54
period
the State's
timber
capital
as a whole was not depleted
by cutting.
This
inference is supported also by comparison of
timber
cut volumes
with the net annual
growth
rate; this shows that prior to 1955 the annual
2
0
Comparison
estimates
_ecLe_
and miscellan-
19
•
Northern
Idaho,
with
53 percent
of the saw-
for some time
(not only
in Idaho)
and is a basic
timber,
has provided
most of the timber
cut
(more
than 82 percent
of the 1956 total)
but
her annual
cut from sawtimber
did not reach
premise
of the Forest
Service's
"Program
for
the National
Forests"
(18).
The cut from national forests
has been increased
substantially,
the lower estimate
of allowable cut for the subunit (1.1 billion board feet) until about
1952"
the upper estimate
of 1.4 billion board feet was
reached
about 1955. Southern
Idaho's
sawtimber
but the principal
.deterrent
to more rapid increases has been, and is, the combined
difficulty
and cost of constructing
adequate
access roads
in rugged
topography.
cut in 1956 (335 million
than half of the estimated
•
The cut from several of Idaho's
timber
cies has shifted
significantly
in the last
billion board feet.
•
Much that has been
board
feet) was less
allowable
cut of 0.7
said about
decades. The
western
white
the distribu-
spetwo
principal
changes have involved
pine, ponderosa
pine, Douglas-
tion of the sawtimber
cut applies
as well to
the timber
cut from all growing
stock.
For the
field inventory
period
(1947-54),
the average
annual
cut of growing
stock was about
220
fir, Engelmann
spruce, and the true firs. Two
cf thesemwestern
white
pine
and pon.derosa
pine--have
carried
a disproportionately
large
share of the lumber cut during most of Idaho's
million cubic feet. The cut for 1954 is estimated
to have been about
281 million
cubic feet; in
1956 it rose to 323 million cubic feet.
These
timber
cut estimates
are markedly
below the Forest
Survey
estimate
of 469 million
history.
From 1913 to 1940 more than 40 percent of the State's
lumber
output
was western
white pine. Ponderosa
pine has never been cut
as heavily
as white pine but, between
1900 and
the late 1940's, 25 to 40 percent
of the total
cubic feet for the net annual
growth
rate for
trees 5.0 inches d.b.h,
and larger.
This difference comes about
because
of the growth
being
added to great numbers
of small trees and be-
cut was
sures of
to fire,
largely
cause I,daho has practically
no markets
for wood
from small trees.
Evidently
a great
potential
supply
of raw material
in small
trees awaits
the development
of such markets,
ments
in lumber
output
for these species
after
1940. By 1956, the cut from each was nearly
proportional
to its percentage
of all sawtimber
volume.
•
The pattern
of timber
cutting
between
private and public
forest land ownerships
(principally
national
forests)
is changing.
National
forests
contain
more
than
two-thirds
of the
volume in sawtimber
trees and, at the start of
I',:,.,.,,,t,,_,._of ._auti,,,be,. Imm'd-l'ootvoh,me and ._awtin,ber rut
by ._w,,.i,.._
for ._,.u.,.teay,.a,'._,1:_4_._
Percent of Percent of sawtimber cut
Species
sawtimber
1946-54
board-foot
1946 average
1956
volume
the inventory
period, were supplying
one-fourth
of the total timber
cut. By 1956, private
lands
Western
12
30
22
Ponderosa pine
17
32
25
18
were
Douglas-fir
Westernlarch
325
159
2 29
24
8
True firs a
Engelmann
spruce
17
10
12
18
8
1
8
12
9
3
4
6
100
970
100
1,285
100
1,905
still
supplying
most
of
the
cut
but
the
national
forests'
share had risen to 38 percent.
It is estimated that 40 to 50 percent of Idaho's
cut of sawtimber
in 1959 came
from national
forests.
ponderosa
pine. The accumulated
presthis heavy cutting,
aggravated
by losses
insects,
and diseases
were undoubtedly
responsible
for the downward
adjust-
white
pine
Other
Total
Trial
Much of the responsibility
for future development
of the State's
forests
rests
upon
the
national
forests.
Since they cover 71 percent of
volume
n Average
pine,
ponderosa
a
for
100
-_ ii4,954 ....
1946,
1952,
........
pine,
and
and
1954
cut
for
14
western
white
average of 1946
Douglas-fir_larch;
and 1954 cut for other
species.
e Data
for Douglas-fir
and
for 1952 and 1954.
the commercial
forest land, increasingly
larger
shares
of Idaho's
timber
cut must come from
these lands.
This prospect
has been :ecognized
western
_,Grand, white, and subalpine
firs.
., Millions of board feet, International
2O
larch
_-inch
not
separable
rule.
t,
_I
H
.
400
l_:e
4oo-
_ _,_@
"_
300
0
00
0 200
200
........
@_@
LUMBER
PRODUCTION
TRENDS OF KEY SPECIES
Z
'_ 100
IN
IDAHO
1oo
1940- 1956
0
1940
.............
1945
1950
,
0
1940....
, • _
1955
I, ....
1945
•
....
1950
•
'
1955
400
•
t
Despite
declines
in production
of these msjor species, total lumber output increased from
780 million
board
feet to 1,609 million
board
feet between
1945 and 1956, and reached
1,802
million
board
feet in 1959.
Achievement
spectacular
increase
required
remarkable
from other species, notably
Douglas-fir,
mann
cutting
spruce,
rates
and the
had
been
true firs--species
comparatively
_]
300
•
_)
2°°1
of this
gains
Engel_
0
though the cut from spruce during this period
was boosted
by the bark-beetle
salvage
and
_
sales program,
gained
a solid
has
Z
0
The acceptance of the so-called "associated"
species has helped to take some of the pressure
_
_
500,
off of western
white pine and ponderosa
pine
and has distributed the cu_ among the State's
_
400
it appears
now that spruce
place in the lumber
markets.
_
f
o_
1940
I945
1950
1955
a
¢t_ee _ll
_#e
timber species more in line with their respective
percentages
of total sawtimber
volume
than it
had been in the 1940's and earlier.
This trend
.s
sS
J,
1°°1_
whose
A1-
low.
i
/
..0
_
o
s
#
R
s
/
f I'
300
has implications for both timber management
and forest industry.
It frees industry
from de-
/
I
200
pendence
upon a few key species and, by broadening potential supplies, provides room for in-
t
dustry
expansion.
For the forest
manager
it
helps solve the problem of an outlet for the associated
species and increases
his opportunities
for choosing
among
management
alternatives.
t
/t
loo
0
•
The rapid increase in timber cutting over the
past several
years indicates
the overall
growth
and widened
markets
for Idaho's
forest indus-
1940
21
1945
1950
1955
tries.
In
connection
with
this
increase
there
sifted
management
of
the
extensive,
but
pre-
were several
significant
changes:
(a) sawmills
became
fewer but larger;
(b) forest industries
began
to diversify--Idaho's
first
pulp
mills,
veneer
plants,
and particle
board
plant
came
into existence after 1947; (c)new
supply sources
viously
bypassed,
stands
of lodgepole
pine. By
1956, output
for the State had jumped
to more
than 227,000 cords--an
increase
of 137 percent
over I954
production
(24).
