The Baby’s First Year
Physical Development
Review:
• Explain the difference between growth and
development.
• Without looking at notes, list the three
patterns of development.
• Summarize an infant’s growth.
Individually……
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You are to sketch a outline of a “typical” baby at birth and at one year.
Compare and discuss your sketches with the person next to you
Read the story on page 249 about Jason and Brett.
While reading, identify Jason’s needs
that Brett is meeting??
In the shorter books, you will have to share!
Do you know???
• Identify the three basic pattern of physical
development.
Growth & Development
• Development – sequence (step-by-step)
• Three basic patterns
– Head to Foot
• Begins long before birth
• Baby’s head takes lead in development
• Head – arms & hands – legs & feet
– Near to Far
• Starts close to body & moves outward
• Waves arms, hand – finger control
– Simple to Complex
• Large muscle – small muscle
• Torso – upper body
Influences on Growth &
Development
• Typically, babies follow the same pattern, they do
so at their own rate
• Terms are used interchangeably, but they are not
the same thing
• Growth – changes in size, weight & length
• Development – increases & changes in physical,
social or intellectual skills
Identify the months at which the average child can
do the following:
- begins to sit without support
- Make take a few steps without holding on
- can hold head up
- pulls to stand
- when lying on stomach, pushes to elbows
2. What are developmental milestones?
3. What are the three patterns of development?
4. What influences growth and development?
1.
Influences on Growth &
Development
• Both heredity (nature) & environment
(nurture)
• Developmental milestone – a key skill used to
check a child’s progress
Growth & Development during the 1st
year
• Typically triple birth weight
• Usually increase length by about 50%
• Growth chart – shows the average weight &
height of boys & girls at various ages
– Few match –remember they grow at own rate
– Dr. watches for a steady pattern of growth
Weight
• Weight gains – one of the best signs of good health
• Most lose about 10% of their birth weight in the first five
days
• After they begin to gain weight rapidly
• 1st 6 months = gain 1 – 2 lbs/month
• 2nd 6 months = 1 lb
• Average weight 1 year old = 20 – 22 lbs
• Boys typically weight more than girls
Quiz 12-5-14
1. How many pounds does an infant gain during the 1st 6
months? 2nd 6 months
2. How much does an infant increase their length by their first
birthday?
3. Who typically weighs more (infancy) boys or girls?
4. Identify the three patterns of development.
5. What is the difference between growth and development?
6. Identify the five areas of development.
7. What do babies like to look at?
8. When does a baby start to hear?
9. What could cause a child to have a language delay?
Length
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Length rather than height b/c they are measured lying down
Steadily grow in length due to bone growth is rapid
Average newborn – 19 in” – 21”
Heredity – strong influence
Boys slightly longer than girls
Body Shape of a Newborn
• Tend to hold themselves in a tightly curled position w/fist
clenched, legs bent, & feet curved inward
• Head may have a elongated shape (child birth)
• Arms & legs skinny
• Abdomen – large
• Umbilical cord stump – dries up & drops off in 3 weeks
revealing navel
• Legs & feet straighten out 6 months
Proportion
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Refers to the size relationship between the parts of the body
Compared to body – head & abdomen – large
Legs & arms – short and small
Baby’s head grows rapidly to accommodate (make room for)
the swiftly developing brain
What do you think babies like to look
at???
Sight/Vision
• Improves rapidly, 1st blurry
• Within week – focus on objects
that are 7 -10 in” away
– 1 mo. – three feet
– 6 mos – eyesight reaches the
clarity & sharpness of the
adult level
• At 1st, babies see world in 2
dimensions
• Depth perception – ability to
perceive objects that are threedimensional 2nd mo
– Hand-eye coordination –
ability to move their hands &
fingers precisely in relation to
what is seen
• Reach for objects 3 mo –
important milestone
• Patterns & colors
• High contrast –
alternating stripes,
bull’s eye or faces
– Color red or blue
• Newborns also like:
– Horizontal & diagonal designs to vertical ones
– Spiral patterns & concentric circles more than
solid-colored circles
– Fabrics with simple designs with high contrast
background
– Objects that move with breeze, stroller or car seat
– Enjoy balls, rings & hoops
– FAVORITE visual preference – FACE
Hearing
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Develops before birth
Full term baby – tell general direction
Newborns respond to tone of voice, not words
7 mos – recognize parents & caregivers by voice
Language development begins with hearing words first, then
imitating – understanding
• Premature & infections = hearing problems – language
development delay
Smell & Taste
• Surrounded by amniotic fluid before arrival – sense of smell
does not develop until after birth
• Develops quickly
– 10 days – know mommy by smell
• Taste – quickly
– 2 weeks – can taste the difference
– Learn by using their mouths
• Put everything in there!!
