XIV CONGRESS OF THE
INTERNATIONAL SOC IETY FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRY
HNeURG 1980
Cot+! ISS ION VI I
INVITED PAPER
Remote Sensing Technology Transfer to
Operational Use In Canadian Forestry
J. Cihlar , L . C. Goodfellow, and T . T . Alfoldi
Canada Ce ntre for Remote Se nsing , Ottawa
ABSTRACT
The process of
effected
The
in
Canada
effectiveness
examples
technology transfer from
primarily
of
these
in forestry which
through
mechanisms
is a key
two
can
the developers to the adopters has been
mechan is ms :
be
user
Illustrated
liaison
through
industry in the Canadian economy .
161.
and
a
joint
rev iew
projects .
of
several
RE~TE
SENS ING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO
OPERAT I ONAL USE I N CANADIAN FORESTRY
J . Cih l ar , L.C. Goodfellow, T.T. Alfo ldl
1•
I NTROOUCTI ON
As
ecornmy .
' <'t
ValuP. r\•J ·J••rl *
(St a-ti<;t ir.s
lndu < t ry
it
i ~.
j0h
ac t ivi ti <·s
+hat
1~\'
rrovincPs,
•;iqnifi :· ani
wi+h
:::: r. ! ;trocP.s<; ir q
capacit i es
~ rime
arPas
mus +
mn'o r
r oi P in
srJDrlv
:~terprF"tati o n
of
~ eri~l
for
maj?""~
probiRm s
;J c r:u i rin~
•.
inf o rmati..J n
14.5%
r)f
tb <Jt
t he
wr ere
forest
few
other
Jnd nationa l economiPs,
c ur·ren+lv
prorer
'lnd
tq
·q rrprt
i · ~-,~
f ores t
1\ A.s so<: I a+ Ps ,
(Rewf
·1r
the
all ow'li:' l<?
potw;t' ,'J II v
exis t
·~f
l oc-'ll
balanr:it"J
f1)rP.st
man .1()1~m p•1+
has
197R)
c ut
Inmost
in
sorne
supo 'ie·~
(~if fictJities.
ma nnqement
to nccess,
~.er
roefllote
s; n'1 r .~n pI i'l Y
-1
forpst
i r.v·>nt" o rv
aeria
In
years,
which
"'-'lf1 ilQHme n~
1n r'
L' S j P .~ ,
~~re
rhotoyr-aph c;
1
recent
t r)ol·;
_ens in q
r-P i'ln -+e
f 'lr e -, f
rout in . I v
is
r;o!our
s iqnific a1 t
may
t'e
I·~
•J :-, ed
he ! ~t~
US f. (~
f)ro:~re:. s
a dv~nt a q f_~
ha•:,
in
pura osc: ,·.
DEVELOPM:NT OF FORESTRY REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS
In
Sannda ,
aorJ ii ra tions
to
rnost
fr"J r es try
of
rhe
hns
beon
the
rrovinciai
qroups
prob l ems.
~ ignificnnt
l.nn-.Jsilt
da+a,
SAF' '
:,,+,oflitP
in
in
o;cale
mnrle
o~
c olour
in
rlev81oorN~nt
o1nrl
variorJS
technl<lUPS
""'i<:!l
In
relev ant
suit a~ l e
developin1
r• 'lotoqraohs ,
~ .··m n tP
In
instituti O'l<;
Fnv ironment .
ldentitv!nc
bAP~
,~Pr!nl
10 mm)
conducted
Fo rP.s "fry
wpre
·;•'nsinq
the;
r:an'l<iinn
"H1 diti.1n
severnl
•)f
I'J
ttH~ir·
soPcial
methorJornnies
lcr· q,~
to
~S"
sca lE> f)hot <'<Y nrhy,
photoqran hv .
to
ti·P
Wi'cliands,
+o
be
tun<Jr·a
was
CJ,.,.j
considered
of
1,
rna._iclr
')r Oild
! ow
t.,t
tt)
much
re'>ClmPd
tlrnP
new
nnrl
l . andsa+-1
llD::>I'c'ltions
!'laor>inq
lanrlfor·ms;
+hat
givP
l atPr
potewtiat
P.colo<JI<.al
,.,~jor
'·xest.
