Preface
M
uch has changed in America and the world since we
first began planning The Enduring Vision more
than a decade ago. Some of these developments have
been welcome and positive; others have been troubling
and unsettling. In this new Fifth Edition, we fully document the scope of these changes, for good or ill. But we
have also taken care to stress the continuities that can
provide assurance and inspire hope in troubled times.
Although the United States of today is profoundly
different from the nation of even a few decades ago, the
determination to live up to the values that give meaning
to America—among them freedom, social justice, tolerance for diversity, and equality of opportunity—remains
a strong and vibrant force in our life as a people. Our
desire to convey the strength of this enduring vision in a
world of change has guided our efforts throughout the
writing of this book.
For the Fifth Edition we have built on the underlying
strategy that has guided us from the beginning. We want
our version of U.S. history to be not only comprehensive
and illuminating, but also lively, readable, and true to
the actual lives of many earlier generations of
Americans. We have maintained a clear political and
chronological framework into which we integrate the
best recent scholarship in all areas of American history.
Our particular interest in social and cultural history,
which looms large in the courses we ourselves teach at
our various colleges and universities, has been a shaping
force in The Enduring Vision from the outset, and it
remains strongly evident in this Fifth Edition. This edition expands and integrates coverage of the historical
experience of women, African-Americans, Hispanic
Americans, Asian Americans, and American Indians—in
short, of men and women of all regions, ethnic groups,
and social classes who make up the American mosaic.
1930s have been consolidated into one taut chapter,
Chapter 24, “The Great Depression and the New Deal,
1929–1939.” This allows us to convey more directly how
the economic crisis and the reform energies of the 1930s
played out not only in Washington, D.C., but across
American society and culture as a whole.
We also decided to shift some material among chapters to promote clarity and coherence. We moved the
discussion of early twentieth-century foreign relations,
including the Open Door notes to China and the building of the Panama Canal, into Chapter 22, “Global
Involvements and World War I, 1902–1920,” allowing us
to trace America’s expanding world role in those crucial
years. Similarly, the diplomacy of the 1930s, which as the
decade wore on focused heavily on the deepening foreign menace in Europe and Asia, formerly included in
the chapter on the Great Depression and the New Deal,
is now covered at the beginning of Chapter 25,
“Americans and a World in Crisis, 1933–1945,” which
also deals with World War II.
Having restructured and tightened our treatment of
earlier time periods, we were able to add a new concluding chapter, so that we now devote three full chapters to
the eventful contemporary era, from Richard Nixon’s
resignation in 1974 to the present—a period of nearly
thirty years. The energy crises of the 1970s, the ferment
and controversies of the Reagan years, the end of the
Cold War, new patterns of immigration, the economic
transformation associated with the rise of the service
economy and the revolution in information processing,
the roller-coaster economy of the late 1990s and beyond,
the deadly attack on America in September 2001, and
even the corporate scandals and stock-market collapse
of 2002 are now treated in full analytic detail.
Organization
New Interpretations,
Expanded Coverage
In a few key instances we have reorganized the chapter
sequence so the narrative flows more smoothly and to
assure full coverage of recent events. Two chapters on
the late-nineteenth-century era, “The Transformation of
Urban America” and “Daily Life, Popular Culture, and
the Arts, 1860–1900,” have been combined into one:
Chapter 19, “Immigration, Urbanization, and Everyday
Life, 1860–1900.” Similarly, the two chapters on the
The changes we have made in this latest edition of The
Enduring Vision extend beyond simply a new chapter
arrangement. In our planning we carefully assessed the
coverage, interpretations, and analytic framework of the
entire book, to be sure that it continues to incorporate the
latest scholarship. We have been especially attentive to
new work in social and cultural history, building on a
strength of the book that instructors have long recognized.
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As in earlier editions, our extensive coverage of environmental history, the land, and the West is fully integrated into the narrative, and treated analytically, not
simply mechanically “tacked on” to a traditional
account. We have incorporated the best of the new political history, stressing the social and economic issues at
stake in politics, rather than simply recounting election
results and party battles. We give close attention to
America’s emergence as a world power and the evolution
of the nation’s global role over time.
