HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING BY UTILIZING GIS IN PARANAGUA BAY. PARANA.
BRAZIL
Maur-o Ri be>i 1'0 Mart..i ns +
Mar- 1 an& Al vas Dal S';:Hlt..O ++
Juel'ci 0 Taval'es de Mat..os +++
Frederico Per&ira Brandini ++++
+
Geologist..
Labor·at..ol'io
Associado
de~..ensor·iament..o
Remot..o
de
Sant..aCat..arlna - LARS/SC - Bl'azi1 - Comission IV
++ Geogr-apher- - Labor-ator-io Associado de Sensoriament..o Remoto de Santa
Catar-ina - LARS/SC -- Brazil - Comission IV
+++ Phd. Geosciense - Instit..ut..o Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE
- Brazil - Comission IV
++++ Phd. Biosciense - Cent..ro de Biologia Mal'inha - UFPR/CBM - Br'azil
- Comission IV
Keywor-ds -
Coastal zone environment ; spacial database
GIS
Abst..ract..
The Paranagua bay est..ual'Y. si t..uat.ed in Par-ana SCat..e. $out..h&rn Bl'azi 1.
has a gl'&at.. import..anc& t..o t..he economy of r-&glon. it.s. wat..el's b&lng aim of'
vast.
amount.
of'
wor'ks.
This
pap&r
ut..ilizes
geor'r'af'er-aneial
databasege>n&rat..ion and manipulat~ion t~echiniques as well as some physical
paramet~ar's
st..at..ist·ical
analysis
wat..e>r
mass.
The variables .susperlding
part..icled mat..t..er wat..er' tl'ansparency, salinit..y. pl'imar'y product:..ivit..y and
t..urbidit..y were achieved during f'ield wor'ks in specific periods of' t..he
sazonal cycle, The re>sults analysis and evaluat.ion are displayed belc)f)t:;;>
with t~he sugg&st..ion of a Pl'oposal for st..uding t..hEP wat..er Cil'culation pat.t~&r·n
i n t.hat~ zone.
INTRODUCTION
Th& goal of 'lhis work'is t..o study the
wat..er mass ci rcul ati on pat.t..er·n by usi I"lg
S1 G. wi thi n a br'anch t...')f the so call ed
s'lat.e of Parana's Coastal 2'..one bay complex
Paranagua Bay (Fig. i) . Thes& 1'&gion covers
aproximately 400 km2 concerning t..o th&
submerged zone. since t.he l'iV&l'S es'luary
up to t.he mixing wit;h t~h& sea wa.'ler in
Gall et... a Channel.
The
geoprocessing
t..echniques
are
utilized
wm'ldwide
by
st..uding
and
applicat..ing in sev&ral knowledg& vanguard
(DUEDALL.
1978.
LANGRAN.
1999. NYERGES.
1989) .
The estuaries, bays and laggons are
i d&al pI aces f'or t&st..i ng and appl i cat..i ng
geogr' aphyc i nfor mati on sys t..&ms. esp&ci all y
Digit..al
Terrain Mod&l
manipulation and
gener-ationoptions (LATHROP and LILLESAND.
1989; LINDELL. e~ al. 1996; KHORRAM. i996a
and
1986b). Thi s i s
due
Lo
the
anvi r' onmental
dyrlami cs
and
Lo
spac&
variat.ions along t.. h& ~id& s&azonal cycle,
etc. Concerning Lo tha water quality, in
regi ons such Lhose on&s can b& found t..ha
larg&st..
gradient.s
of
tempal~a~ure.
salinity, waLer color. and so.
THE STUDIED AREA GENERAL SITUATION
The st.uding area is locat.ed in the
1a'liLudes 26°20'00'
and 26° 36'00'
and
1 ongi tudes 48° 20) 00"
and 48° 46' 00' •
situat..&d in Brazil's $out.h&rn Regions. Th&
Paranagua
Lagoon-Es'luarit'le
Compl&x
encompasses about 6000 km2. and includes
Lhe
associat&d
drainag&
basins
(BIGARELLA.1978).
The
researches
wat.er
masses
cit~culat..ion
may
be
achiev&d
f'ast.ly
an
exac~ness and visual
understanding if the
gaoprocessing tachniques are used.