+•Yl
~='RTS-1
l 'l •Jn c h
1971
and c lassific .o tion of
nnrtrerr,
scanner
rrinr
anrj
co n s idered
recnqniti on
the
of
th>
t-he
the
,,f
l c:w':!tlon nf
n::> s,-, )utlon
1 '1 f ormn ~i o 'l
uf
•he
'1orther'l
larnf:
of
'!"he
p rac+i::al
fo rest <'1ani'l'Je<ne n-t .
*Vi'll uA /l,d ·jed
se rvices
on
cJnta
multisoectral
""I rJP
~. t udy
a
(~roup
territories;
fire s
(3" o r
in
has
rrediurn
by
f'epar-tment
actiVE'
n r oa ress
rP <,enrch
unrl,.rt~ ~ " "
fPdera I
been
and
qenPral
ITF [)A fh " PP l_I(;Af i 0N<;
In
(Wc rkinq
haV"l
sma ll
n n-1 s upplemental
-· .~
the Can.::.1dian
for·
information.
o~ h ro r-
f _1r
f act
r-3 nion s
thp nnnuill
ex'APii
.~ !nnts,
~ . h'.) +·)q rap'"':.•
deve l or,:n :·;
i11
in (;a nadil
nnt
•J•)p<;
tool .
t.een
in
tre r·e qio na!
freqrH'nt I v d i ff I r.u It
are
M•d
sue•·
hla ~k -,nd-whit e
n~ so ur ·ce
'orPst
fu rtPer· cClm f' t._)!J nrl
providi ~ q
~r.e
i;
source>
in
in
cnoahlr, •·..t prov idinc sustclinerl .w ex'l ,V ••Jed y ield.
hr.rvpst
rea ui re~ e nt
i nco me
i+s ro l e
o r o ce~ss: n q
exls t"i'l q
survey<ed
h f'
ti-le
+ i rr:her
srecifications
A
0f
hp
,; ve>r~,:"
tr·P
GivE>n
role
account
tl,is pror,or tk,r rises to '52.1%
importa,t
i'ln
~ev
rnanufil<:~t..•inq
p.3oer
'3nu:lll v
.~nd
a
Di:~v
fo rests
._h e
anrl
in Rri ti s h Columb i a,
"'erha ps
f:)rE:s~c
+-hp
;;lthou'lh
wr: ile
.>ossib l e.
·!..- ''l
that
r·es•:"~urcPJ
pr·odu..:tk.n
<Jp portunit i es
on•v i o u s s'
A
o,how'>
1-:l'll.
ri'l" -'l dil ,
imoor·tan~
wood
·': anada ,
•.Jf
il'l
nr ov'it:•s
"'concmi:
r·f '"'· t ·~ ··.: .Jb l (•
natural
illu ~ tr-3tA,
To
lor
an
purr.hasPd
il' dus -try
a n<~
se rvices r'roduced hy t he
us,:d
is
the res id un !
in
tr,e
.Jer·ive d hy
pr-oduction
industr-y.
16?.
r rocess
rlAductil'1q +'le
fr·om
the
Y'l lu c~
va lue
of
.:)f
·~;oo ds
•J oods
an rf
'lnd
FOREST FEATURES MAPPING FROM LANDSAT - CURRE NT STAnJS*
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in+erference
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= Hi
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i
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Preparc:J in a ,]·::>i.-:t project :'P.-!-wee ., C'':'"S nnd +he
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~-' edium .