– Clean, not sharp, not too small
Review/Quiz
• How much does an infant increase their length by
the 1st birthday?
• When should you introduce “solid” foods?
• How much weight do infants gain during their
first year?
• Explain an infant’s body shape.
• Identify the three patterns of physical
development.
• Why is breast milk best for an infant.
• Identify four reflexes that are present at birth.
Review/Quiz:
• What is failure to thrive?
• Identify and explain the six different reflexes that
newborns have.
• Why is sleep so important?
• Identify the 3 different patterns of physical
development.
• When should you introduce solid foods to an
infant?
• When should you introduce cow’s milk?
• How should you warm up a baby’s bottle?
Failure to thrive
• An infant’s rate of growth slows considerably over
time
• May indicate a health problem exist
• Possible causes:
– diseases
– Baby’s food is not providing enough nutrients
– Feedings are offered too infrequently or last too short
at a time
– Baby is not held, touched or talked to, or is abused
or neglected
Reflexes
• Automatic, unlearned behaviors
• Clue to the health & maturity of the nervous
system
• Absence or weakness may result from
prematurity or a congenital problem.
• Babies need some for survival
– Rooting reflex
• Baby finds an object with the mouth, the baby begins
to suck
Reflexes
• Palmar (grasping) Reflex
– Fingers tighten around any object placed in hand
– Grasp strong enough to lift them into sitting
position
Reflexes
• Plantar (grasping) Reflex
– Toes tighten around any object when the ball of
the foot is stroked
– Disappears between 8-15 months
• Babinski Reflex
– Toes fan out if the outside of the sole is stroked
from heel to toe
– Ends around 1 year of age
Reflex
• Moro (startle) Reflex
– Newborns fling arms and legs out, and pulls them
back again when startled
Reflex
• Walking Reflex
– When babies feet touch a solid surface,
alternating steps are taken as in walking
– Disappears 3-4 months
Well-Baby Checkup
• A routine medical visit in which the doctor
examines a baby for signs of good health &
proper growth
Voice
• Newborn’s cry = shrill
• Softens as the baby’s lungs mature
– Physical growth of throat muscles, tongue, lips,
teeth & vocal cords
• Babbles (ooh, ah)
Caring for an Infant
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Handling a Baby
Feeding an infant
Dressing a Baby
Sleep
Handling a Baby
• Infants need to be moved & held for
different reasons
• Remember when you hold an infant, you
have the chance to strengthen your bond &
to help the baby feel secure & happy!!!
• Require greatest care – neck muscles
cannot support their head
• Must keep your hand/arm under neck &
head at all times.
Holding a newborn in your arm
• Hold the baby upright, cradled in the curve of
your arm. Your arms supports the baby’s head
& neck, and you can easily maintain eye
contact w/the baby
Holding a newborn against your chest
• Hold the baby against your chest , so that the
baby faces – or peeks over – your shoulder.
Use your hand to support the baby’s neck &
hand.
Putting a Newborn Down
• Continue to support both the neck and head
and the body. Bend over, keeping the baby
close to your body until the baby’s body is
resting on a surface that can support his or
her body. Then remove your arms.
Gentle Handling
• Never shake or jiggle
• Thousands of babies each year suffer from
shaken baby syndrome - caused when
someone severely shakes the baby (stop
crying)
• Damage to brain, learning problems, mental
retardation, blindness, deafness, death
Shaken Baby Syndrome
• A condition that occurs when someone
severely shakes a baby, usually in an effort to
make her stop crying.
• Can lead to:
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Brain damage
Mental retardation
Cerebral palsy
Blindness
Broken bones
Death
When a baby cries = frustration
• Put the baby down in safe place – go to a
different room – calm down before returning
• Ask friend/relative to take care of the baby
• Take deep breaths – look at the window
• Call someone and talk about problem until
you calm down
Baby Routine
• Why do you think a bed time routine is
important for an infant?
• What do you think should be included in the
routine?