Physiogl'aphicly. 'lhe r&gion may be
descib&d as a WaL&l' body proj&ct.ed into
t..he cont.i nent over 60 km fr'om t..he sea
b&ach&s
within
a
natur'al
landscapa
desi gnat.ed as a coast.al pI an (BI GARELLA
op. cit.). At. .its wast side on& can see
t.he Serra do Mar (Sea Hi 11 s) st.&ep slope
1200 m high.
Those ecossyst&ms ar& considered. due
to its natur'al
chal'acLeristics. harniful
efects ai ms because t.he human occupa.t.i on.
most of t.ime planlessly. Because of Lhe
marine ~ransport and as the coasLal plains
are ideal places for real s~ate projects.
t..he lagoons est.uaries al'e sensitive to'
de&p
nat.ural
landscap&
alLerations
(DIOGENES. 1990).
The natural sediment deposit.ing of
t.he &st.uary by riV&l'S mak&s dificult.. t..he
largar
boats
t.raffic.
Tha
slopes
occupa'li on Pl'OC&SSes near' by t.he ri Vel'S
ac.cel er-ate t... he erosi on and -L·h& consequent..
sedi ment.at..i on.
In Par a1"1agua. Bay one may fi nd the
gr a1 1"1s 1 ar gg&st. &xpor'l hal" bor 1 1"1 Bl~ azi 1
which flows the Brazilian $out.hern R&gion
goods and also 'lhe Pal'aguay ones.
'lhe
pI' obI em
For
solving
constanL
dredging works are made along the ocean
access channel.
42
I t.
was
intended
t.o
mak 19
a
sampl i ng
cover i ng allover- t.he ar'ea so t.hat "lhe so
gener-a"led data could show a very moment. on
the
genel'al
aspect
of'
t.he
bays.
The
1 c)ca1 i zat.i on was achi eved accordi ng t.he
shi ps or i ent.i ng buoys a10ng t.he shi ppi ng
traf'f'ic channel def'ined on naut.ical char-t.s
in the scale 1:26000 CMARINHA SR. 1990).
Some wOI-ks
on aquat...ic
environment...
monit...oring
f'or
est...imat...ing
t.hose
consequences generat.ed wi t...hi n 'lhe wat~er
current. pat.'lerns show 'lhat t.he envi !··onment.
is
not.
get.
s'labilized
concerning
it.s
sediment.ar balance CINPH, 1986.
CBM. 1987).
Among some def'i ni 'li ons of' estvuar:- i es
and
similar
environments
(CAMERON
So
PRI TCHARD. 1963; DYER. 1973; F AI RBRI DGE •
1980).
t.he
Paranagu~
est.uary
region
appears as a aquat.ic body depending of
more
t.han
one
con"linent.al
wa'Ler
body
recei vi ng source as well as a moderat.e
st.ra'lified
behavior.
evidencing
it.s
pa"l"lern
con"lroled
by
t.he
seasonalit.y.
During "lhe drough"ls t.he marine inf'luences
.u-e more evi dent. but. in the rai ny weather
Ol'le can no"le a homogenat.i on effect. wi thi n
the
wat.elbody
endowi 1'1g
cont.i nent.al
char·act~erist.ics t.o the envir-onmen.'l.
The
f'oll owi ng
paramet.ers
were
obtained: salinit.y. inorganic and organic
suspendi ng sedi ment.s chloropbyll a. wa"ler
transparency and light. absorption a"l 760nm
(t.urbidit.y).
These
were
pr-ocessed
in
Cent.ro de
Biologia Marinha CCBM/UFPR).
loca"led in Pont.al do Sul PR/BRAZIL.
The
f'oll owi ng
me"leol'ol ogi cal
condi t.i ons
were
checked:
wat.el'
and
at.mosphel'ic
t.emperat.ure.
precipit.acion
ra"le and wind speed and direct.ion.
From
now
on
t.he
whole
se"l
of'
inf'or·mat.ion related to each sampling point
WE;n'e tabula"led ana ol'ganized compatibly.
in tables.
SOARES (1990) says t,ha"l the Paranagua
Compl ex esluary wa"ler- bodi es. l-epresent.ed
by East. -Wes'l _ br anch (Bai s de Par- anagua 19
Antoni na) and by N01'"ly-South branch (Bai a
das
Laranjeiras
e
Guaraquec;:aba)
behave
"lhemsel ves as independent watel' bodi es.
wit.h
differen"l
drainage
basins
and
circulat.ion
pat.t.erns
(MANASSES.