Production
from
roundwood
has since declined
from the 1956
were opened
up -- the production
of pulpwood
and commercial
poles from southeastern
Idaho, for example.
The use of chipped
sawmill
level, but how much of the decline is :due to
temporary
economic
condi__ons
and how much
is due to shifts
to chipped
sawmill
residues
residues
cannot
for
pulpwood
was
also
a development
with significance
for both wood utilization
timber management.
Since
1947, the trend
toward
fewer
be determined
from
present
information.
and
Use of chipped sawmill residues
started
after the 1947-54 inventory
but
for pulping
period
and
larger
sawmills
in Idaho
has been noticeable,
In 1947, 388 operating
mills had
an average
annual
lumber
production
of 2.45 million board
has grown
rapidly.
About
two-thirds
of the
pulpwood
receipts
of the Potlatch
units
are
chipped
residues, 1_ and some southern
Idaho
feet. By 1956, active
mills numbered
311 and
output
averaged
5.17 million
board
feet. Seventeen were producing
at the rate of 10 million
sawmills
are supplying
cade Kraft
Corporation
Washington.
board
feet or more per year
were 37 such mills in 1956.
Idaho's
single particle board
one in the Mountain
States--has
In 1947, Idaho
had
one was under construction
no
in 1947, but
there
veneer
plants,
but
soon after. By 1955,
for the
better
pine,
ponderosa
western larch,
Idaho
the first
quality
pine,
logs of western
western
efficiently
at lower
supply
levels than
pulp
mills.
Although
some poles
have been produced
in southern
Idaho for a number
of years,
Idaho's commercial
pole industry
is centered
in
white
redcedar,
and
the northern
had no pulp mills in 1947, but in 1950,
of two Potlatch
Forests,
Inc. pulp
units began producing
at Lewiston.
unit went into production
in 1958.
Pulpwood
production
increased
The
second
from
about
Sawmill
size class
(M bd. ft. per year)
Less than 500
500 to 999
1,000 to 4,999
5,000 to 9,999
10,000 and over
Total
Northern
Idaho is a lead-
source of poles, Douglas-fir
and lodgepole
pine,
are still practically
untouched.
Southern
Idaho's
extensive
lodgepole
pine stands
supply
about
8,000
gan to take pulpwood
from southeastern
Idaho
in 1953. This was
an especially
encouraging
development
for timber
management
in this
area because
it permitted
a start toward
intenin'oduetion
subunit.
ing production
area
for the highly
regarded
western
redcedar
utility
poles and produces
a
considerable
number
of western
larch poles. Two
other species that afford
an abundant
potential
39,000 cords in 1948 (1) to nearly
96,000 cords
by 1954 (20). Part of this increase
was due to
new markets
in the Lake States region that be-
I, umber
plant--the
only
been operating
since 1955. Particle
board
plants
use sawmill
residues
for raw material
and can be operated
there were two such plants--both
in northern
Idaho
and both
operated
in connection
with
sawmills--to
provide
a higher
level of utilization
chips to the Boise Casplant
in southeastern
poles
potential
year--the
merest
size classes,
Conservation
Journal
1947 and 1956
1956
Active
Lumber
Active
Lumber
sawmills
Number
production
Percent
sawmills
Number
production
Percent
237
51
3
4
139
27
1
1
61
22
17
15
16
62
80
28
37
I3
12
73
100
311
100
388
22
hint
of
their
output.
11Western
by sawmill
1947
a
16(6).
1959
'
REFERENCES
(1)
Dickerman,
1949.
M.B.
(10)
Pulpwood
production
crease.
U.S. Forest
on the inServ. North.
Rocky
Mountain
Forest
Expt.
Sta. Res. Note
and
1955.
Range
1952.
73, 1 p.
Series
M13G-03,
1957. 1954 Census of
1949.
Lumber
production
record
in northern
tops
24-year
region.
U.S.
1957.
1958.
Facts for industry:
duction
and mill
Series
Market
prospects
for
Mountain
States timber.
U.S. Forest
Serv.
Intermountain
Forest
and
Range
Sta.
Res.
Paper
prod-
(12)
S. Blair.
Expt.
illus.
manufactures:
Lumber
and timber
basic
ucts, Bul. MC-24A,
22 pp.
Forest
Serv. North. Rocky Mounrain Forest
and Range
Expt. Sta.
Res. Note 75, 5 pp.
Hutchison,
11 pp.
(11)
(2)
(3)
Facts
for industry:
Lumber
production and mill stocks 1953 and
M24T-05,
Lumber
stocks
pro1955.
9 pp.
(13)
1958.
50, 28 pp.,
Facts for industry:
duction
and
mill
Series
Lumber
stocks
M24T-06,
pro1956.
8 pp.
(14)
(4)
1942.
and R. K. Winters.
Northern
Idaho
forest
resources
and
Misc.
(5)
industries.
Pub.
Forest
Mountain
Sta.
Agr.
north
North.
and
Range
Current industrial reports:
bet production
andmillstocks
Rocky
and
1958.
with
supplement,
Expt.
Steer, Henry B.
1948.
Lumber
production
States, 1799-1946.
in the United
U.S. Dept. Agr.
(16)
U.S. Forest
1950.
669, 233 pp.
M24T(59)-l,
9 pp.
Service.
Lumber production in the western
states and Alaska, 1948. Unnumbered
(mimeo.),
3 pp.
Timber
resources
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
future.
U.S. Dept.
1949.
Resource
Census
of manufactures,
1947:
Lumber
and timber
basic products,
Bul. MC-24A, 21 pp.
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
1951.
Facts for industry:
Lumber
production and mill stocks
1949.
Series
M13G-09, 7 pp.
(19)
(9)
1952.
Rpt.
for
America's
Agr.
14, 713
pp.,
Forest
illus.
(18)
1959.
(8)
Series
Lure1959
(17)
1958.
(7)
9 pp.
Idaho.
35, 37 pp., illus.
Pub.
M24T-07,
Lumber prostocks
1957.
(15)
Paper
Misc.
Facts for industry:
duction
and
mill
Series
illus.
1961.
of
Serv.
Forest
Station
Dept.
75 pp.,
Pissot, Henry J.
1953.
Forest
resources
U.S.
(6)
U.S.
508,
1959.
Program
for the
U.S. Dept.
Agr.
26 pp., illus.
national
forests.
Misc. Pub. 794,
Wikstrom, J. H.
1954.
1952 log production
for lumber
and veneer. U.S. Forest Serv.
Facts for industry:
Lumber
production and mill stocks 1950.
Series
North.
Rocky
Mountain
Forest
and Range Expt. Sta. Res. Note
M13G-07,
136, 3 pp.
28 pp.
23
(20)
(23)
1955.
Pulpwood
production
and Montana,
1954.
Serv.
Intermountain
Range
2 pp.
(21)
Wilson,
1957.
Expt.
Sta.
in Idaho
U.S. Forest
Forest
and
Res.
Note
1958.
Forest
Res.
Note
and
Range
Expt.
production
Montana,
21,
1958.
Sta.
Serv.
49, 4 pp.
Range
Idaho
lumber
production,
1956
U.S. Forest
Serv.
Intermountain
Forest and Range Expt. Sta. ForRelease
and
U.S. Forest
Serv.
Pulpwood
production
and Montana,
1956.