Bedtime Routines
• Sleep – essential for growth & development
– Brain to work properly
– Allows the release of chemicals in the body that
contribute to growth
– Body’s cells – repairing & building
• Some babies sleep more than others
– Active babies – need more sleep
– Sleep more days than others
Bedtime Routines
• Safety precautions
– Safe bed
– Nothing in the crib – suffocation
– Babies – face up – helps prevent SIDs
• Relaxed & pleasant experience
• Consistent bedtime routine – calm down the
baby
– Warm bath, reading a story, rocking the baby
– Find one the works for you
Sleep Pattern
Age
Hours of Sleep
Description
Newborn
16
4-5 naps (3-4 hours each)
3 months
14-15
Longer sleeping period at
night
4 months
12-14
Take naps midmorning &
late afternoon
Sleeps at night
6 months
12-14
Sleeps about six hours at
night
Takes two long naps in the
day
1 year
12 hours
9-10 hours at night
1-2 naps in the day
Feeding a Baby
• More than physical nourishment
• Contact w/others
• Learn more about the world
Feeding
• People need nutrients to grow & stay healthy
• Newborns grow quickly – nutrients especially
important
• Breast milk – BEST
– Advantages for baby, mother and family
• American Academy of Pediatrics recommends
breast-feeding for at least the first 12 months
of life
Feeding Methods
• 1st year – breast milk or formula
– Breast Milk - #1 – antibodies – fight germs, easy to
digest, & babies get fewer ear infections, respiratory
infections, allergies & asthma, germ free
• Lacks vitamin D – important for bone growth – Sunlight,
supplement
• World health organization – 1 year
– Formula – designed for babies
• Not all mothers can physically produce milk
• Milk based – milk has been modified – to eliminate
digestive problems
Feeding Methods
• Not cow’s milk – too hard for them to digest,
contains minerals their kidneys cannot process
• 1st 6 months of life – needs can be met
through formula/breast milk only
• after 6 months – babies should be introduced
to solid foods
Feeding Schedules
• Newborn’s feeding & sleeping schedule
unpredictable at first
– Newborns need to eat as much as they want & as
often
• Feedings are necessary b/c a newborns
stomach can hold only small amounts
– Breast fed babies eat more often
• 2nd – 3rd month – regular pattern emerges
• About 12 lbs – babies can sleep thru night
Feeding from the Bottle
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Hold the baby close in a semi-upright position
Neck & head supported
Head well above the stomach
Hold bottle at angle
– Baby can suck comfortably & less air
• Warm bottle – not necessary
– Warm it – place in pan of water on stove until
lukewarm
Bottle-Feeding
• If using a formula that needs water – bottled
water or water that has been boiled.
• Wash bottles in dishwater or hot, sudsy water
followed by a boiling water rinse
• Disposable liners – 24 hours
Feeding
• Check temperature on wrist – lukewarm
• Never heat in the microwave
• Formula left in bottle – throw it away
– Bacteria can grow quickly
• Feeding bottle should be sterilized
• Never leave a bottle propped up so baby drinks
alone
• Healthy babies usually eat the amount they need
Burping the Baby
• No matter the method, burp the baby as least twice
– once during feeding & once when the feeding is
over
• Breast feeding – burp during the switch from one
breast to the other
• Protect your clothing – burping cloth
• It is okay if the baby does not burp
• Why must you burp the baby?
– They swallow air along with the liquid
• Discomfort
– Don’t be surprise if the baby doesn’t burp
Small Group Activity
(Partner (2))
• You are to prepare a cartoon strip titled
“Things to Do When Bottle-Feeding Your
Baby”
• Content of strip
– How to prepare formula
– How to hold the baby during feeding
– How & why to burp the baby
– Be creative!!
Bell Work
• On table under Child Development Bulletin
Board – pick up 8-1/3 Quiz.
– You may not know all the answers, but some you
should know
– We will go over the answers!!
– We have a couple of thing to discuss
– Then you will complete your comic strip!!
Presentations/Posters!
Topic
Page
Voice/Signs of Hearing Problems
Page 255-256
Average Motor Skills
Page 258-259
Handling a Baby/Newborn Safely/Gentle
Handling
268-270
Nutritional
Concerns/Overfeeding/Inadequate
Feeding
Page 275-276
Structure of the Brain/Parts of the Brain
Page 260-261
How the Brain Works/Becomes
Organized/Speeding the Brain’s Work
Page 262-264
Rules to Build a Brain By/Organized Once? Page 265-266
Introducing New Foods
• Around 6 months other foods will be added
• Pediatrician will recommend when to
introduce “solid” foods
• Most babies = no rush
• Choose a time when baby is happy, content
and well
Introducing New Foods
• B/c the food is unfamiliar – spit back the first
spoonfuls
• Introduce it later or combine it with a favorite
• PATIENCE
Introducing New Foods
Tips
• Hold baby in an upright position
• If baby is used to lukewarm formula – heat solid
foods to lukewarm
– NEVER use the microwave
• Be prepared for messy feedings
• Cereal – running, dilute with formula or breast
milk – NEVER put in bottle = choke
• Do not feed baby from the jar. (Bacteria) Put
small amount in bowl and refrigerate leftover
immediately
Weaning
• Changing from drinking from the bottle or
breast to a drinking from a cup
• Important sign of the baby’s increasing
independence
• No precise age, 9 months – common
• Usually baby will show signs
– Playing or looking around, pushing away, likes to eat from a
spoon
• Do not force – other feeding & behavior
problems
• Little Johnny is two and is still taking a bottle.
Do you feel that you should talk to his
parents? Why or Why not?