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v
.,
q
~i:as
k.
i I!
mi xed wood
Scotia :) erart;nen'!- of i_an ch a;1j "'')rests
Poss!b/8; X
Not te chni cal lv feasible: 0
Op erational; [')
Develoomenta/; R
Research;
First
railroads,
forest
results
manager with
General
history)
urban
could
(Beaubien
and
Jobin,
Sayn-Wittgenstein
1974l ,
1974)
(1977J
analysis
lakes
and
(non-forested
stand
be
classes
1974) .
tornadoes
could
could
Major
<Moore,
located.
that
be
to
fire
damage
and,
in
Sayn-Wittgenstein
or
In
recent
fire
burns
(Bolssoneau ,
numerous
have
1975l,
been
Quebec
standard
(Jobin
interpretation
Kour·tz
and
obtained
of
results of
visual
digital
fares try
and
has
data
or
and
caused
by
sulphur
by
insects
and Wi(]htman
analysis
at
carried
(19 75)
and
areas
Northwest
Scot t ,
1978)
through
Watson,
Consistentl y
data .
On tari o
interpretation of
(Kourtz
and
MSS
in
lvla nitoba ,
clearcut
<Murtha
1974) .
Landsat
visual
and
forestr y
i~~ues.
programs
197 8),
using
enhanced
mapping
out
raw or
employed
operational
Letarte,
digitally
Beaubien ,
interpretation of
Harris
have
in
1975;
aime d·
were
Jobin
1975;
good
visual
Le e ,
1975;
acc uracies
digitally enhanced Lan dsat products,
were
while
varied somewhat depending on the study area and the analysis
Sensitivity
been
1974)
studies
Landsat
used .
Murtha
Seaubien ,
1978;
projects
mapped
Forest roads have been mapped
Numerous
Scott,
from
technique
by
and
images .
forestry
successfu I ly
(Laframboise,
Territories and elsewhere.
Landsat
meadows ,
regeneration
s ummarized these earlier remote sensing applications to
years,
+he
1974) .
some cases,
and assessed the potential of Landsat data i n dealing with current forestry
Forest
<Lee,
cut-overs,
on
forest
roads ,
rrovide
its surroundinqs
based
1974)
vegetation,
monitored
including
differentiation
<oswald ,
by
indiciltP.d
dams
+he managAment unit and
forest
distinguished
(Murtha,
and
image
areas,
categories
land,
be
fumes
ERTS
logged
an overview of
vegetation
grassland,
dioxide
of
powerllnes ,
of
summarized
~1SS
Landsat
(1978) .
The
in
data to
current
insect
damage has
state-of-the-art
in
a joint project between CCRS
been
Landsat
demonstrated
applications
to
and Nov a Scotia Department
of Lands and Forests <Tab I e 1 J.
The status of operational
in
the
1978 survey
conducted
by
Landsat
imagery
the Forestry ,
applications
Wildlife,
the Ca nadian Adv isory Committee on Remote Sensing
forestry
reports
projects
respectively.
fire
damage ,
third
of
burns
the
remote
mapping ,
and
of
and
change
projects.
operational
data
were
<Cihlar
categorized
as
l.andsat
the
secondary
except
habitat ,
remote
sensing
black-and-white
attributed to Landsat data availabi I ity,
reqional
were
data
operation a I
was toward machine-assisted
( wi ldlife
1980J .
operational
monitoring .
documented
Worklnq Group
and Rubec,
categories
of
in Canada was
Wildlands
applications
tvlost
projects
as a primarv or
sensing
55
the
wh i I e the tendency
all
data were used
33
Some
reported
interpretation ,
Considering
other
returned ,
and
Of
and
forest
were
used
research
inventory ,
In
almost
a
projects
emp I oyed
ana I ys is
in R&:.> projects .
forestry,
vi sua I
ecological),
Lan dsat
data source more often
aerial
of
the 83
photography .
Th is
than
has
overview and frequent temporal
all
been
coveraqe
<Cihlar and Rubec, 1980i.
2.2 SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE COLOUR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY.
Whereas
been
well
numerous
colour
for
Canadian
infrared
various
1:10,000
1979) .
the
use of
established
is
The
for
studies
<CIRJ
forestry
now
black-and-white
many
during
imagery
routinely
been
in
aerial
value
1970 's
1978J.
the
Nova
effectiveness
photography
of
co lour
(Cihlar
acquired
<Cihlar ,
used
and
the
the
has
projects
feasibility
years,
of
by
et
for
forest
photography
al .,
1 980 ) .
