ISSN 0972-5636
jft- ua- 42912@84
Hkkjrh; vk/kqfud f'k{kk
o"kZ 34
vad 03
tuojh 2014
^Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk* jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ dh ,d =kSekfld
if=kdk gSA bl if=kdk dk eq[; mís'; gS f'k{kdksa] f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa] 'kSf{kd iz'kkldksa rFkk 'kks/
drkZvksa dks ,d eap iznku djuk] f'k{kk ds fofHkUu vk;keksa tSls µf'k{kkn'kZu] f'k{kk euksfoKku]
f'k{kk dh ledkyhu leL;k,a] ikB~;Øe ,oa izfof/ lacaèkh uohu fodkl] varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij
f'k{kk dk Lo:i] fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa f'k{kk dh fLFkfr vkfn ij ekSfyd rFkk vkykspukRed fparu
dks izksRlkfgr djuk vkSj f'k{kk ds lq/kj vkSj fodkl dks c<+kok nsukA ys[kdksa }kjk O;Dr fd,
x, fopkj muosQ vius gSaA vr% ;s fdlh Hkh izdkj ls ifj"kn~ dh uhfr;ksa dks izLrqr ugha djrs
blfy, bl laca/ esa ifj"kn~ dk dksbZ mÙkjnkf;Ro ugha gSA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ izdk'ku izHkkx osQ dk;kZy;
vdknfed laiknd
jktjkuh
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQil
Jh vjfoan ekxZ
u;h fnYyh 110 016
vdknfed laikndh; lfefr
jatuk vjksM+k
e/wfydk ,l iVsy
vydk (ts-ih-,iQ-) m"kk 'kekZ
izdk'ku izHkkx osQ lnL;
izHkkxkè;{k
eq[; laiknd
eq[; O;kikj izca/d eq[; mRiknu vf/dkjh
(izHkkjh)
laiknd
mRiknu lgk;d
108, 100 iQhV
jksM
gkssLosQjs gYyh ,DlVsa'ku
cuk'kadjh III LVst
casxyq# 560 085
iQksu % 080&26725740
,u- osQ- xqIrk
'osrk mIiy
xkSre xkaxqyh
v#.k fprdkjk
uothou VªLV Hkou
Mkd?kj uothou
vgenkck­n 380 014 iQksu % 079&27541446
lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQil
/udy cl LVkWi osQ lkeus
ifugVh
dksydkrk 700 114 iQksu % 033&25530454
js[kk vxzoky
izdk'k ohj flag
lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDl
ekyhxk¡o
xqokgkVh 781021
vkoj.k
vfer oqQekj
,d izfr % ` 50
Cover 2nd & 3rd.indd 2
iQksu % 011&26562708
ewY;
iQksu % 0361&2674869
okf"kZd % ` 200
17-03-2015 AM 10:40:53
ISSN 0972-5636
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk
o"kZ 3432
vad 3
tuojh 2014
bl vad esa
laikndh;
3
f'k{kk esa gsj&isQj
µ johanzukFk VSxkSj
5
tokcnsgh µ fdldh vkSj D;ksa\
µ m"kk 'kekZ
14
cPps vkSj i;kZoj.k µ i;kZoj.k f'k{kk osQ lekt'kkL=kh; vk;ke
µ ½"kHk oqQekj feJ
21
MkW- vacsMdj dh jktuhfrd fojklr
µ 'kadj 'kj.k
35
Ckh- ,M- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk izf'k{k.k osQ izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk dk vè;;u
µ rkjosQ'oj xqIrk
45
EkktZjh lkbDl f'k{kk µ lknxh]
lkSan;Z vkSj lekurk osQ fy,
µ vfuy lsBh
55
Hkwfedk fuokZg çfreku }kjk i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk
lI+kQjukek dkx”k ls LØhu rd
µ vpZuk nwcs egsUnz ikVhnkj
63
µ 'kjn flUgk vydk
72
vkReeqX/rk osQ lekukarj laosnu'khy ikB
µ fujatu lgk;
80
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 1
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:11
2
orZeku ifjn`'; esa efgyk f'k{kkµn'kk ,oa fn'kk
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
µ ftrsUnz flag xks;y lquhrk pkS/jh
nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ lanHkZ esa lwpuk ,oa lapkj µ fot; tk;loky
izkS|ksfxdh (vkbZlhVh) dh mikns;rk
iqLrd leh{kk
ç;ksxkRed f'k{kk euksfoKku& galjkt iky] jktsUnz iky] jkosQ'k nsoM+k
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 2
µ ftrsUnz flag ikVhnkj
85
94
109
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:11
laikndh;
Hkkjr dh LowQyh f'k{kk djksM+ksa fo|kfFkZ;ksa vkSj
yk[kksa f'k{kdksa osQ lkFk ,d o`gr~ O;oLFkk osQ
:Ik esa lkeus vkrh gSA NksVs&NksVs dbZ ns'kksa dh
f'k{kk&O;oLFkk Hkkjr osQ fdlh ,d cM+s jkT;
esa lekbZ&lh izrhr gksrh gSA ,slh fo'kkydk;
O;oLFkk esa ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk ls 'kq: djrs
gq, ikB~;ozQeksa vkSj vU; ikB~;p;kZ lkefxz;ksas
osQ fuekZ.k dh ,d lqxfBr izfozQ;k ls fudy
dj LowQyh f'k{kk ikB~;p;kZ osQ :i esa LowQyksa
esa ykxw dh tkrh gSA LowQy osQ f'k{kdksas] Ikzcks/
dksa vkSj izca/dksa lHkh dh f”kEesnkjh gksrh gS
fd lHkh cPpksa rd xq.koÙkk f'k{kk dh igq¡p
gks losQA
blosQ fy, le;&le; Ikj osaQnz lefFkZr
;kstukvksa] tSlsµloZf'k{kk vfHk;ku] jk"Vªh;
ekè;fed f'k{kk vfHk;ku bR;kfn dks ykxw fd;k
tkrk gSA vc rks d{kk ,d ls vkBoha rd eqÝr
vkSj ”k:jh f'k{kk osQ vf/dkj dk dkuwu Hkh
cu x;k gSA
bu lHkh Ikz;klksa osQ ckn Hkh gekjh
f'k{kk&O;oLFkk esa cgqr&lh dfe;k¡ gSaA d{kkvksa
esa vHkh Hkh f'k{k.k dk rjhdk f'k{kd vkSj
ikB~;iqLrd vk/kfjr gSA cgq&Hkkf"kdrk] cPpksa
osQ Lojksa vkSj vuqHkoksa dh LowQy vkSj d{kk esa
txg ugha gSA cPps le>us ls ”;knk jVus osQ
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 3
rjhosQ viukrs gSaA oqQN ,slk ifjn`'; vkt ls
yxHkx lkS lky igys dh Hkh f'k{kk O;oLFkk
esa gksxk rHkh rks 'kk;n dfo xq# johanzukFk
VSxksj osQ vuqokfnr ys[k& ^f'k{kk esa gsj&isQj*
(vuqoknd&fo'oukFk ujo.ks) esa ogh fpark
>ydrh gS tks vkt dh LowQyh O;oLFkk esa
eglwl dh tk jgh gSA dfo xq# osQ fopkjksa
ls lgefr j[kus okyh fonw"kh efgyk ektZjh
lkbDl us Hkh vius 'kSf{kd fopkjksa ls lkef;d
LowQyh&O;oLFkk dks izHkkfor fd;kA muosQ fopkj
vkSj O;fDrRo osQ vk;keksa dk fooj.k nsrk gqvk
vfuy lsBh dk fy[kk ys[k& ^f'k{kk& lknxh]
lkSan;Z vkSj lekurk osQ fy,* Hkh bl vad esa
gekjs ikBdksa osQ fy, 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh dfe;ksa vkSj leL;kvksa
osQ fy, fdls f”kEesnkj Bgjk;k tk,\ bldk
tokcnsg dkSu gS\ m"kk 'kekZ us bl eqís dks
roZQiw.kZ <ax ls izLrqr fd;k gS ^tokcnsgh%
fdldh vkSj D;ksa* uked ys[k esaA f'k{kk osQ
ikB~;Øe] izf'k{k.k] rduhfd;ksa vkSj iz.kkfy;ksa
ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, ys[k Hkh gesa izkIr gq, gSaA
bu ys[kksa esa ½"kHk oqQekj feJ dk ys[k ^cPps
vkSj i;kZoj.k% i;kZoj.k f'k{kk osQ f'k{kk'kkL=kh;
vk;ke*_ rkjosQ'oj xqIrk dk ys[k ^ch-,Mfo|kfFkZ;ksa dk izf'k{k.k osQ izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:11
4
dk vè;;u*_ fot; tk;loky dk ys[k ^nwjLFk
f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ lanHkZ esa vkbZlhVh dh mikns;rk*
rFkk vpZuk nwcs vkSj egsUnz ikVhnkj }kjk fyf[kr
ys[k &^Hkwfedk uokZg izfreku }kjk i;kZoj.kh;
f'k{kk* bl vad esa 'kkfey fd;s x, gaSA
f'k{kk ,d ,slk fo"k; gS ftlesa nk'kZfud]
jktuhfrd] lekt'kkL=kh; vkfn lHkh izdkj osQ
fparu 'kkfey fd;s tkrs gSaA 'kk;n ;gh dkj.k
gS fd gekjh bl 'kSf{kd if=kdk osQ fy, gesa
fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij ys[k izkIr gksrs gSa vkSj ge
;g ekudj] fd f'k{kk dk nk;jk cgqr foLr`r
gS] mUgsa ;FkklaHko 'kkfey Hkh djrs gSaA bl
vad esa fujatu lgk; }kjk fyf[kr ys[k ^vkRe
eqX/rk osQ lekUrj laosnu'khy ikB* dfork
fo/k dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks lkeus j[krk gS vkSj
'kadj 'kj.k }kjk fy[ks ys[k ^MkW- vEcsndj
dh jktuhfrd fojklr* esa MkW- vEcsndj dh
jktuhfrd fojklr osQ de pfpZr i{kksa ij
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 4
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
orZeku esa iqLrd i<+us dk 'kkSd de gksrk
tk jgk gSA dHkh le; dh deh dks nks"k fn;k
tkrk gS rks dHkh baVjusV dksA 'kjn flUgk vkSj
vydk us vius ys[k ^ liQjukek dkx”k ls
LozQhu rd* osQ ekè;e ls ;g crkus dk iz;kl
fd;k gS fd le; osQ lkFk&lkFk fdl izdkj
eqfnzr fdrkcksa ls vkt ge bZ&fdrkcksa rd vk
igq¡ps gSa vkSj fnuksfnu bZ&fdrkcksa dks i<+us esa
ikBdksa dh fnypLih c<+rh tk jgh gSA
bl vad esa geus ftrsUnz flag ikVhnkj
dh ,d iqLrd leh{kk 'kkfey dh gSA bUgksaus
^iz;ksxkRed f'k{kk euksfoKku* uked iqLrd dh
leh{kk dh gSA
vk'kk gS gekjh uo o"kZ dh HksaV vkidks
ilan vk,xhA
uo o"kZ dh 'kqHkdkeukvksa lfgr
vdknfed laikndh; lehfr
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:11
f'k{kk esa gsj&isQj·
tks vR;ko';d gS mlh esa vkc¼ gksdj jguk
ekuo&thou dk /eZ ugha gSA vko';drk dh
J`a[kyk ls ge fdlh lhek rd c¼ gSa] ysfdu
fdlh gn rd ge Lok/hu Hkh gSaA gekjk 'kjhj
lk<+s&rhu gkFk osQ iQklys esa lhfer gS] ysfdu
mlosQ fy, lk<+s&rhu gkFk dk ?kj cukus ls
dke ugha pysxkA pyus&fiQjus osQ fy, ;Fks"V
LFkku feyuk ”k:jh gS] ojuk gekjs LokLF; vkSj
vkuan nksuksa esa ck/k iM+sxhA f'k{kk osQ fo"k; esa
Hkh ;gh ckr ykxw gksrh gS] tks fd de&ls&de
”k:jh gS ogha rd ;fn f'k{kk dks lhfer fd;k
x;k rks cPpksa osQ eu dh o`f¼ ugha gks losQxhA
vko';d f'k{kk osQ lkFk Lokèkhu ikB dks feykuk
gksxk] vU;Fkk cPps dh psruk dk fodkl ugha
gksxk&vk;q c<+us ij Hkh cqf¼ dh n`f"V ls og
lnk ckyd gh jgsxkA
ysfdu nqHkkZX; ls gekjs ikl le; dh deh
gksrh gSA ge pkgrs gSa fd ftruk 'kh?kz gks losQ]
fons'kh Hkk"kk lh[kdj] bErsgku ikl djosQ dke
esa tqV tk,¡A blfy, cpiu ls gh gk¡iQrs&gk¡iQrs]
nk;sa&ck;sa u ns[kdj tYnh&tYnh lcd ;kn
djus osQ vykok vkSj oqQN djus dk gekjs ikl
le; ugha gksrkA cPpksa osQ gkFk esa ;fn dksbZ
euksjatu dh iqLrd fn[kkbZ iM+h rks og iQkSju
Nhu yh tkrh gSA
vkSj fiQj euksjatu dh iqLrd vk;s Hkh
dgk¡ ls\ c¡xyk esa bl rjg dh fdrkcsa ugha
gSaA jkek;.k&egkHkkjr vo'; gSa] ysfdu cPpksa
dks c¡xyk Hkk"kk bl rjg ugha fl[kkbZ tkrh fd
os ?kj cSBdj viuh bPNk ls c¡xyk dkO; dk
;FkkFkZ Lokn xzg.k dj losaQ vkSj cspkjs ckyd
vaxs”kh Hkh bruh ugha tkurs fd ml Hkk"kk dh
ckyksfpr iqLrosaQ Ik<+ losaQA f'k'kqvksa osQ fy,
fy[kh vaxzs”kh IkqLrdksa esa vaxzs”kh laLo`Qfr dk
okrkoj.k gksrk gS] mlesa vaxzs”k ?kj dh ckrsa
vkSj dkSVqfEcd okrkZyki gksrk gS] tks gekjs
,e-,- ikl ikBdksa osQ fy, Hkh laiw.kZ :i ls
xzkg~; ugha gksrkA
ifj.kkeLo:i] gekjs caxky esa cPpksa dks
O;kdj.k] 'kCndks'k] Hkwxksy osQ vfrfjDr vkSj
oqQN ugha feyrk&muosQ HkkX; esa vU; iqLrosaQ
ugha gSA nwljs ns'kksa osQ ckyd ftl vk;q esa vius
u;s nk¡rksa ls cM+s vkuan ls xUuk pckrs gSa] mlh
vk;q esa gekjs caxky osQ cPps LowQy dh csap ij
/ksrh dh dk¡N osQ lkFk viuh nks nqcyh&iryh
Vk¡xksa dks fgykrs gq,&ekLVj osQ csar gT+e djrs
gSaA vkSj csar osQ lkFk mUgsa dM+oh xkfy;ksa osQ
vykok nwljk dksbZ elkyk Hkh ugha feyrk!
blls mudh ekufld ikpu&'kfDr dk ßkl
gksrk gSA ftl rjg caxky dh larkuksa dk 'kjhj
· johanzukFk ds fuca/] vuqoknd&fo'oukFk ujo.ks] lkfgR; vdkneh] u;h fnYyh] 1990 ls lkHkkj
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 5
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:11
6
mi;qDr vkgkj vkSj [ksy&owQn osQ vHkko ls
detksj jg tkrk gS mlh rjg muosQ eu dk
ikdk'k; Hkh vifj.kr jg tkrk gSA ge ch-,-]
,e-,- ikl djrs jgas] iqLrdksa osQ <sj&osQ <sj
fuxyrs jgas] ij gekjh ckSf¼d 'kfDr ifjiDo
ugha gksrh] fdlh ph”k dks ge dldj idM+
ugha ikrs] fdlh ph”k dh vk|ksikar jpuk ugha
dj ikrsA gekjs fopkj] gekjs vkpkj&vuq"Bku]
oSls ugha gSa] tSls ckfyxksa osQ gksus pkfg,A
blhfy, ge vR;qfDRk] vkMacj vkSj vkRe'yk?kk
}kjk vius ekufld nSU; dks Vk¡dus dh dksf'k'k
djrs gSaA
bldk dkj.k ;gh gS fd gekjh f'k{kk esa
ckY;dky ls gh vkuan osQ fy, LFkku ugha gksrkA
tks furkar vko';d gS mlh dks ge oaQBLFk
djrs gSaA blls dke rks fdlh&u&fdlh rjg
py tkrk gS] ysfdu gekjk fodkl ugha gksrkA
gok ls isV ugha Hkjrk&isV rks Hkkstu ls gh Hkjrk
gSA ysfdu Hkkstu dks Bhd ls gT+e djus osQ
fy, gok vko';d gSA oSls gh] ,d ^f'k{kk
iqLrd* dks vPNh rjg ipkus osQ fy, cgqr&lh
ikB~; iqLrdksa dh lgk;rk ”k:jh gSA vkuan osQ
lkFk i<+rs jgus ls iBu&'kfDr Hkh vyf{kr :i
ls o`f¼xr gks tkrh gS_ lgt&LokHkkfod fu;e
ls xzg.k&'kfDr] /kj.kk&'kfDr vkSj fpark&'kfDRk
Hkh lcy gksrh gSA ysfdu ekufld 'kfDr dk
ßkl djus okyh bl fujkuan f'k{kk ls caxkfy;ksa
dks oSQls NqVdkjk feysxk oqQN le> esa ugha
vkrkA
,d rks vaxzs”kh fons'kh Hkk"kk gSA 'kCn&foU;kl
vkSj in&foU;kl dh n`f"V ls gekjh Hkk"kk osQ
lkFk mldk dksbZ lkeatL; ughaA frl ij
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 6
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
Hkkoi{k vkSj fo"k;&izlax Hkh fons'kh gksrs gSaA
'kq: ls vkf[kj rd lHkh vifjfpr ph”ksa gSa]
blfy, /kj.kk mRiUu gksus ls igys gh ge jVuk
vkjaHk dj nsrs gSaA iQy ogh gksrk gS tks fcuk
pck;s vUu fuxyus ls gksrk gSA 'kk;n cPpksa
dh fdlh ^jhMj* esa Hay-making dk o.kZu
gSA vaxzs”k ckydksa osQ fy, ;g ,d lqifjfpr
ph”k gS vkSj mUgsa bl o.kZu ls vkuan feyrk gSA
Snowball ls [ksyrs gq, Charlie dk Katie
ls oSQls >xM+k gqvk] ;g Hkh vaxzs”k cPps osQ
fy, dkSrqgytud ?kVuk gSA ysfdu gekjs cPps
tc fons'kh Hkk"kk esa ;g lc i<+rs gSa rc muosQ
eu esa dksbZ Le`fr tkx`r ugha gksrh] muosQ lkeus
dksbZ fp=k izLrqr ugha gksrkA vaèkHkko ls mudk
eu vFkZ dks VVksyrk jgrk gSA
uhps osQ ntksZa dks tks ekLVj i<+krs gSa] muesa
ls dksbZ ,aVªsUl ikl gS] rks dksbZ ,aVªsUl isQyA
vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk] Hkko] fopkj] O;ogkj] lkfgR;&
fdlh ls os ifjfpr ugha gSa vkSj mUgha osQ gkFkksa
gekjk vaxzs”kh osQ lkFk izFke ifjp; gksrk gSA os
u rks caxyk vPNh rjg tkurs gSa] u vaxzs”khA
mUgsa cl ;gh lqfo/k gS fd cPpksa dks i<+kus dh
rqyuk esa cPpksa dk eu cgykuk cgqr vklku gSA
bl dk;Z esa os iwjh rjg liQy gksrs gSaA
bu cspkjksa dks nks"k nsuk Hkh Bhd u gksxkA
;fn Horse is a noble animal dk vuqokn
fd;k tk, rks caxyk esa Hkh ;g okD; Bhd ugha
mrjrk vkSj vaxzs”kh osQ fo"k; esa Hkh ge nqfo/k
esa iM+ tkrs gSaA vFkZ dks ge oSQls djsa\ ^?kksM+k
,d egku tarq gS*] ^?kksM+k ,d mPp Js.kh dk
tkuoj gS*] ^?kksM+k ,d cgqr gh vPNk izk.kh
gS*& blesa ls dksbZ Hkh vuqokn gesa larq"V ugha
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:11
f'k{kk esa gsj&isQj
djrkA vaxzs”kh dh gekjh izkjafHkd f'k{kk esa bl
rjg dh feykoV dk dksbZ var ugha gksrkA
iQyr%] vYik;q esa ge ftl rjg dh vaxzs”kh
lh[krs gSa] mldk Lrj bruk lkekU; gksrk gS
vkSj og bruh xyr gksrh gS fd mlesa ls jl
fupksM+uk fdlh ckyd osQ fy, laHko ugha gksrk
,oa u gh izR;kf'kr gh gksrk gSA ekLVj vkSj
Nk=k nksuksa dgrs gSa& jl ls gekjk dksbZ okLrk
ughaA [khap&rkudj fdlh rjg 'kCnksa ls vFkZ dks
fudky ysa rks dkiQh gSA ijh{kk esa ikl gksa] nÝ+rj
esa ukSdjh feys] cl vkSj D;k pkfg,A vkSj tks
vFkZ fudkyk tkrk gS] mlosQ laca/ esa 'kadjkpk;Z
osQ 'kCn Lej.k gh mBrs gSa&
^vFkZeuFkZe~ Hkko; fuR;a
UkkfLr rr% lq[kys'k% lR;e~A*
vFkZ dks vuFkZ le>ks&mlesa u lq[k gS] u
lR;A
rks fiQj cPpksa osQ HkkX; esa ckdh D;k
jgk\ ;fn os caxyk lh[krs rks jkek;.k&egkHkkjr
i<+ ysrs_ ;fn oqQN Hkh u lh[krs rks mUgsa
[ksy&owQn osQ fy, vodk'k feyrk&isM+ ij
p<+rs] ikuh esa Mqcfd;k¡ yxkrs] iQwy rksM+rs]
izo`Qfr&tuuh dks g”kkj 'kjkjrksa ls rax djrs_
mudk 'kjhj iq"V vkSj eu iziqQYy gksrk_ mudh
ckY; izo`Qfr dks r`fIr feyrhA ysfdu vaxzs”kh
i<+us osQ iz;kl esa u os lh[krs gSa] u [ksyrs gSa]
izo`Qfr osQ lR;jkt esa izos'k djus osQ fy, mUgsa
vodk'k ugha feyrk] lkfgR; osQ dYiuk&jkT;
dk }kj muosQ fy, vo#¼ jgrk gSA euq";
osQ vanj vkSj ckgj nks mUeqDr fogkj&{ks=k gSa]
tgk¡ ls og thou] cy vkSj LokLF; dk lap;
djrk gS] tgk¡ ukuk o.kZ&:i&xa/] fofp=k xfr
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 7
7
vkSj laxhr] izhfr vkSj mYykl mls lok±xpsru
vkSj fodflr djrs gSaA bu nksuksa ekr`Hkwfe;ksa ls
fuokZflr djosQ vHkkxs ckydksa dks ,d fons'kh
dkjkx`g esa can dj fn;k tkrk gSA ftuosQ
fy, bZ'oj us ekrk&firk osQ ân; esa Lusg dk
lapkj fd;k gS] ftuosQ fy, ekrk dh xksn dks
dkseyrk iznku dh x;h gS] tks vkdkj esa NksVs
gksrs gq, Hkh ?kj&Hkj dh lkjh txg dks vius
dks vius [ksy osQ fy, ;Fks"V ugha le>rs] ,sls
ckydksa dks viuk cpiu dgk¡ dkVuk IkM+rk gS\
fons'kh Hkk"kk osQ O;kdj.k vkSj 'kCndks'k esa&
ftlesa thou ugha] ,slh f'k{kk dh 'kq"d] dBksj]
ladh.kZrk esaA blls D;k ckyd dHkh ekufld
'kfDr] fpÙk dk Ikzlkj ;k pfj=k dh cfy"Brk
ykHk dj ldrk gS\ D;k og iQhdk] jDrghu]
nqcyk vkSj vfodflr ugha jgsxk\ D;k og
cM+k gksus Ikj viuh cqf¼ ls oqQN fuekZ.k dj
losQxk] viuh 'kfDr ls ck/kvksa dk vfrØe.k
dj losQxk] vius LokHkkfod rst ls eLrd
mUur dj losQxk\ D;k og osQoy jVuk] udy
djuk vkSj nwljksa dh xqykeh djuk gh ugha
lh[ksxk\ thou dh voLFkkvksa dk ,d&nwljs ls
vfofPNUu ;ksx gksrk gSA ckY;dky ls /hjs&/hjs
Ikfj.kr gksrs gh ge ;kSou rd Ikgq¡prs gSaA
;kSou esa lglk deZ{ks=k esa Ikzos'k djrs gh tks
vko';d gS og gesa lgt gh fey ugha tkrkA
thou osQ fy, vko';d phts+ gekjs gkFk&Ikk¡o
dh rjg thou osQ lkFk&gh&lkFk c<+rh gSaA og
,slh lkexzh ugha gS] tks ”k:jr IkM+us Ikj ck”kkj
ls cuh&cukbZ [kjhnh tk losQA
fparu&'kfDr vkSj dYiuk&'kfDr nksuksa
thou&;k=kk laiUu djus osQ fy, vR;ko';d
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:11
8
gSa] blesa lansg ughaA ;fn gessa okLro esa euq";
gksuk gS rks bu nksuksa dks thou esa LFkku nsuk
gksxkA blfy, ;fn ckY;dky ls gh fparu vkSj
dYiuk Ikj è;ku u fn;k x;k rks dke IkM+us Ikj
mudk vHkko nq[knk;h fl¼ gksxk] ;g vuqHko
cgqr Ikzkphu gSA
ysfdu gekjh orZeku f'k{kk esa bu nksuksa osQ
fy, jkLrk can gSA gesa nh?kZdky rd osQoy
Hkk"kk&f'k{kk esa my>s jguk IkM+rk gSA Ikgys gh
dg pqdk gw¡ fd vaxzs”kh gekjs fy, bruh Ikjdh;
gS] vkSj gekjs f'k{kdksa dk ml Ikj IkzHkqRo bruk
de gS fd] Hkk"kk osQ lkFk Hkko dk izos'k gekjs
eu esa ugha gks ikrkA blfy, vaxzs”kh osQ Hkko
ls ifjfpr gksus esa gh gesa cgqr le; yxrk gS
vkSj rc rd gekjh fparu&'kfDr fdlh mi;qDr
dke osQ vHkko ls fu'ps"V iM+h jgrh gSA ,aVªsUl
vkSj iQLVZ&bZ;j vkV~Zl rd osQoy dke pykÅ
vaxzs”kh ge lh[k ikrs gSaA fiQj lglk ch-,Dykl esa cM+h&cM+h iqLrdksa vkSj xaHkhj fparuh;
fo"k;ksa dk gesa lkeuk djuk gksrk gSA mUgsa vPNh
rjg vkRelkr~ djus osQ fy, gekjs ikl u le;
gksrk gS] u 'kfDrA lcdks feykdj] f[kpM+h
idkdj] ge fdlh rjg fuxy tkrs gSaA
gekjh f'k{kk esa i<+us dh fØ;k osQ lkFk&lkFk
lkspus dh fØ;k ugha gksrhA ge <sj&dk&<sj tek
djrs gSa] oqQN fuekZ.k ugha djrsA b±V&iRFkj]
ckyw&pwuk igkM+ dh rjg tek gks tkrs gSa] vkSj
blh le; fo'ofo|ky; dk gqDe gksrk gSµ^,d
freaftyk edku cukvks!* midj.kksa osQ Lrwi ij
p<+dj nks lky rd ifjJe djosQ ge Lrwi osQ
Åij dk Hkkx cM+h eqf'dy ls lery cuk ikrs
gSaA bc Lrwi dk bekjr osQ vkdkj ls FkksM+k&cgqr
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 8
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
lkn`'; mRiUu gksrk gS&ysfdu D;k bls dksbZ
vV~Vkfydk dgsxk\ blesa gok vkSj jks'kuh osQ
izos'k osQ fy, D;k dksbZ O;oLFkk gS\ euq"; osQ
LFkk;h vkokl osQ fy, D;k ;gk¡ vkJ; fey
ldrk gS\ D;k ckg~; lalkj dh xehZ&lnhZ ls
;g bekjr gekjh j{kk dj ldrh gS\ blesa dksbZ
Øec¼rk] dksbZ lkSan;Z] dksbZ lq"kek Hkh gS\
eky&elkyk izpqj ek=kk esa tek fd;k x;k
gS ftlesa lansg ugha_ ekufld vV~Vkfydk osQ
fuekZ.k osQ fy, bruh b±Vsa igys gekjs ikl ugha
FkhaA ysfdu laxzg djuk ;fn lh[k ysa rks fuekZ.k
djuk Hkh lh[kk tkrk gS] ;g fopkj gh lcls
cM+h Hkwy gSA okLro esa laxzg vkSj fuekZ.k osQ
dk;Z ;fn lkFk&lkFk vxzlj gksa rHkh bekjr
cukus dk dke laiUu gks ldrk gSA
laxzg.kh; oLrq gkFk vkrs gh mldk mi;ksx
tkuuk] mldk izo`Qr ifjp; izkIr djuk] vkSj
thou osQ lkFk&gh&lkFk thou dk vkJ;LFky
cukrs tkuk&;gh gS jhfre; f'k{kkA gekjs ns'k esa
;g vthc ifjfLFkfr gS fd euq"; ,d fn'kk esa
fodflr gks jgk gS rks fo|k fdlh vkSj txg
tek gksrh tk jgh gS_ ,d vksj [kk| inkFkks± ls
dksBjh fxjh tk jgh gS] rks nwljh vksj ikpu ;a=k
vius gh jl esa xyk tk jgk gSA
blfy, ;fn cPpksa dks euq"; cukuk gS
rks ;g fØ;k ckY;dky ls gh vkjaHk gks tkuh
pkfg,] ojuk os lnk cPps gh cus jgsaxsA 'kS'ko ls
gh osQoy Lej.k&'kfDr ij cy u nsdj mlosQ
lkFk&gh&lkFk fparu&'kfDr vkSj dYiuk&'kfDr
dks Lok/hu :i ls ifjpkfyr djus dk Hkh
volj mUgsa fn;k tkuk pkfg,A losjs ls 'kke
rd osQoy gy pykuk vkSj iRFkj rksM+uk] osQoy
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:11
f'k{kk esa gsj&isQj
fiVkbZ] jVuk vkSj bErgku& ;Fks"V ugha gS_ blls
ge vius cgqewY; [ksr esa lksus dh iQly ugha
mxk ldrsA
bl 'kq"d /wy osQ lkFk] bl vfojr gy
pykus osQ lkFk] jl dk gksuk Hkh vko';d gSA
feV~Vh ftruh ljl gksrh gS iQly mruh gh
vPNh gksrh gSA ,d ,slk le; vkrk gS tc
[ksr osQ fy, o`f"V dh lcls vf/d ”k:jr gSA
og le; ;fn fudy tk, rks ckn esa g”kkjksa
ckj o"kkZ gksus ls Hkh mruk ykHk ugha gks ldrkA
o;ksfodkl esa Hkh ,d ,slk fof'k"V le;
vkrk gS tc ltx Hkkouk vkSj uohu dYiuk
thou dh ifj.kfr osQ fy,] ljlrk&lk/u osQ
fy,] vR;ar vko';d gksrh gSA blh le; ;fn
lkfgR; osQ vkdk'k ls ”kksjnkj ckfj'k gks rks
fiQj D;k dguk&^/U; jktk iq"; ns'k*A va/dkj
dh ekr`Hkwfe dks NksM+dj uoksn~fHkn~ ân;kaoqQj
foiqy i`Foh vkSj vuar vkdk'k dh vksj flj
mBk jgk gS_ IkzPNUu tUex`g osQ }kj Ikj vkdj
f'k'kq eu ckg~; lalkj ls uwru Ikfjp; IkzkIr
dj jgk gS_ uohu foLe;] uohu izhfr vkSj
dkSrwgy dk vkfoHkkZo gks jgk gSA ,sls le; ;fn
Hkko dk lehj mls feys] vkuanyksd ls izdk'k
vkSj vk'khokZn dh /kjk mls Li'kZ djs] rHkh
mldk thou liQy] ljl vkSj ifj.kr gksxkA
ysfdu ;fn bl le; 'kq"d /wy vkSj rih gqbZ
ckyw & uhjl O;kdj.k vkSj fons'kh 'kCndks'k&
mls vkPNUu djsa] rks ckn esa pkgs ewlyk/kj
o"kkZ gh D;ksa u gks] ;wjksih; lkfgR; osQ thoar
lR;] fofp=k dYiuk,¡ vkSj mUur Hkko pkgs
ftruh ek=kk esa mlosQ nk,¡&ck,¡ iSQyk fn;s tk,¡
mldh f'k{kk liQy ugha gksxhA lkfgR; dh
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 9
9
varfuZfgr thou&'kfDr mlosQ izk.kksa esa lgt
Hkko ls izdkf'kr ugha gksxhA
gekjh uhjl f'k{kk esa thou dk ;gh
cgqewY; le; O;FkZ gks tkrk gSA ge ckY;koLFkk
ls osQ'kks;Z esa vkSj osQ'kks;Z ls ;kSou esa 'kq"dKku
dk cks> ysdj izos'k djrs gSaA ljLorh osQ
lkezkT; esa ge e”knwjh gh djrs gSaA gekjh jh<+
dh gM~Mh >qd tkrh gS] euq";Ro dk lok±xh.k
fodkl ugha gksrkA tc vaxzs”kh osQ HkkojkT; esa
ge izos'k djrs gSa] ogk¡ ge LoPNanrk ls fogkj
ugha dj ldrsA Hkkoksa dks ge pkgs le> Hkh
ysa] mUgsa vius eeZLFky ij osaQfnzr ughaa dj ikrsA
oDr`rkvksa vkSj fuca/ksa esa pkgs ge mu Hkkoksa dk
iz;ksx djsa] thou esa mudh ifj.kfr ugha gksrhA
bl rjg chl&ckbZl o"kZ dh vk;q rd
gesa tks f'k{kk feyrh gS mldk gekjs thou ls
jklk;fud feJ.k ugha gksrkA blls gekjs eu dks
,d vthc vkdkj feyrk gSA f'k{kk ls gesa tks
fopkj vkSj Hkko feyrs gSa muessa ls oqQN dks rks
ysbZ ls tksM+dj ge lqjf{kr j[krs gSa] vkSj cps
gq, dkyØe ls >M+ tkrs gSaA ccZj tkfr;ksa osQ
yksx 'kjhj ij jax yxkdj ;k 'kjhj osQ fofHkUu
vaxksa dks xksndj] xoZ dk vuqHko djrs gSa]
ftlls muosQ LokHkkfod LokLF; dh mTtoyrk
vkSj yko.; fNi tkrs gSaA mlh rjg ge Hkh
viuh foyk;rh fo|k dk ysi yxkdj naHk djrs
gSa] ;|fi ;FkkFkZ vkarfjd thou osQ lkFk mldk
;ksx cgqr gh de gksrk gSA vlH; tkfr;ksa osQ