Self-feeding
• Sit up steadily (8 – 10 months) baby will show
signs
– eat with fingers & reach for spoon
– Big milestone – signals increased independence
• 1st – fun more baby, but not much eating will
take place
– PATIENCE & humor
– Encourage
• Foods that can break up easily in mouth - best
List
• Create a list of foods to avoid.
Nutritional Concerns
• Your responsibility = making sure baby’s
nutritional needs are being met
• Problems = too much food/liquids, too little
food/liquids or the wrong kinds of foods
• Malnutrition – inadequate nutrition.
– Poor nutrition is linked to poor brain development
= learning difficulties
Inadequate Nutrition
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Infants = very specific nutritional needs
Enough calories = rapid growth
Nutrient rich foods
Food that is easy to digest
Adequate amounts of liquid
Inadequate Nutrition
• Can cause lasting physical problems
• Many government & community programs
help to eliminate malnutrion
• WIC – Women, Infants & Children program
Overfeeding
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As they gain weight – they may look fat
Most will slim down by age three
Bottle fed more likely to be overfed
Worried talk to pediatrician
Healthy eating habits – established early in life
Small nutritious foods – smaller portions
MyPlate
• What are some causes of inadequate
nutrition?
• What are signs of malnutrition??
Do you know the signs
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Growth = below average
Nervous or irritable behavior
Wounds that are slow to heal
Hair = thin, dull, lifeless, easy to pull out
Swollen eyelids
Poor posture
Poor coordination
Diarrhea
What do you think
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Mashed bananas
Hot dogs
Grapes
Peanuts
Small cereal pieces
• Which foods do you think are
appropriate for a baby to self feed
Dressing a baby
• Stretch the shirt not the baby
– Clothing – durable clothing, not fancy
• Comfort & ease
• Crawling – clothes need to allow for more
movement & be durable
• Walk – barefoot – more flexibility at the ankle
and allow them to grip the floor with their
toes
Choosing Clothing
• Clothing – baby’s weight & age (weight is
typically more reliable)
• Most parents – buy sizes a little larger due to
extended wear – be careful
• Snaps in the inner legs – diaper changing
• Shirts that snap rather than pull over – easier
to use with young babies
• Complete the worksheet at your table!!
How to bathe a baby
• Prepare for the baby’s bath
– Gather everything you need prior to
• Put the baby in the tub
– Check temperature with elbow
– Support baby’s head and neck
– Lower baby into bath, feet first
• Wash the baby’s face
– Clean water, pat dry
• Wash the baby’s body
• Wash and rinse baby’s hair
• Dry the baby
– Immediately wrap baby in towel
– Pat dry
Bathing a Baby
• NEVER leave baby alone
• Cradle cap – skin condition known for
yellowish, crusty patches on the scalp
– Most cases – disappear after or few weeks or
months
– Treatments – washing scalp daily with mild
shampoo, baby oil
• Excessive washing/baby oil – worsen
• Good time to trim nails
Diapering a Baby
• Most essential part of baby’s wardrobe
• Young babies = 12 - 15 changes a day
– Wet diaper – uncomfortable = cry
• Common problem – diaper rash – a condition
that includes patches of rough, red, irritated
skin in the diaper area
– Treatments – changing the diaper frequently &
thoroughly cleaning the baby
– Medicated cream
– Exposing area to air
Diaper Options
• Disposable Diapers
– More convenient & effective at keeping babies dry
& comfortable
– Babies may develop a sensitivity to the diapers
– Adds significantly to environmental waste
– Expensive
• Cloth Diapers
– Most economical choice if washed at home
– Cost more if washed and provided by a service
– More environmentally friendly
How to change diaper
• Remove the diaper and clean the baby
• Put on fresh diaper
• Dispose of used supplies
Teething
• Develop of teeth – 6th week of pregnancy
• Teeth normally break through gums at 4 - 6
months or later
• Complete set – 20 months
• Teething – is the process of the teeth pushing
their way through the gums
– Gums – tends and swell = painful
– Cranky, fuss during meals, low-grade fever &
chews on everything
Teething
• Most physicians do not recommend using
medications
– Numbing medications – difficult for baby to eat and
swallow
• Fever – check with pediatrician
• Once baby’s teeth, emerge (appear) – clean
them regularly
– Wipe with a soft, damp cloth
– Gently brush them
– Some dentist recommend cleaning gums prior to
Safety Concerns
• List safety concerns that you feel would be
important for all caregivers to be aware of
Safety Concerns
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Choking
Suffocation
Water
Fall
Poisoning
Burns
• Sun
• Animals
• Clothing
Regular Check Ups
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2 weeks
2 months
4 months
6 months
9 months
12 months
• Immunization – shot of
a small amount of dead
or weakened diseasecarrying germ given so
baby can build
resistance
• Vaccine – disease carry
germ that is injected in
the body