~,cotia
colour
forest
conducting
an
colo ur
types ,
i nfrared photography
5
topographic
( MacAu ley ,
photos
fire
crown
closure
operability
1978l .
at
1 : 160 ,0 00
bur ns,
Gignac
classes ,
Major
by
at 1 :50,000 has
classes,
forest
Nielson
(1979)
'i
and
inve ntory
at
a scale of
program
operational
(McA uley ,
invento r y
for
a
(1977J .
also been successfully used to map 6 species
hei9ht
classed ,
4 defoliation
species
and
in
and
for Remote Sensing
photography
forest management area from 1 : 50 , 000 C IR photographs was demonstrated by Dempster
Colour
has
explored
Normal
the Canada r.entre
Normal
inven tory
was
ilssociations
Wightman .
<19 71) .
develored methodology
164.
'i
c la sses
whic"'
were
To
land
for
capabi I ity
an
area
successfully
mao
permits
oa rtial
in
classes ,
~ova
rnapped
from
an d +ot al
2
Scotia
CIR
forest
u;'dat i ng 1:20,000 maps
by
using 1:120,000 CIR photographs and a stereo transferscope.
The feasibi I ity of detecting
and
demonstrated .
mapping
certain
types
so 7
Murtha 119721 mapped
of
forest
damage
delineate several
photos
1:160,000,
classes
at
also
damage from a 1:160,000 CIR
were able to accurately
15
has
3
been
imagery .
For
example,
8eaubien and Simard 119791
spruce budworm mortality classes on spring CIR
classes
at
1:110,0001,
each
class
containing
a
percentage range of dead trees .
The
film
cost of
products
programs .
colour
have
Recently,
Cihlar
black-and-white
IB&Wl,
prices
by
charged
relationship
films
inhibited
the
past
more
et
normal
al
119801
Air
factors
the
the
frame
!Kodak 24431
photos,
marked I y
this
improved
concluded
at a scale of 1 :11),000.
tradeoff
is
rather
in recent years
forestry
differential
between
current
at
the
authors
which
are
derived
required
a
to
Considering only the cost of film purchase,
at 1:10,000 for a given area would be the same as
film
for CIR
in
large
These
per
film 2405)
CIR
not
Library .
costs
reproduction
materials
cost
Is
and
CIR
they
that
these
processing
of
duplicating,
of
photographs
Photo
and
cover a unit area with different film types .
contact
use
showed
and CIR
National
scale
inconsistency of colour
widespread
colour,
Canada's
between
and
a
that
the
cost
of
Given the much higher
appealing .
The
B&W
prints
!Kodak
if the area were flown with
colour
Information content
balance
as a resu It of methodo I og I ca I
consistency
has
deve I opments reported by
Fleming 119781 and others .
2 . 3 LARGE SCALE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
In the 1960's
developed
and
measurements
from
in
without
photographs
surveys,
and 1970's,
tested
photo
extensive
is
faster
sampling
several
Canada .
These
fieldwork .
and
and
large scale photo ILSPl
can
used
Since
cheaper,
ground
be
the
albeit
sampling
can
to
acquire
acquisition
less
be
of
precise
combined
sampling systems were
forest
than
in
tree
forest
the
that
most
and
stand
measurements
from
ground
cost-effective
manner .
Each
LSP
considerations .
of
a camera
altimeter
mount,
containing
two
and
radar
British
has
been
19751 .
Centre
been
by
on
the
basis
of
the Forest Management
a camera control
unit,
a tilt
firing
has
!Kirby
tested
at
wingtip
cameras
two 70 mm cameras
and
Hall,
19801 .
,A,
the Ontario Centre
Columbia Forest Service
has
attached
for Remote
a boom with
Severa I
Lowe,
19781 .
update
of
The FMI
!Hegyi,
The
the
above
system
B.c.
systems
is used
have
been
in provincial
70
Forest Service system
1980) .