jktk lLrs] foyk;rh oLrqvksa ls fofp=k rjg
dk foU;kl djrs gSaA os ugha le>rs fd mudk
O;ogkj fdruk gkL;kLin gksrk gSA mlh rjg ge
Hkh lLrs] pedrs gq,] foyk;rh Kku dks ysdj
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:11
10
'kku fn[kkrs gSa] foyk;rh fopkjksa dk vlaxr :i
ls iz;ksx djrs gSaA ge Lo;a ;g ugha le>rs fd
vutkus gh ge oSQls viwoZ izglu dk vfHku;
dj jgs gSaA ;fn dksbZ gekjs Åij g¡lrk gS rks
ge I+kQkSju ;wjksih; bfrgkl ls cM+s&cM+s mnkgj.k
izLrqr djrs gSaA
ckY;dky ls gh ;fn Hkk"kk&f'k{kk osQ lkFk
Hkko&f'k{kk dh Hkh O;oLFkk gks vkSj Hkko osQ
lkFk leLr thou&;k=kk fu;fer gks] rHkh gekjs
thou esa ;FkkFkZ lkeatL; LFkkfir gks ldrk gS]
gekjk O;ogkj lgt ekuoh; O;ogkj gks ldrk
gS vkSj izR;sd fo"k; esa mfpr ifjek.k dh
j{kk gks ldrh gSA gesas ;g vPNh rjg le>uk
pkfg, fd ftl Hkko ls ge thou&fuokZg djrs
gSa mlosQ vuqowQy gekjh f'k{kk ugha gSA ftl ?kj
esa gesa lnk osQ fy, jguk gS mldk mUur fp=k
gekjh ikB~;iqLrdksa esa ugha gSA ftl lekt osQ
chp gesa viuk thou fcrkuk gS ml lekt dk
dksbZ mPp vkn'kZ gesa f'k{kk&iz.kkyh osQ lkfgR;
esa ugha feyrkA mlesa ge vius ekrk&firk]
lân;&fe=k] HkkbZ&cgu fdlh dk izR;{k fp=k.k
ugha ns[krsA gekjs nSfud thou osQ fØ;kdyki
dks ml lkfgR; esa LFkku ugha feyrkA gekjs
vkdk'k vkSj Ik`Foh] fueZy IkzHkkr vkSj lqanj
laè;k] Ikfjiw.kZ [ksr vkSj ns'ky{eh lzksrfLouh
dk laxhr ml lkfgR; esa èofur ugha gksrkA
;g lc ns[kdj ge le> ldrs gSa fd orZeku
f'k{kk osQ lkFk gekjs thou dk fufcM+ feyu
gksus dh dksbZ LoHkkfod laHkkouk ugha gSA nksuksa
osQ chp O;o/ku gSA gekjh f'k{kk thou dh
vko';drkvksa dks Ikw.kZ ugha dj IkkrhA tgk¡ gekjs
thou&o`{k dh tM+sa gSa ogk¡ ls lkS xt nwj gekjh
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 10
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
f'k{kk dh o"kkZ gksrh gSA tks FkksM+k&cgqr Ikkuh ge
rd Ikgq¡prk gS og thou dh 'kq"drk nwj djus
osQ fy, ;Fks"V ugha gSA ftl f'k{kk dks ysdj
ge thou O;rhr djrs gSa mldh mi;qDrrk
fdlh ,d O;olk; rd gh lhfer jgrh gSA
ftl lanwd esa ge nÝrj dh Ikks'kkd j[krs gSa]
mlh osQ vanj viuh fo|k dks Hkh can dj nsrs
gSaA laiw.kZ thou osQ lkFk mldk dksbZ laca/ ugha
gksrkA ;g orZeku f'k{kk&Ikz.kkyh dk LokHkkfod
Ikfj.kke gS vkSj blosQ fy, Nk=kksa dks nks"k nsuk
vU;k; gksxkA mudk xzaFk&txr~ ,d vksj gS rks
okLrOk txr nwljh vksjA bu nksuksa osQ chp osQoy
O;kdj.k&'kCndks'k dk lsrq gSA blfy, gesa bl
ckr ls vk'p;Z ugha gksrk fd ,d gh O;fDr
,d vksj ;ksjksih; n'kZu] foKku vkSj U;k; 'kkL=k
dk IkafMr gS rks nwljh vksj lkjs oqQlaLdkjksa dk
;RuiwoZd Ikks"k.k djrk gS_ ,d vksj Lokèkhurk
osQ mTtoy vkn'kZ dk Ikzpkj djrk gS rks nwljh
vksj v/hurk osQ 'krlgÏ rarq'kkL=k ls vius
dks vkSj nwljksa dks izfr{k.k vkPNUu djrk gS_
,d vksj Hkko oSfp=;iw.kZ lkfgR; dk Lora=k
:i ls jlksiHkksx djrk gS rks nwljh vksj thou
dks Hkko osQ mPp f'k[kj ij ugha cfYd osQoy
/uksiktZu vkSj oS"kf;d mUufr osQ vk/kj ij
LFkkfir djrk gSA fo|k vkSj O;ogkj osQ chp
,d nqHksZ| O;o/ku mRiUu gks x;k gS_ nksuksa esa
lqlayXurk fufeZr ugha gks ikrhA
ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd nksuksa mÙkjksÙkj
,d&nwljs osQ fojks/h gksrs tkrs gSaA gekjh tks
iqLrdh; fo|k gS mldh foijhr fn'kk esa thou
dks funsZf'kr djrs&djrs gekjs eu esa ml fo|k
osQ izfr vfo'okl vkSj vJ¼k dk tUe gksrk
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:11
f'k{kk esa gsj&isQj
gSA ge lksprs gSa fd og fo|k ,d lkjghu vkSj
feF;k gS vkSj leLRk ;ksjksih; lH;rk blh feF;k
ij vk/kfjr gSA tks oqQN gekjk gS og rks lR;
gS vkSj ft/j fo|k gesa ys tkrh gS m/j lH;rk
uked ,d ek;kfouh dk lkezkT; gSSA ge ;g
ugha ns[krs fd fo'ks"k dkj.kksa ls gekjs fy, ;g
f'k{kk fu"iQy fl¼ gqbZ gS_ cfYd ge ;g fLFkj
djrs gSa fd bl fo|k osQ vanj LoHkkor% ,d
o`gr~ fu"iQyrk fo|eku gSA bl rjg tc ge
f'k{kk osQ izfr vJ¼k O;Dr djrs gSa rc f'k{kk
Hkh gekjs thou ls foeq[k gks tkrh gSA gekjs
pfj=k osQ Åij f'k{kk dk izHkko foLr`r ifjek.k
esa ugha iM+rkA f'k{kk vkSj thou dk vkilh
la?k"kZ c<+rk tkrk gSA os ,d&nwljs dk ifjgkl
djrs gSaA vlaiw.kZ thou vkSj f'k{kk dks ysdj
caxkfy;ksa dh lalkj&;k=kk nksuksa fn'kkvksa esa ,d
izglu cu tkrh gSA
thou dk frgkbZ fgLlk ge ftl f'k{kk
esa fcrkrs gSa og ;fn gekjs laiw.kZ thou ls
vlayXu gks tk, vkSj fdlh vU; f'k{kk osQ
izkIr djus dk volj gesa u feys] rks vius
vfLRkRo dks lkFkZd cukus dk dksbZ lk/u
gekjs ikl ugha jg tkrkA blfy, f'k{kk
vkSj thou esa lkeatL; fuekZ.k djus dh
leL;k vkt gekjs fy, loZiz/ku fopkj.kh;
fo"k; gSA
ysfdu ;g lkeatL; fdl 'kfDr osQ }kjk
LFkkfir gks losQxk\ caxyk Hkk"kk vkSj caxyk
lkfgR; osQ gh }kjkA tc cafde ckcw dk
^caxn'kZu* uo izHkkr dh rjg gekjs ns'k esa mfnr
gqvk ml le; leLr f'kf{kr txr~ esa ,d
viwoZ vkuan dk lapkj gqvk FkkA bldk dkj.k
11
;g ugha Fkk fd ^caxn'kZu* us fdlh ,sls uwru
rÙo dks izdkf'kr fd;k Fkk tks ;ksjksih; n'kZu]
foKku ;k bfrgkl esa miyC/ ugha FkkA ^caxn'kZu*
us ,d ,slh izcy izfrHkk dks tUe fn;k ftlls
gekjh vaxzs”kh f'k{kk vkSj gekjs var%dj.k osQ
chp tks O;o/ku Fkk og nwj gqvkA cgqr fnuksa
osQ ckn izk.k osQ lkFk Hkko dk vkuane; feyu
gqvkA izoklh dks ?kj osQ Hkhrj yk;k x;k vkSj
bl mRlo ls ?kj mTtoy gqvkA brus fnuksa rd
o`Q".k dk eFkqjk esa jktRo Fkk] chl&iPphl o"kZ
rd }kjiky dh vkjk/uk djus ij dgha nwj ls
mudk n'kZu feyrk Fkk] ^caxn'kZu* us Jho`Q".k
dks gekjs o`ankou/ke esa igq¡pk fn;kA gekjs ?kj
esa] lekt esa] varj esa ,d u;h T;ksfr izdkf'kr
gqbZA geus vius ?kj dh fL=k;ksa dks lw;Zeq[kh vkSj
deyef.k1 osQ :i esa ns[kkA panz'ks[kj vkSj izrki
us caxky osQ iq#"k dks ,d mPprj Hkkoyksd
ij izfrf"Br fd;kA izfrfnu osQ {kqnz thou esa
efgekjf'e dk vkfoHkkZo gqvkA
^caxn'kZu* ls ftl vuqie vkuan dk vkLokn
feyk mlosQ iQyLo:i vkt f'kf{kr yksxksa osQ
eu esa caxyk Hkk"kk esa vius Hkko O;Dr djus
dk mRlkg gSA os le> x, gSa fd vaxzs”kh gekjs
fy, dke&dkt dh Hkk"kk gSA ysfdu Hkko dh
Hkk"kk ugha gSA mUgksaus izR;{k ns[kk gS fd ;|fi
ge cpiu esa vR;ar ;RuiwoZd vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk
lh[krs gSa fiQj Hkh gekjs ns'k dk orZeku LFkk;h
lkfgR; caxyk esa gh fufeZr gqvk gSA bldk
dkj.k ;g gS fd vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk osQ lkFk ge ,sls
?kfu"B vkReh; Hkko ls ifjfpr ugha gks ldrs
ftlls lkfgR; dk Lok/hu HkkoksPN~okl lgt
gh Ikzdkf'kr gks losQA vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk Ikj mldk
1- lw;Zeq[kh] deyef.k] panz'ks[kj] izrki&;s lc cafdepanz pV~Vksikè;k; osQ miU;klksa osQ Ikk=k gSaA
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 11
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:12
12
pkgs ftruk IkzHkqRo gks] dksbZ Hkh caxkyh ml Hkk"kk
esa viuk Hkko thoar :Ik ls O;Dr ugha dj
IkkrkA tks fo'ks"k ek/q;Z] tks fo'ks"k Le`fr&laink
gesa vkRe&Ikzdk'ku osQ fy, mÙksftr djrh gS]
ftu laLdkjksa ls gekjs eu dk fo'ks"k :Ik ls
xBu gqvk gS] os lc fons'kh Hkk"kk esa dnkfi
;FkkFkZ eqfDrykHk ugha dj ldrsA
blfy, gekjs lekt osQ f'kf{kr yksx tc
Hkh vius vkarfjd Hkko O;Dr djuk pkgrs gSa]
mUgsa caxyk Hkk"kk dk voyacu ysuk IkM+rk gSA
ysfdu og vfHkekfuuh\ brus nh?kZ le; rd
ftldh vogsyuk dh xbZ gS og D;k viuk
lkjk lkSan;Z vkSj xkSjo ysdj f'k{kkfHkekuh Ikq#"k
osQ lkeus vkReleiZ.k dj nsxh\ gs lqf'kf{kr] gs
vk;Z] rqe D;k bl lqoqQekjh] lqdkseyrk ;kSouk
Hkk"kk dh ;FkkFkZ e;kZnk tkurs gks\ blosQ dVk{k
esa tks mTtoy gkL; gS tks vJqEyku d#.kk gS]
tks Ikz[kj rst gS] tks Lusg&Ikzhfr&HkfDr gS mldk
xaHkhj eeZ D;k rqeus Ikgpkuk gS] vius ân; esa
xzg.k fd;k gS\ rqe lksprs gks&^eSaus fey] LisUlj
Ik<+ j[ks gSa] fdrus bErgku Ikkl fd;s gSaA eSa ,d
Lok/hu] fparu'khy] es/koh ;qod gw¡A fdrus
grHkkxs dU;kHkkjxzLr firkx.k viuh oqQekjh
dU;kvksa dks ysdj esjs }kj ij [kq'kken djrs gSaA
,slk gksrs gq, vf'kf{kr xzkeh.k yksxksa osQ ?kj dh
rqPN Hkk"kk osQ fy, ;gh mfpr gS fd b'kkjk ikrs
gh esjs lkeus vkReleiZ.k djosQ vius dks /U;
le>saA eSa tks vaxzs”kh i<+dj caxyk esa fy[krk gw¡
blls c<+dj lkSHkkX; dh ckr caxyk osQ fy,
nwljh D;k gks ldrh gS\ tks ;'k vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk
esa eq>s vuk;kl gh fey ldrk gS mldk R;kx
djosQ eSa vius cM+s&cM+s fopkj bl nfjnz~;xzLr
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 12
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
ns'k osQ fy, folftZr djrk gw¡A ftl rjg th.kZ
oL=k] nhu IkfFkd jktk dks ns[krs gh jkLRkk
NksM+ nsrs gSa] mlh rjg esjs lkeus vkrs gh Hkk"kk
dh leLRk ck/k&foifÙk;ksa dks >ViV vyx
gksuk pkfg,A ns[kks rks] eSa rqEgkjs Åij fdrus
midkj djrk vk;k gw¡A IkkWfyfVdy bdkWukseh osQ
laca/ esa rqe yksxksa dks oqQN crkšxkA tho&jkT;
ls ysdj tho vkSj vkè;kfRed txr~ ,d
boksY;w'ku dk fu;e fdl rjg dke djrk gS
blosQ ckjs esa eSaus tks oqQN lh[kk gS og Hkh
eSa iw.kZr;k xksiu ugha j[kw¡xkA vius ,sfrgkfld
vkSj nk'kZfud fuca/ksa osQ ^iQqVuksVksa* esa fofHkUu
Hkk"kkvksa osQ nq:g xzaFkksa ls ladfyr n`"Vkar eSa
izLRkqr d:¡xkA fons'kh lkfgR; osQ dkSu&ls xzaFk
osQ ckjs esa fdl lekykspd us D;k dgk gS ;g
Hkh caxkyh ikBd eq>ls tku losQxkA ysfdu ;fn
rqe yksxksa dh ;g th.kZoL=kk] vfodflr Hkk"kk
esjk vkns'k ikrs gh vkxs c<+dj esjk vfHkoknu
u djs rks eSa caxyk esa ugha fy[kw¡xk&eSa odkyr
d:¡xk] fMIVh&eftLVªsV cuw¡xk] vaxzs”kh lekpkj
i=kksa osQ ^yhMj* fy[kw¡xkA blls rqEgkjh tks {kfr
gksxh mldh dksbZ lhek gS\*
caxns'k osQ ije nqHkkZX; ls mldh ;g
yTtk'khy] rstfLouh] uafnuh caxHkk"kk ,sls
^vPNs yM+dksa* dk leqfpr vknj ugha
djrh&vkSj vPNs yM+osQ Hkh ukjk”k gksdj
caxyk Hkk"kk osQ lkFk laioZQ ugha j[krs&;gk¡
rd fd caxyk esa i=k&O;ogkj rd ugha
djrs] fe=kksa ls feyus ij ;FkklaHko caxyk
esa ckr&phr ugha djrs] caxyk iqLrdksa dks
mis{kkiwoZd ?kj esa can djosQ j[krs gSaA bldks
dgrs gSa NksVs iki dk Hkkjh naMA
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:12
f'k{kk esa gsj&isQj
igys gh dg pqdk gw¡] gekjs ckY;dky dh
f'k{kk esa Hkk"kk osQ lkFk Hkko ugha gksrk vkSj tc
cM+s gksrs gSa rks ifjfLFkfr blosQ Bhd foijhr
gks tkrh gS&vc Hkko gksrs gSa] ysfdu mi;qDr
Hkk"kk ugha gksrhA bl ckr dk Hkh igys mYys[k
dj pqdk gw¡ fd Hkk"kk f'k{kk osQ lkFk&lkFk
Hkko&f'k{kk dh o`f¼ u gksus ls ;ksjksih; fopkjksa
ls gekjk ;FkkFkZ lalxZ ugha gksrk] vkSj blfy,
vktdy cgqr&ls f'kf{kr yksx ;ksjksih; fopkjksa
osQ izfr vuknj O;Dr djus yxs gSaA nwljh vksj]
ftu yksxksa osQ fopkjksa ls ekr`Hkk"kk dk n`<+ laca/
ugha gksrk os viuh Hkk"kk ls nwj gks tkrs gSa vkSj
mlosQ izfr muosQ eu esa voKk dh Hkkouk
mRiUu gksrh gSA caxyk Hkk"kk dk mUgsa Kku ugha
gksrk] ysfdu bl ckr dks os Lohdkj ugha djrs
vkSj dgrs gSaµ ^caxyk esa dksbZ xaHkhj fopkj
oSQls O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS\ ;g Hkk"kk
gekjs&tSls f'kf{kr yksxksa osQ fy, mi;qDr ugha
gSA* tc vaxwj gekjh igq¡p osQ ckgj gksrs gSa rc
ge mUgsa [kV~Vk dgdj viuk lek/ku djrs gSaA
ge pkgs ftl fn'kk ls ns[ksa] gekjh Hkk"kk]
thou vkSj fopkjksa dk lkeatL; nwj gks x;k gSA
gekjk O;fDrRo fofNUu gksdj fu"iQy gks jgk
gS_ og vius chp dksbZ v[kaM ,sD; miyC/
djosQ cfy"B ugha gks ikrk] ftu ph”kksa dh mUgsa
”k:jr gS os mlosQ ikl ugha gSaA ,d fu/Zu
vkneh tkM+s osQ fnuksa esa jkst Hkh[k ek¡xdj xje
diM+k cukus osQ fy, /u lap; djrk] ysfdu
;Fks"V /u tek gksus rd tkM+k chr tkrkA mlh
rjg tc rd og xehZ osQ fy, mfpr O;oLFkk
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 13
13
dj ikrk rc rd xehZ Hkh chr tkrhA ,d fnu
tc nsork us ml ij rjl [kkdj mls oj ek¡xus
osQ fy, dgk rks og cksykµ^esjs thou dk ;g
gsj&isQj nwj djks] eq>s vkSj oqQN ugha pkfg,A
eSa thou&Hkj xehZ esa xje diM+s vkSj lnhZ esa
BaMs diM+s izkIRk djrk jgk gwA¡ bl ifjfLFkfr esa
la'kks/u djosQ nks&cl] esjk thou lkFkZd gksxkA*
gekjh izkFkZuk Hkh ;gh gSA gsj&isQj nwj gksus
ls gh gekjk thou lkFkZd gksxkA ge lnhZ esa
xje diM+s vkSj xehZ esa BaMs diM+s tek ugha dj
ikrs rHkh gekjk bruk nSU; gS&ojuk gekjs ikl gS
lc&oqQNA ge fo/krk ls ;gh oj ek¡xrs gSa&gesa
{kq/k osQ lkFk vUu] 'khr osQ lkFk oL=k] Hkko osQ
lkFk Hkk"kk vkSj f'k{kk osQ lkFk thou IkzkIr djus
nksA gekjh n'kk rks oSlh gh gS fdµ
Ikkuh esa ehu fi;klh
lqur&lqur ykxs gklhA
gekjs Ikkl Ikkuh Hkh gS vkSj I;kl Hkh gSA
ns[kdj Ik`Foh osQ yksx g¡lrs gSAa vk¡[kksa ls vk¡lw
Vidrs gS]a ysfdu ge I;kl ugha cq>k IkkrsA
¹uoaCkj] 1892 esa jkt'kkgh (vc IkwohZ
IkkfdLrku osQ varxZr) esa yksosQ'k Ikkfyr
osQ lkFk jgrs le; jkt'kkgh ,slksfl,'ku
osQ vuqjks/ Ikj fyf[kr Ikzca/A
^lk/uk* (IkkS"k 1299] ca-la-) fnlacj] 1892
esa Ikzdkf'krA tfLVl vkSj xq#nkl cuthZ]
okbl pkalyj] dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky;]
cafdepanz rFkk vU; O;fDr;ksa }kjk ;g
fo'ks"k :Ik ls Ikz'kaflr fd;k x;kA uoacj
1908 esa ^f'k{kk* IkqLrd esa lekfo"VAº
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:12
tokcnsgh µ fdldh vkSj D;ksa\
m"kk 'kekZ·
xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk osQ fy, ;g ”k:jh gS fd f'k{kk ls tqM+s O;fDr;ksa dh tokcnsgh
lqfuf'pr dh tk, vkSj ;g Hkh toknsgh dks mlosQ ldkjkRed ifjizs{; esa le>k tk,A
^f'k{kk dk vf/dkj* osQ ckn bldh vko';drk vkSj Hkh ^xekZus* rFkk ^xgjkus* yxh gSA
tokcnsgh osQ ekè;e ls dk;Z ls tqM+s fofHkUu i{kksa dh fu"ifÙk dks ns[kus dk iz;kl fd;k
tkrk gSA ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd ^tokcnsgh vPNk ifj.kke izkIr djus dk ,d
fof'k"V iz;kl gSA* izk;% tokcnsgh osQ leFkZd ;g ekurs gSa fd f'k{kd dh tokcnsgh
fuf'pr dj nsus ls f'k{kkFkhZ dh fu"ifÙk osQ }kjk f'k{kd osQ dk;Z vksj izHkko dk ewY;kadu
fd;k tk ldrk gSA f'k{kd ftruk vf/d izHkko'kkyh gksxk] f'k{kkFkhZ mruk gh vf/d
lh[k losQxkA ijarq ;g vf/d roZQlaxr izrhr ugha gksrkA ,d ckyd tc fo|ky; esa izos'k
ysrk gS rks vusd izdkj dh Nki ml ij igys ls gh vafdr gksrh gSA ckyd dh lksp]
mldk O;ogkj vius ifjokj] lekt] okrkoj.k vkSj viuh ckSf¼d ;ksX;rk ls izHkkfor
gksrk gSA f'k{kkFkhZ dh vfHko`fÙk] mldh Lo&/kj.kk] ewY;ksa osQ fy, fdl izdkj f'k{kd dks
iw.kZ :i ls tokcnsg fl¼ fd;k tk ldrk gS\ tcfd ;s fo|ky; osQ ckgj vU; rÙoksa
ls vf/d izHkkfor gksrs gSaA vkb,] oqQN bUgha [kkl eqíksa ij xgjkbZ ls fopkj djsaA
^f'k{kk dk vf/dkj* osQ fØ;kUo;u osQ ckn
vc f'k{kk ls tqM+s lHkh O;fDr;ksa dh tokcnsgh
lqfuf'pr gks xbZ gSA loky tc xq.koÙkkiw.kZ
f'k{kk dk gks rks ;g elyk vkSj Hkh xaHkhj gks
tkrk gSA f'k{kd] izkpk;Z] LowQy eSustesaV desVh
osQ lnL;] f'k{kk vf/dkjh--- vkSj Hkh lHkh
O;fDr tks bl f'k{kk&O;oLFkk osQ gj igyw ls
tqM+s gSaA fiQj pkgs os ljdkjh fo|ky; gksa ;k
v/Z&ljdkjh ;k fiQj rFkkdfFkr ifCyd LowQy
(tks oLrqr% ifCyd osQ fy, gSa gh ugha)! ;fn
xgjkbZ ls fopkj djsa rks ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd
orZeku lanHkksZa esa ^tokcnsgh* dh ladYiuk ,d
vk/kjHkwr vko';drk osQ :i esa mHkjdj vkbZ
gSA tokcnsgh ,d c`gr~ ladYiuk gSA tokcnsgh
· ,lksfl,V izksI+ksQlj] izkjafHkd f'k{kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh&110016
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 14
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:12
tokcnsgh µ fdldh vkSj D;ksa\
osQ ekè;e ls dk;Z ls tqM+s fofHkUu i{kksa dh
miyfC/ dks ns[kus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA
blesa Ik`"Biks"k.k ;k ^I+kQhMcSd* dh izfØ;k Hkh
'kkfey jgrh gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa] tokcnsgh csgrj
ifj.kke izkIr djus dk ,d fof'k"V iz;kl gSA
f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa f'k{kd dh tokcnsgh osQ
fy, dkSu&ls ekud r; fd, tk,¡\ tokcnsgh
lqfuf'pr djus ls f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kj
yk;k tk ldrk gSA 'krZ ;g gS fd tokcnsgh dks
mfpr ,oa ldkjkRed n`f"V ls fy;k tk,A ijarq
;g Hkh lR; gS fd tokcnsgh dh lkFkZdrk rHkh
gS tc mlosQ lkFk vf/dkj vFkok Lok;Ùkrk
lac¼ gksA f'k{kd viuk o`fÙkd dk;Z djus gsrq
'kSf{kd :Ik ls Lora=k gksuk pkfg,A
ledkyhu 'kSf{kd xfrfof/;ksa dk ,d izeq[k
egRoiw.kZ vko';d fcanq bl :Ik esa lkeus vk;k
gS fd ^f'k{kk dks ,d m|ksx osQ :i esa LFkkfir
fd;k tk jgk gS* vFkkZr~ f'k{kk ,d uSfrd fo"k;
dh vis{kk osQoy ,d O;kolkf;d n`f"Vdks.k ls
ns[kh tkus yxh gSA f'k{kk dh laLo`Qfr vc m|ksx
dh laLo`Qfr&lh curh tk jgh gSA bl rjg
m|ksxksa osQ fofHkUu Ik{k LokHkkfod n``f"V ls f'k{kk
osQ lkFk tqM+ tkrs gSaA ftuesa ls tokcnsgh vFkok
mÙkjnkf;Ro ,d izeq[k fcanq gSA bl tokcnsgh
dk ewy rÙo ;gh gS fd deZpkjh vius dk;Z
dh oqQ'kyrk] ifj.kke vkfn osQ izfr tokcnsg
gSaA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr&1986 us Li"V :Ik ls
f'k{kdksa dks bl lanHkZ esa ysrs gq, ekuk gS fd
f'k{kdksa dks vius dk;Z osQ izfr tokcnsg gksuk
pkfg,A bl lanHkZ esa fofHkUu Ikzdkj osQ fopkj
i{k rFkk foi{k esa izkIr gksrs gSaA mPp f'k{kk osQ
lanHkZ esa bl fo"k; ij foiqy lkfgR; miyC/
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 15
15
gS ftlesa Lok;Ùkrk cuke tokcnsgh osQ iz'u osQ
ekè;e ls bl fo"k; ij fopkj fd;k x;k gSA
vkb,] vc ,d n`f"V tokcnsgh dh ladYiuk
vFkok Lo:Ik ij MkysaA ;w¡ rks ^tokcnsgh* 'kCn
,d iqjkuk 'kCn gSA 'kCndks'k osQ vuqlkj bldk
laca/ dk;Z osQ ys[ks&tks[ks ls gSA ;g vius vki
esa ,d izdkj ls vkfFkZd 'kCn gSA Li"V :Ik ls
vU; 'kCnksa esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd tokcnsgh
dk laca/ bl fcanq ls gS fd ;fn ge fdlh
dk;Z esa fuos'k djrs gSa rks mlosQ cnys esa vPNk
iQy izkIr gksuk pkfg,A tokcnsgh dk lh/k
laca/ fu"IkfÙk osQ ewY;kadu ls gS] vnk (input)
,oa iznk (output) dh izfØ;k ls gSA oscLVj
dh ^FkMZ U;w baVjus'kuy fMD'kujh* osQ vuqlkj
tokcnsgh osQ nks ek;us gSa µ
•• tokcnsg cuus ;ksX; (capable of being
accounted)
•• fo"k; ftlosQ fy, tokcnsg cuk;k tk,
(subject to giving an account)
oqQN fopkjd tokcnsgh dks vO;kolkf;d
leL;kvksa osQ fo#¼ ,d O;kolkf;d psruk
osQ :Ik esa Lohdkj djrs gSaA oqQN fopkjdksa
dk ;g ekuuk gS fd tokcnsgh ,d izdkj dh
^ekSu izfrKk* gS] tks okLrfod vko';drkvksa
osQ fo#¼ >wBh vkRer`fIr nsrh gSA nwljh vksj
oqQN fopkjdksa dk ekuuk gS fd tokcnsgh og
u;k vkfo"dkj gS tks vius vLi"V ,oa /q¡/ys
eap ij lHkh nkoksa dks cM+h oqQ'kyrk ls ekidj
crkrh gS rFkk tuleqnk; dks vkdf"kZr fd,
jgrh gSA ysfdu Lo;a lc nkf;Roksa ls eqDr jgrh
gSA foeyk MksjFkh osQ vuqlkj ^tokcnsgh dk
lk/kj.k vkSj loZekU; rkRi;Z ;g fy;k tkrk gS
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:12
16
fd ljdkjh ;k xSj ljdkjh] os lHkh deZpkjh tks
fdlh dk;Z osQ fy, fu;qDr fd, tkrs gSa] ml
dk;Z osQ mís'; dks Ikwjk djus osQ fy, iwjh rjg
tokcnsg gSaA* dk;Z osQ vPNs vkSj cqjs nksuksa i{k
mlh osQ dk;Z djus dh 'kSyh dks IkzdV djrs
gSaA bls vf/d liQyrk ls bl Ikzdkj le>k
tk ldrk gS fd ¶iqfyl deZpkjh iqfyl jgs]
f'k{kd f'k{kd jgs] U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kf/dkjh
U;k; djsa] iz'kklfud vf/dkjh iz'kklu O;oLFkk
djsaA¸
^tokcnsgh* dh ladYiuk osQ lanHkZ esa ;g
Hkh è;krO; gS fd ^tokcnsgh* ,oa ^ewY;kadu*
ijLij lekukFkZd 'kCn ugha gSaA ;|fi tokcnsgh
Li"V :i ls ewY;kadu ij fuHkZj djrh gS rFkkfi
;g ,d o`gr~ ladYiuk gSA tokcnsgh osQ ekè;e
ls dk;Z ls tqM+s fofHkUu i{kksa dh fu"ifÙk dks
ns[kus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA blesa Ikzfriqf"V
vFkok i`"Biks"k.k dh izfØ;k Hkh lfEefyr jgrh
gSA vr% ;g Li"V gS fd ^tokcnsgh vPNk
ifj.kke izkIr djus dk ,d fof'k"V iz;kl gSA*
f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa tokcnsgh vis{kko`Qr ,d
uohu ladYiuk gSA ;g ;qx tokcnsgh dk ;qx
gSA bl tokcnsgh osQ ;qx esa f'k{kk dks ,d
tokcnsgh fo"k; osQ :i esa cgqr ljyrk ls
Lohdkj ugha fd;k x;kA ;g lc ekurs gq, Hkh
fd f'k{kk dk Lrj fuf'pr :Ik ls fnu&izfrfnu
fxjrk tk jgk gS] fiQj Hkh bldk gkfnZd Lokxr
ugha gqvkA vxj Loho`Qfr dk Ikz'u mBrk Hkh gS
rks bl :i esa fd vc dksbZ vkSj vU; mik;
ughaA varr% mlosQ D;k dkj.k gSa\ tokcnsgh
'kCn ,d izdkj dk ukjk gS] iSQ'ku gS ftldh
ygj esa ewy fl¼karksa osQ dk;ks± dh Hkh tokcnsgh
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 16
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
fuf'pr dh tk,A f'k{kk&txr esa tokcnsgh dh
ladYiuk ,oa vko';drk vusd rÙoksa vFkok
dkjdksa osQ dkj.k mRiUu gqbZ gS] ;Fkk&;kaf=kdh
osQ uokpkjksa dk Ikzos'k] fof'k"V ;kstuk,¡] f'k{kk
dk fxjrk Lrj] f'k{kk esa jktuhfr dk izos'k]
tuleqnk; dk f'k{kdksa osQ izfr fo'okl dk
vHkko vkfnA
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr&1986 osQ Hkkx&9
(f'k{kd) esa f'k{kd dh tokcnsgh osQ iz'u dks
mBkrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd ^tokcnsgh & ekud
r; fd, tk,¡xsA vPNs dk;Z dks izksRlkfgr fd;k
tk,xk vkSj fuf"Ø;rk dks fu#RlkfgrA* blh
uhfr osQ Hkkx&7 (f'k{kk & O;oLFkk dks dkjxj
cukuk) esa f'k{kk & ra=k dks lfØ; cukus dh
ppkZ dh xbZ gSA lkFk gh ^vè;kidksa dks vf/d
lqfo/k,¡ vkSj lkFk gh mudh vf/d tokcnsgh*
dh Hkh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
jk"Vªh; f'k{kd vk;ksx&I (1983&85) us
vè;k;&9 esa (f'k{kd ls lekt dh vis{kk,¡)
f'k{kdksa ls lacaf/r leL;kvksa dks mBk;k
gSA blosQ vuqlkj gekjs f'k{kdksa dk orZeku
dk;Z&fu"iknu&Lrj vis{kk ls dkiQh uhpk gSA
f'k{kdksa osQ 'kSf{kd rFkk vU; dk;k±s dk dksbZ
ewY;kadu ugha gksrk vkSj f'k{kd okLro esa fdlh
osQ izfr Hkh mÙkjnk;h ugha gksrsA csgrj osru
,oa dk;Z&ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ ckotwn f'k{kd us
viuk Ikkjaifjd lEeku [kks fn;k gSA jkT; esa
vf/dka'k f'k{kd u rks fo|kFkhZ osQ izfr vkSj u
gh lekt osQ izfr vius dÙkZO;ksa osQ lkFk U;k;
djrs gSaA dkjZokbZ ;kstukµ1986 osQ vuqlkj
^f'k{kd&ewY;kadu osQ fy, ,d O;kid] [kqyh
izfrHkkxh vkSj vk¡dM+k&vk/kfjr i¼fr LFkkfir
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:12
tokcnsgh µ fdldh vkSj D;ksa\
dh tk,xhA tks FkksM+s cgqr f'k{kd viuk fu"iknu
ugha ns ldrs vFkok è;kuiwoZd dke ugha djrs
mUgsa vyx dj fn;k tk,xk vkSj tgk¡ vko';d
gksxk mUgsa leqfpr naM Hkh fn;k tk,xkA*
bl iwjh ppkZ osQ ckn ;g rLkohj lkIk+ Q gksrh
gS fd f'k{kk osQ fxjrs Lrj osQ fy, f'k{kd Hkh
dkiQh gn rd mÙkjnk;h gaAS mls mlosQ mÙkjnkf;Ro
osQ Ikzfr ltx djus gsrq mldh tokcnsgh fuf'pr
djuk vR;ar vko';d gSA
;g Li"V gS fd f'k{kd dh tokcnsgh
,d vko';drk osQ :i esa mHkjdj vkbZ
gS fiQj Hkh f'k{kd dh tokcnsgh dks fdlh
ifjHkk"kk esa ck¡/uk vis{kko`Qr eqf'dy dke gSA