19B7).
Th.i s i s owned to the small contact, si tes
among t.hemsel ves and al so to t,he submerged
sandbanks
t.hat
actuat.e
t.o isolate t.he
water masses.
The
wor-ks
ir1
lhe
Geogr-phical
Information
Syst,em,
developed
by
INPE
(Instit.uto
Nacional
de
Pesquisas
Espaciais) has their s"lart in this stage.
The I NPE • s GI S has. as W01' k basi c uni t •
SOl't of projec"ls wher-e al'e insel'ted da"la
of
a
given
il'lt,er-est.ing
1'egiol"l.
Each
projec"l is subdivided into inf'ol'mat.ions
plans (IP) having an isola"led variable.
So. "lhose IP may be bot.h polygonal or DTM.
depending on "lhe variable sort t,hat is to
say,
lining under
vetorial
shape or a
spaci al di "l1' i bui "li on as a r ast.er i ng of' a
givem parame"ler CFELGUEIRAS. 1Ga7).
The
Paranagu~
and
Antorli na
bays.
object of this st.udy l'eceives thl'ee rivers
t.hat. born on Sarl'a do Mar (Nhundiaqual'a.
Fai squei T'a an.d Cachoei r-a) and. al so t.he
Guaraguac;:u ri vel' which goes t.hrough t.he
adjacent. coast.al plain. Those rivers drain
all t,he mat.er i al in sedi ment.i ng process
wi t.hin
t.he
es"luary.
The
sediment.ary
bal anci ng
in
t.he
compl ex
is
mai nl y
cont.i nent.al. owi ng t.o t.he oceani c cur r- ent,s
it.s reworking and t.ranspol't. st.raight t.o
t.be ocean (SOARES, 1990).
The loca"lion map. the aquatic body
inter esti ng 1 i mi t,. t. he dr- ai nage net among
0"lhe1'
preliminal'y
inf'orma"liol"l
were
di g1 "lal 1 zed under t.he f'ol'm of' pol ygons.
The dat.a I'elat.ed "lo the sampling poin"ls
wer- e
di gi tal i zed as DTM so that, t.her 19
could
gener-at.e
l'egular'
grids.
t.hrough
inter pol at-or al"ld i sol i nes.
The dynami sm f' act.or- in t.hose bays is
represent.ed
by
t.he
tide
f'low
which
oscilates even "lo 1.6 m about Pal-anagu~
har bor ( BRANDI NI. 19B6a).
dat.a
were
Par all el y.
t.he
"labled
t.o t.he st.a'li s"li cal corr-el ati on
anlysis.
through
Pearson's
cor'relation
index in order' "lo observe which variables
al'e mOre alike t.he spacial distributJing
pat"lern.
This way one mightJ distinguish
which par' ame"ler s
were distri buted both
dependent
and
independent.
var i abIes
(BRAGA. 19BB. MENDES. 1990).
submet~ted
The
sal i ni "l y
is
an
i mpol' t.ant.
parame"ler f'or di s"li ngui shi ng "lhe di f'f'el'ent.
wat.er
masses
(BRANDI NI •
1 9B6b) .
The
vari a"lion
gr'adi ent
is
mai nt.ained
apr oxi ma t.el y "lhe same one. i ndependent.l y
of'
t.he
t.i de
di r ec"li on.
var- gi ng
the
absolu"le values in measur-ed f'ixed poin"ls
(f'ig. 8). One may observe i"ls ef'ecls up "lo
the r·i vel~S es"luary at. val ues of' 2-6/1000
concent.rat.ion ( SINQUE. e"l al. 1982).
1-4ATERI ALS AND METHODS
A 99% assul' ance 1 i mi t. was se"l"l1 ed "lo
the mainly correla"lions owing t,o "lhe gr-eat
liber"ly values (62). Theref'ore t.he minimal
cor-relat.ion coef'f'icient. was >0.3 or <-0.3
( FI SCHER. 1 g4B) .