A
large-scale
forest
The
focal
mm
camera
(Jano,
used
lenses
without
the
1980) .
The
to the jack
(Bradatsch, 19801 .
successfu I I y
inventory
project
lllorthern
length
two 70 mm cameras
is routinely
inventory
1980) .
Sensing
demonstrated
forestry
economic
consists
Indicator and a radar
different
single
and
IFMI)
have developed a system
!Williams,
with
points of a helicopter fuselage para! lei to the flight direction
surveys .
technical
Institute
Integrated Resources Photography Ltd .
design
altimeter
designed
developed
simultaneously
Research
altimeter
has
a 70 mm camera,
(Aldred,
Forest
a
system
The system
for
is
in
in Alberta
forest
resource
(Aldred and
inventory and
currently
underway
in
variety
of
the Yukon !Kirby, 19801 using the Northern Forest Research Centre design .
Numerous
configurations
1979) .
These
outside
a
aircraft .
of
interpretive
70 mm
smaller
helicopter
and 35
format
cabin,
applications
mm cameras
cameras
can
resulting
Such systems are inexpensive,
in
have
been
<Harris
developed
and Oawson ,
be mounted outside the
minimal
flexible,
165.
or
no
using
1979;
a
Zsilinszky et al .,
airplane ' s
structural
fuselage or
alterations
and simple to operate .
to
the
3.
~CHAN ISMS
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
Tech no! ogv
~re
equipment
better
fulfill
enable
the
on-going
trans fer
tested ,
its
can
be
defined
recipient
agency
of
diffusion
through
interest ,
evaluation
the
prou")ss
resp o nsibiliti •~ s.
resource management
programs
as
whereby
new
tech n i oues
the
five
to
use
agency.
phases
of
the
technology
Technology
(Rogers,
the
new
transfer
19621:
technologies,
The
of
of
through
follows
creation
trials
goal
of
the
Its
the
transf ·~ r
the
and
~9ency
and knowledge and expertise in these are gained by a user
integration
path
of
awareness,
meth ods,
to
is t c.
into
Innovation
generation
of
<1doption
of
and
technologies relevant to Information needs of the r·e ci pient.
Technology
factors
In
such
+he
transfer
~owever,
adopter .
as
the
the
technology;
technology
parties .
c urrent
the
transf e r
The
two
implies
degree
of
!eve I
of
degree of
process;
transfer
an
interaction
participation
by
competence,
commitment
to
transfer
the
group
commitment
framewor~,;
administrative
mechanisms
between
each
by
and
developer·
may
vary
and
Interest of
the
developer;
resources
used most extensively
in
and
s tage of
are
on
tre adopter
avai lab!e
Canada
the
depending
to
user
l-he
both
liaison
and joint projects.
3.1
USeR LIAIS ON
User
and
liaison consists of
t ech nical
support
operations or
Sensing
has
liaison
been
limitations of
engaged
organizations,
and
user
to
adapt
developed
such adaptation.
liaison
since
its
technical
optimum
liaison
to
approaches
I iaison
In
for
staff
investigators
image
analysis,
scientist and the
procedure
assists
the
which
in
establishment
questions
is
are
rincipal
-t-o
with
solving
specific
but
generally
of
an example,
<Taylor ,
was
data,
1974).
likely
advanced
available.
principal
successfully
groups
remote
digital
of
ima ge analysis .
other
agencies
The CCRS
for
Ongo ing
inventory
and
and
or
provincial
se nsing-ba sed
such
agencies
a
frequently
liaison
Image
conducting
methods
have
scientist
~1.
to provide the required
by
making
Results
of
of
such
The
and
In
answers .
are
deve lopment
data processing
"technology"
their
projects
the
agencies
facilities
project .
can
Subsequently,
developed
by
a methodology
Dr.
P.
Kourtz
for
CKourtz and Todd , 1975).