dkj.k Li"V gS fd f'k{kk u osQoy f'k{kkFkhZ osQ
fujh{k.kh; cká O;ogkj ls lacaf/r gS vfirq og
vfujh{k.kh; lkSan;Z&Hkkouk] laosxkRed fodkl
,oa uSfrd fodkl rFkk O;fDrRo osQ vU; Ik{kksa
ls Hkh lacaf/r gSA ;s oqQN ,sls i{k gSa ftuosQ
ekiu osQ fLFkj ekud ekunaMksa dk vis{kko`Qr
vHkko&lk izrhr gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa f'k{kd
dh tokcnsgh dh dlkSVh D;k gks\ D;k osQoy
vuqHkokRed fujh{k.kh; O;ogkj] f'k{kkFkhZ osQ
vad vFkok O;ogkjoqQ'kyrk vkSj laosnu'khyrk]
pkfjf=kd n`<+rk\ tokcnsgh osQ leFkZd Hkh
,der ugha gSaA os fofHkUu mís';ksa dks è;ku esa
j[krs gq, tokcnsgh dks fofHkUu izdkj ls ns[kus
dk Ikz;kl djrs gSaA vr% fcuk lksps&fopkjs bls
f'k{kd ij ugha Fkksik tkuk pkfg,A
izk;% tokcnsgh osQ leFkZd ;g ekurs gSa
fd f'k{kd dh tokcnsgh fuf'pr dj nsus
ls f'k{kkFkhZ dh fu"ifÙk osQ }kjk f'k{kd osQ
dk;Z vkSj izHkko dk ewY;kadu fd;k tk ldrk
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 17
17
gSA f'k{kd ftruk vf/d izHkko'kkyh gksxk]
f'k{kkFkhZ mruk gh vf/d lh[k losQxkA ijarq
;g vf/d roZQlaxr izrhr ugha gksrkA ,d
ckyd tc fo|ky; esa izos'k ysrk gS rks vusd
izdkj dh Nki ml ij igys ls gh vafdr
gksrh gSA ckyd dh lksp] mldk O;ogkj vius
ifjokj] lekt] okrkoj.k vkSj viuh ckSf¼d
;ksX;rk ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA ckyd ek=k 5&6
?kaVs gh f'k{kd osQ laioZQ esa jgrk gSA 'ks"k
le; og vius ifjokj] lekt] leo;Ld
lewg ls tqM+s ifjos'k osQ laioZQ esa jgrk gSA
bl ifjos'k dk IkzHkko mlosQ vkpj.k] O;ogkj
esa Li"Vr% ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA vr% f'k{kd dks
mu O;ogkjksa] ifjfLFkfr;ksa] vkpj.k osQ fy,
tokcnsg fdl Ikzdkj cuk;k tk ldrk gS] ftl
ij mldk iw.kZ :i ls dksbZ fu;a=k.k ugha gS vkSj
u gh tks vf/xe osQ izsjdnk;h gSaA f'k{kkFkhZ dh
vfHko`fÙk] mldh Lo&/kj.kk] ewY;ksa osQ fy,
fdl izdkj f'k{kd dks iw.kZ :i ls tokcnsg
fl¼ fd;k tk ldrk gS\ tcfd ;s fo|ky;
osQ ckgj vU; rÙoksa ls vf/d izHkkfor gksrs gSaA
f'k{kd dh tokcnsgh dk Ikz'u ml oxZ
dh lksp dk ifj.kke gS ftudh le>] lksp
ifj.kkeksUeq[kh gSA tks vius cPpksa ij O;; fd,
x, /u dk izfriQy rqjar pkgrs gSaA os O;; dh
xbZ jkf'k osQ va'k&va'k dk fglkc tkuuk pkgrs
gSaA lkekU;r% ;g /kj.kk O;kIr gS fd f'k{kk
dh xq.kkRedrk dk ewY;kadu mlosQ lqifjHkkf"kr
mís';ksa osQ lanHkZ esa fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ;g
Hkh fd ;fn f'k{kkFkhZ lh[krk ugha gS rks bldk
izeq[k dkj.k ;g gS fd f'k{kd us i<+k;k ugha gSA
fof'k"V O;kogkfjd mís';ksa dh lwph osQ lanHkZ esa
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:12
18
f'k{k.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djus dh ;g izof` Ùk ckyd
dks e'khuh ;kaf=kdrk ls vkc¼ dj nsuk pkgrh
gSA ftlesa ;fn ,d fljs ls oqQN Mkyk tk, rks
og rqjra nwljs fljs ls izfriQy osQ :i esa ckgj
fudy vk,A ;g laoQq fpr izof` Ùk ml rF; dks
Hkh udkjrh gS ftlosQ vuqlkj leLr izdkj dk
vf/xe laHkkO; gS rFkk fo|ky; osQ vkarfjd
,oa cká ifjos'k esa fo|eku dkjdksa ls izHkkfor
gksrk gSA ;g laoQq fpr izof` Ùk ckyd dh oS;fDrd
fHkUurk osQ fl¼kar dh Hkh vogsyuk djrh gSA
lkekU;r% f'k{kd dks ,d peRdkjh O;fDr
osQ :i esa fy;k tkrk gS tks viuh lhfer
Hkwfedk] vi;kZIr lalk/u] lekt esa lg;ksxh
osQ :Ik esa gksus osQ mijkar Hkh peRdkjiw.kZ dk;Z
djus osQ ;ksX; gSA ckyd ls ysdj jk"Vª&fuekZ.k
rd dk leLr mÙkjnkf;Ro osQoy mldk gSA
mls mu ckrksa osQ fy, Hkh tokcnsg cuk;k tkrk
gS ftlosQ fy, lekt osQ vU; O;fDr;ksa dks
tokcnsg cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A ge izk;% ;g Hkwy
tkrs gSa fd bl iwjs jk"Vª esa osQoy f'k{kd gh
f'k{kkFkhZ dh fu;fr dk fu;ked ugha gSA mls u
rks lekt ls visf{kr lg;ksx gh fey ikrk gS
vksj u gh ifjokj lsA fiQj ckyd osQ lok±xh.k
fodkl osQ fy, D;k osQoy f'k{kd dks gh
tokcnsg cuk;k tkuk pkfg,\
tokcnsgh dk Ikz'u ,d lh/k&lknk iz'u
ugha gSA f'k{kd dh tokcnsgh vius ls Åij
osQ Ikz'kkldksa dh tokcnsgh ls tqM+h gSA Hkyk
iz'kkldh; vnwjnf'kZrk] jktuhfrd nk¡o&isap]
f'k{kk osQ Ikzfr xaHkhj n`f"Vdks.k dk tokcnsg
vè;kid oSQls gks ldrk gS\
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 18
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
izk;% ge lHkh bl rF; dks Hkwy tkrs gSa
fd f'k{kd ftu foy{k.k fLFkfr;ksa esa dk;Z dj
jgk gS ogk¡ lalk/u cgqr lhfer gSa] mldk
dk;Z&{ks=k cgqr NksVk gS ysfdu mlls dh tk
jgh vis{kkvksa dk Lo:i vlhfer gSA og Hkh
,d lkekU; ekuo gS ftldh viuh dfri;
lhek,¡ gSaA fo|ky; osQ ml ikB~;Øe osQ fy,
Hkh izk;% f'k{kd dks tokcnsg ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk
gS] ftlosQ fuèkkZj.k esa mldh dksbZ Li"V] IkzR;{k
,oa lfØ; Hkwfedk ugha gksrhA ;g ikB~;Øe
Hkh lhfer dkyka'kksa] lhfer vof/ osQ nk;js esa
vkc¼ gSA f'k{kd osQ le{k ;g iz'u mHkjrk gS
fd og cksf>y ikB~;Øe dks fu/kZfjr] lhfer
le;kof/ esa Ikw.kZ djus dks izkFkfedrk iznku
djs vFkok ckyd esa ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk fodkl
djus dks izkFkfedrk ns] tks mls ,d lqlH;
ukxfjd] ,d csgrj ekuo cukus esa ;ksxnku nsrs
gSaA bl lanHkZ esa ;g Hkh è;krO; gS fd tc
dHkh ewY;ksa dh ppkZ gksrh gS rks fo|ky; vkSj
lekt] ifjokj osQ ewY; vkil esa Vdjkrs gSaA
ewY;ksa dh ;g }a}kRed fLFkfr f'k{kd osQ fy,
tfVy leL;k cu tkrh gSA mlosQ le{k vusd
Ikz'u mB [kM+s gks tkrs gSa fd og fdl IkFk dk
vuqxeu djsA bl lanHkZ esa feyj dk dFku
mYys[kuh; gS fd ^;g vU;k;iw.kZ gksxk fd fdlh
f'k{kd dks mu y{;ksa osQ fy, tokcnsg cuk;k
tk, ftUgsa fu/kZfjr djus esa mudh dksbZ Hkwfedk
ughaA ftldk p;u og ugha dj ldrk] ftldh
dk;Z&iz.kkyh osQ fy, og Lo&fu.kZ; ugha ys
ldrk] mu lalk/uksa dks vius Lrj ij IkzkIr ugha
dj ldrk] ftldh mls vko';drk gSA*
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:12
tokcnsgh µ fdldh vkSj D;ksa\
fo|ky;h ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,sls vusd mnkgj.k
izkIr gks tkrs gSa ftuesa f'k{kd vusd ckj fojks/
dks lgu djrk gSA ;g fojks/ f'k{kk osQ izfr
n`f"Vdks.k] f'k{k.k&i¼fr osQ lanHkZ esa gks ldrk
gSA fojks/ iz'kklu] fo|ky;&izeq[k] lg;ksxh
f'k{kd fdlh osQ Hkh }kjk gks ldrk gSA vr%
bl fojks/kRed ifjfLFkfr esa D;k f'k{kd dks
tokcnsg cuk;k tk ldrk gS\
tokcnsgh dks ;fn lgh ,oa ldkjkRed
n`f"Vdks.k ls fy;k tk, tks fuf'pr :Ik ls ;g
vf/d dkjxj fl¼ gksxhA ;fn ge ;g eku
ysa fd f'k{kdksa dh tokcnsgh dks fuf'pr djus
ls f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kj gksxk gh rks Ikz'u
mBrk gS fd f'k{kd dks fdlosQ fy, tokcnsg
cuk;k tk, vFkok f'k{kd dh tokcnsgh dk
lanHkZ D;k gksA osQoy vad ijh{kk ifj.kke vFkok
f'k{kk ls lac¼ leLr i{kksa osQ izfr mldh
laosnu'khyrk\ f'k{kkFkhZ dks osQoy bl ;ksX; cuk
nsuk fd og ljyrkiwoZd jks”kxkj IkzkIr dj losQ
vFkok mldk lekthdj.k & tks lekt ,oa
jk"Vª osQ fy, fgrdj gS\ f'k{kkFkhZ dk HkkSfrd]
vkfFkZd i{k vFkok mldk ekuoh; ewY;ksa ls
ifjiwfjr uSfrd i{k\ ge D;k pkgrs gSa\ ckyd
dk osQoy KkukRed fodkl vFkok mldk
lok±xh.k fodkl\ ge ckyd dks fo'odks'k]
oaQI;wVj cukuk pkgrs gSa vFkok ekuo\ varr%
iz'u mBrk gS fd f'k{kd dh tokcnsgh fdl
:i esa lqfuf'pr dh tk,A
laiw.kZ ppkZ osQ mijkar dgk tk ldrk gS
fd tokcnsgh dh lkFkZdrk blesa fufgr gS fd
mlosQ lkFk vf/dkj vFkok Lok;Ùkrk Hkh lac¼
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 19
19
gksA f'k{kd viuk o`fÙkd dk;Z djus gsrq 'kSf{kd
:i ls Lora=k gksuk pkfg,A ftldk vFkZ ;g
gS fd f'k{k.k&lkexzh rFkk f'k{kk&iz.kkfy;ksa dk
p;u djus vkSj viukus esa ,oa f'k{kkFkhZ dh
izxfr dk ewY;kadu djus osQ fy, mfpr le>h
xbZ ewY;kadu rduhdksa dk p;u djus esa mls
^cksyus* dk vf/dkj gksuk pkfg,A Lok;Ùkrk ,oa
tokcnsgh ijLij ,d&nwljs osQ iwjd gSaA ;s nksuksa
,d gh flDosQ osQ nks igyw gSaA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk
uhfr&1986 osQ vuqlkj ^ljdkj vkSj lekt dks
,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ cukuh pkfg, ftuls vè;kidksa
dks fuekZ.k vkSj l`tu dh vksj c<+us dh izsj.kk
feysA vè;kidksa dks bl ckr dh vktknh gksuh
pkfg, fd os u;s iz;ksx dj losaQ vkSj laisz"k.k
dh u;h mi;qDr fof/;k¡ vkSj vius leqnk; dh
leL;kvksa vkSj {kerkvksa osQ vuq:Ik u;s mik;
fudky losaQA* f'k{kdksa dks ;g Lok;Ùkrk gksuh
pkfg, fd os vius fu/kZfjr dk;ks± dks Ikw.kZ dj
losaQA mís'; izkfIr osQ fy, os viuh ;kstuk
cuk losaQA mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks lkekU; cukus
dk iz;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftuesa f'k{kd&oxZ
dk;Z djrk gSA mu cká ,oa vkarfjd leLr
dkjdksa dks fu;af=kr djus dk Ikz;kl djuk pkfg,
tks f'k{kd dh dk;Z&iz.kkyh ,oa f'k{kk&ra=k dks
izHkkfor djrs gSaA rHkh gesa f'k{kd dh tokcnsgh
dks fuf'pr djus dk vf/dkj gSA
f'k{kd dh tokcnsgh osQ lanHkZ eas ;g
è;krO; gS fd tokcnsgh lkè; :Ik esa u gksdj
lk/u :i esa iz;qDr gksA bls f'k{kk esa xq.koÙkk
ykus osQ ,d lk/u osQ :i esa ns[kk tk, u fd
osQoy lkè; :Ik esaA tokcnsgh osQ fy, lnL;ksa
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:12
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
20
dh igpku djuk ,oa mudh detksfj;ksa dks nwj
djus osQ fy, izkIr vk¡dM+ksa dk IkqjLdkj@naM nsus
osQ fy, iz;qDr ugha djuk pkfg,A
^tokcnsgh* 'kCn iz;kliwoZd dk;Z djokus
osQ vFkZ dks laiszf"kr djrk gSA blesa Hkkouk] fu"Bk
tSls xq.kksa dk vHkko&lk Ikzrhr gksrk gSA vr% ;g
lq>ko gS fd bl 'kCn osQ LFkku ij ^izfrc¼rk*
'kCn dk Ikz;ksx fd;k tk,A izfrc¼rk f'k{kd
osQ eu esa ;g Hkkouk mRiUu djus esa lgk;d
gksxh fd og vius dk;Z dks liQyrkiwoZd] iw.kZ
bZekunkjh ,oa fu"Bk osQ lkFk djsA
varr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd f'k{kk ;fn
,d lkekftd f”kEesnkjh gS rks ;g lR; gS fd
f'k{kd gh bl f”kEesnkjh dk fuokZgd gS] Ikzeq[k
gSA f'k{kk dk Lrj cgqr oqQN mlosQ fuokZgd
osQ Lo:i ij fuHkZj djrk gSA f'k{kk tSls fo"k;
osQ fy, tokcnsg gksuk ,d vR;ar egRoiw.kZ
o vko';d IkzfØ;k gSA ijarq ;g Hkh lR; gS
fd ;g f”kEesnkjh osQoy f'k{kd dh gh ugha
gSA ;g Bhd gS fd og izeq[k fuokZgd gS
ijarq ;g Hkh mruk gh lR; gS fd osQoy ogh
fuokZgd Hkh ugha gSA oLrqr% lHkh fuokZgd vius
vki esa izeq[k gaSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tokcnsgh
tSlh egRoiw.kZ ,oa xaHkhj leL;k dks osQoy
f'k{kd rd gh lhfer ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
bls ,d iwjh bZekunkjh] xkaHkh;Z ,oa fu"Bk osQ
lkFk ns[kuk gksxk vkSj mlosQ fy, ,d leqfpr
okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djrs gq, iwoZ&ijh{k.k vkfn
osQ ekè;e ls tk¡puk gksxkA Bksl mik; djus
gksaxsA lekt dh fofHkUurk osQ vuq:i fofHkUu
izdkj osQ ijh{k.k&i=kksa dk fuekZ.k djuk gksxkA
lkFk gh ;g è;ku nsuk gksxk fd] tSlk fd
Ikzk;% lHkh f'k{kkfon~ Lohdkj djrs gSa & vad
O;fDr dh es/k vFkok O;ogkj osQ Ikzek.k ugha
gSaA vr% tokcnsgh dks vadksa rd lhfer dj
nsuk] mls vadksa ls rksyuk] bls fuf'pr rkSj
ij ,d 'kS{kf.kd izfØ;k ugha ekuk tk ldrk
vr% tokcnsgh tSls egRoiw.kZ] xaHkhj] xgu iz'u
osQ fy, egRoiw.kZ] xaHkhj] xgu mÙkj dks gh
[kkstuk gksxkA laHkor% tokcnsgh osQ ekè;e ls
ftl iz'u dks mBkus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS]
og tokcnsgh u gksdj izfrc¼rk gSA ;g Li"V
izrhr gksrk gS fd tokcnsgh dk izFke lksiku
izfrc¼rk gSA
lanHkZ
izkFkfed ,oa lsosaQMjh f'k{kk funs'kky; (tqykbZ&flracj 1986)- u;k f'k{kd- jktLFkkuHkkjr ljdkj- 1983&85- jk"Vªh; f'k{kd vk;ksx&11986- jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr- ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky;] f'k{kk foHkkx] u;h fnYyh1992- jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr&1986µ dk;Z ;kstuk- ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky;] f'k{kk foHkkx]
u;h fnYyhjk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k Ikfj"kn~- 1988- var% lsok vè;kid laos"Bu- [kaM 1] u;h fnYyh-
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 20
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:12
cPps vkSj Ik;kZoj.k µ Ik;kZoj.k f'k{kk osQ
lekt'kkL=kh; vk;ke
½"kHk oqQekj feJ·
Ik;kZoj.k fuEuhdj.k vkSj mlls mith leL;k,¡ lkoZtfud foe'kZ dk fo"k; cu pqosQ gSaA
bl foe'kZ dks fn'kk nsus vkSj cPpksa dks blesa lgHkkxh cukus dk dk;Z LowQyksa osQ }kjk Hkh
fd;k tk jgk gSA blh ifjizs{; esa bl 'kks/dk;Z esa mPp izkFkfed d{kkvksa esa i<+us okys
cPpksa dh ^Ik;kZoj.k* dh vo/kj.kk dk O;k[;kRed vè;;u fd;k x;k gSA 'kks/dk;Z esa
;g mHkjdj vk;k fd lgHkkxh Nk=k vkSj Nk=kkvksa dh Ik;kZoj.k dh le> ,dkdh u gksdj
cgqfo/ gSA ;|fi Nk=k@Nk=kk,¡] Ik;kZoj.k dks izo`Qfr izèkku Ik;kZoj.k ls ysdj] ekuoh;
xfrfof/ osQ izHkko ls {kf;r Ik;kZoj.k osQ vk;ke esa le>rs gaS] ysfdu Ik;kZoj.k dks izo`Qfr
osQ lerqY; le>us dh izo`fÙk dh izcyrk gSA os euq"; dks ,d ,sls lfØ; vfHkdrkZ osQ
:Ik esa ns[k jgs gSa tks Ik;kZoj.k esa cnyko dj jgk gS ysfdu ekuo dks os Ik;kZoj.k ls
brj vkSj le:Ik lewg eku jgs gSaA bUgha izo`fÙk;ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, Ik;kZoj.k f'k{kk
osQ fy, f'k{kk'kkL=kh; vk;kekaas dks Hkh lq>k;k x;k gSA
vktdy Ik;kZoj.k fo"k;d eqís gekjs nSfud
laKku dk vax cu pqosQ gSaA ehfM;k }kjk
^xks xzhu* osQ ukjs dk izpkj gks ;k Ik;kZoj.k
dh laiks"k.kh;rk vkSj lqj{kk osQ fy, ljdkjh
;kstukvksa dh izpqjrk] ;k LowQykssa dh nhokjksa ij
Ik;kZoj.k dh pqukSfr;ksa dks fn[kkrs iksLVj gksa_ ;ss
lHkh izrhd Ik;kZoj.k osQ izfr c<+rh lpsrrk dks
n'kkZrs gSaA thou dh xq.koÙkk dks Ik;kZoj.k dh
fLFkfr ls tksM+dj ns[kk tkus yxk gS (Muyi
o vU;] 1992)A blh dM+h esa f'k{kk dks bl
psruk osQ izlkj dk ,d eq[; vfHkdj.k ekuk
x;k gS (;wusLdks] 1992)] ;wusLdks (1995)]
vkbZ-;w-lh-,u- (1991)A Ik;kZoj.k fo"k;d eqíksa
dks LowQy ls ysdj mPp f'k{kk rd osQ ikB~;Øe
dk vax cuk;k x;kA LowQy Lrj ij foKku]
Ik;kZoj.k vè;;u vkSj lkekftd foKku osQ
· 'kks/ Nk=k] lh-vkbZ-bZ-] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh&110007
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 21
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:12
22
varxZr Hkwxksy esa Ik;kZoj.k fo"k;d eqíksa dk
vkPNknu ns[kk tk ldrk gSA jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ
dh :ijs[kkµ2005 esa ^vkokl vkSj lh[kuk*]
iQksdl i=k esa ^Ik;kZoj.k f'k{kk* dks eq[; LFkku
fn;k x;k gSA ;g nLrkost Ik;kZoj.k&{kj.k dh
vizR;kf'kr xfr dks fparuh; ekurk gS vkSj
Ik;kZoj.k f'k{kk esa izko`Qfrd vkokl dks le>us
vkSj mldh ns[kHkky djus osQ fy, izsfjr djus
osQ ekè;e osQ :i esa ns[krk gSA blesa ;g Hkh
lq>k;k x;k gS fd Ik;kZoj.k vè;;u dks fofHkUu
fo"k;ksa ls tksM+k tk, vkSj bl ij vk/kfjr
izklafxd xfrfof/;ksa dks ikB~;p;kZ dk vax
cuk;k tk,A bl iQksdl i=k esa Ik;kZoj.k f'k{kk
osQ rhu mikxeksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gS&
•• Ik;kZoj.k osQ fo"k; esa f'k{kkµprqfnZd iSQys
Ik;kZoj.k osQ izko`Qfrd vkSj ekuoh; ?kVdksa
osQ izfr vf/xedrkZ dks lpsr djukA
•• Ik;kZoj.k osQ }kjk f'k{kkµIk;kZoj.k dks lh[kus
osQ lalk/u osQ :i esa vf/xe vuqHko ls
tksMu+ kA
•• Ik;kZoj.k osQ fy, f'k{kk&Ik;kZoj.kh; fuEuhdj.k
dh fLFkfr] dkj.k vkSj izHkko osQ izfr O;kid
vkSj vkykspukRed n`f"Vdks.k dk fodklA
bu leLr iz;klksa osQ vkyksd esa iz'u mBrk
gS fd Ik;kZoj.k vkSj mlls tqMs+ eqíksa osQ izfr cPpksa
dh le> dh izoQ` fr D;k gS\ foxr o"kksaZ esa fd,
x, vè;;uksa dks ns[kk tk, rks irk pyrk gS fd
Ik;kZoj.k ls tqMh+ leL;k,¡ tSl&s izn"w k.k] oSf'od
m".ku] tyok;q ifjorZu vkfn osQ izfr cPpksa dh
le> 'kks/ dk;Z dk fgLlk jgs gSa (fjfoaQlu]
2006)A osQoy oqQN dk;k±s esa ^Ik;kZoj.k* dh
le> dks ns[kk x;k gSA ykWxySMa o vU; (2002)
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 22
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
us vius vè;;u esa ik;k fd ekè;fed d{kkvksa
osQ cPps Ik;kZoj.k dks fuEufyf[kr 6 izdkjksa
ls le>rs gS&a Ik;kZoj.k ,d LFkku osQ :Ik es]a
Ik;kZoj.k ,d ,sls LFkku osQ :Ik esa tgk¡ thfor
oLrq,¡ gS]a Ik;kZoj.k ,d ,sls LFkku osQ :Ik esa tgk¡
thfor oLrq,¡ gSa vkSj euq"; jgrk gS] Ik;kZoj.k
ekuo osQ fy, oqQN djrk gS] ekuo us Ik;kZoj.k
cuk;k gS] ekuo vkSj Ik;kZoj.k ijLij lacfa /r gSASa
fyfVyMkbd (2004) us ;w-osQ- esa 'kgj esa jgus
okys cPpksa Ikj vè;;u fd;k vkSj ik;k fd cPps
Ik;kZoj.k dks izoQ` fr lss tksMr+ s gSa vkSj ,slk LFkku
ekurs gSa tgk¡ tkuoj jgrs gSAa vYchZ (2000)
us LohMu osQ cPpksa dh Ik;kZoj.k dh le> dk
vè;;u fd;k vkSj ik;k fd os Ik;kZoj.k dks
ekuo gLr{ksi ls vizHkkfor LFkku osQ :Ik esa ns[k
jgs gSAa es;lZ o vU; (2000) osQ 'kks/dk;Z esa
;g ns[kus dks feyk fd LowQyh Nk=k@Nk=kk,¡ ekuo
dh xfrfof/;ksa dks izn"w k.k dk dkjd ekurs gSAa
blh izdkj 'khiMZlu (2007) us Ik;kZoj.k osQ izfr
cPpksa osQ ^eul~ izfr:Ikksa (Mental Models)*
dk vè;;u fd;k vkSj ik;k fd vk;q vkSj d{kk
osQ Lrj vkSj Ik;kZoj.k osQ izfr cPpksa dh le>
esa dksbZ egRoiw.kZ varj ugha gSA bl 'kks/ dk;Z esa
Ik'pxkeh dne mBkrs gq, Ik;kZoj.kh; vè;;u osQ
osQa nzh; fo"k; ^Ik;kZoj.k* osQ izfr Nk=kksa dh le>
dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA bl vè;;u esa ;g
ns[kus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS fd mPp izkFkfed
d{kk osQ Nk=k@Nk=kk,¡ Ik;kZoj.k ,oa mlosQ ?kVdksas
dks fdl :i esa laiRz ;;ho`Qr dj jgs gS\a bl
vè;;u dk mís'; muosQ Kku osQ Lrj dks ij[kuk
u gksdj mudh le> osQ fofHkUu i{kksa dh iM+rky
djuk gSA
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:12
cPPks vkSj i;kZoj.k µ i;kZoj.k f'k{kk osQ lekt'kkL=kh; vk;ke
'kks/ dk fof/ra=kh; ifjizs{;
bl 'kks/ dk;Z osQ fy, lead ladyu (data
collection) dk dk;Z fnYyh osQ rhu ljdkjh
mPprj ekè;fed fo|ky;kas esa fd;k x;kA izR;sd
fo|ky; osQ d{kk 7 osQ Nk=k@Nk=kkvkas dks lgHkkxh
cuk;k x;kA oqQy 122 Nk=k@Nk=kkvkas us bl
vè;;u esa lgHkkfxrk dhA lHkh lgHkkxh Nk=k@
Nk=kk,¡ fuEu lkekftd vkfFkZd ifjokjksa ls lacfa /r
FksA lead ladyu dk dk;Z l=k 2012&2013 osQ
vDrwcj&uoacj ekg esa fd;k x;kA
LowQy
Nk=k
Nk=k@Nk=kk,¡
Nk=kk,¡
oqQy
v
28
15
43
c
26
16
42
l
24
13
37
23
Lkead ladyu osQ fy, Nk=k@Nk=kkvkas ls
^gekjk Ik;kZoj.k* fo"k; ij fp=k cuok;k x;kA
fp=k cukus osQ ckn Nk=k@Nk=kkvkas dks cuk, x,
fp=k osQ foospu osQ fy, funsZf'kr fd;k x;kA
izR;sd fp=k vkSj mlosQ foospu dks fo'ys"k.k
dh bdkbZ ekuk x;k gSA Nk=kksa }kjk cuk, x, fp=k
vkSj fopkjksa dks lesfdr :i esa ns[kk x;k gSA
fo'ys"k.k osQ nkSjku 8 Nk=kkas osQ fp=k vkSj foospu
viw.kZ FksA bUgsa fo'ys"k.k&bdkbZ ls vyx dj
fn;k x;kA varr% 114 Nk=k@Nk=kkvkas osQ fp=kksa
vkSj mlosQ foospu dks fo'ys"k.k dk vk/kj
cuk;k x;kA fo"k; oLrqxr fo'ys"k.k djrs gq,
izR;sd fp=k vkSj mlosQ foospu esa xq.kkRed
lekurk o vlekurk] iSVuZ vkSj Ik;kZoj.k osQ
?kVd vo;oksa dh izoQ` fr dks è;ku esa j[kk x;k
gS vkSj blh vk/kj ij leLr fp=kksa vkSj foospuksa
dks vyx&vyx 'kh"kZdksa (Fkhe) esa j[kk x;kA
fp=k 1 µ Ikw.kZr;k izko`Qfrd
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 23
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:13
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
24
fp=kµ 2 Ikw.kZr;k izko`Qfrd
fo'ys"k.k o ppkZ
Lkead dk fo'ys"k.k djus ij Ik;kZoj.k osQ izfr
Nk=k@Nk=kkvksa dh le> osQ fuEu izfr:i mHkjdj
lkeus vk,&
Ikw.kZr;k izko`Qfrd
bl izfr:i osQ varxZr 18 Nk=k@Nk=kkvksa osQ
fp=k vkSj foospu vkrs gSaA bu fp=kksa esa osQoy
izko`Qfrd n`'; fn[kk, x, gSaA igkM+] ckny]
lwjt] unh isM+ izR;sd fp=k esa ekStwn gSA bl
oxZ osQ fp=kksa esa ekuo xfrfof/ ;k gLr{ksi osQ
fpg~u vkSj izrhdkssa dks ugha fn[kk;k x;k gSA bu
fp=kksa dh foospuk bu :iksa esa dh xbZ gS&
^gekjs Ik;kZoj.k eas cgqr [kwclwjrh gSA isM+]
iQwy] frryh] i{kh gekjs Ik;kZoj.k dks
[kwclwjr cukrs gSaA isM+ksa osQ dkj.k ge euq";
thfor gSaA*
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 24
^geus isM+] lwjt] ckny cuk;k gS] gekjk
Ik;kZoj.k ,slk gksuk pkfg,*
^;g gekjk Ik;kZoj.k gSA isM+ ls gesa
vkWDlhtu feyrh gS vkSj ;g Ik;kZoj.k dks
gjk&Hkjk j[krk gSA ckny gesa ckfj'k nsrk
gSA fpfM+;k¡ pgpgk osQ bls lqanj cukrh gSa*
^eSaus eSnku vkSj ?kkl fn[kk;k gSA ;s Ik;kZoj.k
dks lqanj cukrs gSaA*
Li"V gS fd bu Nk=kksa us Ik;kZoj.k dks
izo`Qfr dk lekukFkhZ ekuk vkSj ^v{kr Ik;kZoj.k*
dks fpf=kr fd;k gSA buosQ fy, Ik;kZoj.k ,slk
LFkku gS ftlesa Ik'kq&i{kh vkSj isM+&ikS/s vkrs
gaS] tks vtSo rÙoksa tSls&igkM+] ckny] lwjt]
unh vkfn ls feydj cuk gSA rnuq:i gh
^lqanjrk* dks Ik;kZoj.k osQ ,d eq[; i{k osQ
:i esa foosfpr fd;k gSA ;s Ik;kZoj.k dks ekuo
vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ osQ lzksr osQ :i esa ns[k
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:13
cPPks vkSj i;kZoj.k µ i;kZoj.k f'k{kk osQ lekt'kkL=kh; vk;ke
jgs gSa] ysfdu ekuo dks Ik;kZoj.k esa lfEefyr
ugha fd;k gSA
Ikzo`Qfr dh iz/kurk] ekuo ekStwnxh osQ
fpg~u
bl izfr:i osQ varxZr 24 Nk=k@Nk=kkvksa osQ
fp=k vkSj foospu vkrs gSaA bl izdkj osQ
fp=kksa esa igkM+] lwjt] unh] ckny vkSj ?kkl
osQ lkFk&lkFk ?kj dks Hkh fn[kk;k x;k gSA
mYys[kuh; gS fd ?kj dks ekuo jfgr fn[kk;k
x;k gSA Ik'kqvksa esa osQoy tyh; tho tSls
cÙk[k vkSj eNyh fn[kk, x, gSaA bu fp=kksa dh
foospuk esa bl izdkj dh fVIif.k;k¡ gSa&
^geus Ik;kZoj.k esa mu ph”kksa dks fn[kk;k
25
gS ftuls gesa oqQN feyrk gSA lwjt ls
jks'kuh] ckny ls ikuh vkSj igkM+ ls ?kj
cukus osQ fy, iRFkj feyrk gSA*
^eSaus ?kj cuk;k gS D;kssafd ?kj ls jgus dh
'kq#vkr gksrh gS vkSj mu ph”kksa dks fn[kk;k
gS tks thus osQ fy, pkfg,*
^gesa jgus osQ fy, gok] ty vkSj ?kj
pkfg,A ;s tgk¡ ls feyrs gSa oks Ik;kZoj.k
gSA*
^Ik;kZoj.k esa nks rjg dh ph”ksa gksrh
gSa& izko`Qfrd vkSj ekuo&fufeZrA eSaus
izo`Qfr esa unh] isM+&ikS/s fn[kk, gSa vkSj
ekuo&fufeZr ?kjA*
fp=k 3µ Ikzo`Qfr dh iz/kurk] ekuo ekStwnxh osQ fpg~u
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 25
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:13
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
26
fp=k 4 µ Ikzo`Qfr dh iz/kurk] ekuo ekStwnxh osQ fpg~u
Ik;kZoj.k dks lalk/uksa osQ lzkrs osQ :i esa ns[k
jgs gSAa ekuo dks miHkksDrk ekuk x;k gSA blosQ
lkFk&lkFk ekuo osQ gLr{ksi dks ^”k:jr iwjk
djuk* osQ :i esa ns[kk gSA buosQ vuqlkj ^”k:jr*]
ok;q] ty] vkSj ?kj dh vko';drk dh iwfrZ gSA
Ik'kqvkssa dks fn[kk;k gSA lfØ; vfHkdrkZ osQ
:i esa Ekkuo ekStwn gS] tks ?kjsyw xfrfof/;ksa
vkSj [ksrh osQ dke esa layXu gSA izk;% ,d ?kj
vkSj mlesa jgus okys ,d ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa
dks fn[kk;k gSA lkaLo`Qfrd n`';Hkwfe osQ :i
