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What do you know about cancer? (list 5 things)
What would you like to know about cancer? (at
least 3 things)
http://www.yout
ube.com/watch?v
=O3_PNiLWBjY
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G1: before copying DNA, the cell checks itself
to see if conditions are favorable for division
G2: the cell checks for mistakes in copied
DNA; enzymes make necessary corrections
Mitosis checkpt: during metaphase, the cell
checks that the chromosomes are attached to
the spindle to ensure they divide properly
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Protonocogenes
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Oncogenes
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Protoncogenes that have mutated
Tumor suppressor genes
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Genes that encode proteins which regulate normal
cell growth and division
Genes that restrain growth (p53: halts cell division if
it senses DNA is damaged)
Caretaker genes
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Genes that control DNA integrity by repairing DNA
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Determining cause is complex.
damage genes or combine with existing genetic faults
within cells to cause the disease
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Chemicals: benzopyrene, PIP: heterocyclic amine
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Radiation
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Factors that increase the risk of cancer,
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tobacco use,
certain infections,
radiation,
lack of physical activity,
poor diet and obesity,
environmental pollutants
Genetics: 5-10%
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Benign: mutations in ½ genes can lead to
tumor
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Localized population of cells
Proliferating cells result in cell death
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Metastasis:
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Malignant:
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Additional mutations
lead to uncontrollable cell
growth
The uncontrolled growth
has led to new capillaries
providing a route for
malignant cells to break
away and travel
throughout the body via
blood or lymph
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Cell size
Many nuclei
Large nuclei
Small amount of
cytoplasm
Cytoplasm to nucleus
ratio
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Gene Screen:
What are possible Treatments?
chemotherapy: anti-cancer drugs act to destory
the tumor cell or stop cell division
radiation therapy: ionizing radiation damages
DNA to destroy the cell or slows the
development of abnormal cells.
Surgery:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZhL7LDPk8w
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Diet
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increase risk: obesity
and alcohol
consumption
a diet high in fruits
and vegetables
Whole grain
Fish
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low intake of red
meat has being
implicated but not
confirmed.
consumption of
coffee is associated
with a reduced risk of
liver cancer.
Stay away from
animal fat and
refined sugar.
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Screening
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Genetic Testing
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Self exams and diagnostic prevention
As part of diagnostic prevention
Medication
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Inflammatory drugs
Aspirin (can reduce risk by 7%)
Estrogen drugs for breast and uterine cancer
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Vaccination
Help prevent some infection by some viruses
 Human papillomavirus vaccine (Gardasil and
Cervarix) cervical cancer
 hepatitis B vaccine prevents infection with hepatitis
B virus and decreases the risk of liver cancer
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UV radiations causes mutation in the DNA
of a skin cell
75% of cancers are skin cancers
Most common cancers are caused by
prolonged exposure to UV radiation from
sunlight
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Three major types:
1. Basal Cell Carcinoma
 Most common type of skin cancer
 2/3 of these cancers appear from chronic UV exposure
2. Squamous cell carcinoma
 Frequent in light, pale skin over 40 years old
 Slow growing
 Surgical removal or radiation
Originates from epithelial cells
3. Malignant Melanoma
 Arise from melanocytes
 Usually in trunk of body and from a mole
 Hard to treat
Difficult to treat due to fast growing and invasion of deep tissues
Risk increases with short, intermittent exposure to high-intensity sunlight.
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A-asymmetry
B-Border
C-Color
D-diameter
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cancer that forms in tissues of the breast, usually the
ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and
lobules (glands that make milk).
estimated new cases and deaths from breast cancer
in the United States in 2010:
New cases: 207,090 (female); 1,970 (male)
Deaths: 39,840 (female); 390 (male)
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast
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For women in the U.S., breast cancer death rates are
higher than those for any other cancer, besides lung
cancer.
Besides skin cancer, breast cancer is the most commonly
diagnosed cancer among U.S. women. More than 1 in 4
cancers in women (about 28%) are breast cancer.
Compared to African American women, white women
are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer, but less
likely to die of it. One possible reason is that African
American women tend to have more aggressive tumors,
although why this is the case is not known. Women of
other ethnic backgrounds — Asian, Hispanic, and Native
American — have a lower risk of developing and dying
from breast cancer than white women and African
American women.
about 5-10% of breast cancers can be linked to
gene mutations (abnormal changes) inherited
from one’s mother or father. Mutations of the
BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are the most
common. Women with these mutations have up
to an 80% risk of developing breast cancer
during their lifetime, and they are more likely
to be diagnosed at a younger age (before
menopause). An increased ovarian cancer risk
is also associated with these genetic mutations.
In men, about 1 in 10 breast cancers are
believed to be due to BRCA2 mutations and
even fewer cases to BRCA1 mutations.
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About 70-80% of breast cancers occur in
women who have no family history of breast
cancer. These occur due to genetic
abnormalities that happen as a result of the
aging process and life in general, rather than
inherited mutations.
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ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC)
invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC)
inflammatory breast cancer
male breast cancer
recurrent breast cancer
metastatic breast cancer
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testicular