3pp.
est Survey
Idaho
(24)
(22)
1958.
1956.
in
Intermountain
Forest
and Range
Expt. Sta. Res.
Note 54, 7 pp.
Alvin K.
Northern
Rocky
Mountain
pole
production
continues
climb
in
1956. U.S. Forest Serv. Intermountain
Log
1, 8 pp.
24
Intermountain
Expt.
Sta.
in Idaho
U. S. Forest
Forest
Res.
Note
and
55,
APPENDIX
25
TERMINOLOGY
Forest Land
Forest
land
w_t_m r_dc_d_
includes
(a)
land
that
is at least
10-percent
stocked
by trees of any size and capable of producing
timber
or other wood products, or of exerting an influence on the climate
or on the water
regime;
(b) land
from which
the trees described
in (a) have been removed
to less
than
not
areas. been
10-percent
.developed
stocking
for other
and
use"
(c)
which
has
afforested
principal
classes
of forest
land
timber
is
(a)
withdrawn
Subalpine
tit
of the stand
is in
the
species
f or
which the type is
pine !
named
and
less
than 20 percent
of
the
stand
is west-
ern
white
pine.
20 percent
pine.
of the
stand
or
or
less
is western
Tree Classes
Sawtimber
trees: Trees
that contain
at least
utilization,
torest
pine
and limber
spruce
v_hich
or more
are:
timber),
(b) is economically
available
now
or prospectively,
and (c) is not withdrawn
from
Lodgepole
Whitebark
Engelmann
Grand fir
than
white
Comme.rcial
forest land: Forest land that is (a)
producing,
or is physically
capable
of producing,
usable
crops of wood (usually
saw-
Noncommercial
in
50 percent
Hardwoods:
Forests
in which
50 percent
more of the stand
is aspen,
cottonwood,
other
western
hardwood
species,
and
At the time the field work for this report
was performed,
the minimum
area for forest
land
classification
was 10 acres with a minimum width of 120 feet.
The
Forests
Ponderosa
pine
Western larch
Douglas-fir
Hemlock
foot
land:
Forest
land
that
from
timber
utilization
sawlog
in diameter
Poletimber
through
statute,
ordinance,
or administrative
order but otherwise
qualifies
as commercial
forest land; and (b) is incapable
of yielding
usable
wood products
(usually
sawtimber)
and
are
at breast
trees:
Trees
of commercial
species
one merchantable
1611.0
height
of
inches
or
larger
(d.b.h.).
commercial
species
that are 5.0 inches d.b.h, or larger and
regional
specifications
for soundness
form but do not meet the specifications
sawtimber
trees.
because
of adverse
site conditions,
or is so
physically
inaccessible
as to be unavailable
economically
in the foreseeable
future.
meet
and
for
Seedling and sapling trees: Trees of commercial
species that are smaller than 5.0 inches d.b.h.
Growing
timber
stock
trees,
trees: Sawtimber
trees,
polesaplings,
and seedlings,
i.e., all
Forest Types
live trees except cull trees.
Note:
In discussion
and tables
Western
white pine: During
the period of field
work for this report
(1947-51
in northern
Idaho,
where all of Idaho's
western
white
pine
occurs),
the western
white
pine type
growth,
and
mortality,
the term
growing
stock
refers
only to sawtimber
trees
and
poletimber
trees, i.e., all trees 5.0 inches
d.b.h, and larger
(except
cull trees).
Sap-
included
forests in which
of the stand was western
20 percent or more
white pine.
lings and seedlings
stock in this usage
26
are not part
of the term.
on volumes,
of growing
r
Cull
trees:
Live trees of sawtimber
timber size that are unmerchantable
or polefor saw-
Poorly
stocked
coverage
by
stands
have
tree crowns.
logs now or prospectively
because of defect,
rot, or species.
Rotten
cull trees fail to meet
regional
specifications
for the proportion
of
sound volume
to total volume.
Sound
cull
Nonstocked
areas
are
stocked
with
present
stock trees.
trees do meet regional specifications
for freedam from rot but cannot
produce
even one
merchantable
sawlog,
now or prospectively
(according
to regional
specifications)
because
of roughness,
poor
form, or species,
Volume
Stand-size
Sawtimber
have
a minimum
net
poletimber
cull trees
volume
stands
do not qualify
or poletimber
stands,
have at least 10-percent
commercial
species and
minimum
stocking
in
trees,
trees of commercial
of all species,
from
Growing
stock
feet of live
stand
specification,
but are at least 10-percent stocked
with poletimber
and larger
(5.0
inches d.b.h, and larger)
trees and have at
least
half the minimum
stocking
in poletimber trees,
and sapling
sawtimber
less than
10-percent
or potential
growing
species, and
stump
to a
minimum
4.0-inch top inside bark.
bole only of softwoods
but both
limbs of hardwoods
to a minimum
diameter
inside
bark.
per acre of 1,500 board
feet, International
_._-inch rule.
Poletimber
stands
fail to meet the sawtimber
Seedling
either
to 40-percent
All-timber
volume:
Net volume
in cubic feet of
live and salvable
dead sawtimber
trees and
Classes
stands
10-
Live
as
but
volume:
sawtimber
Net volume
trees and
Includes
bole and
4.0-inch
in
live
cubic
pole-
timber
trees from stump
to a minimum
inch top (of central
stem) inside bark.
4.0-
savetimber
volume:
Net
feet, International /4-inch
_'
timber
volume
in board
rule, of live saw-
trees.
Growth
stocking
of trees of
have at least half the
seedling
and sapling
Net
Nonstocked
areas are areas that do not qualify
as sawtimber,
poletimber,
or seedling
and
sapling stands,
annual
annual
growth
of sawtimber:
The average
change, calculated from the total
change over a 10-year period,
in net boardfoot volume
of live sawtimber
on commercial forest land resulting from natural causes
exclusive
of catastrophic
losses.
Stocking
Net
Stocking
refers to the extent
to which
growing space is effectively
utilized
by present or
annual
growth
erage annual
total change
potential
growing stock trees of commercial
species.
De_ree of stocking
is synonymous
with percent
of growing
space, occupied
and
of growing
stock:
The
av-
change,
calculated
from
the
over a 10-year
period,
in net
cubic-foot
volume
of growing
stock on cammercial
forest
land resulting
from natural
causes
exclusive
of catastrophic
losses.
Mortality
means
of actual
stocking thefor ratio
comparable
sites stocking
and stands.to full
In
this report it is expressed
as the percentage
of the
available
space
occupied
by
tree
crowns,
Net
Well-stocked
stands
have
70-percent
or more
coverage by tree crowns,
Medium-stocked
stands have 40- to 70-percent
annual
mortality
of sawtimber
or growing
stock: The average
annual
net board-foot
or
cubic-foot volume removed from live sawtimber
or growing stock through
death from
natural causes, calculated from the total net
volume
removed
by such causes over a 10-
coverage by tree crowns,
year period.
27
Timber Cur
Timber
cut from
sound
timber
Principal Tree Species
growing
stock:
The
volume
of
a.
wood
in live sawtimber
and poletrees cut for forest products
during
a
Softwoods
Douglas-fir
Fir, subalpine
Pseudotsuga
menziesii
Abies lasiocarpa
Fir, grand
Fir, white
A. grandis
A. concolor
Timber cut from sawtimber:
The net board-foot
volume of live sawtimber
trees cut for forest
products
during
a specified
period, including
both roundwood
products
and logging
resi-
Hemlock,
mountain
Hemlock,
western
Larch, western
Pine, limber
Tsuga mertensiana
T. heterophylla
Larix occidentalis
Pinus flexilis
dues.