esa xk¡o dks fn[kk;k gSA vf/drj fp=kksa esa
Ekkuo fufeZr] izkFkfed xfrfof/ izèkku [ksr vkSj lM+d Hkh fpf=kr gSaA iq#"kksa vkSj
bl izfr:i osQ varxZr 40 Nk=k@Nk=kkvksa osQ efgykvkas dks xzkeh.k os"kHkw"kk esa fn[kk;k gSA
fp=k vkSj foospu vkrs gSaA buosQ fp=kksa vkSj ty osQ lzksr osQ :i esa unh osQ vykok oqQ,¡
foospu esa izko`Qfrd rÙoksa osQ lkFk] ikyrw vkSj gSaMiai fn[kk, x, gSaA
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 26
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:14
cPPks vkSj i;kZoj.k µ i;kZoj.k f'k{kk osQ lekt'kkL=kh; vk;ke
27
fp=k 5 µ Ekkuo&fufeZr] izkFkfed xfrfof/ iz/ku
^eSua s igkM+] unh vkSj [ksr cuk;k gSA ;g lc
Ik;kZoj.k gSA Ik;kZoj.k esa jgus osQ fy, ?kj cuk;k gSA*
^eSaus xk¡o dk Ik;kZoj.k cuk;k gS tgk¡ yksx
[ksrh djrs gSaA*
^Ik;kZoj.k dk eryc gS fd isM+&ikS/s gkas]
xk¡o gks] tkuoj gksa] unh gksA*
bl oxZ osQ Nk=kksa osQ vuqlkj Ik;kZoj.k] ,d
izko`Qfrd LFkku gksus osQ lkFk fufeZr LFkku Hkh
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 27
gSA ;g ,d ,slk LFkku gS tks ekuo osQ fuokl
dk LFkku gS] ftls ekuo viuh xfrfof/;ksa ls
ifjofrZr dj jgk gSA ekuo dh xfrfof/ esa
Ik'kqikyu] o`Qf"k vkSj ?kjsyw dk;Z fn[kk, x, gSaA
bu xfrfof/;ksa ls o`Qr ifjorZu osQoy thus
dh ”k:jrksa dks iwjk djus rd lhfer gSA bu
Nk=kksa us vtSfod rÙoksa dks vis{kko`Qr de
egÙo fn;k gSA
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:15
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
28
fp=k 6 µ Ekkuo&fufeZr] izkFkfed xfrfofèk iz/ku
ekuo xfrfof/ iz/ku] uxjho`Qr
bl izfr:i osQ varxZr 18 Nk=k@Nk=kkvksa osQ
fp=k vkSj foospu vkrs gSaA bu fp=kksa esa ekuo
fufeZr Ik;kZoj.k dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA buesa ,d
ls vf/d Hkou (ftUgsa ?kj vkSj LowQy dh
laKk nh xbZ gSA)] eSnku vkSj [skr osQ ctk;
ikoZQ vkSj >wys] lM+d vkSj ml ij ,d ls
vf/d xkfM+;ksa dks nkSM+rs gq, fn[kk;k x;k gSA
iq#"kksa dks isaV&'kVZ&VkbZ igus fpf=kr fd;k gSA
vf/dka'k Nk=kksa us fp=k esa cgqeaftyh bekjrkssa
osQ foijhr fn'kk esa o`{k fn[kk, gSaA
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 28
bl oxZ osQ fp=kkssa esa tho&tarq u osQ cjkcj
gSaA bu cPpksa us vius fp=kksa dh O;k[;k bl
izdkj dh gS&
^eSaus Ik;kZoj.k dks ,slk blfy, cuk;k gS
D;ksafd vkt dk Ik;kZoj.k ,slk gh gSA igys
gj txg isM+&ikS/s fn[krs Fks ysfdu vc
isM+&ikS/ksa dh txg fcfYaMxksa us ys yh gSA*
^gekjs Ik;kZoj.k esa lM+d gS] ftl ij
xkfM+;k¡ py jgh gSaA fcfYaMx gSa] tgk¡ yksx
dke djus tkrs gSa vkSj ikoZQ gS tgk¡ cPps
[ksyrs gSaSA*
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:15
cPPks vkSj i;kZoj.k µ i;kZoj.k f'k{kk osQ lekt'kkL=kh; vk;ke
29
fp=k 7 µ ekuo xfrfof/ iz/ku] uxjho`Qr
fp=k 8 µ ekuo xfrfof/ iz/ku] uxjho`Qr
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 29
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:16
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
30
^;g cnyk gqvk Ik;kZoj.k gSA bls vkneh us
cuk;k gS] vius jgus osQ fy,A igys NksVs
?kj Fks vc cM+s ?kj gSa D;kssafd tula[;k
c<+ xbZ gS*
Li"V gS fd bu Nk=kksa us Ik;kZoj.k esa vk,
cnyko dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA ;s ekuo dks
cnyko dk vfHkdrkZ ekurs gSa vkSj Ik;kZoj.k dh
O;k[;k ekuoo`Qr ?kVdksa osQ lanHkZ esa djrs gSaA
fcfYaMx vkSj lM+d vkfn n`';Hkwfe dks ifjorZu
vkSj fodkl osQ laosQrd osQ :i esa bafxr fd;k
gSA
fuEuho`Qr Ik;kZoj.k
bl izfr:i osQ varxZr 14 Nk=k@Nk=kkvksa osQ
fp=k vkSj foospu vkrs gSaA bl oxZ osQ fp=kksa esa
fpeuh ls fudyrk /qvk¡] taxyksa dh dVkbZ] unh
esa dpjs dk foltZu] unh esa xans ukys dk ikuh
fxjuk] xkM+h ls fudyrk /qvk¡] xans ukys vkfn
dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA budh i`"BHkwfe esa izko`Qfrd
n`';ksa osQ ctk; fcfYaMxksa dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA
ekuo dks Ik;kZoj.k fuEuhdj.k esa ;ksxnku djrs
gq, fn[kk;k x;k gSA chekj fpfM+;k] ukd ij
:eky j[ks ekuo dk fp=k tSls fcac Hkh gaSA
fp=kksa dh foospuk esa oqQN bl izdkj dh ckrsa
dgh xbZ gSa&
^isM+ dV dj dkj[kkus cuk, tk jgs gSaA
blls rjg&rjg dh chekfj;k¡ iQSy jgh gSaA
dkj[kkuksa dh otg ls ikuh dh deh gS vkSj
ok;q iznw"k.k iSQy jgk gSA*
^Ik;kZoj.k osQ isM+ dV jgs gSaA vxj isM+ ugha
jgs rks ge lk¡l oSQls ysaxs\*
^eSaus ,d isM+ dks dkVrk gqvk vkneh cuk;k
gSA ;g Ik;kZoj.k dks uqdlku igq¡pk jgk gSA*
^unh dk ikuh xank gksrk tk jgk gSA euq";
ikuh xank dj jgk gS ftlls Ik;kZoj.k dks
gkfu gks jgh gSA*
fp=k 9 µ fuEuho`Qr Ik;kZoj.k
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 30
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:16
cPPks vkSj i;kZoj.k µ i;kZoj.k f'k{kk osQ lekt'kkL=kh; vk;ke
31
fp=k 10 µ fuEuho`Qr Ik;kZoj.k
Li"V gS fd ftu Nk=kksa us Ik;kZoj.k dks
bl :i esa ns[kk gS os Ik;kZoj.k fuEuhdj.k
dks Ik;kZoj.k dk lokZf/d egRoiw.kZ i{k ekurs
gSaA os iznw"k.k ls izHkkfor vo;o osQ :i esa
Ik;kZoj.k dks ns[k jgs gSaA ikuh vkSj ok;q tSls
izko`Qfrd ?kVdksa osQ vou;u dks iznw"k.k osQ :i
esa ns[krs gSaS vkSj ekuo dh xfrfof/ dks blosQ
fy, f”kEesnkj ekurs gSaA Ik;kZoj.k fuEuhdj.k
osQ nq"izHkko dks lh/s&lh/s ekuo LokLF; ls
tksM+dj ns[kk gSA
izko`Qfrd n`'; ;k laizR;; dk ijkorZu
Nk=k@Nk=kkvksa osQ bu fp=kksa dks fofHkUu iqLrdksa esa
fn[kk, x, izko`Qfrd n`';kas osQ fp=kksa osQ ijkorZu
osQ :Ik esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA iqLrdksa osQ
fp=kksa osQ leku izo`Qfr dk ekuohdj.k Hkh fd;k
x;k gSA bldh nks laHko O;k[;k,¡ gks ldrh
gSa& izFke] ;g fp=k.k osQ dk;Z dh lhek gks
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 31
ldrh gS fd mUgksaus ifjfpr izko`Qfrd n`';kas dks
Ik;kZoj.k dk izfr:Ik ekukA ;fn bl O;k[;k dks
ekus rks fp=k vkSj foospu esa fHkUurk gksuh pkfg,
FkhA fo'ys"k.k osQ nkSjku ,slh fHkUurk ugha ik;h
x;hA vfHkizk; ;g gS fd fp=k esa Ik;kZoj.k osQ
ftl izfr:Ik dks fn[kk;k gS] foospu esa Ik;kZoj.k
dh mlh le> dks fyf[kr :Ik esa O;Dr fd;k
gSA nwljh O;k[;k ;g gks ldrh gS iqLrdksa esa
fn[kk, x, izko`Qfrd n`';kas us Nk=k@Nk=kkvksa dh
le> dks fn'kk nsus dk dk;Z fd;k gSA bl izdkj
osQ dkjdksa osQ izHkko esa cPpksa dh le> dk
fodkl gqvk gSA bl O;k[;k dk leFkZu fjfoaQlu
(2001)] vYchZ (2000)] cksusV vkSj fofy;El
(1998) osQ 'kks/ ifj.kke Hkh djrs gSaA bu
lHkh 'kks/drkZvksa us vius&vius dk;ks± esa ik;k
fd ikB~;iqLrosaQ] fizaV ehfM;k vkSj bysDVªkWfud
ehfM;k] cPpksa dh Ik;kZoj.k dh le> vkSj
vfHko`fÙk dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:17
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
32
izo`Qfr o lekt dh }S/rk
(Dualism)
Nk=k@Nk=kkvksa dh vo/kj.kk izo`Qfr osaQfnzr gSA os
Ik;kZoj.k osQ izko`Qfrd ?kVd dks laiw.kZ Ik;kZoj.k
osQ :Ik esa laizR;;ho`Qr dj jgs gaSA muosQ fy,
Ik;kZoj.k osQ ?kVd lwjt] unh] o`{k vkfn gh gSaA
lkekftd ?kVd dks os laKku esa ys rks jgs gSa
ysfdu og muosQ fy, Ik;kZoj.k ugha gS] cfYd
Ik;kZoj.k dk cnyk gqvk :Ik gS] tks Ik;kZoj.k esa
ekStwn gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,µ
^gekjs ?kj vkSj LowQy Ik;kZoj.k esa
fLFkr gSaA*
^Eksjs Ik;kZoj.k esa xk¡o gSA*
Ik;kZoj.k osQ ?kVdksa osQ laca/ dks os ;kaf=kd
rjhosQ ls le> jgs gSaSA mYys[kuh; gS fd os
bu ?kVdksa osQ var%laca/ dks ugha ns[k jgs gSaA
bl izdkj ls os izo`Qfr vkSj lekt dks /zqoh;
fLFkfr;ksa esa ns[k jgs gSaA Nk=k@Nk=kkvksa osQ fopkjksa
esa ckj&ckj mYysf[kr gS fd Ik;kZoj.k ls gesa
vkWDlhtu vkSj ty feyrk gSA ;s fopkj ^foKku
dh Hkk"kk* esa fn, x, rFkkdfFkr oSKkfud
Kku dk izR;korZu gSa] ysfdu bldh viuh
lhek,¡ gSaA ;g Kku] Ik;kZoj.k osQ nksgu vkSj
izdkjkarj ls {kj.k dks (fo'ks"k :Ik ls buosQ
lkekftd&vkfFkZd i{k dks) laKku osQ nk;js ls
ckgj dj nsrk gSA bl i{k dks laKku esa u ysus
osQ dkj.k gh Nk=k@Nk=kkvksa osQ fy, Ik;kZoj.k
{kj.k] iznw"k.k dk Ik;kZ; cu tkrk gS vkSj fiQj
os dgrs gSa&
^o`{k dVus ls iznw"k.k gksrk gS] ftlls chekjh
iSQyrh gSaA*
bl izdkj Ok`{kksa osQ dVus vkSj bl tSlh vU;
xfrfof/;ksa osQ izHkko dks lkekftd&vkfFkZd
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 32
n`f"V ls ns[kuk Lor% gh xSj&egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk
gSA lkekftd Ik;kZoj.k osQ izfr lhfer n`f"V osQ
dkj.k os ekuo dks lekax lewg ekurs gSaA lekaxrk
dh ;g ekU;rk] Ik;kZoj.k&ekuo osQ laca/ksa vkSj
blosQ izHkkoksa dks leku :Ik ls forfjr ekurh
gS] tcfd ;FkkFkZ esa Ik;kZoj.k osQ miHkksx vkSj
izHkkoksa dks r; djus esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr
dh Hkh Hkwfedk gksrh gSA blh Øe esa vxj Nk=k@
Nk=kkvksa osQ bu dFkuksa dks ns[ksa&
^Ik;kZoj.k mls dgrs gaS ftlesa lHkh tho
tarq jgrs gaS rFkk muls viuk Hkkstu izkIr
djrs gSaA*
^nqfu;k dks Ik;kZoj.k pkjksas rjiQ ls ?ksjs gq, gSA*
^Ik;kZoj.k us gesa pkjksa vksj ls <dk gSA*
^Ik;kZoj.k i`Foh osQ pkjksa vksj iQSyk gSA*
;s lHkh dFku Ik;kZoj.k&ekuo laca/ osQ ml
izfr:Ik osQ |ksrd gSa] ftlesa Ik;kZoj.k vkSj ekuo
nks vyx fudk; gSaA ^?ksjus* dk :id Ik;kZoj.k
dh O;kidrk dks rks n'kkZrk gS ysfdu ekuo dh
fLFkfr dks ysdj Hkze iSnk djrk gSA os ekuo
dks Ik;kZoj.k osQ fuekZrk osQ :Ik esa ns[k jgs gSa
ysfdu og Lo;a Hkh bldk vax gS] bldk laKku
ugha dj ik jgs gSaA ;g dFku blh fLFkfr dks
O;Dr djrk gS&
^ekuo] Ik;kZoj.k esa gS ysfdu
Ik;kZoj.k ugha gSA*
Ekkuo&Ik;kZoj.k laca/ esa] Ik;kZoj.k dks lzksr
osQ :Ik esa ns[kk gSA ;g ^lzksr* Ekkuo dh gok]
ikuh] vkokl vkSj Hkkstu dh ”k:jr dks iwjk
djrk gSA vr% dg ldrs gSa fd lgHkkxh Nk=k@
Nk=kk,¡] Ekkuo vkSj Ik;kZoj.k laca/ dks LFkSfrd
n`f"V ls ns[krs gSaA
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:17
cPPks vkSj i;kZoj.k µ i;kZoj.k f'k{kk osQ lekt'kkL=kh; vk;ke
iwoZ esa gq, 'kks/ dk;ks± esa ;g ik;k x;k Fkk
fd cPps Ik;kZoj.k dks vkjkexkg vkSj euksjatu
LFky osQ :Ik esa Hkh ekurs gaSA izLrqr 'kks/ dk;Z
esa bl izdkj osQ laosQr ugha feysA bldk ,d
dkj.k izLrqr 'kks/ dk;Z vkSj iwoksZDr 'kks/ dk;Z
osQ lgHkkfx;ksa osQ lkaLo`Qfrd ifjos'k esa varj
gks ldrk gSA izLrqr 'kks/ dk;Z osQ lgHkkxh
fuEu lkekftd vkfFkZd oxZ ls lacaf/r FksA ,sls
lkaLo`Qfrd vH;klksa dh vko`fÙk ,sls ifjokjkssa
esa de gksrh gSA ;g Hkh ,d laHkkfor dkj.k
gks ldrk gSA Nk=k vkSj Nk=kk,¡ nksuksa gh bl
vè;;u esa lgHkkxh FksA Ik;kZoj.k osQ ?kVdksa osQ
fu:i.k vkSj foospu dh n`f"V ls nksuksa gh lewgksa
esa dksbZ egRoiw.kZ varj voyksfdr ugha gqvkA
mYys[kuh; gS fd Nk=kkvksa osQ fp=k esa ^L=kh* dk
fu:i.k vo'; gSA
cPpksa dh ^Ik;kZoj.k* dh le> vkSj
f'k{kk'kkL=kh; vk;ke
bl 'kks/ dk;Z ls Li"V gS fd lgHkkxh Nk=k
vkSj Nk=kkvksa dh Ik;kZoj.k dh le> ,dkdh u
gksdj cgqfo/ gSA ;|fi Nk=k@Nk=kk,¡] Ik;kZoj.k
dks izo`Qfr iz/ku Ik;kZoj.k ls ysdj] ekuoh;
xfrfof/ osQ izHkko ls {kf;r Ik;kZoj.k osQ vk;ke
esa le>rs gSa ysfdu Ik;kZoj.k dks izo`Qfr osQ
lerqY; le>us dh izo`fÙk dh izcyrk gSA os
euq"; dks ,d ,sls lfØ; vfHkdrkZ osQ :Ik
esa ns[k jgs gSa tks Ik;kZoj.k esa cnyko dj jgk
gS ysfdu ekuo dks og Ik;kZoj.k ls brj vkSj
le:Ik lewg eku jgs gSaA
Ik;kZoj.k fo"k;d eqíksa dks i<+krs gq, izk;%
f'k{kd Ik;kZoj.k dh vo/kj.kk dks iwoZKku vkSj
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 33
33
nSfud laKku dk fgLlk ekurs gSa vkSj f'k{k.k osQ
osaQnz esa Ik;kZoj.kh; leL;kvkas vkSj pqukSfr;ksa dks
j[krs gSaA bl 'kks/ dk;Z osQ ifj.kke mn~?kkfVr
djrs gSa fd ftu voèkkj.kksa dks ge ^VsosQu iQkWj
xzkaVsM* ys ysrs gSa] mudh le> dh fofoèkrk vkSj
lw{erk fparu ij nwjxkeh izHkko Mkyrh gSA vr%
Ik;kZoj.k fo"k;d eqíksa dks i<+krs le; cPpksa
dh Ik;kZoj.k dh le> dks izkjaHk fcUnq ekuuk
pkfg, ftlls mudh ^oSdfYid voèkkj.kkvksa
(Alternative Conceptions) dks lacksf/r
fd;k tk losQA Ik;kZoj.k dh voèkkj.kk osQ
lE;d~ i{k tSls fd LFkkuh; ls ysdj o`gn~
iSekus osQ mnkgj.k nsuk] izko`Qfrd vkSj lkekftd
Ik;kZoj.k dh }S/rk dks rksM+uk] Ekkuo&Ik;kZoj.k
lac/ dks LFkSfrd vkSj ;kaf=kd :Ik osQ ctk;
izkoSfxd (Dynamic) vkSj xzafFkr dks vf/xe
vuqHko ls tksM+uk pkfg,A ,slk djus ij gh ge
^Ik;kZoj.k vè;;u* osQ mikxe ls fudydj
Ik;kZoj.k f'k{kk osQ mikxe dks viuk ldrs gSaA
jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk&2005 Hkh blh
osQ i{k esa ckr djrh gSA ^Ik;kZoj.k vè;;u*
dk mikxe mnkjoknh vkSj izxfr'khy fopkjèkkjk
osQ vuq:Ik ^izo`Qfr vè;;u*] ^izo`Qfr Hkze.k*]
Ik;kZoj.k osQ vo;oksa dh fofo/rk dk vkUkan tSls
f'k{kk'kkL=kh; uhfr;ksa dks viukrk gSA bl mikxe
esa ikB~;lgxkeh fØ;k,¡ lh[kus osQ vuqHko
dk lzksr gksrh gSaSA tcfd Ik;kZoj.k f'k{kk dk
mikxe osQoy ^Ik;kZoj.k osQ [krjs vkSj mldh
lqj{kk dh rS;kjh* dks osaQnz esa ugha j[krk cfYd
Ik;kZoj.k o fodkl osQ var%laca/] LFkkuh; Lrj
ls oSf'od Lrj rd osQ mlosQ izHkko] izHkko
osQ lkekftd&vkfFkZd&jktuhfrd ifj.kkeksa dks
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:17
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
34
Hkh lfEefyr djrk gSA bl izdkj ;g mikxe
nSfud vuqHkoksa dks Ik;kZoj.k laiks"k.kh;rk dh
n`f"V ls ns[kus dh le> nsrk gSA Nk=k@Nk=kkvksa
dks osQoy Kku dk LFkkUkkarj.k djus osQ ctk;
muosQ fopkjksa dks tkuus] rn~uq:Ik mUgsa ppkZ
esa layXu djus] muosQ fopkjksa dks pqukSrh nsus]
bl izdkj ls mUgsa foe'kZ esa layXu djus dh
uhfr dks viukuk gksxkA bl izdkj ls mudh
vkykspukRed le> dk fodkl gksxkA ,d vksj lkekftd nk;js esa Ik;kZoj.k ls
tqM+s eqíksa osQ izfr cspSuh c<+ jgh gS] nwljh vksj
bu eqíksa dh viw.kZ vkSj ,dkaxh O;k[;k fLFkfr
dks vkSj Hkh fo:fir dj jgh gSA ,slh fLFkfr
esa gesa ,d ,sls f'k{kk'kkL=kh; fodYi dh
vko';drk gS ftlosQ }kjk Ekkuo&Ik;kZoj.k osQ
ikjLifjd] vU;ksU; vkSj xR;kRed laca/ dks
osaQnz esa j[kdj mlosQ fofo/ i{kksa ij laokn
fd;k tk losQA bl izdkj dk laokn Lor% gh
Ekkuo&Ik;kZoj.k laca/] mlosQ fofo/ i{kksa osQ
izfr O;kid vkSj xgu varnZ`f"V osQ fodkl dks
fn'kk nsxkA
lanHkZ
vYchZ] bZ- 2000- ^^, os vkWI+kQ fotqykbftax fpYMªu ,aM ;ax ihiqYl FkkWV~l vckmV n ,uok;juesaV-**
,uok;juesaVy ,tqosQ'ku fjLkpZ 6] 205&222vkbZ-;w-lh-,u- -1991- osQ;fjax I+kQkWj n vFkZµ , LVªsVsth I+kQkWj lLVsuscy fyfoax- XySaMµ vkbZ-;w-lh-,u,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- 2006- iksth'ku isij&us'kuy I+kQksdl xzqi vkWu gSfcVsV ,aM yfu±x- u;h fnYYkhµ ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-VhMuyi] vkj-] xSyi] th- o xSyi] ,- 1992- n gsYFk vkWI+kQ n IykusV losZ] fizalVuµ th-,p- xSyi baVjus'kuy
baLVhV~;wVcksusV] ,e- o fofy;El] ts- 1998- ,uok;juesaVy ,tqosQ'ku ,aM izkbejh fpYMªsUl~ ,VhV~;wM VwoM~Zl uspj ,aM
,uok;juesaV] osQfEczt tujy vkWI+kQ ,tqosQ'ku] 28] 159&174Eks;lZ] th-] Cok;t] bZ- vkSj LVsuLVªhV] ,e- 2000- ^^vjcu ,aM :jy ,vj iksY;w'ku µ , ØkWl LVMh vkWI+kQ
LVwMsaV vkbfM;k”k]** ,uok;juesaVy ,tqosQ'ku ,aM baiQksesZ'ku] 19] 263&274;wusLdks- 1992- ;w-,u- dkWUI+kszQl vkWu ,uok;juesaV ,aM MsoyiesaVµ ,tsaMk 21- fLoVtjySaMµ ;w-,u1995- jh&vksfj,fVax ,uok;juesaVy ,TkqosQ'ku I+kQkWj lLVsuscy MsoyiesaV] iQkbuy fjiksVZ- baVj&jhtuy
ooZQ'kkWi- ,FksUlµ ;w-,ufjfoaQlu- 2001- ^^yuZlZ ,aM yfuZax bu ,uok;juesaVy ,tqosQ'kuµ , fØfVdy fjO;w vkWI+kQ n ,ohMsal]**
,uok;juesaVy ,tqosQ'ku fjLkpZ 7] 239&252ykWxySaM] Vh-] jhM] ,- vkSj isVdkWt] ih- 2002- ^^;ax ihiqYk dU'ksIlu vkWI+kQ ,uok;juesaV] ,uok;juesaVy
,tqosQ'ku fjLkpZ 8] 187&197fyfVyMkbd] ,e- 2004- ^^izkbejh fpYMªUl O;w”k vkWu ,uok;juesaVy b'kw”k]** ,uok;juesaVy ,tqosQ'ku fjLkpZ
10] 217&235'khiMZlu] Mh- 2007- ^^LVwMsaV~l~ esaVy ekWMYl~ vkWI+kQ n ,uok;juesaV]** tjuy vkWI+kQ fjlpZ bu lkbal Vhfpax]
44(2)] 327&348-
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 34
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:17
MkW- vacsMdj dh jktuhfrd fojklr
'kadj 'kj.k·
,d egku nfyr usrk osQ :i esa MkW- Hkhejko vacsMdj (1891&1956) dh Ikzflf¼ ,slh
gS fd cgqrsjs yksx muosQ O;fDrRo osQ vU; igyqvksa ls vfijfpr jg tkrs gSaA tcfd MkWvacsMdj ,d cM+s fo}ku] dkuwu&osÙkk vkSj jktuhfrd fpard Hkh FksA ;g ys[k f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa
osQ fy, MkW- vacsMdj osQ jktuhfrd fparu osQ mu igyqvksa dks izLrqr djrk gS] tks gekjs
ns'k osQ fy, vkt Hkh lkef;d gSaA ledkyhu Hkkjr dh lkaiznkf;d leL;k] rqyukRed
/eZ&n'kZu rFkk gekjh lkekftd leL;kvksa ij Hkkjrh; vkSj if'peh voyksdudrkZvksa
osQ u”kfj;s esa varj vkfn oSls oqQN fcanq gSaA bu ij MkW- vacsMdj dk fo'ys"k.k vkt Hkh
mi;ksxh vkSj fopkj.kh; gSA bl ys[k esa mudh jktuhfrd fojklr osQ bUgha] de pfpZr
i{kksa dks la{ksi esa j[kk x;k gSA
Ckkck lkgsc MkW- Hkhejko vacsMdj osQ ckjs
esa gekjs ns'k esa ppkZ izk;% ,dkaxh jgh gSA
fuLlansg os eq[;r% ,d vFkd lkekftd ;ks¼k
Fks] ftUgksaus fuEu ekuh tkus okyh tkfr;ksa dk
mRihM+u lekIr djus rFkk muosQ mRFkku osQ
fy, viuk ru&eu&/u vfiZr dj fn;k FkkA
blesa Hkh lansg ugha fd vkèkqfud Hkkjr esa blosQ
fy, MkW- vacsMdj ls vf/d dk;Z fdlh us
ugha fd;kA ;|fi Lokeh J¼kuan] egkRek xk¡/h]
egkRek IkqQys tSls vusd euhf"k;ksa us Hkh nfyrksa
osQ mRFkku osQ fy, cqfu;knh dk;Z fd,A MkWvacsMdj dk ;ksxnku Hkh buls derj ugha FkkA
fdarq ;g ppkZ de gksrh gS fd
MkW- vacsMdj ,d iDosQ ns'kHkDr vkSj xaHkhj
jktuhfrd fpard Hkh FksA muosQ laiw.kZ
fopkj&IkQyd esa osQoy vNwrksa dh voLFkk vkSj
muosQ fy, la?k"kZ osQ mik; djus dh fpark Hkj
ugha FkhA mUgksaus ckgjh fo'o dh jktuhfrd]
,sfrgkfld xfr Ikj Hkh fujarj è;ku j[kk
FkkA mlls u osQoy fuEu oxksZsa] cfYd laiw.kZ
Hkkjr osQ fy, lcd fudkys FksA blfy, MkWvacsMdj dk okaÄe; IkyVdj lq[kn vk'p;Z
gksrk gS fd jktuhfr osQ ewy fl¼karksa] O;ogkj]
j.kuhfr] dk;Zuhfr] fofHkUu lH;rkvksa] ns'kksa]
· ,lksfl,V izksI+ksQlj] (jktuhfr 'kkL=k)] lkekftd foKku f'k{kk foHkkx] jk-'kS-v-iz-i-] u;h fnYyh
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 35
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:17
36
eroknksa] e”kgcksa vkfn dh fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj bu
lcls fudyus okys fu"d"kks± Ikj vacsMdj dh
IkdM+ fdruh xgjh Fkh! dE;qfuT+e] bLyke ,oa
bZlkb;r Ikj MkW- vacsMdj osQ ewY;kadu vkt
Hkh [kjs gSaA ml ”kekus esa bu o`gr lH;rkxr
fo"k;ksa Ikj vusd cM+s dkaxzsl usrkvksa us Hkh
de gh è;ku fn;k FkkA bl Ikzdkj] u osQoy
MkW- vacsMdj us rc jktuhfr&owQVuhfr osQ lHkh
Ikgyqvksa Ikj lnSo u”kj cuk, j[kh Fkh_ cfYd
Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; ,drk] lkekftd ln~Hkko rFkk
jk"Vªh; lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus esa muosQ fopkj
vkt Hkh ;Fkkor~ Ikzklafxd gSaA dksbZ Hkh Lora=k
vè;srk bls eglwl fd;s fcuk ugha jg ldrkA
MkW- vacsMdj Lora=k Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku
fuekZrkvksa esa loZ&Ikzeq[k FksA ;|fi lafoèkku
dk Ikzk:Ik cukus esa lkr O;fDr;ksa dh lfefr
cuh Fkh] fdarq O;ogkjr% mldk lkjk Hkkj
MkW- vacsMdj us gh mBk;k FkkA ml nkSjku fo'o
osQ fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ lafo/kuksa] dkuwuksa osQ muosQ
Kku vkSj dfBu IkfjJe rFkk foosdiw.kZ fo'ys"k.k
dks ns[kdj lafo/ku lHkk esa muosQ vkykspd Hkh
Ikz'kald cu x, FksA
Lora=k Hkkjr dk lafo/ku cukus ls igys
yxHkx rhl o"kksZa ls MkW- vacsMdj dh Nfo
vNwr dgh tkus okyh tkfr;ksa osQ jktuhfrd
izfrfuf/ dh jgh FkhA blosQ fy, mUgksaus laiw.kZ
lekt ls yksgk fy;kA foaQrq mudk iz;Ru ek=k
jktuhfrd vkanksyu ij gh osaQfnzr ugha FkkA
og yksxksa esa vdeZ.;rk] vkyL;] vkRelEeku
ghurk nwj djus osQ fy, lkekftd iz;Ru dks Hkh
mruk gh vko';d ekurs FksA
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 36
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
MkW- vacsMdj ,d xaHkhj jktuhfrd fpard
Hkh FksA mUgksaus Lora=k Hkkjr dk lafoèkku cukus esa
loksiZ fj Hkwfedk rks fuHkkbZ gh] ledkyhu fo'o
osQ jktuhfrd fparu vkSj O;ogkj ij xgu fopkj
djosQ mUgksaus vR;ar ewY;oku fu"d"kZ fn, FksA
ekuo bfrgkl esa egkiq#"kksas dh Hkwfedk dh tSlh
lkjxfHkZr izLrqfr vacsMdj us dh gS] og vR;ar
ewY;oku gSA blh izdkj] yksdrkaf=kd jktuhfr esa
ukxfjd Lora=krk vkSj lekurk dh vo/kj.kk]
mls O;ogkjr% lqfuf'pr djus rFkk ns'k o jkT;
dh j{kk osQ fy, mudh lhek,¡ fu/kZfjr djus
laca/h vacsMdj osQ fopkj LFkk;h egÙo osQ gSaA
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] tfLVl egknso xksfoan
jkukMs osQ egku ;ksxnku ij fopkj djrs gq,
MkW- vacsMdj us jktuhfrd fØ;kdyki osQ fy,
nks vko';d f'k{kkvksa dks js[kkafdr fd;k Fkk%
(1) fdUgha dkYifud fopkjksa dks viuk vkn'kZ
ugha cukuk pkfg,A vkn'kZ ,sls gksus pkfg, ftUgsa
O;ogkj esa IkzkIr djuk fo'oluh; tku IkM+s_
(2) jktuhfr esa ckSf¼drk vkSj dksjs fl¼kar dh
rqyuk esa yksxksa dh Hkkouk vkSj muosQ fof'k"V
LoHkko dk vf/d egÙo gksrk gSA
MkW- vacsMdj osQ vuqlkj yksdrkaf=kd
jktuhfr ewyr% yksdrkaf=kd lekt ij fuHkZj gSA
fdlh ns'k dh 'kfDr vkSj izxfr mlosQ lkekftd
thou] mPp Lrjh; uSfrdrk] bZekunkj vkfFkZd
fØ;kdyki] turk dk eukscy] lkgl vkSj
nSuafnuh dh lkekU; vknrksa ij vk/kfjr gksrh
gSA blhfy, og jktuhfrd lq/kjksa ls vf/d
lkekftd lqèkkj vkSj lkekftd iqu£uekZ.k ij
cy nsrs FksA blhfy, mUgksaus rRdkyhu Hkkjr esa
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:17
MkW- vacsMdj dh jktuhfrd fojklr
lcls fupyh lh<+h ij fxus tkus okys yksxksa dks
lkekftd] 'kSf{kd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd :i
ls l'kDr djus ij viuk laiw.kZ è;ku osaQfnzr
fd;k FkkA ,slk djrs gq, u og dHkh fn[kkos
dh dk;Zokfg;ksa esa iM+s] u euekuh ek¡xsa vkSj
?kks"k.kk,¡ djus esaA vius lHkh dk;ks± osQ fu.kZ; esa
og lcls fuEu O;fDr osQ mRFkku dks gh viuk
ekxZn'kZd le>rs FksA
fdarq ,slk djrs gq, MkW- vacsMdj us laIkw.kZ
Hkkjr osQ fgr] fo'o esa mlosQ mRFkku dks dHkh
ugha NksM+kA fons'kh fopkjksa] fe'kujh laxBuksa vkSj
mudh foHkktudkjh Ikzsj.kkvksa ls lnSo nwjh j[khA
mUgksaus dgk Hkh fd& ^^eSa Hkkjr ls Ikzse djrk
gw¡** (blfy, >wBs usrkvksa ls ?k`.kk djrk gw¡)A
ns'k&fons'k esa ,slh 'kfDr;k¡ Fkha tks MkW- vacsMdj
dks IkwQV&IkjLrh dh vksj c<+kuk pkgrh FkhaA fdarq
fganw lekt dh oqQjhfr;ksa] mlosQ Ikzfr ?kksj dVqrk
osQ ckotwn MkW- vacsMdj oSf'od lanHkZ esa laiw.kZ
Hkkjr dh vfLerk] ,drk osQ Ikzfr fu"Bkoku cus
jgsA fonsf'k;ksa }kjk Hkkjrh; lekt dh /wrZrkiw.kZ
,oa LokFkZijd vkykspuk djus Ikj MkW- vacsMdj
bldk cpko djrs FksA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] tc
osQFkjhu es;ks us viuh IkqLrd esa fganw /eZ dh
oqQfRlr vkykspuk dh] rks vacsMdj us mldk