Building on a theme we have stressed from the
beginning, this edition of The Enduring Vision pays even
closer attention to the crucial role of science and technology in American history. From the hunting implements of the Paleo-Indians to the key inventions and
manufacturing innovations of the industrial age and
today’s breakthroughs in information processing and
genetic engineering, the applications of science and
technology are central throughout the text. In addition,
we have created a new feature, “Technology and
Culture,” to highlight key innovations in each stage of
American history (see “Special Features” section,
below).
Continuing one of the distinctive strengths of The
Enduring Vision, we have also expanded coverage of the
vital areas of medicine and disease. From the devastating epidemics brought by the first European explorers
and settlers and the appalling health conditions of the
industrial city to the rise of the public-health movement,
the controversies over health-care financing, the AIDS
crisis, bioethics debates, and much else, this central and
growing area of research receives the attention it
deserves in The Enduring Vision.
Revisions and Innovations
in Each Chapter
A chapter-by-chapter glimpse of some of the changes in
this edition highlights the depth of effort that went into
its preparation.
Chapter 1 incorporates the latest archaeological
findings relating to the earliest Native American peoples
while a new section on Mesoamerica and South America
places the discussion of North American Indians in a
broader hemispheric perspective. Chapter 2 focuses
more sharply on the emerging Atlantic world and offers
revised discussions of West African and European societies and the Spanish invasions of Mexico and New
Mexico.
Chapter 3 features a reorganized, more concise section on New England, a revised discussion of slavery and
race in the Chesapeake, and an expanded treatment of
the Pueblo Revolt. In Chapter 4 new material appears on
patterns of consumption in colonial America and on
slavery and African-American life, along with material
from other chapters on the Tuscarora, Yamasee, and
King George’s Wars. A new section, “Public Life in British
America” combines discussions of colonial politics, the
Enlightenment, and the Great Awakening.
Chapter 5 has new material on the ideological
underpinnings of colonial resistance to British rule and
a discussion of African-Americans in the mid-eighteenth
century, while Chapter 6 includes revised discussions of
Native Americans and of state constitutions. In Chapter
7 we offer revised and expanded discussions of AfricanAmericans and of white women, formerly discussed in
Chapter 6.
In Chapter 8, we have added material on the
Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings relationship and a
greatly expanded discussion of Tecumseh and his reaction to the 1809 Treaty of Fort Wayne. In keeping with
recent scholarship, Chapter 9 includes more on rural
capitalism and how industrialization evolved out of a
crisis in the New England countryside, as well as economic developments in the South. A section on northern free blacks and the A.M.E. church has been added as
well.
To further the chronological flow of the work, the
discussion of the Mormons in Chapter 10 ends with
Joseph Smith’s death in 1844, leaving the story of the
great trek to Deseret for Chapter 13. In Chapter 11 we
provide more attention to the development in the 1830s
and 1840s of machine tools and the two industries that
immediately benefited from them, the manufacture of
guns and sewing machines. Chapter 13, which now
starts with the Mormon trek, includes enhanced coverage of the Gold Rush.
Chapters 14, 15, and 16, on the Civil War and Reconstruction eras, include a new segment on the lives of
Civil War soldiers, an expanded discussion of the experiences of Confederate women, new material on the start
of woman-suffrage organizations during Reconstruction,
and expanded treatment of postwar changes in plantation labor.
Chapter 17 incorporates new scholarship on the
connections between western expansionism, Native
Americans, and the environment in the transMississippi West. In Chapter 18, on late-nineteenthcentury industrialization, we have added a new section
on the role of small manufacturers such as the furniture
makers of Grand Rapids, Michigan, who could adapt
quickly to new tastes and social trends.
Preface
Chapter 19, a melding of two chapters from the
fourth edition, shows how industrialization, urbanization, and immigration transformed everyday life, sharpened racial and ethnic divisions, and made Americans
more conscious of social class. Chapter 20 incorporates
the latest scholarship on industrialization’s impact on
politics and foreign policy as well as new material on
women’s influence on the political ideology of the era. In
Chapter 21, on the Progressive Era, we offer more coverage of urban popular culture; the woman-suffrage
movement in the West; and the public-health aspects of
Progressive reform, including more on the birth-control
movement. Chapter 22 explores in greater analytic
depth America’s growing world role in the early twentieth century and World War I homefront developments,
including the devastating influenza pandemic of 1918.