Logging
residues
from growing
stock:
The net
cubic-foot
volume
of live sawtimber
and
poletimber
trees cut or killed by logging on
Pine, lodgepole
Pine, ponderosa
Pine, western white
Pine, whitebark
P.
P.
P.
P.
specified
products
period,
including
both
and logging
residues.
commercial
timber
Allowable
forest
products.
cut:
The
land
and
volume
roundwood
not converted
of
timber
would be cut on commercial
forest
ing a given period
under specified
ment plans for sustained
production,
those in effect on national
forests.
to
Redcedar,
western
Spruce, Engelmann
b. Hardwoods
that
land durmanagesuch as
Aspen, quaking
Cottonwood,
black
Birch, paper
28
contorta
ponderosa
monticola
albicaulis
Thuja
plicata
Picea engelmannii
Populus
tremuloides
P. trichocarpa
Betula papyrifera
FOREST
SURVEY
PROCEDURES
of three,
grouped
1/5-acre
plots
were
used.
Aerial photographs
were used principally
as aids
in finding
the selected
section
corners
and to
Inven+ory
In the
tlo, made
nonforest
initial Forest
Survey of northern
between
1932 and 1937, forest
land boundaries
were delineated
base maps from cruise data, county
records,
cutting
and
fire records,
available
sources.
Forest
land was
Idaand
on
provide a record for future reexamination
of the
field locations.
Data for southern
Idaho for this report were
assessment
and
other
further
de-
obtained
from joint Forest
forest
timber
management
between
1950 and 1954.
Survey
and national
surveys
conducted
This was the initial
lineated
by type, stand-size,
stocking,
age, and
site classes.
Additional
stand
characteristics
inventory
survey of the southern
subunit
of the
State.
For the central
and southeastern
portion
such
The
of the subunit
(from
the Salmon
National
Forests
east), the 4-mile
as age were deterinined
by field checking,
area in each cover class was determined
and
grid
from the maps and summarized
size classes,
stocking
classes,
by types, standage classes,
and
as used in northern
Idaho
three principal
exceptions:
site classes for each ownership
Timber
volume
was estimated
class and
for each
not used,
(b) a "location"
(cluster
consisted
of two plots rather
than
ated
from
forest
land
subdivision
cruise
county,
delinedata,
(c)
aerial
photographs
was applied
(a)
transects
were used
Challis
pattern
with
were
of plots)
three,
and
in preliminary
field samples,
and normal
yield data correlated
with type, stocking,
age, and site classes,
The second survey of northern
Idaho, which
furnished
data for this report, was made between
1947 and 1951 and used sampling
procedures
to obtain
adjustment
factors
for updating
the
initial survey
data.
Except
in Idaho and Benewah Counties,
the areas of forest and nonforest
and field type mapping
as well as for finding
section
corners,
and as a location
record.
In
_outhwestern
Idaho,
however,
the national
forest timber
management
survey
of the Boise,
Payette,
and part
of the Sawtooth
National
Forests was a separate
project
where techniques
that had not previously
been used in Idaho
were applied.
Locations
consisted
of clusters
land (and
the subclasses
of forest land)
were
obtained
by correlating
initial survey
classifications with
field data
from sample
transects
(strips).
These transects
were taken in the vicinity of Land
Office section
corners
spaced
at
4-mile intervals.
Groups
of three 1/5-acre
plots
at each of these Land
Office section
corners
of two or three
ground
plots, as elsewhere
in
Idaho,
but were distributed
randomly
instead
of systematically;
this was later
modified
to
stratified
random
sampling,
with heaviest
sampiing in the economically
most important
forest
types
and stand-size
classes.
More
intensive
use of experienced
photo interpreters
was also
supplied
volume
data.
Since Benewah
County
had been resurveyed
in 1943-44, a 6-year adjustment for cutting
and growth
was applied
to
the resurvey
data to update
Benewah
County
statistics.
In the second survey of Idaho County,
a new cover type map was made by field use of
made in delineating
forest types on photographs
than
had been .done previously
in Idaho.
Growth
and mortality
data were obtained
on the field plots.
For growth
rates, increment
borings were made in sample
trees to determine
radial growth
for the 10-year period preceding
aerial photographs,
and volume
estimates
were
obtained
from plots near section corners
on a
4-mile grid spacing
as was done in most of the
northern
Idaho counties,
except that two, instead
the plot examination;
the radial
growth
measurements
were
then
translated
into
average
annual
volume
growth.
Mortality
data were
derived
from a tally of dead trees on the field
29
plots.
Ten-year
with the 10-year
vide an average
mortality
estimates
were used
growth
measurements
to proannual net growth estimate,
unit
Northern
Idaho
Timber
c.............,
N,,,,,-,
..........._
a......., ......k
,1,_..... ,and Thousand
_..... ,a,_ Thousand
f...... ,a,d
.....
M:Ilmnvo,
a.... P...........
p.............
P.......... _t P.......
Thousand
ii16
_1.1
,daho
C_140
_1.2
_-__182
_
_
711
ZIO
-.L 85
Z35
" _2
Cur
8
-_ ,11.
_'14
-213_
--
9
2118
_'2.3
2230
__1.8
t
"_'20
1k327
21.3
!
1
1
i
Estimation of timber cut may be based on
output data for a single year if that year is
considered
to be typical
of the period
during
the Forest
Survey
was
conducted.
Aver-
Sampling
errors
are
inherent
in the
process
age primary
product
output
and average logging
residues
figures
based
on periodic
surveys
of
the
forest
industries
are
usually
preferable.
Lumber
industry
surveys,
conducted
in cooper-
of estimating
a total from a sample
fraction
of
the total and, as such, can be evaluated
mathe-
ation with the Bureau
of the Census,
provide
both lumber
production
and log receipts
data
for estimating
the predominant
part
of the
timber cut.
Periodic
surveys
are also conducted
takes
in judgment,
measurement,
recording,
transcribing,
faulty
equipment,
and
similar
sources.
Careful
training
in and close supervision of all phases of field and office work are
employed
to keep these reporting
errors
to a
minimum.
matically.
Estimates
ever, do not include
to determine
the output
of pulpwood,
commercial poles, fuelwoo.d,
mine timbers,
posts,
and
miscellaneous timbers of lesser importance.
Data for estimating
the volume
of logging
residues are obtained
by special
studies
on active
Statistical
o}
Es}ima÷es
analysis
of area
and
volume
of sampling
error, howerrors that arise from mis-
Since the estimation
of timber
cut requires
combining
.data from a number
of independent
surveys, no comprehensive
sampling
error for
total timber
cut can be computed.
However,
since lumber
production
in Idaho
accounts
for
woods operations,
Accuracy
i
Z1.8
Southern
Idaho
which
t
_'233
about
94 percent
of the total
sampling
errors for the lumber
data
for each State
subunit
and for the State
as a
whole provide
the following
data for sampling
errors: _'-'
in At one standard deviation.