feF;kpkj fn[kkus esa rfud Hkh ladksp ugha
fd;kA
bl fcanq dk fo'kn~ o.kZu MkW- vacsMdj dh
iqLrd ^ikfdLrku vkWj ikVhZ'ku vkWiQ bafM;k*
(lu~ 1940 esa igyh ckj izdkf'kr) esa feyrk
gSA bl iqLrd esa rc osQ Hkkjr esa foxr ipkl
o"kZ dh eqfLye jktuhfr dk foLr`r] izekf.kd
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 37
37
ys[kk&tks[kk gSA lkFk gh] fganw&eqfLye laca/
ksa rFkk bLykeh jktuhfr ij vR;ar xaHkhj fparu gSA pw¡fd MkW- vacsMdj fganw /eZ vkSj lekt
osQ dVq vkykspd Fks] blfy, muosQ fopkjksa
ij fdlh lkeqnkf;d i{kikr dk vkjksi yxkuk
Hkh laHko ughaA u og dHkh yxk;k x;kA myVs]
ftUuk tSls iz[kj ckSf¼d eqfLye usrk us Hkh mls
iBuh; crk;k FkkA
ftl Hkkouk ls MkW- vacsMdj us og iqLrd
fy[kh Fkh] og iqLrd osQ eq[ki`"B ij bl
izdkj vafdr Fkk] ^^vkSj cqf¼] gs Hkxoku! vkSj
cqf¼ nks] ugha rks ge bl lqanj miou] ftls
ge ik ldrs gSa] dks cqjh rjg rgl&ugl dj
MkysaxsA** ;g iwjh iqLrd vxk/ ns'kHkfDr esa
fy[kh xbZ Fkh] mlesa fdlh lkeqnkf;d i{kikr
dk dksbZ loky gh ugha mBrk FkkA oLrqr%
jktuhfr 'kkL=k vkSj bfrgkl osQ vè;srkvksa osQ
fy, ledkyhu Hkkjr dh lkaiznkf;d leL;k
dh okLrfod izfØ;k rFkk bldh lS¼kafrd]
O;ogkfjd i`"BHkwfe le>us osQ fy, ;g ,d
vfuok;Z ,sfrgkfld Ñfr gSA
oSls Hkh] MkW- vacsMdj cgqr cM+s
fo}ku vkSj fo'o dh O;kid tkudkjh
j[kus okys voyksdudrkZ ekus tkrs FksA
izfl¼ fczfV'k ys[kd csojyh fudkWYl us
MkW- vacsMdj dks ml tekus esa Hkkjr osQ ^N%
loksZÙke tghu O;fDr;ksa* esa ,d crk;k FkkA
;g 1944 dh ckr gSA gj gky esa Hkkjr esa
fganw&eqfLye laca/ksa vkSj bLykeh jktuhfr dh
fo'ks"krkvksa dks le>us osQ fy, mudh bl iqLrd
dk LFkk;h f'k{kkRed ewY; gSA iqLrd osQ f}rh;
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:17
38
laLdj.k (1945) dh izLrkouk esa MkW- vacsMdj
us Lo;a fy[kk Fkkµ^^;g Hkkjrh; bfrgkl vkSj
Hkkjrh; jktuhfr osQ lkaiznkf;d igyqvksa dh ,d
fo'ys"k.kkRed izLrqfr gSA**
ml iqLrd dh vko';drk dks Hkkjh egÙo
nsrs gq, MkW- vacsMdj us mls fy[kus osQ fy, dbZ
”k:jh dke LFkfxr dj fn, FksA og ewyr% iqLrd
ugha] cfYd eqfLye yhx }kjk ^ikfdLrku&izLrko*
ikl djus osQ ckn bl fo"k; ij bafMisaMsaV
yscj ikVhZ (vkbZ-,y-ih-) dk izfrosnu Fkk ftls
MkW- vacsMdj us rS;kj fd;k rFkk vkbZ-,yih- dh ,d fo'ks"k lfefr osQ iqujh{k.k osQ
ckn bls izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA mldk mís';]
MkW- vacsMdj osQ gh 'kCnksa esaµ^^ikfdLrku osQ
ckjs esa vè;;u djus okys fo|kFkhZ dks vius
fu"d"kZ ij igq¡pus esa lgk;rk djuk gSA** (ckck
lkgsc MkW- vacsMdj] ^laiw.kZ okÄe;*] [kaM&15]
Hkkjr ljdkj] lkekftd U;k; vkSj vf/dkfjrk
ea=kky;] tuojh 2000] i`- xiii-xiv)A ;g
dgus esa dksbZ vfr';ksfDr ugha fd vkt frgÙkj
o"kZ ckn Hkh Hkkjr esa fganw&eqfLye leL;k vkSj
rÙlaca/h jktuhfr dks le>us esa ;g iqLrd
cgqr lgk;d gSA ewy vaxzs”kh esa ;g iqLrd
baVjusV ij Hkh bl lkbV ij miyC/ gS&
http//www.columbia.edu/itc/
mealac/pritchettOOambedkar
Ambedkar_partition/
blesa flyflysokj cgqrjs s rF;ks]a ?kVukvksa ,oa
oDrO;ksa dk Bksl fooj.k j[kus osQ ckn] vkBosa
vè;k; osQ var esa Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks le>krs gq,
MkW- vacMs dj dgrs gSa fd mUgsa eqfLye yhx
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 38
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
dh jktuhfr dh fof'k"Vrkvksa dks è;ku esa j[kuk
pkfg,A muosQ 'kCnksa esµ
a ^^-----viuk n`f"Vdks.k fu/
kZfjr djrs le; os oqQN egRoiw.kZ ckrksa dk vius
è;ku esa j[ksAa fo'ks"k :i ls mUgsa bl ckr dks
è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, fd ekp ikWfyfVd (macht
politic) vkSj xzkokfeu ikWfyfVd (Gravamin
politic) esa varj gksrk gS] dE;qfuVkl dE;qfuVsVe
vkSj us'ku vkWiQ us'kal esa varj gksrk gSA fucZyksa dh
vk'kadk,¡ nwj djus okys j{kksik;ksa vkSj rkdroj
yksxksa dh vkdka{kk,¡ Ikwjh djus osQ diViw.kZ mik;ksa
esa varj gksrk gSA j{kk osQ mik; dh O;oLFkk djus
vkSj ns'k dks lkSia nsus osQ chp varj gksrk gSA**
(Ik`- 196)
mDr va'k esa ekp ikWfyfVd vkSj xzkokfeu
ikWfyfVd dk vFkZ MkW- vacsMdj us iqQV uksV
esa la{ksi esa bl izdkj fn;k gSA ^ekp ikWfyfVd
dk vFkZ gS lÙkk dh jktuhfr* rFkk xzkokfeu
ikWfyfVd dk rkRi;Z gS fd eq[; j.kuhfr ;g
gks fd udyh f'kdk;rsa x<+dj lÙkk gfFk;kbZ
tk,A* (‘Gravamin Politic means in
which the main strategy is to gain
power by manufacturing grievances’.)
vFkkZr~] Hkkjr esa eqfLye yhx dh jktuhfr
xzkokfeu ikWfyfVd gS] tks fujarj f'kdk;rsa djrs
gq, diViwoZd ,d ncko cukrh gSA tks fn[kkos
osQ fy, fucZy dh vk'kadk dk :i curh gS]
fdarq okLro esa og ,d rkdroj] laxfBr
leqnk; dh jktuhfrd j.kuhfr gSA Hkkjrokfl;ksa
dks ;g Bhd&Bhd le>dj pyuk pkfg,A ,d
lVhd eqgkojs esa nh xbZ MkW- vacsMdj dh ;g
f'k{kk vkt Hkh izklafxd vkSj lnSo Lej.kh; gSA
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:17
MkW- vacsMdj dh jktuhfrd fojklr
nlosa vè;k; esa eqfLye yhx dh ,d osaQnzh;
fo'ks"krk dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, MkW- vacsMdj
fy[krs gSaµ^^eqfLye jktuhfr vfuok;Zr% eqYykvksa
dh jktuhfr gS vkSj og osQoy ,d varj dks
gh ekU;rk nsrh gS & fganqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa osQ
chp ekStwn varjA thou osQ fdlh Hkh /eZfujis{k
rÙo dk eqfLye leqnk; dh jktuhfr esa dksbZ
LFkku ugha gS vkSj os eqfLye jktuhfrd tekr
osQ osQoy ,d gh funsZ'kd fl¼kar osQ lkeus
ureLrd gksrs gSa ftls e”kgc dgk tkrk gSA**
(i`- 226)A blh vè;k; esa vkxs MkW- vacsMdj
iqu% dgrs gSa fd ;g jktuhfr fganqvksa osQ lkFk
cjkcjh ugha] cfYd muosQ Åij opZLo gkfly
djus osQ y{; ls izsfjr gSA bl y{; dks izkIr
djus osQ fy, eqfLye usrkvksa us eqfLye fL=k;ksa
osQ oqQN vf/dkjksa dh Hkh cfy p<+k nh] tks
mUgsa bl ns'k esa lu~ 1939 rd feyh gqbZ FkhA
MkW- vacMs dj fy[krs gSa fd lu~ 1939 rd
Hkkjr esa dkuwu ;g Fkk fd eqfLye dkuwu osQ varxZr
fookfgr iq#"k ;k efgyk }kjk viuk e”kgc R;kx
nsus ls og fookg Hkax gks tkrk FkkA ;kuh ;fn
dksbZ fookfgr eqfLye efgyk bLyke NksM+ nsrh
Fkh] rks mlosQ fookg dk Lor% foPNsn gks tkrk
Fkk vkSjµ ^^og vius u;s /eZ osQ fdlh Hkh iq#"k
ls fookg djus osQ fy, Lora=k gks tkrh FkhA lkB
o"kZ rd Hkkjr dh lHkh vnkyrksa esa bl dkuwu
dk n`<r+ kiwod
Z Ikkyu fd;k x;kA** (i`- 233)
exj 1939 osQ eqfLye fookg vf/fu;e }kjk bl
dkuwu dks jí dj fn;k x;kA bl dkuwuh IkfjorZu
osQ ihNs lai.w kZ ea'kk fganv
q ksa dh rqyuk esa eqfLye
la[;kRed vuqikr dh rkdr u ?kVus nsus dh FkhA
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 39
39
MkW- vacMs dj osQ vuqlkj] blh mís'; osQ fy,
eqfLye efgykvksa osQ ml vf/dkj dh cfy p<+k
nh xbZA (i`- 239)
bUgha vuqHkoksa osQ vk/kj Ikj MkW- vacMs dj us
osQFkjhu es;ks dh ,drjiQk ckrksa dh vkykspuk
FkhA osQFkjhu us fy[kk Fkk fd fganw /eZ esa
lkekftd fo"kerk gS] tcfd bLyke esa HkkbZpkjk
gSA vacMs dj us bldk [kaMu djrs gq, dgk fd
bLyke cqjkb;ksa vkSj tkfrokn ls Hkh eqDr ugha
gSA Hkkjr osQ eqlyekuksa dk fo'kn~ lkekftd
fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, mUgksua s ;g lfoLrkj Ikzekf.kr
fd;kA mudh mDr iqLrd dk nlok¡ vè;k; blh
fcanq ij osQa fnzr gSA mlesa Hkjiwj rF;ksa vkSj vkadM+kas
osQ lkFk fganw vkSj eqfLye lekt esa fL=k;ksa dh
fLFkfr dk fo'kn~] izekf.kd fo'ys"k.k gSA
MkW- vacsMdj osQ vuqlkjµ^^fganqvksa esa
lkekftd cqjkb;k¡ gSaA fdarq ,d vPNh ckr gS
fd muesa mls le>us okys vkSj mls nwj djus esa
lfØ; yksx Hkh gSaA tcfd eqfLye ;g ekurs gh
ugha fd muesa cqjkb;k¡ gSa vkSj blfy, mls nwj
djus osQ mik; Hkh ugha djrsA** bLyke laca/h
fdlh fo"k; ij ,slh [kjh ckr egkRek xka/h Hkh
dHkh ugha dg losQA ;|fi bZlkb;r osQ laca/
esa mUgksaus ogh ckrsa ckj&ckj dgh Fkha] tks bLyke
osQ fy, vkSj Hkh mi;qDRk gSaA vr% dgk tk
ldrk gS fd oqQN fo"k;ksa esa MkW- vacsMdj dh
ehekalk egkRek xka/h ls vf/d lR;fu"B vkSj
lS¼kafrd FkhA ek=k mDr iqLrd osQ vè;;u ls
gh ;g ckr Ikq"V gks tk,xh] ftls mlosQ rF;ksa
vkSj fu"Ik{k] csckd fo'ys"k.k osQ fy, vius
le; esa cgqr [;kfr feyh FkhA
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:17
40
mu fopkjksa dk egÙo bl ckr esa Hkh gS fd
MkW- vacsMdj us vius fparu] vè;;u] IkzR;{k
voyksdu vkSj O;ogkfjd vuqHkoksa osQ vk/kj ij
mUgsa j[kk FkkA ogk¡ dksbZ 'kCntky ;k fdlh c¡/
h&c¡/kbZ fopkj/kjk dk ca/u ugha FkkA blhfy, os
vius ledkyhu mu usrkvksa dh dBksj vkykspuk
Hkh djrs Fks] ftuosQ fØ;kdyki vkSj fopkj mUgsa
lqlxa r] lR;fu"B ugha izrhr gksrs FksA muosQ 'kCnksa
es&a ^^eSa vU;k;] vR;kpkj] vgadkj vkSj [kks[kyh
ckrksa ls ?k`.kk djrk gw]¡ vkSj eq>s mu lcls ?k`.kk
gS tks blosQ vijk/h gSAa **
blhfy, Lora=k Hkkjr dh ljdkj esa ,d
izeq[k gLrh] ns'k osQ izFke dkuwu ea=kh osQ :i
esa dk;Z djrs gq, Hkh mUgksaus vius è;s; dh
lsok esa dksbZ deh ugha vkus nhA og lÙkk&lq[k
ysus esa ugha yxs cfYd u;h fLFkfr esa Ikwjs ns'k
dh turk dks fuEu tkfr;ksa osQ yksxksa dh fLFkfr
lq/kjus osQ fy, izsfjr djus rFkk Ikz'kklu] f'k{kk]
Nk=ko`fÙk;k¡] jks”kxkj] o`Qf"k vkfn lHkh {ks=kksa esa
fuEu tkfr;ksa dks leqfpr LFkku fnykus osQ fy,
gj laHko iz;Ru djrs jgsA dgk tk ldrk gS fd
vYi dky esa mUgksaus eaf=keaMy esa vius dk;Z
osQ }kjk Hkh vf/dre jpukRed ;ksxnku fd;kA
vkt vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa] tutkfr;ksa] fuEu
oxksZa osQ fodkl vkSj mRFkku osQ fy, ftrus Hkh
ljdkjh dk;ZØe py jgs gSa] yxHkx lcosQ
ihNs MkW- vacsMdj osQ lq>ko vFkok ;ksxnku
gSaA mPp tkfr;ksa osQ yksxksa dks viuh ladh.kZ
euksHkkoukvksa] oqQjhfr;ksa vkfn dks NksM+us osQ fy,
vkg~oku djus esa Hkh MkW- vacsMdj yxs jgs FksA
mudh lR;fu"Bk] fuLokFkZ izo`fÙk osQ dkj.k gj
tkfr] leqnk; osQ yksx mudk vknj djrs FksA
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 40
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
;gh dkj.k gS fd fuEu oxks± osQ vkj{k.k vkfn
fo'ks"k lqfo/k,¡ fcuk fdlh vkifÙk osQ Lohdkj
dh xb±A rc lafo/ku lHkk] laln vkfn lHkh
uhfr&fuekZ=kh laLFkkvksa esa mPp tkfr osQ yksxksa
dk gh opZLo FkkA muosQ leFkZu ls gh MkWvacsMdj }kjk fuEu oxksZa osQ mRFkku gsrq izLrkfor
lHkh dkuwuh Ikzko/ku Lohdkj fd, x,A fdlh us
mldk fojks/ ugha fd;kA D;ksafd MkW- vacsMdj
lPPks jk"Vªh; usrk Fks] fdlh leqnk; fo'ks"k osQ
ladh.kZ fgr&fpard ughaA bl lR; dks vf/dka'k
ns'koklh le>rs FksA MkW- vacsMdj fdlh osQ
fopkjksa] IkzLFkkiukvksa dks ;Fkkor~ Lohdkj djus
osQ LFkku ij vius foosd vkSj vuqHko ls ij[k
dj ewY;kadu djrs FksA mUgksaus vius lekt rFkk
ns'k osQ mRFkku osQ fy, fdlh usrk] nk'kZfud ;k
fopkj/kjk dks viuk xq# ekudj mldh va/
HkfDRk djus osQ cnys viuk iFk vkSj fopkj
Lo;a cuk;kA ;g mUgsa vius ledkyhu vusd
jktuhfrd gfLr;ksa ls furkar fof'k"V LFkku ij
[kM+k dj nsrk gSA
bl lanHkZ esa gekjs fy, vacMs dj osQ fopkjksa
dk LFkk;h egÙo gSA mUgksua s Li"V Lohdkj fd;k
Fkkµ ^^laHko gS] eSa Hkwy dj jgk gksÅ]¡ ijarq eSua s
lnSo vuqHko fd;k gS fd nwljksa ls fn'kk&funs'Z k
ysus ;k pqipki cSBs jgdj fLFkfr dks fcxM+rs jgus
nsus dh rqyuk esa Lo;a dksbZ mik; djrs gq, Hkwy
djuk vPNk gSA** ;g dk;Z mUgksua s ftu dfBu
fLFkfr;ksa esa fd;k Fkk] mls tkus fcuk vacMs dj osQ
,sfrgkfld ;ksxnku dks le>uk dfBu gSA
vkt gekjk cqf¼thoh oxZ MkW- vacsMdj dks
ek=k nfyr&usrk ekudj ppkZ djrk gSA ;g ,d
Hkwy gSA oLrqr% os vius le; osQ ,d egRoiw.kZ
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:17
MkW- vacsMdj dh jktuhfrd fojklr
jktuhfrd fpard gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk iwjs Hkkjr
osQ ,d jk"Vªoknh usrk FksA ;g è;ku nsus dh ckr
gS fd MkW- vacsMdj osQ fopkjksa vkSj fØ;kdykiksa
esa nksgjkiu ugha FkkA og tks dgrs Fks] mlh
izdkj dk O;fDRkxr vkSj jktuhfrd vkpj.k Hkh
djrs FksA blhfy, mudh laiw.kZ jktuhfr uSfrd]
Li"V] lgt vkSj vkMacjghu jgh FkhA
MkW- vacsMdj dHkh fn[kkos dh dk;Zokfg;ksa
esa ugha iM+s] u yksd&yqHkkou ?kks"k.kk,¡ djus esaA
og yksxkasa dks iqQlykdj vius ihNs ykus esa] ;k
fdlh rkRdkfyd vko';drk dh iwfrZ osQ fy,
cukoVh ckrksa] rdks± dk lgkjk ysus esa fo'okl
ugha djrs FksA laHkor% blhfy, os diVh usrkvksa
dks Hkh vklkuh ls igpku ldrs FksA mUgsa xgjh
osnuk gksrh Fkh fd ns'k esa lPps jktiq#"kksa dk
loZFkk vHkko gS vFkkZr ,sls usrk tks uhfr] vuhfr]
oqQuhfr] ;FkkFkZ] dYiuk] laHko] vlaHko vkfn dk
varj le>rs gksa vkSj yksd&fgr esa mi;qDr fu.kZ;
ysus vkSj ml ij pyus esa Hkh l{ke gksAa tks fdlh
pkiywl vkSj vuq;k;h esa varj dj ldrs gksa vkSj
vU; usrkvksa osQ lkFk cSBdj lekurk osQ Hkko osQ
lkFk foe'kZ dj ldrs gksAa
vius vuqHko ls MkW- vacsMdj us Ikk;k fd
,sls usrk Hkkjr esa ux.; FksA ;fn Lora=krk&IkwoZ
Hkkjr esa ;g fLFkfr Fkh] rks vkt osQ ckjs esa D;k
dgk tk,\ ;fn ek=k nfyr leqnk; dk mnkgj.k
ysa rks dgus dks vusd usrk gSaA fdarq muesa ls
fdrus MkW- vacsMdj dh lPph fojklr ls Ikfjfpr
Hkh gSa\ ml ij pyuk rks nwj dh ckr jgh! vkt
tks cM+cksys cqf¼thoh vkSj ekuokfèkdkj laxBu
^nfyr*&^nfyr* dh jV yxkrs gSa] mUgsa dHkh
MkW- vacsMdj osQ fopkjksa dks m¼`r djrs ugha
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 41
41
lquk tkrkA ;g vdkj.k ugha gS! vkt muesa ls
vusd yksx tkus&vutkus fons'kh fe'kujh ra=k
osQ lq>koksa ls py jgs gSaA os ogh ckrsa vkSj ukjs
nqgjkrs gSa tks og ra=k mUgsa Fkekrk gSA blesa Lo;a
MkW- vacsMdj osQ fopkjksa dh mis{kk dh tkrh gSA
bl ckr dks Hkwydj fd fons'kh lykgdkj ;gk¡
nfyrksa osQ fgr esa ugha] cfYd ;su&osQu&Ikzdkjsu
viuh erkarj.kdkjh jktuhfr dks izeq[krk nsrs gq,
lkjh ;kstuk,¡ nsrs gSaA
bl i`"BHkwfe esa ;g iqu% è;ku nsus dh ckr
gS fd ml dky esas Hkh fons'kh fe'kujh laxBuksa
us MkW- vacsMdj dks Hkh vius tky esa iQ¡lkus
dk iz;Ru fd;k FkkA tSls] mUgksaus xkaèkhth dks
Hkh erkarfjr djus dk Hkjiwj iz;kl fd;k FkkA
os le>rs Fks fd ;fn vacsMdj ;k xka/h tSls
tksxksa dks vius erokn esa erkarfjr dj fy;k
tk, rks muosQ yk[kksa vuq;k;h Lor% /ek±rfjr gks
tk,¡xsA fdarq fganw lekt osQ vius dVq vuqHkoksa
osQ ckotwn MkW- vacsMdj us lR;fu"Bk rFkk
laiw.kZ Hkkjrokfl;ksa dh okLrfod fgr&fpark ugha
NksM+hA og fons'kh fopkjksa] laxBuksa] foHkktudkjh
izsj.kkvksa vkSj izyksHkuksa ls lnSo nwj jgsA MkWvacsMdj us ckj&ckj nqgjk;k Fkk fd gekjs
lcls fuEu oxZ osQ yksxksa osQ fy, vkfFkZd
mRFkku ls cM+k iz'u muosQ lEeku] foosd vkSj
vkRe&fuHkZjrk dk gSA
fganw /eZ osQ Ikzfr ?kksj dVqrk osQ ckotwn MkWvacsMdj oSf'od lanHkZ esa Hkkjr dh vfLerk]
,drk osQ izfr fu"Bkoku cus jgsA mUgksaus dHkh
fonsf'k;ksa osQ lkeus xqgkj ugha yxkbZA u ;gk¡
dHkh viuk <ksy ihVk] u dHkh viuh iwtk
djokbZA og vkthou vius ns'k vkSj lekt osQ
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:17
42
mRFkku osQ fy, ,sls yxs jgs fd mUgsa vius ckjs
esa lkspus rd dh IkQqlZr ugha FkhA mudk thou
gh ugha] laiw.kZ ys[ku Hkh bldk izek.k gSA
D;k vkt fonsf'k;ksa osQ vkxs&ihNs ?kweus
okys cqf¼thoh ,slk djrs gSa\ lp ;g gS fd
fuEu oxksZa dh jktuhfr dk nkok djus okys
vusd cqf¼thoh o usrkx.k MkW- vacsMdj dh
LokfHkekuh] jk"Vªoknh fojklr dks Ikwjh rjg
misf{kr djrs gSaA os vius fons'kh laj{kdksa osQ
fopkjksa osQ vuqlkj Hkkjrh; /eZ] laLo`Qfr vkSj
bfrgkl ij fnu&jkr dkfy[k iksrus esa yxs jgrs
gSaA bl izdkj lkekU; turk dks fnXHkzfer djus
vkSj gkfu Ikgq¡pus esa Ikz;Ru'khy gSaA ;g rc]
tcfd Lora=krk osQ iSalB o"kksZa esa fuEu oxhZ;
leqnk;ksa dh fLFkfr esa Hkkjh lq/kj gqvk gSA
lHkh leqnk; osQ yksx ns'k osQ loksZPp inksa dks
lq'kksfHkr dj pqosQ gSaA ;g lc ns'k esa cuh
vke lgefr ls gh gqvk] bl cqfu;knh rF; dks
leqfpr egÙo fn;k tkuk pkfg,A lu~ 1952 esa
MkW- vacsMdj us uksV fd;k Fkk fd nfyr] oafpr
leqnk;ksa dh fLFkfr fiNys pkj&ik¡p o"kksZa esa gh
igys ls vPNh gks xbZ gSA rc ls N% n'kd
ls Hkh vf/d chr pqosQA rc Hkh ;fn oqQN
cqf¼thoh nfyrksa dks ^vekuoh; fganw /eZ* ls
nwj djus rFkk fons'kh fe'kufj;ksa dh vksj <osQyus
esa yxs gSa] rks Li"V gS fd os oSls gh diVh usrk
gSa ftuls MkW- vacsMdj dks rhoz ?k`.kk FkhA
vkt Hkkjr esa ^nfyr* iz'u ij fofHkUu izdkj
osQ fons'kh laxBu dC”kk djus dk Ikz;kl dj jgs
gSaA os laiw.kZ nfyr tula[;k dks fganw&fojks/ vkSj
jk"Vªfojks/ dh vksj c<+us dk ;Ru dj jgs gSaA
blesa os roZQ] rF; ;k ln~Hkko ugha cfYd /u]
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 42
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
owQVuhfr o nq"izpkj dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx dj jgs
gSaA vkt ;fn MkW- vacsMdj gksrs rks bldk dM+k
fojks/ djrsA mUgksaus Li"V dgk Fkk fd Hkkjr dks
ckgjh fopkj/kjkvksa] e”kgcksa dh vko';drk
ugha gSA bZlkb;r] bLyke vkfn dks vuqi;qDr
ekudj gh MkW- vacsMdj us ckS¼ /eZ dks pquk
Fkk D;ksafd ;g foosd ij vk/kfjr gSA
ukxiqj esa 15 iQjojh 1956 dks vius izfl¼
Hkk"k.k esa MkW- vacsMdj us foLrkj ls crk;k Fkk
fd mUgksaus ckS¼ /eZ dh nh{kk D;ksa yhA muosQ
vuqlkj] Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks ckgjh fopkj/kjkvksa]
e”kgcksa] eroknksa dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha gSA
bZlkb;r] bLyke vkfn dk lanHkZ nsrs gq, mUgksaus
crk;k fd og ckS¼ /eZ blfy, viuk jgs gSa
D;ksafd og ^^HksM+ pky** ij ugha] cfYd foosd
ij vk/kfjr gSA vU; e”kgc tM+&fo'oklksa]
tSls ^,d bZ'oj&iq=k*] ^,d nwr&iSxacj* rFkk
^èkjrh] LoxZ] gok] pk¡n* cuk dj nsus okys
,d ek=k lPps bZ'oj dk nkok djrs gSaA tcfd
^va/s vuq;kf;;ksa* dk dke cl ;g gS fd
mlosQ xhr xkrk jgsA mu e”kgcksa esa Hkksx]
yksHk vkSj laifÙk&Iksze egRoiw.kZ gSA euq"; osQ
vkè;kfRed mRFkku osQ fy, ogk¡ dksbZ LFkku
ughaA MkW- vacsMdj osQ 'kCnksa esa os lc lkjr%
^[kkvks] fi;ks vkSj ekS”k djks* ls vf/d oqQN
ugha dgrsA bl n`f"V ls ckS¼ /eZ loZJs"B gS
ftlesa foosd osQ lkFk&lkFk laiw.kZ ekuork osQ
dY;k.k dh Hkkouk gSA og O;fDr osQ xys esa
^^oqQÙks osQ iV~Vs** tSlh e”kgch igpku ugha
ck¡èkrk] cfYd mls foosdh cukrk gSA
D;k ;g ckrsa vkt fdlh ckS¼&nh{kk lekjksg
esa] vFkok lafnX/ fdLe osQ cqf¼thfo;ksa }kjk
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:17
MkW- vacsMdj dh jktuhfrd fojklr
dHkh dgh tkrh gSa\ nfyrksa osQ fodkl osQ uke
ij D;k os mYVs mUgsa fons'kh eroknksa] laLFkkvksa
dh vksj izsfjr djus esa layXu ugha gSa\ ;g ckrsa
dksbZ voyksdudrkZ Lo;a ns[k&ij[k ldrk gSA
blosQ fy, gekjs ikl Lo;a MkW- vacsMdj }kjk
nh xbZ ckSf¼d rduhd ,oa 'kks/&fof/ miyC/
gSA fdlh fcanq ij okLrfod rF;ksa dk izekf.kd
HkaMkj bdV~Bk djuk vkSj rc fdlh fu"d"kZ ij
igq¡pukA
vkt vius dks MkW- vacsMdj osQ vuq;k;h
ekuus okys vusd cqf¼thoh rF;ksa osQ ctk,
cus&cuk, fu"d"kZ izpkfjr djus dk dke djrs
gSaA mudh ckrksa esa rF;ksa] izek.kksa dk iw.kZ vHkko
gksrk gSA mlosQ cnys ns'k osQ fofHkUu leqnk;ksa
osQ chp iwQVijLrh Hkjus okys mxz fopkj Hkjs
gksrs gSaA bl :i esa] fuLlansg dgk tk ldrk
gS fd vius dks vacsMdjoknh dgykus okys
vusd yksxksa us gh MkW- vacsMdj dh fojklr osQ
LokfHkekuh] Lons'kh i{k dks rg[kkus esa nI+kQu
dj fn;k x;k gSA
vkt ;gk¡ nfyr jktuhfr vkSj foe'kZ dks
fons'kh] lafnX/ laxBuksa us gkbZ&tSd dj fn;k
gSA os nfyrksa dks vfoosd] yksHk] Hkksxokn vkSj
jk"Vªfojks/ osQ iaQns esa Mky jgs gSaA mÙkj&IkwoZ Hkkjr
osQ erkarfjr ;qod&;qofr;ksa dh thou&'kSyh
vkSj fopkj/kjk esa vk, yk{kf.kd ifjorZuksa ls
Hkh bldk voyksdu fd;k tk ldrk gSA vusd
Ikzfl¼ nfyr cqf¼thoh nfyr iz'u dks futh
LFkkFkZ dk gFkdaMk cuk, gq, gSaA MkW- vacsMdj
,sls usrkvksa dks ?k`.kk ls ns[krs FksA blhfy,
og vius mu ledkyhuksa dh fueZe vkykspuk
Hkh djrs Fks] ftuosQ fØ;kdyki vkSj fopkj
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 43
43
mUgsa lqlaxr] lR;fu"B ugha izrhr gksrs FksA MkWvacsMdj osQ vuqlkj fdlh usrk esaµ ^^lR;fu"Bk
vkSj fo'oluh;rk lcls vko';d xq.k gS]
D;ksafd blesa lHkh uSfrd xq.kksa dk lekos'k gks
tkrk gS**A vPNk gks] ge nfyrksa dh jV yxkus
okys lHkh usrkvksa] cqf¼thfo;ksa dks MkW- vacsMdj
dh nh xbZ bl vueksy dlkSVh Ikj dlsaA
nwljh vksj] ;g dfFkr mPp oxhZ;
Hkkjrokfl;ksa osQ fy, Hkh yTtk dh ckr gS
fd os gky dh 'krkfCn;ksa esa Hkkjr osQ Øe'k%
fo[kaMu dks ns[k dj Hkh lh[k ugha ys jgsA mUgsa
vkRe&j{kk osQ fy, Hkh viuh Hksn&Hkko laca/h
cqjkb;ksa dks nwj djus vkSj laiw.kZ lekt dh ,drk
osQ fy, iz;Ru'khy gksuk pkfg, FkkA vU;Fkk
gekjh lkekftd fo Ük`a[kyk dk ykHk mBkrs gq,
le; osQ lkFk fons'kh f'kdkjh mUgsa Hkh fu'kkuk
cuk,¡xsA dbZ fcanqvksa Ikj MkW- vacsMdj dh fojklr
nfyrksa ls vf/d mPp&oxhZ; Hkkjrokfl;ksa osQ
fy, vf/d euu djus ;ksX; gSA
vius dVq vuqHkoksa] ledkyhu O;ogkj rFkk
Hkkjr osQ ckjs esa ;wjksih;uksa }kjk izpkfjr feF;k
bfrgkl osQ vk/kj ij MkW- vacsMdj us ;gk¡ dh
oqQN ckrksa osQ ckjs esa viuh dBksj /kj.kk cukbZ
FkhA ;fn buesa ls ,d Hkh rÙo vuqifLFkr gksrk]
rks laHkor% og Lo;a vkjaHk ls gh lkekftd
,drk dk vkanksyu pykrsA MkW- vacsMdj osQ
fopkjksa] ns'k&HkfDr vkSj LokfHkeku dks ns[krs
gq, ;g vuqeku o`Fkk ughaA mUgksaus Lo;a ns[kk
Fkk fd Lora=k Hkkjr osQ pkj&ik¡p o"kksZa esa gh
fuEu tkfr;ksa dh fLFkfr esa dkiQh lq/kj gqvkA
blls laosQr feyrk gS fd Hkkjrh; lekt osQ
'krkfCn;ksa osQ Ikjra=krk dky esa vkbZ cqjkb;k¡
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:17
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
44
fdlh fganw /eZ dh fo'ks"krk
Lora=k Hkkjr esa nfyrksa dh
rsth vkbZ] tks lcosQ lg;ksx
FkkA vr% ;fn MkW- vacsMdj
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 44
ugha FkhA blhfy,
fLFkfr lq/kjus esa
osQ fcuk laHko u
vkt thfor gksrs
rks ek=k nfyrksa osQ ugha] iwjs ns'k osQ lPps usrk
gksrsA mudh jktuhfrd fojklr osQ bl igyw
dks vkt vf/d è;ku ls le>us] ij[kus dh
vko';drk gSA
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:17
Ckh- ,M- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk izf'k{k.k osQ izfr 'kSf{kd
vfHko`fÙk dk vè;;u
rkjosQ'oj xqIrk·
izLrqr vè;;u fo'ofo|ky; ,oa jktdh; egkfo|ky; esa izf'k{k.k izkIr dj jgs l=k
2012&2013 osQ ch- ,M- fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ izf'k{k.k osQ izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk ls lacaf/r
gSA vè;;u gsrq 140 fo|kfFkZ;ksa (70 fo|kFkhZ fo'ofo|ky; ls ,oa 70 fo|kFkhZ jktdh;
egkfo|ky; ls) dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA vk¡dM+ksa osQ ladyu gsrq LofufeZr Nk=kkè;kid
vfHko`fÙk ekiuh dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA ifj.kke esa ik;k x;k fd fo'ofo|ky; ,oa
jktdh; egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa dh 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk esa lkFkZd varj gSA
izLrkouk
vkt osQ vk/qfud HkweaMyh; ;qx ¼(Global