:166.
liaison
The
liaison
scientist
+ypically
of
r)
new
descri bed
applications
are often
effectively
to external
in
I xon and C I hI ar ,
of
required
assist
in
the
researchers • .~s
image anal y sis
Institute of Environmental Medicine
using
from
The
and the significance of
technology
available
from the Defense and Civil
at
and jointly design a
component en hancement software w.os developed on CCRS
Taylor
Systern
ai med
inadequate experience with
to each
documents has been prep a red by
support.
sensor
these
Analysis
projects
data as a resource monitoring
the analysis to ensure that the pr oce dures
A summary
process
equipment by 9r .
197 2.
capabilities
resource
discipline-oriented
the P.Valuation/transfer
assigns
Investigator
sensed
developmental
from
CCRS
understood .
remotely
not
most
documents .
0
in
abou ·t
investigator analyse the problem to be addressed ,
conducting
results
+ech n I ca I
( 1980).
their
presentations and workshops on specific aspects o f remote
p roviding
available
Since
digital
to
The Canada Ce ntre for Remote
evaluating the appllcabll ity of sate! I ite and other digital
tool .
troining,
technology
Three specific examples are described below.
Scientific
is
wish
answering
assisting
to u se r agencies.
(CIASl
in
various methods ,
probl e ms ,
who
feasibility of
include
recommending
monitoring
the provision of remote sensing cons ultation,
agencies
to assess the
activities
sensing,
to
tho
It for
Forest
fore s t
Fire
fuel
types mappin q
Research
Institute
Cooperative projects
technology
assessed
transfer·
in
the
educational
"r·eal
environment
tool
world"
between the
mechanism
for
where
both
problems
because
it
the
the
user
adopters
performance
w:)u!d
groups :
of
deve I oper s and
the
of
eventually
developers
agency,
be
while
new
used .
lear·n
to
the
tl~e
are
the
most ef feet i ve
technology
They
also
understand
adopters
and
gain
can
be
as
an
serve
appreciate
knowledge
and
experience concerning the new technology .
Cooperative
urojects
applications
development
ide:1tifying
problems
non-remott~ly
sensed
takt;
;:Jrecedence
project
h
be
data
project
leildership .
During
to
environment
provided
through
performance
criteria
take
boundary
between
fPatures
of
new
is
of
both .
undertaken
the
degrees
and
the
principal
the
new
in
data
phases
Several
is
seldom
examples
of
of
analysis .
quality ,
stage,
while
a9ency
distinct
and
cooperative
11ser
single
projects
and
be
cost
of
and
developer
noted
project
are
the
in an
requirements
technology
shou I d
a
provides
timeliness
the
It
in
supporting
the methodology
evaluated .
proper I y .
the
assist
The R&D requirements
deve I opment
The
stages of
agencies
essential
assessment of
are
this
app I i ed
various
user
provision
interest.
at
are
at
stage ,
tech no I ogy
technique
precedence
two
are
developmental
in
various
procedures
the
sensing
the
the demonstration phase,
information
the
At
design
operational
that
r·emote
addressed ,
and
in
ensures
in
process .
that
may
described
the
exhibit
below
to
i I lustrate the various joint project configurations encountered in Canadian forestry .
Cooperative forestry project
due to be completed
I i"litations
provision
forest
of
of
in
late 1980,
Landsat
the
inventory
MSS
and RBV
following
maps
in Quebec .
has
been
data
and
information
ilt 1 :12'5 , 000;
The project " Teledetection-foresterie " ,
designed
in
forest
of
to
demonstrate the capabilities
high
an
altitude
operational
road maps
Clf"<
photography
environment
(location
(Audet ,
and class> ;
forestry maps at 120,000 showing major forest changes such as fires,
epidPmics,
blowdowns ,
the
progress
of
project
is
this
regeneration
the
agency
Service,
provides
funding .
at
roads;
the
respon sIb i I i ty
cooperating agencies;
Forestry
forest
expertise
Le Ministere
de
in
hudworm
mortality maps
scale of 1 : 20,000 .
of
le Ministere de
I 'Universite
spruce
a
committee
Coordination
composed
of
and
specific
the
areas
Canada
and
Centre
supports
I ' Energie et des Ressources,
cutovers,
representatives
for
Remote
the project
as the adopter ,
and
activities
I ' Fnergie et des Ressources du Quebec ,
Laval
of
for
the
the Canadian
Sensing .
with
the
1979):
at 1 : 20,000,
of
and
at 1:250,000
updates of
new
for
Fach
manpower
and
has defined the 5
sub-projects based on Its existing needs and problems .