I t. has been set."lled a .sampl i ng pl an
for the superf'icial wat.er in Paranagu~ and
An"lonina bays using t.wo dif'f'er·ent. seazonal
cycle per-iod. To achieve "lhis goal. t.wo·
colI ect.s had been dOl'le.
one i n
summel~
( J anua.r y. 31 .91)
and
t.he
o"lher
in
t.he
winter
(July.l0.1g91).There
were
dis"lr·ibut.ed 63 sample sit.es in or-del' t.o
cover' the whole aqua"lic region (Pig. 10).
After
the
r egul ar
gl' ids;
Cl' ea"li on
l"elated
to
the
variables.
a
l'egular
i sol i ne map wi t.h spacement~ pr-opor-ci ol"lal t.o
the Ttli ni mal
and maxi mum 1 i mi t- of each
variable.
Also.
"lhe
gl'id
was
ref"ined
allowing "lo obtain the image in grey
1 evel s tha"l overdetai 1 ed t.he i sol i nes. As
an option "lo
visualization and volume
est.imat.ing. t.he grid was sliced .50 that
43
for
separat.i ng
and
compar' i menli 1"lg
the
mass
in
fraction
with
alike
characteristics. Mathematical decisions as
well as fiE>ld works dl~ove to establish the
cl asses.
The vastest. number of possi bl e
pal~ametA?I's
allowed
to
achieve
a
classif'ica.'Lions that sat.isf'ied the whole
set of' t.he responses.
As it. is an elonga.tJe shaped wa,tE:~r'
mass, perpendicular to the coast. line. the
pr-edomi nat.i ng
hydl"odynami cs
forcG>r'
are
unidirectional
ones
(Eastward-West.ward).
prG>sent.1 y impel i ng the wat.el' mass upward
to
the
continent
(high
tide
component
resulta.l'lt), present.ly, flowing the wat..er·
mass to the ocean Clow tide component.
,-esultant) (:f'ig. 10). Within a period of'
heavy r-ains, followed by nOl'1--rainy days.
i~ happens ~o occurI' in the bays,
rrom the
rivers
est..ual~y,
the
development
and
di spl acement.
ot'
a
suspendi ng
material
pl ume
headi ng
.for~heocean.
Afl6?rpassing. t.he wat.er
r'eacquires its nor' mal
condit.ion.
This :f'eat.ure was observed in
january. when ~hera were bea vy I' .... i ns , but
the- weathar was stable on 'l.he sarnpl i ng
day.
wa~er
Facing thE' inf'or-mation volume, a dat~a
sel ecti on
and
a
graphi c
ouli ng
were
achieved so tha~ ~o allow a
numerical
suppor·t and a spaci al vi si on of the watE:r
ci rcul ati on general pattel~n in the st.udy
ar' ea
as
well
to
alow
qual i tati ve
i nt~onnat.i on
t.o
a
ci l'cul at.i on
model
pr oposi t,i on.
Af'ter
U:le
dat.a
di gi t.al i zat.i on
relating to each val'iable. withil"l the GIS,
the
geration
of'
regular
grids
by
i ntel~pol at.i on
of
wi t.h 260 1 i 1'1O;;'S x
468
col wnns
was
est.abl i shed
deter-}'(ti n1 ng
a
1 OOxl OOm spat.i al
resol uti on el ernent..
In
order to restrict. the grid values only in
the aquat.ic body. a grid masking was done
by using an inf'or'mat.ion plan t.bat limits
the intel'est. area (area bor-der-). The next.
stage consi st.ed in ref·.i 1"l1 ng t.bese gr- ids
wi t.h
1 ater
sl i ci ng
int.o
cl asses
that
depend on the minimal and maximum values.
The met.eol'·ological data mon'l.hly and
annual
avel' age
I~at..es
as
well
as
t.he
absolute data observed on thE' sampling day
syrltr:mi zes
U"lemsel yes
evi del"lci ng
the
suggest.ions
and
conclusions
afirmed
by
Brandi 1'1i
(1.986) ,
Rebel 1 0
&:
Br'andi ni
(1990). Si nque (1982), I NPH (1986) ;:-md CBM
(198?) .
The
deposition
and
sedimentat.ion
present conditions in Paranagua est.uarine
complex.
characthizer
an
accent.ed
manage
only
the
inter'mediary
sampling
point r·at.es. we may vel'ify a clear- data
homogeni zat.i on
once
compal~ed
wi t.h
the
obser va ti 01"1S tak en in j ul y on the same
ones.
DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS
The t.wo coll ect dat.es envi ronmental
condit.ions
presented
alike
behavior
in
r 191 a.t.i on to the wi nd speed and di rect.i on
and
ti de
level.
The
var' i ati on
was
observed, as previosly suposed. only on
the days t.hat anteceded the :f'ield wor-ks
r'ainy
l'ates.
In
january.
the
pI uvi ornetr'i cal
rat.es was kept ovel'
the
july ones. The monthy aver-ages obsel'ved to
those mOI"lths wel'e 280 mm. to january and
70 mm to july Ctab. 2). The arrival of the
contribut.ing
dr'ainage
basin
water.
in
january, was much great.er. transporting to
gr' eater' amoUl"lt. of suspendi ng wast.es. As a
consequence, the most. evident par'ametel's
variation was the salinity.
In january.
the small est sal i ni ty val ue was obt.ai ned
on t.he point 6:3. having ;2 par-ts/1000 and
t.he greatest on poin~ 1. having 30/1000.
In july> on the same points, the salinity
var'iation r-ema.irled both bet.ween 8 and 32
parts/l000
(f'ig.
2
and
4).
The
par·ticulated suspending mater·ial presen~ed
gradati on r-ates f'r'om 17 to 79 mg/I
an
january and f'1'om 14 to 63 mg/l in july>
wit.l"l
the
t.endency
of
increasing
the
concentrat.i on
towar-d
the
cont.i nental
waters.
Acc:or'ding to this
pattern.
the
water- ~r'arlspar'ency and t.he light~ absor-tion
presented rater bet..ween O.6m to 2m and
from 2.6% t.r.:) 13.7% both in j a.rH.lary and
betweem 0.7m t.o 4.26 m and f'r()l'Il 1 }~; to
11.4%, both in july (:f'ig. 3 and 6). Those
parametel's measured neal" by point 11 ar-e
al ike t.o those obt.ai ned by Rebel 1 0
and
Brandil'li (1988) (t.ab. 1).
Concerning
to
the
correlat.ion
analysis
the
most
cOI~I'elat.ionable
variables are listed on t.able 4 within the
est.ablished
assurance
limit.
the
best.
associ ati ons
.i nvol ve
the
t.r,:,t.301
sed_imentatic)n
and
the
salinity.
Pacing
t.hese
cont.ext.
we
may
consi del'
tho'sa
val~ i abl es as independent. ones in I' el a ti on
to
the
watel~
t.ranspal'8l"1cy.
primar-y
pl'oductinty and t.ur·bidity (:f'ig. 6 and 7).
CONCLUSION
Wi t.hi n the measured parameters. the
sal yni ty
and
the
suspendi ng
sedi ments
concentrat.ion demoflst..I'ate adequately the
movement.s on tbe st.udied envil'onmen~ the
used isoline pat.t.el~ns allowed. f'ir-st of'
all, the wat.er- body compar-t.mentati or; i nt.o
three distinct segments Cfig. 11 and 12):
The Ant.oni na Bay i nl and sect.or, whel~e
one may f'i nd a conti nent.al pI' edomi nance.
count.ing wi t.h a great.er suspending matter'
load
in
bot.h
sampled
pe-I'" i ods;
The
Pal'anagl...la Bay. in 'l.he i nter'medi al'-Y sector.
wi'l.h t.!'ansition character-ist.ics; and t.he
cQastal
ar'ea
r-epresented
by
Gal heta
Channel> where ·the wat.er body behaves wi t..h
mor'e complexit...y due t.o tbl"..i' nearness of' the
sea and lhe connection with Lar'anjeir-as
Bay (Fi g 1) The aqua'li c body coast, 1 i l'le
contour
by
itself'
suggests
this
compart.ment.at.ion.
Table
.3
d.isplays
the
descl'ipt.ive
charact.eristics o:f the ulilized var-iables
beha vi or . The I' al'\ges bet ween tni ni rnal and
maximum
in
january
has
been
lar'ger'
comparing with july in all the measured
parameter-so
except.
concel~ning
t.o
wate!~
tl~ansparency
measuring.