At this level, chances
are
two
out
of
three
that
the
results
do not
differ from the results that would have obtained
been obtained
by 100-percent coverage by more than the percentage
shown.
timber
cut, the
production
and
sawlog
receipts
surveys
for 1956 (22, 23) are
indicative
of the timber
cut sampling
error. The
sampling
error for 1956 lumber
production
in
Idaho was 0.86 percent
and the sampling
error
for sawlog
receipts
was 0.92 percent,
at one
standard
deviation.
3O
APPENDIX
I. Standard
Table
Summary
1.--i,and
Class
Tables
(Nos.
!-I0)
am'a I)y ma.j_w cla_._e_ of l;_nd,
l(l_lho, 1954
of land
'i'al)h':l.--,_l, rea of conlmer('ial
fore_! land, by
major fol'e_l iyl)('_, Idaho, 1.954
Area
Thousand
Forest :
Commercial
Forest
all classes
acres
withdrawn
for
Total,
st_ecial uses.
all
_Includes
-' Includes
67,000 acres of water
according
to survey
standards
of area classification
but
defined by the Bureau
of the Census as land.
Table 2.--('ommercia]
Ownership
class
fores|
of Land
Mgmt.
404
Other
Farm
Industrial
& other
Total
Total,
all
ownerships
15,823
258,000 acres
acres
a negligible
red-
of
whitebark
and
classes,
Pole-
Seedling
and
Nonstocked
timber
stands
sapling
stands
and other
areas
acres
2,845
30
204
123
36
('-')
('-')
(_)
1
1,022
12
1,063
15
41
11,817
940
6,630
593
2,998
171
1,070
96
1,119
80
1,229
1,837
436
1,082
491
251
179
253
123
251
3,066
1,518
742
432
374
15,823
8,741
3,911
1,598
x Includes
areas not classified
elsewhere.
'-' Less than 0.5 thousand
acres.
:_ Includes
of western
6,380
45
1
Total
State:
Private:
:_
types
and sland-.Mze
Thousand
Bureau
730
1,755
548
type.
e Includes
25,000
limber pine types.
Sawtimber
stands
Federally
owned
or managed:
National
forest
11,310
Indian
102
2,624
2,178
3,023
I
cedar
land area, I_y ownership
Idaho, 1954
Total
amount
acres
4,798
167
Larch
Spruce-fir
Hardwoods
52,972
971,000
fir
Ponderosa pine
Western
white pine
Lodgepole
pine '-'
21,815
31,157
_ Includes
Area
Thousand
DouglasHemlock
1,867
4,t25
Total
Nonforest: _
type
acres
15,823
Noncommercial:
Productive-reserved
Unproductive
_
Total.
TABLES
of county
31
and
municipal
ownership.
1,573
Table 4.--Net volume
on commercial forest
Stand-size
of live sawtimber and growing stock
hnd by stand-size class, Idaho, 1954
class
Sawtimber
stands
Poletimber
stands
Seedling-sapling
stands
Nonstocked
and other
areasnot elsewhere
classified
Total, all stands
International
I/4-inch
Sawtimber
Growing
stock
Million
bd.-tt. 1
109,785
4,521
356
Million
cu. It.
20,952
4,661
264
292
68
114,954
log rule.
Table 5_Net
volume of live saxvtimber and growing stock
on eomme_eial forest land by ownership cla._s, Idaho, 19,54
Ownership
class
Federally owned or managed:
National
forest
Indian
Bureau of Land Mgmt.
Other
Total
State
Private:
Farm
Industrial
& other
Total
Total,
Table 6.--Net volume of live sawtlmber and growing stock
on commercial
forest land, by species, Idaho, 1954
Sawtimber
Growing stock
Million
bd.-tt. 1
Million
cu. It.
Softwoods:
Douglas- fir
Ponderosa pine
True firs "
Western hemlock
Western white pine
Engelmann
spruce
Western larch
Western redcedar
Lodgepole
pine
Other softwoods
36,587
19,297
19,214
2,113
13,381
9,635
6,110
3,098
7,665
3,236
4,223
488
2,389
1,790
1,333
740
4,816
387
3,694
134
114,638
Aspen
Other hardwoods
75
241
Total
316
Total, all species
International
Grand,
25,692
:
114,954
I/4-inch log rule.
subalpine,
and white
32
firs.
189
64
253
25,945
stock
Million
cu. It.
80,532
388
2,158
2
18,531
104
545
1
83,080
9,433
19,181
1,915
5,860
1,485
16,581
3,364
22,441
all ownerships
x International
N-inch
2 Includes a negligible
cipal ownership.
Total
Hardwoods
Growing
Million
bd.-ft)
25,945
Species
Sawtimber
114,954
log rule.
volume in county
4,849
25.945
and
muni-
Table
7.--Net
volume
of liw, sawtimber
on commercial
forest
clas._ groups and species, Idaho, 1954
...........
D[ameter class groups
(inches)-
land by diameter
.........
Total
Species
11.0-20.9
21.0-30.9
31.0-40.9 '41.0 & larger
S-o--_woo-clsi
....................................
Million board feet 1
Douglas-fir
Ponderosa
pine
True firs '-'
Western hemlock
18,560
4,325
11,721
1,544
12,654
7,124
5,815
542
4,026
5,953
1,450
27
1,347
1,895
228
0
36,587
19,297
19,214
2,113
7,015
4,416
3,203
4,182
4,084
1,852
1,425
1,014
931
759
121
124
13,381
9,635
6,110
redcedar
1,682
990
320
106
3,098
Lodgepole pine
Other softwoods
4,647
304
169
55
0
28
0
0
4,816
387
37,467
15,174
4,580
114,638
Western white pine
Engelmann
spruce
Western larch
Western
Total
Hardwoods"
57,417
Aspen
Other hardwoods
Total
Total,
all species
75
169
0
63
0
9
0
0
75
241
244
63
9
0
316
57,661
37,530
15,183
4,580
International
_/4-inch log rule.
Grand,
subalpine,
and white firs.
Table
8.--Nct
v()lume
of all
land, by class of material
Class of material
timber
on commercial
and species group,
Total
Softwoods
Million
cubic
forest
Idaho, 1954
Hardwoods
feet
Growing
stock:
Sawtimber
trees:
Sawlog portion
Upper stem portion
Total
Poletimber
trees :
Total, growing stock
Other material:
Sound cull trees
16,775
2,084
16,730
2,068
45
16
18,859
7,086
18,798
6,894
61
192
25,945
25,692
253
493
484
9
Rotten cull trees
Hardwood limbs
1,843
1
1,826
0
17
1
Salvable
1,614
1,610
4
dead trees
Total,
other
Total,
all timber
material
3,951
3,920
31
29,896
29,612
284
33
114,954
Table
9._Net
annual
growth,
stock
annual
on
mortality,
commercial
forest
and
land,
annual
cut
l)y species
of
live
groups,
Total
Million
Net annual
growth
Timber
products
residues
1 Data
for
growth
period.
International
3 Bases
of sawmill
Range
Station
of
IF&RES
(Lumber
4 Less
Table
and
than
469
460
9
147
145
2
1,237
1,236
1
58
198
198
(_)
22
22
(4)
1
220
220
(4)
1,294
as
of
1954,
timber
cut
.data
are
averages
(4)
computed
Northern
Rocky
lumber
1952
data
data
Note
Mountain
production
of NRM
prepared
54;
of timber
products
Output
of timber
and
Research
for
the
Forest
for 1946,
Note
U.S.F.S.