The treatment of the 1920s in Chapter 23 offers more on
the burgeoning consumer culture, including the importance of air conditioning, the growth of the cosmetics
industry, the implications of the automobile for women,
and the environmental impact of tourism. Republican
domestic policy, the Immigration Act of 1924, the experience of Hispanic newcomers, and the larger impact of
the terrible Mississippi River flood of 1927 all receive
expanded coverage.
Chapter 24, on the 1930s, offers a newly integrated,
single-chapter interpretive treatment of American life in
the era of the Depression and New Deal. The
Depression’s human toll, with specific examples and
quotations from ordinary Americans, is vividly evoked.
The environmental consequences of New Deal publicworks programs, particularly the great dams built in the
West, are fully explored.
We have reorganized Chapter 25 to include the
events of the 1930s leading up to World War II, as well to
expand the treatment of the Holocaust and American
minorities during wartime. Chapter 26 includes a new
section on the GI Bill of Rights, while Chapter 27
enlarges the discussions of the postwar development of
the West and of political conservatism, and adds new
sections on TV culture, rock-and-roll, Native Americans,
and Latinos and Latinas.
A restructured Chapter 28 now treats the key developments of the struggle for black equality and the
Vietnam War in separate, comprehensive narratives. In
this chapter we have also expanded the discussion of the
women’s movement and added sections on Asian
Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans.
Chapter 29 greatly expands the discussion of the Youth
Movement and adds new sections on Kent State-Jackson
State, the legacy of student activism, hippies and drugs,
the musical revolution, and gay liberation—all topics of
great interest to today’s students.
Chapters 30 and 31 now cover the period from
Nixon’s resignation through the era of Bill Clinton’s first
term. Chapter 30 offers expanded treatment of popular
culture in the 1970s and 1980s; the environmental history of the period, including the Alaska Lands Bill and
the Love Canal crisis; the shift of the South into the
Republican camp; and the Democratic party’s move to
the center. In Chapter 31 we analyze the Welfare
Reform Act of 1996 and other important measures;
draw on the 2000 Census to explore the social trends of
the 1990s and beyond, including new immigration patterns, developments in rural America, and the experience of Hispanic-Americans, Asian-Americans, and
other groups; and offer an interpretive perspective on
the popular culture and religious trends of the contemporary era.
The final chapter, 32, presents an integrated narrative and preliminary assessment of recent events: the
scandals and impeachment crisis of Clinton’s second
term, the “new economy,” the speculative bubble of the
later 1990s, the disputed 2000 presidential election, the
domestic and international policies of the George W.
Bush administration, the attack of September 11, 2001,
and its aftermath, the worsening Mideast crisis, the
scandals that gripped corporate America in late 2001
and 2002, and the 2002 midterm election.
Special Features
To underscore the centrality of technological change
throughout American history, we have added a major
new feature to the Fifth Edition. Seventeen “Technology
and Culture” essays describe key innovations and their
impact on American society and culture. In Chapter 8,
for example, the “Mapping America” feature explains the
importance of surveying techniques and cartography in
mapping the vast lands of the new nation. The feature
in Chapter 22 examines the development of soundrecording technology and explores the way it influenced
the popular-music industry and helped build homefront
morale during World War I. All the essays include focus
questions at the end. (A full list of the Technology and
Culture essays appears on p. xxi.)
The new Technology and Culture essays alternate
with the popular “A Place in Time” feature found in earlier editions. We have added two new “Places in Time”:
one in Chapter 10 on the Shaker village at Alfred, Maine,
and one in Chapter 17 on the Phoenix, New Mexico,
Indian school.
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Preface
Visual Resources
and Aids to the Student
Complementing the innovations in content is a fresh
new design, giving the Fifth Edition a strikingly contemporary look. The authors have selected scores of new
photographs and other illustrations, many in color and
many enlarged in size, not only to add visual appeal but
to further the book’s instructional value.