However-.
ifwe
The rains in:f'luence is more emphasize
Lhe cont.inent.al sect.or, and t.he coast
~-ea is inf'luenced by t.ide regime (Pig 11
and 12).
on
44
sediment~at.ion
on back side having a wat.er1 esser- t.hem 1 met.er- wat.er- f-l ake on
t.he gr-eat.el' par-t. of' Ant.oni na Bay.
Camer-on.
W. M.
&
Pr·ilchar-d.
D. W..
1960.
Est.uar· i es.
MS r€>c€>i ved
Jul y.
The
Sea.
vol.2, pp.306-324.
Concer-ni ng
t,o
t.he
geopr-ocessi ng
per-f'or-mance applied on t.he wor-k ar-ea, one
may obser ve t.he f' ar' t.ness • f' aci 1 i t. Y and
precision on t.he obt.ained result.s. As it.
is
a
S1 G.
t.he
ut.i 1 i zed
al gor yt.hms
demonst.r-at.e
t.hat.
t.he dat.a mani pul at.i ng
opt.ion al'e r-eally var-iet.y. and it.s whole
pot.ent.i al i t.y was not. compl et.el y expl or·ed.
cm,vcr RM,
do
Est.udo
1987.
ReI atorio
Integrado
do
Ecossist.ema
da
Baia
de
Par-anagua, inedit.o.
t'l ake a
Clarke, K. C .• 1986. A compar-at.ive anlysis
t.o
r ast.er·
1 l"l.t.er pol a t.i on
of'
polygon
Phot.ogrammet.r- i c
Engi ns>er- i ng
met.hods.ln.
and
Remot.e
Sansi ng.
vol. 61 •
n.5.
pp.676-6B2.
The
pat.tern
shown
by t.he isoline
f'or-ms
in
t.he
variables
salinit.y.
t.ranspar·ency and suspended sol i ds t.ot.al s
were 1 i ke a well-def'i ned and cont.i nuous
gradient. Eart.-West.ward (f'ig. G).
Cuadr-ado,
D.G.
& Perillo G.M.E .• 1989.
Analisis pr-el1minar- d€> la dist.r·ibucion de
sediment.os en susp€>nsion en Mont.e Hermosa.
GEOACTA. vol.16. n.1. pp. 71-86.
Diogenes,
S. A.
&
Pai va,
J. A. C.,
1990.
Sistema de rnf'orma~oes Geogr-af'lcas para a
ger-enci ament.a
costelro.
In.
Geoprocessamento.
Escol a
Pol i t.ecni ca.
Universidade de sao Paulo. pp.290-295.
As t.he Nhundiaquara r-iver in t.he bays
i mpor t.ant. t.r i but.ary and as i t emptJi el'
on
t.he
ar'ea
i nt.el'medi al~y
sect.or
C Par'anagua
Bay) •
its.
i nf'l uenc€> on t.he
sediment. flow is. not observed in Ant.onina
Bay
and
t.hi s
s. t.1' engt.hens
t.he
bays
compar·t.ment.at.i on pr-oposal.
most~
Duedall.
I. W.
et
all. •
1978.
D1 st.r- i bui t.i on. compos! t.i on and mor-f'ology
of suspended solids in t.he New York Bight.
Apex. Es'luar-ine Int.eract.ions, pp. 633-660.
The seasonal var-iation concerning t.he
wat.er·
cil'culat.ion
behavior.
t.he
meteor-ol ogi cal dat.a and t.he sampl i ng dat.a>
evi dence t.hat. t.he prec.i pi t.at.i on r-at.e had
been
t,be
onl y
responsabl e
by
t.he
sedi ment.ar- dynami cs changi ng_
Est.uaries:
a
physical
Dyer,
K.R. ,1973.
140.
Wiley,
London.
int.roduct.ion,
pp.
(1973).
'Itiner-ar-ias
Er-har-t,H.
Cycle
Geologique
de
Goechimiques
et.
Silicium. 217 pp. 1:>oi n • Par is.
All
t,he
anal ysed
var i abl es
cont.r-i but.ed f'or' gener·at.i ng a georef'erenced
dat.abase whi ch wi 11 allow, f'rom now on.
it.s act.ualizat.ion and t.heref'ore. will help
in t.he improvement. of' a geoenvi ronment.al
modelling involving new var-iables.