Census
and
1948, and
Range
1950;
136, and
Forest
Bureau's
Standard
units
Pulpwood
Pulpwood
\
I
)
logs
bolts
Fuelwood
Poles
Posts
Mine timbers
Miscellaneous
Total
feet
6
and annual
Report
Census
No.
of
file
cut
of live
sawtimber
and growing
Forest
and
14;
1956
Manufactures
stock,
Annual
Roundwood
Number
M bd. ft.2
1,873,700
Total
cut of sawtimber
1
Idaho,
1956
cut of growing
stock l
volume
Softwoods
Hardwoods
M cubic teet
274,675
274,645
31
Total
Softwoods
M board-teet
2
1,830,400
1,830,061
Hardwoods
339
Total
Soft- Hardwoods woods
M cubic teet
304,890
304,856
34
"
Std. cords3
91,256
4123,317
13,436
2,005
13,329
2,005
107
0
51,740
6,052
50,612
6,052
1,128
0
8,482
2,005
8,297
2,005
185
0
"
M pieces
"
M cu. ft.
¢414,389
143
742
1,443
31,908
2,579
602
1,443
31,725
2,579
602
1,443
183
0
0
0
5,403
6,077
644
3,746
5,372
6,077
644
3,746
31
0
0
0
1,851
3,038
315
1,563
1,850
3,038
315
1,563
11
0
0
0
1,258
327,907
1,258
327,586
0
321
1,196
1,905,268
1,196
1,903,770
0
1,498
1,199
323,353
1,199
323,123
0
230
"
_1,258
board
feet for the total
International
I/4-inch rule.
Rough wood basis.
Not includingmillresiduesused forpulp and hardboards.
Not including mill residues used for domestic and industrialfuel.
Includes shinglebolts,farm timbers,etc.
7 Not including mill residues used for miscclIancousproducts.
34
sawtimber
|
Rocky
products
1 Logging residues for 1956 estimated
at 85 million
for the total cut from growing
stock.
2
3
4
5
6
Station
Intermountain
Resource
1954
Expt.
also Northern
Annual
Volume in
standard
units
Sawlogs
Veneer logs
and bolts
the
Timber
Basic
Products).
0.5 million
feet.
10.--Output
Product
for
rule.
file
Research
leer
3
and
35"
Station
Hardwoods
cubic
10
former
Paper
Million
3)
log receipts
Experiment
data
log
2
605
mortality
estimates:
stock
Softwoods
1,636
footnote
_/4-inch
for
Mountain
and
(See
feet
Total
608
1,295
1947-54
records
board
58
Total
Hardwoods
F
growing
1,646
Annual mortality
Annual
cut: 3
Logging
Growing
Softwoods
and
idahol
Sawtimber
Item
._awlimber
cut and 32 million
cubic
l
II. Supplementary Tables (Nos. I !-27)
Table
II.ml_lnd
area,
by
nmjor
land
Land Class
classes
and
Slate
State
subunHs,
Idaho,
Northern
Thousand
1954
Southern
Thousand
acres
Percent
acres
Forest:
Commercial
Noncommercial
15,823
29.9
8,063
Productive-reserve.d
1,867
3.5
932
935
Unproductive
4,125
7.8
1,534
2,591
Nonforest _
Total
Total, all classes
] Includes
67,000
_
ification,
"-'From
_'
States, 1950.
Table
31,157
21,815
52,972
e
acres
of water
12.--('omnler('ial
forest
land
58.8
area, by ownership
Idaho,
1954
of area
Area
of
and
class-
the
State
Northern
United
subunits,
Southern
Thousand
acres
Percent
managed:
Mgmt.
11,310
102
71.5
.6
4,418
74
404
2.6
--
162
0
242
1
4,654
7,163
631
309
1
Total
State
Private:
28,816
11,589
40,405
standards
elas._es
State
Thousand
acres
Bureau
of Land
Other
to Survey
of Census as land.
Land
and
Water
Ownershipclass
Federally
owned or
National forest
Indian
2.341
10,226
12,567
100.0
according
but defined by the Bureau
U.S.
Bureau
of Census:
*
11,817
940
5.9
6,892
28 ..
z
Farm
Industrial
1,229
1,837
and other
Total
Total,
-
7,760
:
i Inciudes
Tabh'
Stand-size
7.8
11.6
851
1,624
3,066
all
ownerships
13.m('omnH,
2,475
15,823
a negligible-amount
reial
class
100.0
of county-and
l'ore._t land
nubunils,
State
acres
m-un{cipai
Northern
ownersl_ip.
¢lasse_
and
State
Thousand
Percent
acres
Percent
Sawtimber
stands
8,741
55.3
3,521
45.4
5,220
64.7
Poletimber
stands
3,911
24.7
1,891
24.4
2,020
25.1
1,598
10.1
1,164
15.0
9.9
1,184
100.0
7,760
Seedling-sapling
stands
Nonstocked
and
other
Total,
all
areas
classes
1,573
15,823
acres
8,063
Southern
Thousand
Perce,nt
591
7,760
area, by stal_i-size
Idaho,
19_'_
Thousand
378
213
35
15.2
100.0
434
5.4
389
4.8
8,063
100.0
Tabh'
14._('ommereial
.....
fores|
Fores-(type
land area,by major
Idaho, 1954
.....
forest
types
State
Thousand
acres
Western
white pine group'
Western white pine _
Western redce,dar
Total
Nort}{ern - Southern
Thousand
acres
Percent
1,920
258
and ,Nt_te subunits,
12.1
1.6
1,920
258
0
0
................................................
2,178
2,178
Ponderosa pine
Western larch
2,624
730
16.6
4.6
1,109
724
1,515
6
Douglas-fir
Hemlock_
4,798
167
30.3
1.1
1,286
165
3,512
2
2,998
25
I8.9
.2
1,209
(3)
1,789
25
1,209
1,814
Lodgepole
pine group:
Lodgepole pine
Whitebark and limber
pines
Total
3,023
Spruce-fir
group"
Engelmann spruce
Grand fir
463
874
2.9
5.5
214
825
249
49
418
2.7
0
418
Subalpine fir
Total
Hardwoods
Total,
-
1,755
548
4
all types
Tai)h,
15.---Net
aspen
(482,000
board-foot
size
class
100.0
percent
require
but
stands
stands
Seedling-sapling
stands
Nonstocked
and
other areas
Total,
all
classes
International
includes
and Slate
State
bd.-lt.
109,785
4,521
716
498
7,760
8,063
or more
50 percent
volume
volume
mountain
of live sa,wlimbcr
classes
plurality
plurality
hemlock
on commercial
subuni/s,
Idaho,
Northern
Million
Sawtimber
Poletimber
1,039
50
in
in
type.
acres).
volume_
land, by stand-size
Stand-
3.5
15,823
'The
white
pine type
requires
20
tile white pine species"
all other types
the characteristic
species.
Principally
western
hemlock
type
:_ Less than 0.5 thousand
acres.
.i Predominantly
.......
Southern
Million
Percent
95.5
3.9
bd.-ft.