To help students gain an immediate sense of the
chapter structure, a chapter outline has been added on
the first page of each chapter. The focus questions are
highlighted, further helping students grasp each chapter’s key themes. For readers wishing to investigate a
topic of interest on-line, an annotated listing of relevant
websites appears in the “For Future Reference” section
at the end of each chapter. The Chronologies now
appear at the end of each chapter, alongside the
Conclusions, to facilitate review.
A firm grasp of geography is central to an understanding of history, and we have given careful attention
to the map program of the Fifth Edition. We have included seventeen new maps, including maps showing possible migration routes of the first Americans, nineteenthcentury religious and utopian settlements, early
industrialization, county-by-county settlement patterns
of immigrants in 1910, the Interstate highway system,
and present-day federal land ownership in the West. We
have added fifteen new charts and graphs as well, illustrating important social developments such as changing
patterns of work and major sources of immigration.
Supplementary Resources
In addition to the main text, The Enduring Vision offers
instructors and students a wide array of ancillary
resources. They have been developed with the diverse
needs of today’s students and instructors in mind, with
comprehensive print and non-print resources available.
For Students:
• Enduring Vision Student Website has been
redesigned and expanded for the Fifth Edition. On the
interactive site, students will find ACE self-assessment
quizzes, collapsible outlines, vocabulary flashcards,
and skill-building activities centered on a map or figure from the textbook. In addition, a selection of the
book’s Places in Time and Technology and Culture
features are posted on the site, along with questions
to consider. Students can respond to the questions by
emailing their instructor.
• American Ethnic Identities Online Activities is an
exciting new addition to the Houghton Mifflin website, by Susan Oliver of Cerritos College. A.E.I. is a
series of free-standing historical activities, to which
students and instructors have access to from their
respective Enduring Vision websites. Ranging from
the “Making of British America” to “Cesar Chavez,”
these five-step interactive activities encourage the
student to think about history within different ethnic
themes, including African-American, American
Indian, Latin American, Asian American, and Euro
American. By asking the students to act as historians,
integrating web-based resources with more traditional research, they take history “out of the book,” which
has more personal meaning for an increasingly
diverse student body.
• The Enduring Vision @ history CD-ROM for students
presents approximately 1,000 primary sources—text,
audio, video, and animations—that cover the span of
American history and include sources on political,
social, economic, diplomatic, environmental, and
cultural history. Half of these sources include suggested activities to be used for discussion or assignments, as well as a notepad with which a student may
record questions or comments on particular sources.
The contents of the CD-ROM have been selected and
the activities prepared by Paula Petrik of the
University of Maine and Kelly Woestman of Pittsburg
State University.
• The Student Guide with Map Exercises, by Barbara
Blumberg, offers students chapter outlines and summaries, vocabulary words and their definitions, identification suggestions, map exercises, skill-building
activities, various historical sources for further
research, and multiple-choice, short-answer, and
essay questions, in two easy-to-carry volumes.
For Instructors:
• A correlation from the text to the Advanced Placement
course description (“acorn book”) for U.S. History is
available from your McDougal Littel representative.
• The Enduring Vision Instructor Website offers the
Instructor’s Guide by Penelope Harper and Robert
Grant, an online manual summarizing chapter
themes, offering lecture suggestions, teaching ideas
and activities, as well as a guideline to teaching with
Enduring Voices document sets. Instructors may also
create exams from the online Test Item File, and presentations with online powerpoint slides.
Preface
• American Ethnic Identities Online Activities, by
Susan Oliver, may be customized so the instructor
may assign activities or steps to students, and receive
completed assignments via email.
• Classprep with HM Testing CD-ROM is a comprehensive teaching tool, offering testing, lecture, and
course planning resources. A computerized test bank
is available complete with search functions. Now,
instructors may design tests thematically, by entering
keywords to bring up certain questions. Also available is the Instructor’s Guide, Powerpoint Slides, and
HM ImageBank, a selection of images from the book
with additional pedagogy from the authors. These
may be used in powerpoint slides to stimulate class
discussion or to enhance a class presentation in an
innovative way.