Age) esa fdlh Hkh jk"Vª osQ fy, mlosQ HkkSfrd
,oa ekuoh; lalkèkuksa dk vR;ar egÙo gSA
oLrqr% HkkSfrd ,oa ekuoh; lalk/u gh fdlh
jk"Vª dks vxz.kh jk"Vªksa dh drkj esa [kM+k gksus
osQ fy, l{ke cukrs gSaA fu%lansg fdlh Hkh
jk"Vª vFkok lekt osQ fodkl dk lokZf/d
egRoiw.kZ lk/u ekuo gS] rFkk ekuo tkfr osQ
fodkl dk vkèkkj f'k{kk iz.kkyh gh gSA izR;sd
euq"; osQ vanj oqQN tUetkr 'kfDr;k¡ fufgr
gksrh gSa rFkk bu 'kfDr;kssa osQ izLiQqVu ls gh
O;fDr dk fodkl gksrk gSA ;fn bu 'kfDr;ksa
dks izLiqQfVr gksus osQ Ik;kZIr volj ugha izkIr
gksrs gSa rks ekuo dk fodkl v/wjk jg tkrk gSA
fodkl osQ vk/qfud ;qx esa jk"Vª dh ckSf¼d
lEink dks lokZf/d egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA
fu%lansg f'k{kk iz.kkyh ekuo dh ;ksX;rkvksa osQ
vfèkdre fodkl dh lokZf/d ljy] O;ofLFkr
,oa izHkkoh fo/k gSA
f'k{kk dk okLrfod mís'; euq"; dks ekuo
cukuk rFkk thou dks izxfr'khy] laLdkfjr ,oa
lH; cukuk gSA ;g O;fDr rFkk lekt osQ fy,
cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA f'k{kk }kjk gh euq"; viuh
fopkj 'kfDr ,oa roZQ 'kfDr] leL;k lek/ku
,oa ckSf¼drk] izfrHkk vkSj #>ku] /ukRed
· vflLVsaV izksI+ksQlj (ch-,M- foHkkx)] gseorhuanu cgqxq.kk jktdh; LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] [kVhek] Å/e flag uxj] mÙkjk[kaM
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 45
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:17
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
46
Hkkoqdrk rFkk oqQ'kyrk] vPNs ewY;ksa rFkk #fp;ksa
dks fodflr djrk gSA blh osQ }kjk gh og
ekuoh;] lkekftd] uSfrd vkSj vkè;kfRed
izk.kh esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA
euq"; izfr{k.k ,oa izfrfnu oqQN u oqQN
lh[krk gSA bldk leLr thou gh 'kSf{kd
izfØ;k osQ v/hu gSA vr% f'k{kk ,d fujarj
rFkk xfr'khy izfØ;k gS] bldk laca/ lnk
fodflr gksus okys ekuo rFkk lekt osQ lkFk
gSA ;|fi O;fDr lekt osQ fofHkUu miknkuksa
,oa vfHkdj.kksa ls lh[krk gS rFkkfi ekuo ek=k
dks f'kf{kr djus dk nkf;Ro vè;kid oxZ ij
gh gSA fo|ky; dks lekt dk y?kq :i dgk
tkrk gSA fo|ky; esa vè;kiu dk;Z djus okyk
O;fDr Hkh lekt dk gh ,d vax gS] foaQrq og
tu lkekU; ls fHkUu blfy, gS fd mlus oqQN
fof'k"V fof/;ksa] dkS'kyksa ,oa ;qfDr;ksa dk Kku
vftZr fd;k gSA
vè;kiu is'ks esa vkus okys fo|kFkhZ dks
fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k ysuk iM+rk gSA ekè;fed Lrj
osQ f'k{kd rS;kj djus osQ fy, gekjs ns'k esa
fofHkUu vof/ osQ izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe py jgs
gSa] tSlsµpkj o"khZ; ch-,M-@ch-,l-lh- ch-,Mdk;ZØe (tks ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ {ks=kh; f'k{kk
laLFkkuksa esa pyk, tk jgs gSaA) ijarq vf/drj
fo'ofo|ky;ksa o dkWystksa }kjk ,d o"kZ dh
vof/ dk ch-,M- dk;ZØe pyk;k tk jgk gSA
vU; izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa osQ lkFk ;g ,d o"khZ;
ch-,M- dk;ZØe Hkh jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk
ifj"kn~ (National Council of Teacher
Education) osQ funsZ'ku esa lapkfyr fd;k
tkrk gSA ifj"kn us oqQN ekudksa dk fu/kZj.k
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 46
fd;k gS] ftlosQ nk;js esa fo|kFkhZ dks izf'k{k.k
ysuk iM+rk gSA fo|kFkhZ bl izf'k{k.k dks izkIr
djus osQ mijkar vè;kid cudj lekt ,oa
jk"Vª dh lsok djus dh bPNk j[krs gSaA izfro"kZ
g”kkjksa dh la[;k esa izf'k{k.k izkIr djosQ fo|kFkhZ
vè;kiu is'ks esa vkrs gSaA bu izf'k{kqvksa dh
izf'k{k.k osQ izfr D;k vfHko`fÙk gS\ orZeku
vè;;u esa blh fcanq dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k
gS rFkk ;g Hkh tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS
fd fo|kFkhZ bl is'ks dks izkFkfedrk osQ :i esa
p;fur djrs gSa ;k fodYi osQ :Ik esaA
mís';
1- fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa
osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk
dk vè;;u djukA
2- fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa
osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr 'kSf{kd
vfHko`fÙk dk vè;;u djukA 3- fo'ofo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl
f'k{k.k ls iwoZ ,oa vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ
Ik'pkr~ 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk dk vè;;u djukA
4- egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k
ls iwoZ ,oa vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~ 'kSf{kd
vfHko`fÙk dk vè;;u djukA
5- fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa
osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ f'k{k.k O;olk;
osQ izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk dk vè;;u djukA
6- fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa
osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~ f'k{k.k
O;olk; osQ izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk dk
vè;;u djukA
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:17
ch- ,M- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk izf'k{k.k osQ izfr 'kSf{kd---
7- fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa
osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ f'k{k.k dkS'ky osQ
izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk dk vè;;u djukA
8- fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa
osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~ f'k{k.k
dkS'ky osQ izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk dk
vè;;u djukA
9- fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa
osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ vuq'kklu osQ
izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk dk vè;;u djukA
10- fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa
osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~ vuq'kklu osQ
izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk dk vè;;u djukA
11- fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa
osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ ikB~; lgxkeh
fØ;kvksa osQ izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk dk
vè;;u djukA
12- fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa
osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr ikB~;
lgxkeh fØ;kvksa osQ izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk
dk vè;;u djukA
fof/ (Method)&izLrqr vè;;u dk izk:Ik
los{Z k.k (Survey Method) ij vk/kfjr gSA
izfrn'kZ (Sample)& izfrn'kZ osQ :Ik esa
ch- ,M- ,d o"khZ; esa izf'k{k.k izkIr djus okys
140 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA
47
vè;;u osQ midj.k (Tool of study)& izLrqr
vè;;u gsrq LofufeZr Nk=kkè;kid vfHko`fÙk
ekiuh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
midj.k dh fo'oluh;rk ,oa oSèkrk& mi;qDZ r
midj.k dh fo'oluh;rk ijh{k.k&iquiZjh{k.k fof/
}kjk Kkr dh x;h gSA Nk=kkè;kid vfHko`fÙk ekiuh
dh fo'oluh;rk dk eku 0-71 Kkr gqvkA midj.k
dh :Ik oS/rk (Face Validity) lacfa /r fo"k;
fo'ks"kKksa osQ ijke'kZ ,oa lekykspuk }kjk fu/kZfjr
dh x;hA
vk¡dM+kas dk ladyu& vk¡dM+kas osQ ladyu gsrq lu~
2012&13 esa izf'k{k.k izkIr dj jgs ch- ,M- osQ
140 fo|kfFkZ;ksa (70 fo|kFkhZ fo'ofo|ky; ,oa
70 fo|kFkhZ jktdh; egkfo|ky;) dks lfEefyr
fd;k x;k gSA
lkaf[;dh fo'ys"k.k& vk¡dM+kas osQ fo'ys"k.k
gsrq o.kZukRed lkaf[;dh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k
gS] ftlesa ekè; (Mean) rFkk ekud fopyu
(Standerd Deviation) Kkr fd;k x;k gSA
blosQ vfrfjDr nks pjksa osQ eè; varj dk fo'ys"k.k
djus gsrq Vh&ijh{k.k (T-test) dk mi;ksx fd;k
x;k gSA pjksa osQ eè; varj dh lkFkZdrk dks 0-01
fo'oluh;rk Lrj ij ijhf{kr fd;k x;k gSA
mís'; 1& fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky;
Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk dk vè;;u djukA lkj.kh 1
fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk osQ eè;
Vh&ijh{k.k dk lkjka'k
Nk=kkè;kid
N
Mean
Sd.
T-Value
fo'ofo|ky;
70
85-37
30-32
3-67·
Ekgkfo|ky;
70
71-47
8-92
·0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 47
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:18
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
48
lkj.kh 1 ls Li"V gS fd fo'ofo|ky; ,oa
egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa esa vH;kl f'k{k.k ls
iwoZ 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk osQ eè; 0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd
varj gSA eè;ekuksa osQ vkèkkj ij fo'ofo|ky;
osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa (85-37) dh vis{kk egkfo|ky;
osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa (71-47) dk eè;eku de gSA
vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd fo'ofo|ky; osQ
Nk=kkè;kid vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ egkfo|ky; osQ
Nk=kkè;kidksa ls vf/d tkx:d FksA
mís'; 2& fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky;
Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~ 'kSf{kd
vfHko`fÙk dk vè;;u djukA Lkkj.kh 2
fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~ 'kSf{kd
vfHko`fÙk osQ eè; Vh&ijh{k.k dk lkjka'k
Nk=kkè;kid
fo'ofo|ky;
Ekgkfo|ky;
N
Mean
Sd.
T-Value
70
70
96-00
75-29
6-53
8-38
16-29·
·0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd
lkj.kh 2 ls Li"V gS fd fo'ofo|ky; ,oa
egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa esa vH;kl f'k{k.k
osQ Ik'pkr~ 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk osQ eè; 0-01 Lrj
ij lkFkZd varj gSA eè;ekuksa osQ vk/kj ij
fo'ofo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa (96-00) dh
vis{kk egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa (75-29)
dk eè;eku de gSA
vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd fo'ofo|ky;
osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa us vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ i'pkr~
egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa ls vf/d #fp
yhA
mís'; 3& fo'ofo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ
vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ ,oa vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ
Ik'pkr~ 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk dk vè;;u djukA
Lkkj.kh 3
fo'ofo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ ,oa vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ
Ik'pkr~ 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk osQ eè; Vh&ijh{k.k dk lkjka'k
Nk=kkè;kid
vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ
vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ i'pkr~
N
Mean
Sd.
T-Value
70
70
85-37
96-00
30-32
6-53
3-05·
·0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 48
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:18
ch- ,M- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk izf'k{k.k osQ izfr 'kSf{kd---
49
lkj.kh 3 ls Li"V gS fd fo'ofo|ky;
osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa esa vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ iwoZ
,oa vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~ 'kSf{kd
vfHko`fÙk osQ eè; 0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd varj
gSA eè;ekuksa osQ vk/kj ij fo'ofo|ky;
osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa dk vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ
(85-37) dh vis{kk vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~
(96-00) dk eè;eku vf/d gSA vr% dgk tk
ldrk gS fd fo'ofo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa esa
vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ i'pkr~ f'k{k.k dk;Z osQ izfr
muosQ n`f"Vdks.k esa O;kid ifjorZu vk;kA
mís'; 4& egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ
vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ ,oa vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ
Ik'pkr~ 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk dk vè;;u djukA
Lkkj.kh 4
egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ ,oa vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ
Ik'pkr~ 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk osQ eè; Vh&ijh{k.k dk lkjka'k
Nk=kkè;kid
vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ
vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ i'pkr~
N
Mean
Sd.
T-Value
70
70
71-47
75-29
8-92
8-38
2-60·
·0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd
lkj.kh 4 ls Li"V gS fd egkfo|ky; osQ
Nk=kkè;kidksa esa vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ iwoZ ,oa vH;kl
f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~ 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk osQ eè; 0-01
Lrj ij lkFkZd varj gSA eè;ekuksa osQ vk/kj ij
egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa dk vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ
(71-47) dh vis{kk vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~
(75-29) dk eè;eku vf/d gSA vr% dgk tk
ldrk gS fd egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa esa
vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ i'pkr~ f'k{k.k dk;Z osQ izfr
muosQ n`f"Vdks.k esa O;kid ifjorZu vk;kA
mís'; 5& fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky;
Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ f'k{k.k
O;olk; osQ izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk dk vè;;u
djukA
Lkkj.kh 5
fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ f'k{k.k O;olk; osQ
izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk osQ eè; Vh&ijh{k.k dk lkjka'k
Nk=kkè;kid
fo'ofo|ky; vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ
egkfo|ky; vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ
N
Mean
Sd.
T-Value
70
70
27-50
20-45
2-64
3-54
13-30·
·0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 49
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:18
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
50
lkj.kh 5 ls Li"V gS fd fo'ofo|ky;
,oa egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa esa vH;kl
f'k{k.k ls iwoZ f'k{k.k O;olk; osQ eè;
0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd varj gSA eè;ekuksa osQ
vk/kj ij fo'ofo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa
(27-50) dh vis{kk egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa (20-45) dk eè;eku de gSA vr% dgk tk
ldrk gS fd fo'ofo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kid
f'k{k.k O;olk; osQ izfr igys ls gh tkx:d
Fks A
mís'; 6& fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky;
Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~
f'k{k.k O;olk; osQ izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk dk
vè;;u djukA
Lkkj.kh 6
fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~ f'k{k.k
O;olk; osQ izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk osQ eè; Vh&ijh{k.k dk lkjka'k
Nk=kkè;kid
fo'ofo|ky; vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ i'pkr~
egkfo|ky; vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ i'pkr~
N
Mean
Sd.
T-Value
70
70
24-72
20-48
9-04
3-37
3-67·
·0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd
lkj.kh 6 ls Li"V gS fd fo'ofo|ky;
,oa egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa esa vH;kl
f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~ f'k{k.k O;olk; osQ eè;
0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd varj gSA eè;ekuksa osQ
vk/kj ij fo'ofo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa
(24-72) dh vis{kk egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa
(20-48) dk eè;eku de gSA
vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd fo'ofo|ky;
osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa us vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ i'pkr~
egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa ls f'k{k.k O;olk;
dks vf/d egÙo fn;kA
mís'; 7& fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky;
Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwofZ 'k{k.k dkS'ky
osQ izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk dk vè;;u djukA
Lkkj.kh 7
fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ f'k{k.k dkS'ky osQ
izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk osQ eè; Vh&ijh{k.k dk lkjka'k
Nk=kkè;kid
fo'ofo|ky; vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ
egkfo|ky; vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ
N
Mean
Sd.
T-Value
70
70
25-60
22-45
2-95
2-33
6-98·
·0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 50
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:18
ch- ,M- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk izf'k{k.k osQ izfr 'kSf{kd---
51
lkj.kh 7 ls Li"V gS fd fo'ofo|ky;
,oa egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa esa vH;kl
f'k{k.k ls iwoZ f'k{k.k dkS'ky osQ eè; 0-01
Lrj ij lkFkZd varj gSA eè;ekuksa osQ vkèkkj
ij fo'ofo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa (25-60) dh
vis{kk egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa (22-45)
dk eè;eku de gSA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd
fo'ofo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kid f'k{k.k dkS'ky osQ
izfr egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa ls igys ls
gh tkx:d FksA
mís'; 8& fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky;
Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~
f'k{k.k dkS'ky osQ izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk dk
vè;;u djukA
Lkkj.kh 8
fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~ f'k{k.k dkS'ky osQ
izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk osQ eè; Vh&ijh{k.k dk lkjka'k
Nk=kkè;kid
fo'ofo|ky; vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ i'pkr~
egkfo|ky; vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ i'pkr~
N
Mean
Sd.
T-Value
70
70
23-87
21-85
7-48
3-27
2-06·
·0-05 Lrj ij lkFkZd
lkj.kh 8 ls Li"V gS fd fo'ofo|ky;
,oa egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa esa vH;kl
f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~ f'k{k.k dkS'ky osQ eè;
0-05 Lrj ij lkFkZd varj gSA eè;ekuksa osQ
vk/kj ij fo'ofo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa (2387) dh vis{kk egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa
(21-85) dk eè;eku de gSA vr% dgk tk
ldrk gS fd fo'ofo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kid
vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ i'pkr~ f'k{k.k dkS'ky osQ
egÙo dks egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa ls
vf/d le>kA
mís'; 9& fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky;
Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ vuq'kklu
osQ izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk dk vè;;u djukA
Lkkj.kh 9
fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ vuq'kklu osQ
izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk osQ eè; Vh&ijh{k.k dk lkjka'k
Nk=kkè;kid
fo'ofo|ky; vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ
egkfo|ky; vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ
N
Mean
Sd.
T-Value
70
70
23-12
19-54
3-97
3-70
5-51·
·0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 51
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:18
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
52
lkj.kh 9 ls Li"V gS fd fo'ofo|ky; ,oa
egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa esa vH;kl f'k{k.k
ls iwoZ vuq'kklu osQ eè; 0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd
varj gSA eè;ekuksa osQ vk/kj ij fo'ofo|ky;
osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa (23-12) dh vis{kk egkfo|ky;
osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa (19-54) dk eè;eku de gSA
vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd fo'ofo|ky; osQ
Nk=kkè;kid vuq'kklu osQ izfr igys ls gh tkx:d
FksA
mís'; 10& fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky;
Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~ vuq'kklu
osQ izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk dk vè;;u djukA
Lkkj.kh 10
fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~ vuq'kklu osQ
izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk osQ eè; Vh&ijh{k.k dk lkjka'k
Nk=kkè;kid
fo'ofo|ky; vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ i'pkr~
egkfo|ky; vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ i'pkr~
N
Mean
Sd.
T-Value
70
70
21-14
17-31
7-96
3-02
3-75·
·0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd
lkj.kh 10 ls Li"V gS fd fo'ofo|ky; ,oa
egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa esa vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ
Ik'pkr~ vuq'kklu osQ eè; 0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd
varj gSA eè;ekuksa osQ vkèkkj ij fo'ofo|ky; osQ
Nk=kkè;kidksa (21-14) dh vis{kk egkfo|ky;
osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa (17-31) dk eè;eku de gSA
vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd fo'ofo|ky; osQ
Nk=kkè;kid vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ le; egkfo|ky;
osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa ls vf/d vuq'kkflr jgs ftldk
izHkko vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~ fn[kk;h fn;kA
mís'; 11& fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky;
Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ ikB~;
lgxkeh fØ;kvksa osQ izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk dk
vè;;u djukA
Lkkj.kh 11
fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ ikB~; lgxkeh fØ;kvksa
osQ izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk osQ eè; Vh&ijh{k.k dk lkjka'k
Nk=kkè;kid
fo'ofo|ky; vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ
egkfo|ky; vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ
N
Mean
Sd.