58,143
2,133
forest
1954
Million
Percent
95.8
3.5
bd.-ft.
51,642
2,388
Percent
95.2
4.4
356
.3
183
.3
173
.3
292
.3
226
.4
66
.1
100.0
54,269
114,954
I/4 -inch
100.0
60,685
log rule..
36
100.0
Table
16.--Ne{ board-foot voluulel of live ._awtimlmr on commercial
forest
I)3" ownership ela_,_e_ and Slate subunits, Idaho, 1954
............ Ownership
class- .................
State .....
Northern
land,
Southern
-
.................................................
Million
board feet
Federally
owned or managed"
National forest
Indian
Bureau of Land
Other
Total
State
Private"
_
Farm
Industrial
Mgmt.
and other
Total
Total,
....................
Percent
80,532
388
70.1
.3
2,158
2
1.9
--
33,333
310
all ownerships
-' Includes
'Fable I7.--Net
Imard-foot
48,577
2,122
5,860
16,581
5.1
14.4
4,115
14,756
1,745
1,825
18,871
3,570
100.0
60,685
54,269
" ......................................................
in county
volumel
1,298
2
34,503
7,311
114,95-;
volume
860
0
8.2
_inch 10g rule.
a negligible
47,199
78
83,080
9,433
22,441
...... ' internationai-74
Million
............
board feet
and
municipal
of live saxvtimber
by species and State
Sllbllnits,
ownership.
on commer('ial
Idaho,
....
Species
..............................
...........................................................................................................
State
....
Million
board feet
Percent
forest land,
195-I
Northern
"s0Ul:hern
Million
board teet
'
Softwoods"
Western white pine
13,381
11.6
13,381
0
Ponderosa pine
Western larch
19,297
6,110
16.8
5.3
6,931
5,553
12,366
557
Douglas-fir
Grand fir
36,587
13,695
31.8
11.9
11,390
10,720
25,197
2,975
Subalpine fir
Western redcedar
Western hemlock "
5,519
3,098
2,191
4.8
2.7
1.9
1,225
3,098
2,191
4,294
0
0
Engelmann spruce
Lodgepole pine
Whitebark and limber pines
9,635
4,816
309
8.4
4.2
.3
4,770
1,224
35
4,865
3,592
274
Total
114,638
60,518
54,120
Hardwoods"
Aspen
Cottonwood
Birch
Total
Total, all species
75
241
0
.1
.2
316 -114,954
1 International
I/4 -inch log rule.
"-' Includes
78 million board feet of mountain
a Less than 0.5 million board feet.
100.0
(a)
167
0
75/
74
0
167
........1-49
..........
60,685
54,269
hemlock.
37
,
I
Table
18.--Net
cubic-foot
volume of growing
stock on commercial
by species anti State subunits, Idaho, 1954
Species
State
feet
land,
Northern
Southern
Million
Million
cubic
forest
Percent
cubic
feet
Softwoods:
Western
white pine
Ponderosa
pine
Western
larch
2,389
3,236
1,333
9.2
12.5
5.2
2,389
1,220
1,232
0
2,016
101
Douglas-fir
Grand
fir
7,665
2,709
29.6
10.4
2,462
2,186
5,203
523
Subalpine
fir
Western redcedar
Western hemlock i
1,514
740
506
5.8
2.9
2.0
310
740
506
1,204
0
0
Engelmann
Lodgepole
Whitebark
1,790
3,694
116
6.9
14.2
.4
860
1,249
12
930
2,445
104
spruce
pine
and limber pines
Total
Hardwoods:
25,692
13,166
Aspen
Cottonwood
189
59
Birch
Total
/5
253
Total,
1 Includes
all species
18 million cubic
Less than
Table
0.5 million
19.--Net
board-foot
by diameter
cubic
groups
and
Total,
and
larger
all diameters
1 International
State
I/4 -inch
0
209
13,210
on commercial
subunits,
State
21.0 - 30.9
31.0 - 40.9
41.0
5
44
100.0
hemlock.
of live saw.limber
Million
board feet
57,661
- 20.9
189- 2__
20
12,735
feet.
vohlme_
class
(2)
39
0
25,945
feet of mountain
Diameter
class group
(inches)
11.0
.7
.2
12,526
Idaho,
Northern
Percent
50.2
forest
land,
1954
Southern
Million
board feet
32,838
24,823
37,530
15,183
32.6
13.2
19,608
6,478
17,922
8,705
4,580
4.0
1,761
2,819
100.0
60,685
54,269
114,954
log rule.
38
Table
20c--Net
cubic-foot
classes
volume
of materi,d
of all timber
and
State
Class of material
on commercial
subunlts,
Idaho,
State
forest
Northern
Million
cubic
Growing
stock:
Sawtimber
portion
Upper
stem
portion
Total
Poletimber
trees
Total,
growing
material:
stock
1,201
23.7
25,945
9,762
9,097
3,448
3,638
13,210
12,735
493
1.6
195
trees
1,843
6.2
1,749
0
5.4
(i)
555
limbs
dead
trees
I
1,614
3,951
all
than
area,
forest
timber
0.5 million
29,896
cubic
I00.0
298
94
I
1,059
2,499
1,452
15,709
14,187
feet.
commercial
forest
land area,
and live sawtimbcr
land, by State subunits
and counties,
Idaho, 1_34
Live
Commercial
sawtimber
Total land
area 1
forest land area volume 2
Thousand Thousand
Million
acres
acres
Percent
hoard feet
NORTHERN
393
884
547
1,329
1,977
670
3'
Adams
Bannock
Bear Lake
Bingham
Blaine
Boise
Bonneville
881
719
632
1,326
1,695
1,224
1,181
450
92
140
35
250
838
273
Butte
Camas
Canyon
Caribou
Cassia
Clark
Custer
Elmore
Franklin
Fremont
1,434
677
371
1,118
1,628
1,121
3,157
1,960
427
1,164
109
126
i'
272
63
196
960
393
53
485
1
2
3
4
5
6
7,896
883
trees
506
1,111
816
1,614
4,500
Ada
8,879
7.0
cull
Total land
Benewah
Bonner
Boundary
Clearwater
Idaho 3
56.1
cull
land
feet
2,084
Rotten
i Less
County
cubic
16,775
7,086
Total
21.--Total
Percent
Sound
Total,
Table
feet
18,859
Hardwood
Salvable
Southern
Million
trees:
Sawlog
Other
land, by
1954
2.5
5.6
3.5
8.4
12.5
(4)
County
.7
.8
(4)
1.7
.4
1.3
6.1
2.5
.3
3.1
499
855
I
671
229
1,538
3,824
3,850
307
1,871
_
_
_
_
Lemhi
Lincoln
Madison
Oneida
Owyhee
Payette
Power
Teton
Twin Falls
Valley
Washington
Yellowstone
National
591
417
92
101
1,429
7,760
3.7
2.6
.6
.6
9.0
49.0
3,320
3,240
426
523
9,378
60,685
355
462
949
697
380
2,934
770
303
480
45
.3
524
0
384
0
0
1,249
0
46
0
0
2.4
0
0
7.9
0
.3
0
0
3,519
0
0
5,904
0
129
0
762
4,895
258
903
294
1,243
2,354
944
38.