Fed r-br-i dge,
R. W.• 1980.
The
est.uary: i t.s
d€>fi ni ti on and geodi flami c cycl e. Cherni st.ry
and Biog€>ochemist.r·y of' Estuar·ies. Edited
by E. Olausson and I. Cat.o Copyr-ight.. by
John Wiley a Sons Lt.d.. Depart.ament. of
Geological Sciel"lces. Columbia Univ€>r-sity.
New York. pp. 1-33.
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Nat.ur·eza
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Fel guei r-as. C. A.. et. al. 1 G8B. A di gi t.al
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Eigar-ella. J. J .• 1978. A Serra do Mar- e a
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um
pi' obI ema de segw' anc;;:a ambi ent.al e naci onal
CCont.r- i bui ~ao
a
geogr af' i a.
geol ogi a
e
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do
Planejament.o~
Associa~ao
d€>
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I NPH,
1 986.
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Ut.ilizac;;:ao de imagens
dos
sat.eli t.es
LANDSAT-6
e
NOAA-9
na
id€>ntif'ica~ao
d€>
par-amet.ros
f i si co-qui mi cos
da
agua
da
Sai a
da
Guanabar-a.
Sao
_Tose
dos
Campos:
Di sserta~ao( Mest.rado
em
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qualit.y in t.he Neux River- Est.uary. Nor-th
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and Remot.e Sensing. Amer-ican Societ.y f'orPhot.ogr- ammet.r- y and Remot.€> Sensi ng. vol. 61 •
n.3. pp. 329-341.
Br'andi ni, F. P .• 1986a. Seasonal successi on
of'
t.he
phyt.opl ank t.on
in
t.he
Bay
of'
Par'anagua (Par-an.e.. St~at.e-Br·azil) > Revist.a
Br-asileir-a de Biologia. Rio de Janeir·o.
vol. 46, rl.4, pp.687-694.
Khorram.S.. 19S5b.
Development. of wat.er
qual i t.y models appl i cabl e t.hr·oughout. t.he
ent.ir·€> San Francisco Bay and delt.a.
In.
Phot.ogr- ammet.r· i c
Engi neer- i ng
and
Ramote
Sensi ng.
Amf-;:pri cam
Societ.y
of'
Photogrammet.r-y and R€>Tl1ote Sensing, vol. 51.
1'1.1. pp. 63-62
Br-andini. F. P .• 1986b.
Ecological stUdies
in
~he
Say of
Paranagua.
I-horizontal
di st.r- i buti or, arld s€>as.::,rial dynami cs of' t.he
phytoplankton.
Bal.
Inst..
Ocean..
Sao
Paulo, vol. 33. n.2. pp.139-147.
45
Langr'an,
G. ,19S9.
A review
database
research
and
its
apl,ications.
Int.
J.
I nfor·mat.i on
Syst.ems.
vol.
pp.216-232.
of
temporal
use
in
GIS
Geogr' aphi cal
3,
n.
3,
Lat.hrop Jr, G.R. & Lillesand, T.M .• 19S9.
Moni tor'! ng wat.el~ qual i t.y and r' i vel~ pl um~~
t.r·ansport. in Gr'een Bay, Lake Michigan wit.h
SPOT-1
imagery.
In.
Phot.ogr·a.metr·ic
Engi neer ,i ng and R""mot.e S€-msi ng.
Amer' ,i can
Society
lor'
Phot.ogramatr·y
and
Remot.e
Sensing. vol 66, n.3, F'p.349·-.364.
Lindell.
T.
et.
al.1986.
A
furt.her
development or t.he c1-lI~omat.iciy t.echniqu(:.;o
ror'
sat.ell i t,e
mappi ng
of
suspended
sediment loa.d. Phot.ogr·amet.ric Erlgineer'ing
and Remot.e Sensi rlg.
Amel~ i can
Soci et..y for'
Phot.ogr·amet.ry and Remot.e Sensing. vol. 62.
n.g, pp.1521-1629.
hble i . EnvirDnmental
HOUR noE
~Dndit
WIND DIP SPEEl)
Ilits.
i/3i!9i
9 JON
~w
10 hi~h
11 hi,h
t? hi ~h
13 hi4h
14 hi~h
15 hi4h
i6 hj ~h
NU
ell!!