Application
l.owe
C197R)
of
reported
large
the
scale
results
of
photos
to
scale photography techniques to a provincial
a
large
scale
Institute,
photo
the
Alberta
conducted on one of
of
large
scale
inventory
those
for
and
from
methodology
Forestry
their
photos
as
for
use
Service
a primary
personnel
for
to
the successful
forest
CAFSJ
source
field
plots
of
the
duration
of
the
existing
inventory
demonstration ,
for
the
(Aldred
the new method were specified by
methodology
agency .
in
the
the AFS .
t r·ee data
and
and Lowe ,
tas~s
training
a
in
a
development of
Forest Management
full-scale
large,
trial
be
volumetric
forest
photo pI ot data with
Performance
from FMI
included
the
and
large
to demonstrate the use
cost of
of
Aldred
transferring
the
was
197RJ .
A scientist
by
that
The trial
His
Alberta .
Following successful
a.-:curacy
and
in
aimed at
inventory
requested
project .
system
inventory
experiment
forest management units .
to provide a comparison
conventional
forest
a successful
requirements
worked with the AFS
adaptation
personnel .
of
the
Following
the Alberta Forestry Service adop+ed the LSP methodology in
its forest inventory procedure .
167.
CCRS/National Capital Commission Dutch Elm Disease Project .
Elm DiseCJse and consequent death of thousands of
areas
of
eastern
(NCC)
has
had
extension
of
Canada.
a Dutch
this
contracted
the National
disease
NCC
and
Capital
control
area ,
prugram
for
<LJimus americana L . l .
from
quality
a
local
control .
air
The
ground
subsequent
data
the
sufficiently
control
analysis
project
were
is
conducted
not
surveys
accurate to be useful
proqram .
This
jointly
comp I eted,
program
it
carried
with
by
the
technique
may
be
appropriate
for
less
by
the
+he NCC.
the
both
resu Its
small
disease .
control
An
agencies .
wi I I
not
i'ltensive nature of
relatively
intensive
an
photoqraphy
providin0
from
the
visible areas and demands an early and rei iable detection of
As
Photointerpretation and
personnel
that
over
years.
feasibility of
CCRS
conducted
damage .
appears
out
thirty
in urban
Commission
infrared aerial
were
for the NCC because of
is
past
company
Interpretation key was developed to assess the degree of
A I though
the
Capital
in evaluating the
Colour
survey
The spread of Gutch
is a costly problem
the National
the NCC cooperated with CCRS
in white elms
by
specifications
elm
proqram,
monitoring stress
was
In
large elms
but
be
their
critically
On the other hand ,
programs
conducted
over
a
whole citv.
Introduction
Ontario.
The
<Zsilinszky
19 7 0's
in
offices
et
for
The
acquire
training
to
the
At
were
senior
necessary
courses
years .
photography
into
forestry
is becoming rrore widespread
techniques
demonstrated
photography
Ontario
fire
methodology
burns
for
have
the present
developed
field
offered
time,
and
by
26 of
in
during
operations
1960's
and
Subsequently,
to
arrange
early
district
for
personnel
the Ontario Centre
the 48
in
forest onerations
the
rersonnel.
experiment
been
in their operations.
for Remote
f o rest districts uti 1 ize
Information on cutovers,
recent burns,
new
for
Remote
Landsat
inventory
government
Sensing
data
and
based on
agency,
the
<1975 l
has
been
satellite
Centre
has
a 1so
actively
imagery
cooperates
1ntroduced
involved
(Zsilinszky
closely
with
mapping
in
of
developing
and Pala ,
various
1977l .
forestry
in Ontario.