12
(5)
51
84
20
1,311
84
.2
.1
(4)
.3
.5
.1
8.3
.5
98
21
(6)
153
243
28
12,621
1,046
37
0
Total, Southern
40,405
8,063
Total,
52,972
15,823
Idaho
Park
804
698
306
542
1,670
12,567
County land area from U.S. Bureau of the Census: Land and Water Area of the United
Trees 11.0 inches d.b.h, and larger, measured by International
1/4-inch log rule.
Idaho County is divided by the Salmon River and lies partly in each state subunit.
Less than 0.05 percent.
Less than 0.5 thousand acres.
Less than 500 thousand board feet.
39
Live
sawtimber
Commercial
area 1
forest land area volume 2
Thousand Thousand
Million
acres
acres
Percent hoard feet
Kootenal
Latah
Lewis
Nez Perce
Shoshone
Total, Northern
IDAHO
Gem
SOUTHERN
12
5,873
334
522
110
1,208
7,397
882
on commercial
IDAHO
1,946
4,899
3,725
15,158
18,070
2.9
.6
.9
.2
1.6
5.3
1.7
volume
0
51.0
I00.0
States,
0
54,269
114,954
1950.
Table
22.--l'ert'ent
of
commercial
Well
Medium
forest
land
by
classes1,
stand-size
classes,
Idaho,
197)4
State
Stand-size
Sawtimber
Poletimber
class
stands
stands
13.9
10.2
Total, stocked
Nonstocked
and
other areas
28.3
Seedling-sapling
stands
4.2
21.6
5.0
2.9
3.0
32.2
0
29.6
0
Total
55.3
24.7
0
Total
Well
Medium
Poor
13.2
9.8
15.3
8.2
16.9
6.4
45.4
24.4
14.6
10.6
24.1
10.8
26.0
3.7
2.5
1.9
1.0
5.9
3.9
28.9
9.9
27.4
0
0
15.0
84.8
0
Western
Stocking
class 1
forest
Ponderosa
white pine
pine
_
15.2
space occupied
by tree crowns:
well stocked--over
stocked--10
to 40 percent;
nonstocked_less
than
comnl_,rcial
_
5.2
28.5
1 Percentage
of available
to 70 percent;
poorly
of
100.0
Southern
P9or
_
23.--Area
_
stocking
Medium
10.1
90.1
and
Well
Total, all classes _
Table
subunits,
Northern
Poor
19.8
9.5
State
_
100.0
by stocking
classes,
majol'
forest
units,
Idaho,
1954
Western
DouglasWestern
Western
Lodgepole
larch
fir
hemlock
Thousands
ot acres
IDAHO
redcedar
64.7
25.1
5.4
27.7 ...... -36_i_
.........30.7
0
0
_
Spruce-
4.8
_
medium
types,
95.2
0
_
70 percent;
10 percent.
land
Total
and
100.0
stocked---40
.Stat_,
sub-
Hard-
pine "
fir 3
woods
Total
Well
563
471
231
1,167
41
62
1,307
396
235
4,473
Medium
Poor
Nonstocked and other
261
416
680
744
1,122
287
226
208
65
1,735
1,622
274
52
47
27
101
86
9
1,022
551
143
694
587
78
254
49
10
5,089
4,688 ......
1,573
_
2,624
730
4,798
NORTHERN
258
3,023
1,755
548
Total
1,920
Well
Medium
Poor
Nonstocked and other
Total
563
261
416
680
1,920
Well
Medium
Poor
Nonstocked
and other
Total
228
353
363
165
230
225
205
64
1,109
271
456
461
98
spruce,
41
52
47
25
724
1,286
SOUTHERN
165
IDAHO
62
101
86
9
258
540
285
291
93
1,209
290
370
339
40
1,039
15,823
16
21
3
10
2,241
2,124
2,211
1,184
50
7,760
0
0
243
391
1
1
896
1,279
0
0
0
0
767
737
106
324
219
233
2,232
2,965
0
0
759
122
3
1
1,161
176
0
2
0
0
260
50
248
38
46
0
2,477
389
0
1,515
6
3,512
2
0
1,814
716
498
8,063
1Percentage
of available
space occupied
by tree
to 70 percent;
poorly stocked_10
to 40 percent;
2 Includes
whitebark
pine and limber
pine types.
3 Engelmann
167
IDAHO
grand
fir,
and
subalpine
fir
crowns: well stocked---over
70 percent;
nonstocked_less
than 10 percent.
types.
4O
medium
stocked--40
.f
Table 24.--Net
annual growth of live sawtiml)erl
on ('omnler('ial
by spe('ies and Stale subunits,
idah(), 1954
Species
State
Million
board feet
Northern
Percent
forest
land
Southern
Million
board feet
Softwoods:
Western
white
pine
Ponderosa pine
Western larch
202
223
54
12.3
13.6
3.3
202
93
49
0
130
5
Douglas -fir
Grand fir
445
318
27.0
19.3
191
249
254
69
Subalpine
fir
Western redcedar
Hemlock
71
59
27
4.3
3.6
1.6
11
59
27
60
0
0
Spruce
Lodgepole pine
Other softwoods
134
97
6
8.1
5.9
.4
42
30
2
92
67
4
1,636
10
.6
955
4
681
6
959
687
Total
Har.dwoods
Total,
all species
International
Table 25.--Net
_-inch
1,646
100.0
log rule.
annual growth of growing
sio('k on ('()mmer('ial
species and State _ul)units,
Idaho, 1954
Species
State
Million
cubic teet
Percent
Northern
forest
land
Southern
Million
cubic teet
Softwoods:
Western
white pine
Ponderosa pine
Western larch
Douglas-fir
Grand
fir
Subalpine
Western
Hemlock
fir
redcedar
Spruce
Lodgepole pine
Other softwoods
44
41
25
9.4
8.8
5.3
44
19
23
0
22
2
117
71
25.0
15.1
52
59
65
12
22
18
8
4.7
3.8
1.7
5
18
8
17
0
0
32
80
2
6.8
17.1
.4
12
38
(_)
20
42
2
278
182
(1)
9
278
191
Total
460
Hardwoods
9
Total, all species
Less than
0.5 million
1.9
469
cubic
100.0
feet.
41
by
Table 26._Average
board-foot
volume
per aerel
sawtimber
on eonlmer('iai
forest land, by stand-size
and ,";tate sui)units,
Stand-size
class
Sawtimber
Poletimber
stands
stands
Seedling-sapling
Nonstocked
and
other areas
State
All classes
...........iinternational
Idaho, 1954
Northern
12,560
1,156
stands
9,893
1,182
223
157
399
186
191
170
" 7,265
......
¼--incia-iog-rule]
class
Sa_vt-imber-stands
.......
Poletimber
stands
Seedling-sapling
stands
Nonstocked
and
other
7,826 ............. -6,731--................................
State
Total
Northern
2,397 .....
1,192
165
areas
.... 11640
of growing
classes and
Southern
3,0i3-0............... i.990 ....
1,280
1,109
153
198
43
42
Southern
16,513
1,128
T;dlh' 27._Aw'rage
cubic-foot volume per acre
stock on commercial
forest land, by stand-size
State subunits,
Idaho, 1954
Stand-size
of live
('lasses
41
....
i,702 .........
49
-i.-579 .....