• The Enduring Vision @history CD-ROM for instructors includes everything on the student version plus
additional notes suggesting ways to use a particular
source with students. For instructors who want to create multimedia lectures and use these sources as
presentation material, there are instructor notes as
well as activity questions to pose to the student.
• Test Item File, by Kenneth Blume, is the complete
testing resource for the book in print format, with
multiple-choice, map exercises, and essay questions.
• Instructor’s Guide, by Robert Grant, Penelope Harper,
and James J. Lorence, is an indispensable instructor’s
resource that provides chapter themes, lecture suggestions, and additional print and non-print
resources.
• The Houghton Mifflin U.S. History Transparency Set
offers approximately 135 full-color maps and graphs.
Acknowledgments
In undertaking this major revision of our textbook, we
have drawn on our own scholarly work and teaching
experience (see “About the Authors”). We have also kept
abreast of the most innovative and pathbreaking new
work of historical interpretation, as reported by our U.S.
history colleagues in their books, articles in historical
journals, and papers at scholarly meetings. We list much
of this new work in the annotated “For Further
Research” sections at the close of each chapter, and in
the Additional Bibliography at the end of the book.
We have also benefited from the comments and
suggestions of instructors who have adopted The
Enduring Vision; from students who have written or emailed us about specific details; and from the following
scholars and teachers who offered systematic evaluations of specific chapters. Their perceptive comments
have been most helpful in the revision process.
Elisabeth Ansnes, San Jose State University
Richard Aquila, Ball State University
Robert Becker, Louisiana State University
Bruce A. Castleman, San Diego State University
Jonathan Chu, University of Massachusetts Boston
Roger P. Davis, University of Nebraska at Kearney
Michael B. Dougan, Arkansas State University
Patience Essah, Auburn University
John M. Glen, Ball State University
Penelope Harper, Louisiana State University
Ari Kelman, University of Denver
Carolyn Lawes, Old Dominion University
Glenn Linden, Southern Methodist University
Ronald Rainger, Texas Tech University
Hal Rothman, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Michael Steiner, Northwest Missouri State University
Robert Stinson, Moravian College
Richard Straw, Radford University
Tamara Thornton, SUNY Buffalo
Karin Wulf, American University
In addition, Clifford Clark would like to thank Colleen
McFarland, reference librarian at Carleton College.
Finally, we would be sadly remiss if we failed to
mention the skilled professionals at Houghton Mifflin
Company whose expertise and enthusiastic commitment to this new Fifth Edition guided us through every
stage of the process and helped sustain our own determination to make this the best book we could possibly
write. Our warmest thanks, then, go to Jean Woy, Editorin-chief for History, Political Science, and Economics,
who offered shrewd suggestions and kept us focused on
the big picture; sponsoring editor Mary Dougherty, who
played a key role as we initially planned this new edition
and continued to offer support and wise advice at every
stage; Jennifer Sutherland, senior developmental editor,
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Preface
who with great skill and unfailing calm and good nature
pushed us to do the tough work of rethinking each chapter and making every paragraph and every sentence
models of clarity; Bob Greiner, senior project editor, who
saw the work through the crucial production stages with
careful attention to detail and supportive good humor;
Henry Rachlin, the senior designer responsible for the
book’s stunning visual appearance; Sandra McGuire,
senior marketing manager, an enthusiastic supporter of
The Enduring Vision from the beginning and one of its
most able and effective advocates; the gifted editorial
associate Noria Morales, who provided invaluable help
in many ways, including supervising the supplements
program, and who played a particularly important role
at several crucial stages of the project; Wendy Thayer,
editorial assistant, who provided support at every stage
during production; and finally, Jodi O’Rourke and
Florence Cadran, who supervised the quality while
maintaining the schedule throughout. Pembroke
Herbert and Sandi Rygiel of Picture Research
Consultants & Archives brought their creative skills to
bear in seeking out fresh and powerful photographic
images for the work.
Paul S. Boyer
Clifford E. Clark, Jr.
Joseph F. Kett
Neal Salisbury
Harvard Sitkoff
Nancy Woloch