Use
Scotia,
Centre
from
forest
provincial
agencies
of
to
several
The
a
aerial
regeneration and site preparation are routinely mapped in this manner.
forest
As
(1979) .
Regular
surriementai
supplemental
35 mm photography
and
proceeded
Sensing
roads,
al
Ontario
training .
of
use of
of
where
Lands
satellite
forestry
and Forests
monitoring
forest
professionals
of
data
products
is
in
the
dynamics
this
for
are
updating
the
process
on
a
Nova
largest
of
and
forest
inventory.
incorporating Landsat
province-wide
department
Scotia
single e x port commodity ,
CCFIS
basis .
were
as
initial
followed
a
In
data
source
discussions
by
two
Nova
the Department
years
for
between
of
joint
experimentation aimed at developing methods appropriate to both the forest conditions and
the
agency .
The
mapping of each of
provided
by
status
Landsat
incorporate
this
province-wide
of
individual
these phenomena has
analysis
has
technology
Landsat
coverage
applications
I imitations,
encouraged
into
its
from
1977
the
routine
will
be
is
given
in
Table
the convenience ,
Department
forest
used
as
of
Lands
management
the
1.
While
the
economy and accuracy
and
Forests
operations .
base I 1ne
for
to
A
rron 1tori ng
forest changes .
4.
SU~Y
to
forest
Significant progress
process of
of
inventory
and
in the deve I opment of
management
in
Canada
has
apo I i cations of
occurred
transferring these developments to operational
the
developers
of
primary
mechanisms
for
I i a i son
and
j o 1nt
These efforts wi II
the
methodologies
promoting
projects .
tris
and
type
Cooperation
and
the
of
potential
commitment
remotely sensed data .
:1.68.
remote I y
the
use occurs
interaction
permit to obtain economic and social
in
are
last
through
adopters .
may
the
benefits
be
key
In
sensed
decade .
data
The
interaction
Canada,
distinguished:
e I ements
of
two
user
both .
from th e applications of
5.
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implemRntation
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A . H. ,
tory
Audet ,
H.
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corters
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c.
J. ,
use
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78-~ ,
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in
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Proc <"'edin()s
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J. ,
in
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Rub •?c .
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Volume 2 - llser reports .
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the
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<In print . )
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the
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of
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ar
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on
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in
Forestry , November 1977, rdmonton , Alberta . R D·
[)ixon ,
R. G. ,
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19RO .
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J,
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P.
1979 ,
echelles
de
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l lti I isatio'l
Ia mi se
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:
a bib! io-
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a
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rrint.l
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dA
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Ia
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oest
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'=arabi I ity of f RT S-1
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of
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and
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(lr, print . l
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App I i c ati o ns
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Jobin,
to
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L.arg ·-, -s c ale phot o C]ra p f]v
Proce e ding s
of
Pacific Forest
?7 p.
i :("; rk shor;
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Jano,
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in
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The Canadian Surveyor 28
13'i -
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1975 .
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'<eliahility
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R.
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of
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Proceedings
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~nd
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~anadian
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1978. Uti I i s ation des -ionn~es "Landsat" llOUr
a
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des cartes
Forestier,
fores-
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~~acAuley,
F: .
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sor·ucl3
budw o rm
da mage
ilt Cape
Rrett o n .
Unpuhllshed Report ,
Nova Scotia Department of L ands and Forests , Truro, Nova Scotia .
MacAuley ,
E.
1979 .
F'er.sonal
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Lands and Forests , P . O. Ro x 68 ,
Moore,
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28 : 12fi-127.
~~urtha ,
P . A.
1972 .
SO?
damage
forest
Truro,
to
(Forest
forests:
damage
Officer,
Nova
Scotia
Department
of
N .S. FQ t, 5fl fll .
Sur'bury,
delineation
on
Ontario .
The Canadian Surveyor
high-altitude
photographs .
ceedings of the First Canadian Sympos i um on Pomote Sensin g : 71-82 .
1 70.
Pro-
197~.
Murtha, P.
:J i
~-,,rtha,
~eMote
Sensing,
and
P •.A.,
Watson.
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