2,5
3.5
ions in da-f coliEd
TIDE
WIND DIP. SmT
7hel1i
m/s
hi 4h
elt;
hi ~h
elm
hi 4h
hi:lt.
hi ~h
hi ~h
hi ~h
low
low
17 low
Manasses. E.J .• et al. > 19S7. Ava1ia~ao do
t.r· anspOl~ t.e de ,56·di mentc.'s i.'?m susperlsao na
Bacia
Lit.oranea,
PRo
In.
VI I
Si mposi 0
Brasileiro
de
Hidrologia
e
Recur'sos
Anais . . . , pp.
Hi dr' i cos. Sal vader, vol. 3.
300--310.
MEmdes.
A., at. al.. 1 g90.
Est.i mat.i va de
dE' qual i dade de agua at.r·aves de
t..ecnica.s de sensoriament,o remot.o e mE~t.odos
de
analise
l'fIu1t.ivariada.
In.
Simposio
Brasileir'o de Sensor'iamonLc; RcnnuLo. Anal,:..>
do. ..
Sa. 0
Jose dc,s Campos>
I NPE •
S. P.
vol.4. pp. 24-29.
ilia:{. (IlI/S)
pal~amet,ros
32
3:30
249
167
ii5
.~'
59
79
j31
iM
145
US
Nyerges,
T.L .•
1989.
Schema integr·at..ion
ana.l ysi s f'or' f..he dE:.. velopment. of' GI S dat.a
bases.
Int.
J.
Geographi.cal
I rlforrnat.i on
Syst-erns> vol. ~3, n. 2, pp. 153-·18::.L
l'
11
Rebello,
&.
Brandini.
P.
P.
lQ90.
Val"ia~ao
t.empor·al
de
pal"amet.r·os
hi dr' ogr a,f'i cos 6' maler'ial
par'liculado G'l'I,
suspensao G'Tf1 doi So pont.os fi xos da Bai a de
Paranagua. Parana (Julho/S7-F'ever·eiro/88).
Neur i ti ca, Pont.al do Sul, PR. vol. 6. n. 1 ,
pp. 95--:111.
.J.
Sinque. C., et. al .• 1982. Ict.ioplaI"1ct.on do
Compl exo Est.'llar·.i, no da 9ai a de Paranagua e
adj acenci as( 25 :l o· s -26 36' s e 48 10' w-48
45'ww)
Par'ana,
9r·asi1.
I
aspect.os
gerais. Arq. Biol. Teen. Curiliba. vo1.25,
n.3/4, pp. 279-300.
Nt
NE
fiE
HE
NE
NE
Nt
NE
Nt
Nt:
i2
29,g
23.6
2j
SE
?7.4
'~W
22,8
SU
tont, IAPA!("
!~Lar ,jaIL av~"
min.
f:\:J.};,
6.@8
2.3
i3.7
II
lE,9
1.94
~~7
S01.SilS.
27.,19
'1il.UrL
25~06
14.13
8
2.43
10,36
U2
turb id
1
Soares.
C. R. ,
1990.
Nalur'eza
dos
sedi ment.os
da
super £'.i c i e
de
lunde) das
Baias daSo Laranjeiras e de Guaraque~aba Compl exo Est. uar.i no de Par' angua (Es t.ado do
Parana-Brasil),
Dissert.a<;:ao de Meslr·ado.
UNESP, Sao Paulo. 137 p.
,.J
b'ansj~
~JQf,
Dr:l.ili:rL
Milt
46
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LOCATION AREA
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47
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FIG.3-01/31/1991 RESULTS OF
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FIG.5"'01110/1991 RESULTS OF
MEASUREMENTS
P~ETERS
StJ..LINITY( %J-'"
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M
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44
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SUSPENDED SOLIDS (rT'g/I)
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FIG.8 -TEMPORAL COMPAFUS()tr..I
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·I.a
20
PARANAGUA BAY COMPLEX
L.EGEND
Isollnes - mg/m 3
+ sampling station
Fig. 10 - Isollnes pattern of chiorophill-a
- 01131/91
52
PARANAGUA BAV COMPLEX
LEGEND
fsoHnes . '1Ig/\
+
sampling statIons
Fig. 11 - tsalines patt"rn suspended solIds - 01131/9t
?APA~AGUA
~qf
CO~?LEX
L.EGEND
:sollnes
+
0: 00
!oampllng station
rig. 12 - lsoltnes pat'tern of sallnlt!/
49
- 01131191