T-Value
70
70
19-77
12-82
3-62
2-81
12-64·
·0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 52
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:18
ch- ,M- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk izf'k{k.k osQ izfr 'kSf{kd---
53
lkj.kh 11 ls Li"V gS fd fo'ofo|ky;
,oa egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa esa vH;kl
f'k{k.k ls iwoZ ikB~; lgxkeh fØ;kvksa osQ
eè; 0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd varj gSA eè;ekuksa
osQ vk/kj ij fo'ofo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa
(19-77) dh vis{kk egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa
(12-82) dk eè;eku de gSA vr% dgk tk
ldrk gS fd fo'ofo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kid
ikB~; lgxkeh fØ;kvksa osQ izfr igys ls gh
tkx:d FksA
mís'; 12& fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky;
Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~
ikB~; lgxkeh fØ;kvksa osQ izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk
dk vè;;u djukA
Lkkj.kh 12
fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~ ikB~; lgxkeh
fØ;kvksa osQ izfr 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk osQ eè; Vh&ijh{k.k dk lkjka'k
Nk=kkè;kid
fo'ofo|ky; vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ i'pkr~
egkfo|ky; vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ i'pkr~
N
Mean
Sd.
T-Value
70
70
15-62
11-67
8-05
2-70
3-89·
·0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd
lkj.kh la[;k 12 ls Li"V gS fd fo'ofo|ky;
,oa egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa esa vH;kl
f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~ ikB~; lgxkeh fØ;kvksa osQ
eè; 0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd varj gSA eè;ekuksa osQ
vk/kj ij fo'ofo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa (1562) dh vis{kk egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa
(11-67) dk eè;eku de gSA vr% dgk tk
ldrk gS fd fo'ofo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa dkss
ikB~; lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa Hkkx ysus dk vf/d
volj izkIr gqvk ftldk izHkko vH;kl f'k{k.k
osQ i'pkr~ fn[kk;h fn;k tks egkfo|ky; osQ
Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ varj dk dkj.k gSA
Ikfj.kke& vè;;u osQ ifj.kke esa ik;k
x;k fd fo'ofo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa dh
'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk dk eè;eku egkfo|ky;
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 53
osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa ls vf/d gSA fo'ofo|ky;
osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa us vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ ,oa
vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ Ik'pkr~ Hkh lHkh foekvksa
(f'k{k.k O;olk;] f'k{k.k dkS'ky] vuq'kklu
rFkk ikB~; lgxkeh fØ;kvksa) ij egkfo|ky;
osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa ls vPNk izn'kZu fd;kA lHkh
foekvksa ij nksuksa lewgksa dh 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk osQ
eè; 0-01 rFkk 0-05 Lrj ij lkFkZd varj Hkh
ik;k x;kA fu"d"kZ& izLrqr vè;;u osQ ifj.kke ls Li"V gS
fd fo'ofo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa dh 'kSf{kd
vfHko`fÙk egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa ls
vPNh gSA tcfd nksuksa vè;kid cuus gsrq gh
izf'k{k.k izkIr dj jgs gSa vkSj dy ;gh ns'k osQ
Hkfo"; fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku nsaxsA egkfo|ky; osQ
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:18
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
54
Nk=kkè;kidksa }kjk 'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk osQ izfr ypj
izn'kZu lkspuh; gSA bl fo'kky ns'k esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{kk iznku
djus gsrq cgqrk;r ek=kk esa f'k{kdksa dh vko';drk
gksrh gS vkSj ,sls laLFkku de gSa tks lqfo/k laiUu
gksAa ftu Nk=kkè;kidksa us vPNk izn'kZu fd;k gS
os fo'ofo|ky; Lrj ij izf'k{k.k izkIr djus
okys gS]a tgk¡ mfpr 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k ,oa lHkh
fo"k;ksa osQ vè;kid ,oa fo"k; fo'ks"kK miyC/
FksA Nk=kkè;kidksa dks cSBus dh leqfpr O;oLFkk]
vPNh ykbczjs h] le;&le; ij fof'k"V O;fDr;ksa
osQ O;k[;ku dk vk;kstu gksrk jgrk gSA f'k{k.ksÙkj
fØ;kdyki ('kSf{kd Hkze.k] LdkmV&xkbM izf'k{k.k]
,l- ;w- ih- MCY;w- ,oa 'kSf{kd xks"Bh tSls dk;ZØeksa
dk vk;kstu) laiUu gksrs jgrs gSAa ogha egkfo|ky;
Lrj ij bu lHkh dk vkaf'kd vFkok iw.kZr;k vHkko
ik;k tkrk gSA
egkfo|ky; Lrj ij f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa ls
Hkh lacaf/r leL;k gSA LofoÙkiksf"kr laLFkkvksa
esa izf'k{kdksa osQ osru] vodk'k rFkk vU;
lqfo/kvksa dks ysdj Vdjko gksrs jgrs gSaA
ukSdjh dh vfuf'prrk Hkh izf'k{kdksa dks iw.kZ
euks;ksx ls dk;Z djus esa ck/k mRiUu djrh gSA
'kSf{kd fufgrkFkZ& izLrqr vè;;u ls Li"V gS
fd ;fn egkfo|ky; Lrj ij Hkh fo'ofo|ky;
tSlh lqfo/k,¡ ,oa volj miyC/ djk,
tk,¡ rks egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa dh Hkh
'kSf{kd vfHko`fÙk esa f'k{k.k O;olk; osQ izfr
ldkjkRed ifjorZu yk;k tk ldrk gS rFkk
vuq'kklu dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA Ikfjlheu& izLrqr vè;;u esa dk'kh fganw
fo'ofo|ky; osQ f'k{kk ladk; osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa
dks gh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA
izLrqr vè;;u esa gseorhuanu cgqxq.kk jktdh;
LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky; [kVhek] Åèkeflag uxj]
mÙkjk[k.M (ch- ,M- foHkkx) osQ Nk=kkè;kidksa
dks gh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA
lanHkZ
djfyaxj] ,iQ-,u- 2000- I+kQkmaMs'ku vkWI+kQ fcgsfo;jy fjlpZ- lqjthr ifCyosQ'ku] u;h fnYyhxqIrk] ,l- ih- 2007- O;ogkjijd foKkuksa esa lkaf[;dh; fof/;k¡- 'kkjnk iqLrd Hkou] bykgkckn2008- vk/qfud ekiu ,oa ewY;kadu- 'kkjnk iqLrd Hkou] bykgkcknxqIrk] ,l- ih- vkSj xqIrk] ,- 2007- mPprj f'k{kk euksfoKku- 'kkjnk iqLrd Hkou] bykgkckneaxy] ,l- osQ- 2010- f'k{kk euksfoKku- I+kQkbZ yfu±x izkbosV fyfeVsM] u;h fnYyhflag] ,- osQ- 2005- euksfoKku] lekt'kkL=k rFkk f'k{kk esa 'kks/ fof/;k¡- Hkkjrh Hkou] ifCy'klZ ,oa fMLVªhC;wVlZ]
iVuk2008- mPprj lkekU; euksfoKku] eksrhyky cukjlh nkl ifCyosQ'ku] u;h fnYyh-
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 54
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:18
EkktZjh lkbDl f'k{kk µ lknxh]
lkSan;Z vkSj lekurk osQ fy,
vfuy lsBh·
EkktZjh lkbDl (1905&1995) us dbZ o"kks± rd egkRek xkaèkh vkSj johanz ukFk BkoqQj osQ
lkFk ,d vè;kfidk dh gSfl;r ls dke fd;kA mUgksaus bu nksuksa osQ f'k{kk lacaèkh fopkjksa
dk liQyrkiwoZd lekos'k fd;kA lkbDl tUe ls fczfV'k FkhaA 1928 bZ- esa os Hkkjr vkb±]
1990 osQ n'kd rd ;gk¡ jgha vkSj mUgksaus lsokxzke vkSj 'kkafrfuosQru lesr dbZ txgksa ij
i<+k;kA vius ekxZn'kZdksa dh rjg lkbDl ^LowQyh i<+kbZ* vkSj ^f'k{kk* esa Li"V varj djrh
FkhaA os ;g Hkh ekurh Fkha fd fdlh Hkh cqf¼eku vè;kid dks ;g tkuuk pkfg, fd dc
cPpksa dks viuh euekuh djus osQ fy, vyx NksM+ fn;k tk, vkSj dc vè;kid ihNs
gV tk, rkfd mudh xfrfofèk esa n[ky fn, fcuk mUgsa le> losQA lkbDl osQ 'kSf{kd
fopkj] fparu vkSj dke dh dbZ èkkjkvksa ls fudys ij varr% mudh ps"Vk Fkhµlknxh]
lkSan;Z vkSj lekurk dh vksj ys tkus okyh f'k{kk dk izorZuA
EkktZjh lkbDl (1905&1995) mu fonsf'k;ksa
esa ls Fkha ftUgksaus Hkkjrh;rk dks viukuk r;
fd;k Fkk D;ksafd Hkkjr mUgsa vlk/kj.k :i
ls yqHkkrk FkkA bl lEeksgu dk vuqHko mUgsa
igys igy gekjs Lora=krk laxzke osQ oqQN
f'k[kj O;fDrRoksa osQ thou vkSj o`QfrÙo osQ
ekè;e ls gqvkA lkbDl tUe ls fczfV'k FkhaA
os psUubZ osQ csafVd xYlZ gkbZLowQy esa i<+kus
osQ fy, 1928 osQ 'kjn esa Hkkjr vkbZaA 1990
osQ n'kd rd os ;gha jgha vkSj bl nkSjku os
xkaèkhth] johanz ukFk BkoqQj vkSj lh-,iQ-,s.Mª;w”k
tSls O;fDrRoksa rFkk fofHkUu bZlkbZ ijaijkvksa µ
fo'ks"kdj Dosdj1 ijaijk ls izsfjr vusd rjg
osQ fopkjksa] xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj ifj;kstukvksa esa
yhu jghaA
o`¼koLFkk esa Hkh lkbDl lfozQ; vkSj izHkkoh
FkhaA mUgksaus vius thou dk fp=kkadu ,d fojkV
iQyd ij fd;kA vkè;kfRedrk] lknxh] izo`Qfr
· HkwriwoZ izksI+ksQlj] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] u;h fnYyh
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 55
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:18
56
ls tqM+ko] iSny lSj] ioZrkjksg.k] nLrdkjh]
Hkk"kk,¡] ukVd] n'kZu'kkL=k] ys[ku] xzke lqèkkj]
'kkafr vkanksyu] jktu; rFkk le>kSrk okrkZ]
Dosdj xfrfofèk;k¡] vius ekxZn'kZdksa osQ fopkj
fnu&jkr os bUgha lc esa jeh jgrh FkhaaA bu lHkh
ls os oqQN u oqQN lh[kus vkSj yksxksa dks Hkh
buosQ ckjs esa tkudkjh nsus dh dksf'k'k djrh
FkhaA blfy, muosQ f'k{kk lacaèkh fopkjksa us buesa
ls vusd vfHk#fp;ksa ls cgqr oqQN xzg.k fd;k
gS] ij varr% mudh ps"Vk Fkh &lknxh] lkSan;Z
vkSj lekurk dh vksj ys tkus okyh f'k{kk dk
izorZuA
mudk tUe ;koZQ'kk;j osQ ,d de
lkèkulaiUu ifjokj esa gqvk FkkA muosQ firk
dks;yk [kkuksa osQ bykosQ osQ xjhc nsgkrh LowQyksa
esa gsMekLVjh djrs FksA ektZjh rFkk muosQ nks
HkkbZ&cguksa dk ikyu&iks"k.k vis{kko`Qr xjhch dh
fLFkfr esa gqvk Fkk exj lkFk gh mUgsa ferO;f;rk]
LoPNrk vkSj èkeZijk;.krk osQ laLdkj Hkh feys
FksA mudh LowQyh f'k{kk gMlZI+kQhYM bykosQ osQ
LFkkuh; LowQyksa esa gqbZ Fkh ij dkWyst Lrj ij
vaxzs”kh osQ vè;;u osQ fy, mUgsa Nk=ko`fÙk feyh
vkSj os oSaQfczt osQ U;wUge dkWyst esa nkf[kyk ys
ldhaA dkWyst dh i<+kbZ osQ nkSjku os vDlj vius
firk osQ lkFk mudh ifj;kstukvksa ij dke fd;k
djrh FkhaA muosQ firk e'khuksa osQ O;kogkfjd
ekWMyksa osQ fM”kkbu cukus dh dksf'k'k djrs Fks
tks brus vklku gksa fd LowQyksa osQ cPps mUgsa [kqn
cuk vkSj pyk losaQ vkSj ftuosQ ”kfj, os nSfud
thou esa dke vkus okyh e'khuksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh
tkudkjh gkfly dj loasQA os cPpksa osQ fy,
fouksn Hkko] lqanjrk ;k jgL; Hkko osQ vkèkkj ij
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 56
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
pquh gqbZ dforkvksa dh iqfLrdk,¡ fudkyk djrs
FksA os bfrgkl dk iquoZQFku bl rjhosQ ls djrs
Fks tks ikBdksa dh ekuoh; lgkuqHkwfr dks tkxzr
djsA bu lc dkeksa esa os ektZjh dks Hkh 'kkfey
djrs Fks tks cM+s mRlkg ls gkFk ls cuh fdrkcksa
dh flykbZ fd;k djrh FkhaA mUgsa ;g dke dHkh
uhjl cks>&lk ugha yxk2A lkbDl us oSaQfczt esa
vaxsz”kh dk VªkbikWl (vkWulZ fMxzh) izFke Js.kh esa
mÙkh.kZ fd;kA blosQ fy, mUgksaus fofy;e CyWd
ij ,d y?kq 'kksèk izcaèk fy[kk FkkA os vklkuh ls
vaxzs”kh fo"k; esa viuh mPprj f'k{kk Tkkjh j[k
ldrh Fkha] ysfdu vius firk osQ dk;ks± osQ izfr
vkd"kZ.k osQ dkj.k mUgksaus LowQyksa esa vè;kiu
dks pqukA mUgksaus vè;kiu dk izf'k{k.k ysrs gq,
oSaQfczt esa ,d o"kZ vkSj fcrk;k ftlosQ lekiu
ij mUgksaus vi+zQhdk vkSj ,f'k;k esa f'k{k.k osQ
voljksa dh ryk'k 'kq: dhA tc mUgsa enzkl
esa yanu fe'kujh lkslkbVh }kjk lapkfyr csafVd
gkbZLowQy esa dke djus dk izLrko feyk rks
mUgksaus lg"kZ mls Lohdkj dj fy;kA
casfVd LowQy esa lkbDl dks vius
ikyu&iks"k.k osQ rjhosQ vkSj iwoZ izf'k{k.k dk
vPNk ykHk feykA vius ekrk&firk dks ns[kdj
os le> pqdh Fkha fd cPpksa dks vUos"k.k vkSj
miyfCèk ls] ekSt&eLrh vkSj lkgfld dk;ks± ls]
dYiuk vkSj d#.kk ls fdl izdkj mRlkgiw.kZ
izsj.kk feyrh gSA muosQ firk dHkh Hkh O;fDr;ksa]
lkekftd lewgksa vkSj jk"Vªksa dks fdlh :f<+oknh
:ijs[kk esa j[kdj ugha ns[krs&fn[kkrs FksA mUgksaus
csVh dks ;g Hkh fl[kk;k Fkk fd ^viuk drZO;
futh vkdka{kkvksa ls izHkkfor gq, fcuk fuHkkuk
pkfg, --- osQoy ,d gh ckr ek;us j[krh gS ---
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:18
ektZjh lkbDl f'k{kk µ lknxh] lkSan;Z vkSj lekurk osQ fy,
-- fu%LokFkhZ gksdj lh[kuk3A vkxs pydj Hkkjr
esa ektZjh dks ^fu"dke deZ* dh voèkkj.kk
osQ :i esa bl ckjs esa vkSj lh[kuk FkkA blosQ
vfrfjDr oSaQfczt esa muosQ vè;kidksa us mUgsa
varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lkekftd U;k; osQ {ks=k esa
fdlh u fdlh :i esa ;ksxnku djus dh izsj.kk
nh FkhA muesa ls cgqr ls yksx bls bZlk elhg dk
lans'k ekurs Fks ftls ;qok fnekxksa rd igq¡pkuk
Fkk] vkSj og ,slh f'k{kk osQ ”kfj, tks mUgsa
^fo'o osQ Lrj ij lkspuk ysfdu LFkkuh; Lrj
ij dke djuk* fl[kk,A tks Hkh gks] ukS o"kZ dh
dPph mez esas Hkh ektZjh dks ;q¼ ls uI+kQjr FkhA
;g ckr mUgsa ges'kk&ges'kk ;kn jgrh Fkh fd
tc izFke fo'o;q¼ 'kq: gqvk rks fdl izdkj
^ekgkSy esa egkfouk'k dk xgu vkHkkl Nk;k
jgrk Fkk*] vkSj ;g fd ;q¼tfur oSj us oSQls
,d fiz; teZu f'kf{kdk dks vpkud gh ^fons'kh
'k=kq* esa cny fn;k FkkA4
lu~ 1928 esa csafVd ,d vis{kko`Qr NksVk
LowQy (fdaMjxkVZu ls vafre d{kk rd ftlesa
350 ls Hkh de cPps Fks) vkSj ?kfu"B fj'rksa
esa c¡èkk lewg FkkA blesa ,d Nk=kkokl Hkh Fkk
gkyk¡fd lkjs Nk=k blesa ugha jgrs FksA lHkh
vè;kid vkSj Nk=k ,d nwljs dks igpkurs Fks
^vkSj ,d cM+s ifjokj dh rjg ,d nwljs dk
[k;ky j[krs Fks*A psUubZ dh tyok;q dks ns[krs
gq, LowQy esa de ls de I+kQuhZpj j[kk tkrk Fkk
vkSj blosQ lnL; dHkh&dHkkj gh pIiy igurs
FksA os uaxs iSj pyrs&fiQjrs vkSj I+kQ'kZ ij fcNh
pVkb;ksa ij lksrs FksA Nk=kkokl esa gj cPps osQ
diM+s vkSj futh oLrq,¡ ,d NksVs ls cDl esa gh
lek tkrh FkhaA vyx&vyx èkeZ vkSj tkfr;ksa osQ
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 57
57
cPpksa dks cjkcjh osQ ntsZ ij nkf[kyk fn;k tkrk
Fkk vkSj Nk=kkokl osQ laokfl;ksa dh tkfr oqQN
Hkh gks] os lHkh ,d gh jlksbZ esa cuk gqvk ,d
gh [kkuk [kkrs FksA ,slk Hkh gksrk gh jgrk Fkk fd
czkã.k Nk=k ^uhph tkr* osQ yksxksa dh twBh irysa
mBkrs Fks ;k muosQ twBs crZu ek¡trs FksA
fizafliy dh gSfl;r ls ektZjh lkbDl us
izfr;ksfxrkvksa vkSj iqjLdkjksa rFkk ^muls HkM+dus
okyh LoosaQfnzr izfr}af}rk*5 ij jksd yxk nhA
mUgksaus lg;ksx osQ ewY;ksa ij cy fn;k vkSj bl
rjg dh O;oLFkk LFkkfir dh ftlesa rs”k Nk=kksa
dks i<+kbZ esa eancqf¼ Nk=kksa dh enn djus osQ
fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk Fkk & ^o;Ldksa dh
rqyuk esa os bls dgha vfèkd izHkkoh <ax ls djrs
FksA*6 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk osQ dk;ZozQeksa dh ;kstuk
oqQN ,d flrkjksa dks Js"B izn'kZu djosQ iqjLdkj
thrus dh [kkfrj izf'kf{kr djus osQ fy, ugha
^cfYd gj cPps osQ LokLF; rFkk dkS'ky esa
lqèkkj ykus osQ fy,*7 cukbZ tkrh FkhA
csafVd rFkk lkbDl ^ikB~; fo"k;* rFkk
^ikB~;sÙkj xfrfofèk;ksa* esa dksbZ varj ugha djrs
Fks] tks varj cgqr&ls Hkkjrh; LowQy ges'kk ls
j[krs vk, gSaA (lu~ 2005 osQ jk"Vªh; ikB~;Øe
osQ <k¡ps dk mís'; bl varj dks lekIr djuk
gSA) mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ml LowQy esa vaxsz”kh vkSj
laxhr lkFk&lkFk i<+k, tkrs FksA >kM+w yxkuk]
bekjr dh lI+kQkbZ] ckxckuh vkfn dk mruk gh
egÙo Fkk ftruk fy[kuk] i<+uk] xf.kr vkfn
lh[kus dkA lI+kQkbZ] ckxckuh vkfn dks f'k{kk dh
osaQnzh; fpark ekuk tkrk FkkA ;g ckr lkbDl us
ftruh Lo;a viuh f'k{kk&nh{kk ls lh[kh Fkh]
mruh gh xkaèkh rFkk johanzukFk BkoqQj lsA
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:18
58
bl lksp dks osQoy csafVd gh ugha cfYd
gj ml txg ykxw fd;k x;k tgk¡&tgk¡ mUgksaus
i<+k;k FkkA xkaèkhth us 1937 esa tc vius f'k{kk
lacaèkh dk;ZozQe dh izFke lkoZtfud ?kks"k.kk
dh Fkh] rc blh lksp osQ dkj.k mls ysdj
ektZjh bruh mRlkfgr gks mBh FkhaA xkaèkhth dh
u;h rkyhe osQ :i esa lefiZr vkSj dk;kZfUor
bu fopkjksa dk vU;=k foLr`r fo'ys"k.k fd;k
x;k gSA8
;gk¡ bruk gh dg nsuk dkI+kQh gS fd xkaèkhth
f'k{kk dk;Z esa nSfud thou rFkk dk;ks± osQ
lalkèkuksa osQ bLrseky osQ vkxzgh FksA f'k{kk dk
y{; thou dks le>uk vkSj ftl :i esa og
lkeus vk,] mlh :i esa mldk lkeuk djuk gSA
ysfdu f'k{kkH;kl dks Hkh Lo;a thou osQ vanj
ls gksdj gh lajfpr Hkh fd;k tkuk FkkA bl
xkaèkhoknh izfreku dk vk'k; Fkk fd f'k{kkFkhZ
Lo;a vius vfLrRo dh fLFkfr;ksa vkSj vius
lekt ls lfozQ; :i ls tqM+k jgs rkfd og
vfrJe vkSj 'kks"k.k ls viuh eqfDr dh jkg
ryk'k losQA tSlkfd xkaèkhth ”kksj nsdj dgrs
Fks] ^f'k{kk gh lPph vk”kknh nsrh gS*9 ysfdu
;g rHkh laHko gS tc ;g ^cPpksa ;k cM+ksa osQ
nsg] eu vkSj vkRek esa tks Hkh loZJs"B gS mls
lexz :i ls ckgj yk losQ*10A 31 tqykbZ
1937 osQ ^gfjtu* esa xkaèkhth us bl fo"k; esa
tks ,d NksVk&lk vuqPNsn izdkf'kr fd;k Fkk]
mlus lkbDl dks vanj rd >d>ksj fn;k µ
^mu fxus&pqus okD;ksa us esjs fnekx ls ckdh lc
oqQN fudky iQsadkA eSa mn~nhIr gks mBhA eSa mUgsa
ckj&ckj i<+rh jgh vkSj eq>s vc Hkh Li"V :i
ls 'kCn'k% ;kn gS fd esjs fnekx esa dkSu&lh
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 58
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
ckr vkbZ Fkh µ ^^vkf[kj vc ,slk dksbZ gS tks
f'k{kk osQ ckjs esa lpeqp le>nkjh ls oqQN dg
jgk gSA** eSa mRlqdrk ls ^gfjtu* osQ vkxkeh
vadksa dh izrh{kk djus yxh vkSj xkaèkhth osQ
izLrko ls tks fookn mBs Fks mudk vè;;u djrh
jghA*11 lu~ 1939 esa johanuz kFk BkoqQj us ektZjh
lkbDl dks ^vaxs”z kh laLo`Qfr dh çfrfufèk*12 osQ
:i esa 'kkafrfuosQru esa i<+kus dks cqyk;kA ;g
,d nqyHZ k volj FkkA blls lkbDl dks u osQoy
johanuz kFk osQ f'k{kk rFkk lkeqnkf;d lgthou
osQ iz;ksxksa dks fudV ls ns[kus dk volj feyk]
cfYd os bl ckr dk Hkh vè;;u dj ldha fd
xkaèkhoknh i¼fr ls mldk dgk¡ esy gSA johanuz kFk
rFkk xkaèkh osQ chp vusd laioZQ lw=k Fks vkSj
xk¡o vkSj 'kkafrfuosQru osQ chp vkokxeu cuk
jgrk FkkA lkbDl dks rfey rFkk fganh dk rks
vPNk Kku Fkk gh] vc mUgksaus 'kh?kz gh ckaXyk
Hkh lh[k yh vkSj cM+h lgtrk ls 'kkafrfuosQru
osQ lkaLo`Qfrd rFkk ckSf¼d thou esa 'kkfey gks
xbZa ftlesa Fks & iwQy vkSj fHkfÙkfp=k] oL=k cqukbZ
vkSj dk"Bf'kYi] dfork vkSj laxhr] u`R; vkSj
ukVd rFkk èkkfeZd laokn dh Lora=krkA Nk=kkvksa
rFkk bZlkbZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, mudk ?kj fo'ks"k
vkd"kZ.k dk osaQnz fl¼ gqvkA bZlkbZ fo|kFkhZ
èkkfeZd my>uksa ij fopkj foe'kZ osQ fy, ;k
Dosdj if=kdk n izQsaM i<+us osQ fy, vk;k djrs
Fks rks Nk=kk,¡ ,d vfèkd tkudkj rFkk vuqHkoh]
ij lkFk gh vR;ar lqân efgyk ls O;fDrxr
lykg rFkk izsj.kk ysus vkrh FkhaA ckaXyk Hkk"kk ij
lkbDl dk ozQe'k% bruk vfèkdkj gks x;k Fkk fd
dfo us muls viuh oqQN jpukvksa dk vaxs”z kh esa
vuqokn djus dk vkxzg rd fd;kA
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:18
ektZjh lkbDl f'k{kk µ lknxh] lkSan;Z vkSj lekurk osQ fy,
csafVd rFkk 'kkafrfuosQru osQ vfrfjDr
ektZjh lkbDl us psUubZ osQ oheWUl fozQf'p;u
dkWyst] lsokxzke rFkk dbZ vU; laLFkkuksa esa Hkh
vè;kiu fd;k FkkA muosQ dk;Z] mudh fy[kh
iqLrdksa rFkk muosQ ckjs esa bèkj&mèkj fc[kjs
ys[ku ls Li"V le> esa vkrk gS fd os johanzukFk
rFkk xkaèkh dh fo'on`f"V;ksa dks le>uk rFkk
la'ysf'kr djuk pkgrh Fkha] fo'ks"kdj muosQ
f'k{kk lacaèkh ifjizs{; dksA mUgsa ;g vkarfjd
mRlkg rFkk vkfo"dkj dh ;k=kk yxrh FkhA pw¡fd
;g ;k=kk lkbDl dh f'k{kk lacaèkh n`f"V dks Hkh
mtkxj djrh gS blfy, blls fiQj ,d ckj
xq”kjuk Js;Ldj gh gksxkA lkbDl dks ^orZeku
osQ egkure iq#"kksa esa ls bu nks*13 osQ fopkjksa esa
dbZ varj fn[kkbZ fn,] ij lkFk gh dbZ lekurk,¡
Hkh fn[kkbZ nha tks vkerkSj ij thouhdkjksa vkSj
bfrgkldkjksa dh u”kj esa ugha vkrhaA lkbDl osQ
vuqlkj bu nksuksa dh i`"BHkwfe] vkSj mu fcanqvksa
esa varj Fkk ftu ij os cy nsrs FksA fdarq budh
eukso`fÙk vkSj mís'; esa lkE; FkkA johanzukFk
o`Q".k Fks & dykdkj] lkSan;Z esa fueXu] tcfd
xkaèkhth jke Fks & ;ks¼k] ”k:jreanksa dh lgk;rk
dks mtkxj djuk fiQj Hkh nksuksa esa ,d&nwljs dk
Hkh dksbZ rÙo FkkA lkbDl dk roZQ Fkk fd nksuksa
gh vius&vius rjhosQ ls leku y{;ksa osQ fy,
dke dj jgs Fks µ vkRefuHkZjrk dh xfjek vkSj
mÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZ Lora=krk dk vkpj.kA nksuksa dk
egkLoIu ,d&lk gh Fkk µ eqDr] fuHkZ; rFkk
iqu#thfor ekuorkA mifu"knksa dh ijaijk essa os
ckg~; miyfCèk;ksa dks rc rd fujFkZd ekurs Fks
tc rd fd os vkarfjd Lokèkhurk vkSj vkuan
dh miyfCèk esa ekuo dh] LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dh]
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 59
59
vkSj laiw.kZ lekt dh lgk;rk u djsaA os izk;%
bZ'kksifu"kn~ dh ,d Ípk ij ykSVk djrs Fks
ftlls lkbDl Hkh cgqr izHkkfor Fkha µ
;g laiw.kZ fo'o ifjèkku gS bZ'oj dk
R;kxdj bldk Hkksx djks
Ikqu% xzg.k djks bZ'oj osQ ojnku osQ :i
14
esaA
Xkkaèkh vkSj johanzukFk Hkksx vkSj R;kx esa }a}
dk lacaèk ekurs FksA izdk'k vkSj vaèkdkj dh
Hkk¡fr os fojksèkh iwjd Fks tks ,d&nwljs dks vFkZ
nsrs FksA bu nksuksa gh iq#"kksa osQ thou dk fl¼kar
okD; Fkk ^R;kxdj Hkksx djksA*15 ;g lalkj
NksM+dj fgeky; dh xqi+Qkvksa esa tk clusokyk
R;kx ugha FkkA blosQ foijhr bldk vFkZ Fkk]
^ekuo O;kikjksa esa ,d vuklDr vkSj foy{k.k
fyIrrk*16 vkSj bl dkj.k ;s nksuksa vius dk;Z
vkSj dyk osQ ekè;e ls lekt esa fyIr jgs]
laLFkk,¡ vkSj vkanksyu lapkfyr fd, vkSj bUgksaus
laokn] okn&fookn rFkk fopkj&foe'kZ vkjaHk
fd,A
johanzukFk BkoqQj rFkk xkaèkhth osQ f'k{kk
lacaèkh y{; vkSj mudh i¼fr;k¡ bl fo'on`f"V
ls xgjs esa vuqizkf.kr FkhaA os cPpksa ls I;kj djrs
Fks vkSj Lo;a ^fpj f'k'kq* FksA os ,d lexz]
lefUor] cgqvk;keh f'k{kk dk LoIu ns[krs Fks
ftlesa gj cPps dh oS;fDrdrk rFkk izfrHkk dks
igpkuk tk, vkSj f'k{kk osQ ,d eqDr] vkuane;
okrkoj.k esa mls bl oS;fDrdrk rFkk izfrHkk dks
iw.kZ vfHkO;fDr nsus dk volj feysA mudk n`<+
er Fkk fd f'k{kk dks vR;kpkj rFkk vLokèkhurk
nwj djus esa lgk;d gksuk pkfg,A bls gesa bruk
leFkZ cukuk pkfg, fd ge lÙkk dh osaQfnzdrk
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:18
60
rFkk 'kks"k.k dk izfrjksèk dj losaQA bl dke dks
[ksy dh rjg ysuk pkfg, vkSj bldk è;ku
jpukRed dk;Z ij osaQfnzr gksuk pkfg,A bls
nSfud thou osQ rÙoksa rFkk dk;ks± dk f'k{k.k
osQ lalkèkuksa osQ :i esa bLrseky djuk pkfg,A
bl izdkj dikl dh [ksrh ;k ckmy laxhr
f'k{k.k&vfèkxe dh vusd xfrfofèk;ksa osQ osaQnz
cu ldrs gSa & og foKku osQ {ks=k esa gks] ;k
Hkwxksy] bfrgkl vkSj vFkZ'kkL=k osQ {ks=k esa] ;k
dyk] f'kYi ;k lkfgR; osQ {ks=k esaA f'k{kk dks
tgk¡ o`gÙkj fo'o esa izos'k dh vusd jkgsa [kksyuh
pkfg,] ogha bldh tM+sa LFkkuh; vko';drkvksa
vkSj laLo`Qfr esa gksuh pkfg, vkSj de ls de
gkbZLowQy rd bldk ekè;e ekr`Hkk"kk gksuk
pkfg,A bl izdkj lkbDl dh n`f"V esa ewy rÙoksa
dh n`f"V ls xk¡o rFkk 'kkafrfuosQru mrus nwj ugha
Fks ftruk mUgsa le>k tkrk gSA
LowQy vkSj dkWyst esa lfozQ; vè;kid
osQ :i esa lkbDl bu fopkjksa dks thrh jghaA
'kkafrfuosQru] lsokxzke rFkk Hkkjr osQ vU; Hkh
dbZ fHkUu&fHkUu bykdksa esa bUgsa ykxw djosQ os
bUgsa yxkrkj èkkj nsrh jghaA vius ekxZn'kZdksa dh
gh rjg os Hkh ^f'k{kk* rFkk ^LowQyh i<+kbZ* esa
Li"V varj djrh FkhaA os bu nks 'kCnksa osQ vk'k;
esa bruk varj djrh Fkha ekuks ^f'k{kk* dk vFkZ
njvly ^LowQy ls nwj tkuk* fd;k tk ldrk
gksA lkbDl le>krh gSa fd f'k{kk (education)
dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gh ^ckgj ys pyuk* gSA
esjs eu esa fp=k mHkjrk gS fd dksbZ fdlh
cPps osQ gkFk dks gkSys ls Fkkedj cPps osQ
vius izko`Qfrd euksosxksa ls lg;ksx djrk gqvk
u;s fodkl vkSj u;s m|e dks izksRlkfgr djrs
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 60
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
gq, mlosQ lkFk&lkFk mlh dh LokHkkfod
+
jIÝrkj
esa py jgk gSA ij blosQ foijhr ge
^LowQyh i<+kbZ* 'kCn dk iz;ksx oqQN bl vk'k;
esa djrs gSa ekuks fdlh dk ,sls dke osQ fy,
vuqowQyu fd;k tk jgk gks tks og LoHkkor%
ugha djrk&mnkgj.k osQ fy,] cSys u`R; dh
oqQN Hkafxek,¡ vkSj xfr;k¡A esjk ;g nkok ugha
gS fd f'k{kk vkSj LowQyh i<+kbZ ijLij fojksèkh
gSa (eSa ;g ugha dg jgh gw¡ fd nksuksa lkFk ugha
py ldrsA ij ;g eSa dg jgh gw¡ os fHkUu gSa
vkSj ge yksxksa dks bl fHkUurk dks igpkuuk
pkfg,A17
lkbDl dk n`<+ fo'okl Fkk fd vè;kidksa
dh igyh fpark f'k{kk gksuh pkfg,] LowQyh
i<+kbZ ughaA mUgksaus vè;kid dh rqyuk ekyh
(fdaMjxkVZu dk vFkZ gh gS cPpksa dh cfx;k)
;k ulZ (LowQy ulZfj;k¡@ikSèk'kkyk,¡ gh rks gSaA)
ls dh gS ftudh f”kEesnkjh cPPkksa osQ fodkl
osQ fy, mi;qDr okrkoj.k rS;kj djuk gSA ftl
izdkj dksbZ oqQ'ky ekyh vius ikSèkksa dh ;k
le>nkj ulZ vius jksfx;ksa dh ns[kHkky djrs
gSa mlh izdkj cqf¼eku vè;kid dks Hkh tkuuk
pkfg, fd dc cPpksa dks Lo;a muosQ lkFk
NksM+ fn;k tk, rkfd os vius fodkl dks
tkjh j[k losaQ] ^viuk euHkkrk dj losaQ* vkSj
vè;kid ihNs gVdj osQoy mu ij u”kj j[krs
jgsa] ^mUgsa le>us osQ [+k;ky ls] n[ky nsus osQ
fy, ugha*A18 exj tgk¡ cPpksa dks muosQ dke
esa lgt lqfoèkk nsus osQ fy, vè;kidksa dks
ihNs gV tkuk pkfg,] ogha mUgsa iz'u djus dh
vknr dks l¡okjus esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh enn Hkh
djuh pkfg,A ekuoksa esa ;g vknr rks izo`Qfr ls
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:18
ektZjh lkbDl f'k{kk µ lknxh] lkSan;Z vkSj lekurk osQ fy,
gh vkrh gSA vè;kidksa dks Lo;a esa Hkh ftKklk
dk mRlkg txkuk pkfg,A cPpksa dks leL;k,¡
mBkus vkSj lekèkku <w¡<+us esa e”kk vkrk gS vkSj
vè;kidksa dks ;g ckr muls lh[kuh pkfg,A
f'k{kd osQ rkSj ij ge D;k cPpksa osQ lgt
iz'uksa dk Lokxr djrs gSa\ vius thou vkSj
o`QfrÙo osQ ekè;e ls ektZjh lkbDl us bl
ckr ij fiQj ls cy fn;k fd f'k{kk dk vFkZ
gS] ^tks ph”ksa gekjs lkekU; Loho`Qr iSVuZ esa
ugha cSBrha*19 muosQ ckjs esa iz'u] leL;k,¡ vkSj
61
lansg mBk, tk,¡A f'k{kk cstku rF;ksa dk <sj Hkj
ugha gS_ cfYd gesa bls ^pqukSrh Hkjs iz'uksa dh Ük`a[kyk osQ izfrlkn*20 osQ :i esa ns[kuk pkfg,A
vUos"k.k] cPpksa] yksxksa] vuklDr lektfyIrrk]
lkSan;Z vkfn osQ Ikzfr muosQ Ikzse us vkSj lcls
c<+dj lekuqHkwfr vkSj eS=kh osQ muosQ xq.kksa us
mUgsa ns'k osQ loZJs"B f'k{kdksa esa LFkku fnyk;k
FkkA blfy, f'k{kk lacaèkh fdlh Hkh fparu esa
mudk uke ges'kk vuk;kl gh vk tkrk gSA
(vuq- oqQlqe ck¡fB;k)
lanHkZ
1- mnkgj.k osQ fy, ns- ektZjh lkbDl] n LVksjh vkWI+kQ u;h rkyheµfiQÝVh b;lZ vkWI+kQ ,tqosQ'ku ,V
lsokxzke_ 1937&1987 (lsokxzke] 1987)_ o`Q".k oqQekj] ^fylfuax Vq xka/h*& jtuh oqQekj] vfuy
lsBh vkSj 'kkfyuh flDdk (laiknd)] LowQy] lkslkbVh] us'ku µikWiqyj ,ls”k bu ,tqosQ'ku (fnYyh]
2005) esa ladfyr_ th- jkekukFku] ,tqosQ'ku izQkWe M~;wbZ Vq xka/h µ n F;ksjh vkWI+kQ csfld ,tqosQ'ku
(eqacbZ] 1962)_ lhrkjeS;k] csfld ,tqosQ'ku µ n uhM vkWI+kQ VqMs (o/kZ] 1952)_ vkSj vfuy lsBh]
^,tqosQ'ku iQkWj ykbiQ+] Fkzw ykbi+Qµ , xkafèk;u iSjkMkbe*] fØLVksI+kQj foap osQ iQLVZ egkRek xka/h
eseksfj;y ysDpj (u;h fnYyh 2007) esa 2- Dosdj&;g er bZlkbZ /eZ esa ls mHkjk ,d vkanksyu gS] ftlesa 'kkafr osQ fl¼karksa ij cy jgrk gSA Dosdj
yksx vkSipkfjd fl¼akrksa] /eZ laLdkjksa rFkk nhf{kr iknfj;ksa dh ijaijk dk ikyu ugha djrs vkSj mudh
vkLFkk LokuqHko dh vkarfjd lÙkk esa gksrh gSA Dosdj yksx vkè;kfRed lekurk ij cy nsrs Fks] blfy,
lkekftd U;k; osQ izfr os laosnu'khy gksrs FksA Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; Hkkouk osQ izfr mUgsa lgkuqHkwfr Fkh vkSj
muesa vusd tu egkRek xka/h osQ fo'oLr fe=k FksA lkbDl bl vkanksyu rFkk Hkkjr esa blosQ dk;ks± ls
bruh izHkkfor Fkha fd mUgksaus bu ij ,d fdrkc Hkh fy[kh & DosdlZ bu bafM;k % , iQkWjxkWVu lsapqjh
(yanu 1980) 3- o`Q".k oqQekj (laik-) MseksozsQlh ,aM ,tqosQ'ku bu bafM;k (u;h fnYyh 1993)] i`- 24 esa ektZjh lkbDl
dk cht Hkk"k.k 4- tgk¡xhj ih-iVsy rFkk ektZjh lkbDl] xka/h µ fg”k fxÝV vkWI+kQ n I+kQkbV (xksok 1987) i`- 43 5- tgk¡xhj ih-iVsy rFkk ektZjh lkbDl] xka/h µ fg”k fxÝV vkWI+kQ n I+kQkbV (xksok 1987) i`- 62 6- ts-Mh-lsBh }kjk xka/h VqMs (fnYyh 1978) esa izdkf'kr ys[k ^, xkaf/;u fØfVd vkWI+kQ ekWMuZ bafM;u
,tqosQ'ku bu fjys'ku Vq bdkWuksfed MsoyiesaV* esa m¼`r] i`- 126-
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 61
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:18
62
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
7- ekFkkZ MkVZ] ^ektZjh lkbDl& 1905&1995* tgk¡xhj ih-iVsy rFkk ektZjh lkbDl] xka/h& fgt fxÝV vkWI+kQ
n I+kQkbV (xksok 1987) i`- 211 8- ekFkkZ MkVZ] ektZjh lkbDl] Dosdj xkaf/;u] i`- 8 9- ekFkkZ MkVZ] ektZjh lkbDl µ Dosdj xkaf/;u] i`- 2210- ekFkkZ MkVZ] ektZjh lkbDl µ Dosdj xkaf/;u] i`- 2311- ogh12- ogh] i`- 913- ogh] i`- 2514- ogh] i`- 2715- ogh] i`- 4416- ogh] i`- 6317- ogh] i`- 6418- lkbDl osQ thou vkSj o`QfrÙo osQ ckjs esa C;ksjs ;k rks Lo;a muosQ ys[ku ls fy, x, gSa] ;k ekFkkZ
MkVZ dh ektZjh lkbDlµDosdj xkaf/;u (yanu] frfFk vKkr) lsA MkVZ dh iqLrd gh 'kk;n
ektZjh lkbDl dh ,dek=k thouh gSA eSaus blosQ bysDVªkWfud laLdj.k dk bLrseky fd;k gSA
www.arvindguptatoys.com ij ^cqDl vkWu ,tqosQ'ku* fyad osQ ”kfj;s ;g iqLrd miyC/ gSA
vjfoan xqIrk izfl¼ foKku f'k{kkfon gSaA os cPpksa osQ fy, 'kSf{kd f[kykSus Hkh cukrs gSa19- gfjtu] 31 tqykbZ 1937-
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 62
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:18
Hkwfedk fuokZg çfreku }kjk i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk
vpZuk nwcs·
egsUnz ikVhnkj··
f'k{k.k&vf/xe izfØ;k ,slh gks tks cPpksa esa jpukRedrk] lkSan;Zcks/ rFkk vkykspukRed
le> c<+k, vkSj cPpksa dks vrhr rFkk orZeku osQ chp laca/ cukus esa i;kZoj.k ,oa lekt
esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dks le>us esa l{ke djsA ftuesa Hkwfedk fuokZg (jksy Iys) izfreku
,d ,slk izfreku gS tks jVus dh ctk; le>us ij cy nsrk gS D;ksafd ;gk¡ fo"k;oLrq
dk IkzLrqrhdj.k cPpk gh djrk gSA vr% i;kZoj.k o Ik;kZoj.k laca/h pqukSfr;ksa osQ Ikzfr
fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa #fp tkxzr djus osQ fy, f'k{k.k vf/xe IkzfØ;k dks #fpiw.kZ] ftKklq]
laosnu'khy] fo'ys"k.kkRed ;ksX;rk vkSj Lo&tkx#drk dk fodkl djus okyh cukuk
gksxkA IkzLrqr ys[k esa Hkwfedk fuokZg Ikzfreku osQ }kjk Ik;kZoj.k f'k{kk oSQls Ikznku dh tk
ldrh gS] ;g crk;k x;k gSA
izLrkouk
Ik;kZoj.k f'k{kk dk bfrgkl ns[kk tk, rks bldh
tM+s 18oha 'krkCnh esa ikbZ xbZa tc :lks us
,fey (Emile or On Education) esa ,slh
f'k{kk ij cy fn;k tks Ik;kZoj.k ij osaQfnzr FkhA
blosQ dbZ n'kdksa osQ ckn yqbZ vxkflt uked
izo`Qfroknh us :lks osQ n'kZu dk izfrfuf/Ro
fd;kA vxkflt us fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ^^izo`Qfr dks
i<+us dks dgk u fd fdrkcksa dksA** (Study
Nature, not Books) bl izdkj bu nks
izHkko'kkyh fo}kuksa us ,d Bksl Ik;kZoj.kh;
f'k{kk dk;ZØe dh vk/kjf'kyk j[khA
Ik;kZoj.k f'k{kk dks foKku ikB~;p;kZ dks
le`¼ cukus osQ fy,] izko`Qfrd bfrgkl] Ik;ZVu]
leqnk; lsok ifj;kstuk vkfn osQ :i esa ns[kk
x;kA Ik;kZoj.k f'k{kk osQoy d{kk esa nh tkus
okyh ikB ;kstukvksa rd lhfer ugha gSA ,sls
dbZ rjhosQ gaS ftuosQ }kjk cPps Ik;kZoj.k osQ
ckjs esa lh[k ldrs gSa] tSlsµjk"Vªh; m|ku esa
Ik;ZVu osQ fy, ys tkuk] iznw"k.k fuokj.k eaMy
· izksI+ksQlj] f'k{kk vè;;u'kkyk] ns-v-fo-fo-] bankSj (e-iz-)
·· ofj"B 'kks/dRkkZ] f'k{kk vè;;u'kkyk] ns-v-fo-fo-] bankSj (e-iz-)
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 63
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:18
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
64
osQ dk;kZy; esa fof”kV osQ fy, ys tkuk ,oa
ifj;kstuk cukuk vkfnA vkt vko';drk bl
ckr dh gS fd yksxksa dks izo`Qfr ls etcwr laca/
cukus osQ fy, izsfjr fd;k tk, rkfd os leLr
tfVyrkvksa osQ ckotwn bl /jrh ij viuk
vfLrRo dk;e j[k losaQ rFkk i;kZoj.k laj{k.k
esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ns losQA
Kku o tkx:drk dks c<+krh gS] mu pqukSfr;ksa
dk lkeuk djus osQ fy, yksxksa esa vko';d
dkS'kyksa o fo'ks"kKrk dk fodkl djrh gS] rFkk
mfpr fu.kZ; ysus o f”kEesnkjh ls dk;Z djus
osQ fy, yksxksa esa mfpr n`f"Vdks.k] vfHkizsj.k o
izfrc¼rk dk fodkl djrh gSA (UNESCO,
ifjHkk"kk
Ik;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk fuEu fcanqvksa ij è;ku
osaQfnzr djrh gSµ
Environmental
Education
(EE)
refers to organised efforts to teach
about
how
natural
environments
function and particularly how human
beings can manage their behavior
and ecosystems in order to live
sustainably.
Ik;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk ls rkRi;Z mu laxfBr Ikz;klksa
ls gS] ftuosQ }kjk ;g i<+k;k tk ldrk gS fd
izko`Qfrd i;kZoj.k oSQls dk;Z djrk gS ,oa fo'ks"k
rkSj ij euq"; vius O;ogkj o ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k
dk izc/
a u fdl izdkj dj ldrk gS] rkfd og
O;ofLFkr <ax ls thou;kiu dj losQA
Ikzk;% bl 'kCn dk Ikz;ksx Ik;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk
osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] izkFkfed ls ysdj
mPp ekè;fed Lrj rdA ysfdu foLr`r :i
esa bldk Ikz;ksx mu lHkh Ikz;klksa ls lacaf/r
gS] ftlls turk dks eqfnzr lkexzh] osclkbV]
tulapkj ekè;eksa vkfn osQ }kjk f'kf{kr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
Ik;kZoj.k f'k{kk ,d vf/xe izfØ;k gS] tks
Ik;kZoj.k o lacaf/r pqukSfr;ksa osQ izfr yksxksa osQ
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 64
TBILISI DECLARATION, 1978)
•• Ik;kZoj.k o Ik;kZoj.kh; pqukSfr;ksa osQ ckjs esa
ltxrk o laosnu'khyrkA
•• Ik;kZoj.k o Ik;kZoj.kh; pqukSfr;ksa osQ ckjs esa
Kku o le>A
•• i;kZoj.k osQ izfr n`f"Vdks.k o ljksdkj rFkk
Ik;kZoj.kh; xq.koÙkk osQ j[kj[kko esa lgk;rk
djukA
•• i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa dks de djus osQ
dkS'kyA
•• i;kZoj.k osQ ckjs esa miyC/ Kku dk Ikz;ksx
djuk o i;kZoj.k ls lacaf/r dk;ZØeksa esa
lgHkkfxrkA
orZeku esa oSKkfud vkfo"dkj ,oa [kkstsa rs”kh
ls gks jgh gSa] ftlosQ dkj.k i;kZoj.k dk {kj.k
Hkh rhozrk osQ lkFk gqvkA bl ifjfLFkfr dks è;ku
esa j[krs gq, f'k{k.k&vf/xe izfØ;k esa cnyko
dh vR;f/d vko';drk gSA i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk
esa fo"k;oLrq dks le>us dh vko';drk gksrh gS]
bl ifjfLFkfr esa ijaijkxr fof/;ksa dh lgk;rk
ls f'k{k.k dk;Z ugha fd;k tk ldrkA bl lanHkZ
esa i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk osQ fy, vusd uokpkjh
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:19
Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku }kjk i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk
fof/;k¡ gS]a tSlµ
s f'k{k.k izfreku] izeki] Lo
vuqn's ku lkexzh] lewg ppkZ fof/] fDo”k fof/
,oa isuy ppkZ vkfnA Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku ,slk
,d f'k{k.k izfreku gS] tks fd jVus dh ctk;
le>us ij cy nsrk gS] D;ksfa d ;gk¡ fo"k;oLrq dk
izLrqrhdj.k Lo;a fo|kFkhZ gh djrk gSA
i;kZoj.k osQ izfr fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa #fp tkxzr
djus osQ fy, f'k{k.k vf/xe izfØ;k dks #fpiw.kZ]
ftKklq] laosnu'khy] fo'ys"k.kkRed ;ksX;rk vkSj
Lo&tkx:drk dk fodkl djus okyh cukuk
gksxkA laiw.kZ fo'o gh i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk osQ izfr
rhozrk ls tkx:d gks jgk gSA blfy, gesa Hkh
f'k{kk osQ ijaijkxr lk/uksa dk mi;ksx de djosQ
uokpkj dh vksj #>ku djuk gksxk] tSls f'k{k.k
izfreku] ftlesa izeq[k gS&Hkwfedk fuokZg izfrekuA
f'k{k.k izfrekuksa dk izeq[k dk;Z 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k
mRiUu djuk gS] ftlls vè;kid fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa
visf{kr O;ogkj ifjorZu ykus esa leFkZ gksrs gSaA
f'k{k.k izfreku dh ifjHkk"kk
Tok;l ,oa osy (1978) osQ vuqlkj & f'k{k.k
izfreku ,d ;kstuk ;k i¼fr gS tks ikB~;Øe
fuekZ.k] vuqns'ku lkexzh fufeZr djus ,oa d{kk
rFkk vU; okrkoj.k esa vuqns'ku dks funsZf'kr
djus osQ fy, iz;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSA
Ikklh] flag ,oa luluoky (1991) osQ
vuqlkj & f'k{k.k izfreku foLr`r :i ls of.Zkr
,d ;kstuk gS] ftlesa fl¼karksa ij vk/kfjr
Øec¼ ,oa nqgjkus ;ksX; lksiku fn, tkrs gSa
ftudk iz;ksx djosQ f'k{kd] vf/xedrkZ esa
oqQN fuf'pr f'k{k.k izHkkoksa dks mRiUu dj
ldrk gSA
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 65
65
Tok;l ,oa osy us f'k{k.k izfrekuksa dks
pkj Jsf.k;ksa ;k ifjokjksa esa oxhZo`Qr fd;k gSa]
tSls&lwpuk izØe ifjokj] oS;fDrd ifjokj]
O;kogkfjd ifjokj ,oa lkekftd varfØZ;k
ifjokjA buesa ls ,d egRoiw.kZ ifjokj lkekftd
varfØZ;k ifjokj gSA euq"; ,d lekt esa jgrk
gS vkSj lekt esa jgus osQ nkSjku mls varfØZ;k
djuh iM+rh gSA izR;sd lekt osQ oqQN fu;e]
ijaijk,¡] laLo`Qfr ,oa ewY; gksrs gaSA O;fDr dks
ml lekt ;k leqnk; esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djus
;ksX; cukus osQ fy, mldk fodkl ml lekt
;k leqnk; dh lajpuk osQ vuqlkj fd;k tkuk
pkfg,] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i mlesa lkekftd
dkS'kyksa dk fodkl gks losQA bl ifjokj osQ
varxZr lewg vUos"k.k] lkekftd [kkst] twfjl
izwMsaf'k;y [kkst ,oa Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku vkfn
vkrs gSaA izLrqr ys[k esa Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku
osQ }kjk Ik;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk oSQls iznku dh tk
ldrh gS] ;g crk;k x;k gSA
i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk esa Hkwfedk fuokZg
izfreku }kjk f'k{k.k
i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk esa Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku dk
mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA Hkwfedk fuokZg dk
ewy mn~Hko lkekftd foKku osQ }kjk gh ekuk
x;k gSA Hkwfedk fuokZg djrs le; O;fDr esa
fofHkUu izsjd] vfHko`fÙk vkSj O;ogkj gksrs gSaA
mUgsa lgh fn'kk nsus osQ fy, Hkwfedk dk lgkjk
fy;k tkrk gSA lkFk gh lkFk blosQ varxZr lHkh
izfrHkkfx;ksa dh Hkwfedkvksa dk ijh{k.k fd;k
tkrk gSA tc vius lkFkh lgHkkxh Hkwfedk dk
fuokZg dj jgs gksrs gSa] rc n'kZd nh?kkZ ;k d{kk
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:19
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
66
osQ vU; izfrHkkxh Hkwfedk fuokZg dk voyksdu
djrs gSa ,oa rRi'pkr~ mUgsa izfriqf"V iznku djrs
gSaA bl ifjfLFkfr esa tks funsZ'kd gksrk gS] og
vH;kl osQ le; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks funsZ'k nsrk gSA
fo|kFkhZ Hkwfedk fuokZg osQ }kjk viuh ;ksX;rk esa
lq/kj djrk gSA
Hkwfedk fuokZg esa [ksy osQ lHkh izfrHkkxh
i;kZoj.k osQ fdlh eqís ij ,d vkO;wg dk fuekZ.k
djrs gSaA Hkwfedk fuokZg esa ;g lqfo/k gksrh
gS fd lHkh izfrHkkxh viuh&viuh O;fDrxr
fHkUurkvksa osQ vk/kj ij dh tkus okyh viuh
Hkwfedk dk Lo;a fu/kZj.k djrs gaSA ;g dk;Z os
vkSipkfjd fu;eksa dh lgk;rk ls djrs gSaA lHkh
viuh&viuh Hkwfedk osQ fuokZg esa liQy ;k
foiQy gksrs gSaA buosQ fu;e bl izdkj gksrs gSa
fd buesa og lqèkkj Hkh dj ldrs gSaA Hkwfedk
fuokZg [ksy dk ifjn`'; ,d O;kid ifjokj
dh rjg gksrk gS] ftlesa lHkh izfrHkkxh viuh
fo'ks"krkvksa osQ vk/kj ij viuh Hkwfedk dks
liQyrkiwoZd vnk djrs gSaA blesa lHkh izfrHkkxh
viuh fo'ks"krkvksa dks 'kkjhfjd :i ls iznf'Zkr
djrs gSa] bl ifjfLFkfr esa ,d eqf[k;k gksrk gS]
tks fu;eksa osQ lapkyu esa liQyrkiwoZd lg;ksx
O;ogkj ,oa oS;fDrd ewY;ksa dk
fo'ys"k.k
varjoS;fDrd leL;kvksa osQ
lekèkku esa
djrk gS] rkfd lHkh vius dk;Z dks vklkuh ls
dj losQA
i;kZoj.k f'k{kk osQ lanHkZ esa Hkwfedk
fuokZg izfreku osQ mís';
i;kZoj.k f'k{kk osQ lanHkZ esa Hkwfedk fuokZg
izfreku osQ fuEufyf[kr mís'; gksrs gSa&
•• i;kZoj.k f'k{kk osQ Kku dks LFkkf;Ro iznku
djukA
•• i;kZoj.k f'k{kk ls lacaf/r fdlh fo'ks"k
dkS'kyksa dk fodkl djukA
•• i;kZoj.k f'k{kk dk f'k{k.k djrs le;
fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa euksxR;kRed ;k fØ;kRed
i{k dks c<+kok nsukA
•• i;kZoj.k dh f'k{kk O;kogkfjd :i esa iznku
djukA
•• i;kZoj.k f'k{kk esa lS¼kafrd Kku osQ ctk;
O;kogkfjd Kku dks c<+kok nsukA
•• i;kZoj.k f'k{kk fo"k; dh f'k{k.k tfVyrk
dks nwj djukA
•• fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa i;kZoj.k osQ izfr izse dh
Hkkouk dks c<+kok nsukA
Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku osQ }kjk fuEu f'k{k.k ,oa
iks"kd izHkko izkIr fd, tk ldrs gSa &
lgkuqHkwfr
Hkwfedk
fuokZg
lkekftd leL;k vkSj ewY; osQ
ckjs esa rF;
fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr
esa lqyHkrk
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 66
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:19
Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku }kjk i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk
Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku osQ f'k{k.k ,oa
iks"kd izHkko
f'k{k.k izHkko (Instructional)
----------iks"kd izHkko (Nurturant)
mi;qZDr fp=k ls Li"V gS fd i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk
esa Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku dk iz;ksx Ik;kZoj.k ls
tqM+h leL;kvksa dk lekèkku djus esa] i;kZoj.k
osQ izfr ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k fodflr djus
esa] fofHkUu i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa osQ izfr
laosnu'khyrk fodflr djus ,oa muosQ izfr
fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr djus osQ fy, fd;k
tk ldrk gSA Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku lgHkkxh
voyksdu dh okLrfod leL;k ij vk/kfjr
gSA ;g izfreku ekuoh; O;ogkj dk ,d thfor
U;kn'kZ izLrqr djrk gS] tks fd mudh Hkkoukvksa
dks <w¡<+us] mudh vfHko`fÙk;ksa] ewY;ksa ,oa
izR;{khdj.k dks tkuus] mudh leL;k lek/ku
dkS'ky ,oa vfHko`fÙk;ksa dks fodflr djus esa
rFkk fo"k;oLrq dks fofHkUu fn'kkvksa esa le>us
esa enn djrk gSA
Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku dh vo/kj.kk,a
•• Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku vuqHko ij vkèkkfjr
vf/xe ifjfLFkfr dks Li"V djrk gS] blesa
okLrfod thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ leku
ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gksrh gSAa
•• blesa fopkj ,oa laosnuk,¡ lpsru esa yk;h
tk ldrh gSa ,oa lewg osQ }kjk mRiUu dh
tk ldrh gSaA lkFk gh lewg dh lkewfgd
izfrfØ;k,¡] fodkl ,oa ifjorZu osQ fy,
u;s fopkj ,oa fn'kk,¡ yk ldrh gaSA
•• fdlh dh vfHko`fÙk] ewY;ksa ,oa fo'oklksa
tSlh euksoSKkfud izfØ;kvksa dks vopsru
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 67
67
esa ykrk gS] vxj O;fDr viuh vfHko`fÙk;ksa
,oa fo'oklksa dks tku ysrk gS] rks og mu
ij fu;a=k.k dj ldrk gSA
Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku osQ y{;
•• Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku vfHku; osQ }kjk
leL;kvksa dks o muosQ lek/ku dks <w¡<+rk
gS] rFkk
•• leL;kvksa ij vfHku; djosQ mu ij ppkZ
djrk gSA
Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku dh in ;kstuk
'ksÝVy ,oa 'ksÝVy (1967) osQ vuqlkj Hkwfedk
fuokZg izfreku esa ukS in gksrs gaS tks fuEufyf[kr
gSaA bu inksa dk o.kZu i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk ls
lacaf/r ,d egRoiw.kZ izdj.k i;kZoj.kh;
iznw"k.k osQ }kjk fd;k x;k gS&
in ,d µ rS;kjh dh voLFkkµrS;kjh
dh voLFkk osQ varxZr leL;k dks igpku
dj mldk Li"Vhdj.k fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd
mi;qDr ifjfLFkfr o okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k gks
losQA blosQ lkFk gh leL;kvksa osQ eq[; fcanqvksa
dks [kkstk tkrk gSA tSls&i;kZoj.kh; iznw"k.k dh
leL;k dk p;uA bl leL;k dk p;u D;ksa
fd;k x;k vFkkZr~ bldk vkSfpR; crk;k tkrk
gSA lekt esa foKku ,oa rduhdh osQ fodkl
osQ lkFk&lkFk ,d vksj dbZ ldkjkRed izHkko
ifjyf{kr gks jgsa gS] tSlsµfoKku osQ vkfo"dkjksa
ls ,d txg ls nwljh txg tkus osQ le;
dh deh] e'khuksa osQ iz;ksx ls mRikndrk esa
o`f¼] csjks”kxkjh dh leL;k dk oqQN lhek rd
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:19
68
lek/ku] fpfdRlk lqfo/kvksa esa o`f¼ vkfnA
ysfdu nwljh vksj blosQ udkjkRed ifj.kke
Hkh Li"V fn[k jgs gSa] tSls& ok;q] ty] Hkwfe o
èofu iznw"k.k rFkk fofdj.k }kjk iznw"k.k vkfnA
ifj.kkeLo:i euq";ksa esa dbZ izdkj osQ jksx
mRiUu gks jgs gSaA yksxksa dks lk¡l ysus osQ fy,
'kq¼ ok;q o ihus osQ fy, 'kq¼ ty ugha fey
ik jgk gS] blosQ lkFk&lkFk vR;f/d 'kksj
dh otg ls yksxksa dh Jo.k 'kfDr izHkkfor
gksuk vkfnA vr% i;kZoj.kh; iznw"k.k ij Hkwfedk
fuokZg djuk r; fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
in pkj µ voyksdu dh rS;kjhµvoyksdu
dh rS;kjh osQ varxZr Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku
dh liQyrk osQ fy, laiw.kZ d{kk osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dk lg;ksx yxrk gS] D;ksafd oqQN fo|kFkhZ rks
vfHku; djus osQ fy, ik=k osQ :Ik esa pqu fy,
tkrs gSaA 'ks"k lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks voyksdu dk
dk;Z djuk gksrk gS] tSlµ
s ;gk¡ oqQN fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dks Hkwfedk fuokZg dh izfØ;k dks ns[kus osQ fy,
dgk tk,xk rFkk os izk:Ik ij Hkwfedk fuokZg
djus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk voyksdu djsaxsA
in ik¡pµvfHku; djukµ vfHku;
in nksµik=kksa dk p;uµik=kksa osQ p;u djuk vFkkZr~ Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku dh
osQ varxZr Hkwfedk dk fo'ys"k.k djosQ mldh
fo"k;oLrq osQ vkèkkj ij mi;qDr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk
ik=kksa osQ :Ik esa p;u fd;k tkrk gSA tSls&fdlku]
Ik'kq] efgyk,¡] m|ksxifr] dhVuk'kd foØsrk]
chekj O;fDr vkfn O;fDr;ksa dks Hkwfedk fuokZg
osQ fy, p;u dj fy;k tk,xkA
okLrfod izLrqfr ls gS] D;ksafd ;gk¡ lHkh ik=k
viuh&viuh Hkwfedk osQ lanHkZ esa vfHku;
djrs gaS rFkk Hkwfedk fuokZg dks iw.kZ djrs gSa]
tSlsµ oqQN fo|kFkhZ vius ikyrw tkuojksa dks
unh esa ugykus dk dk;Z dj jgs gaS] oqQN ik=k
vius diM+ksa dks unh esa lkiQ dj jgs gaS] oqQN
unh Eksa dpjk Mky jgs gSa] oqQN unh esa ewfrZ
in rhuµ vko';d lkt & lTtkµ folftZr dj jgs gSaA vko';d lkt&lTtk osQ varxZr tgk¡ Hkwfedk
fuokZg laiUu gks losQ] blosQ fglkCk ls :ijs[kk in NgµppkZ vkSj ewY;kaduµppkZ vkSj
cukuk pkfg,A ftl rjg dh lkt&lTtk rFkk ewY;kadu osQ varxZr f'k{kd rFkk lHkh fo|kFkhZ
HkkSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh ukVd dks okLrfodrk feydj fd, x, izLrqrhdj.k ij ppkZ djrs
osQ fudV ykus dh vko';drk gks mlh rjg gSaA lkFk gh ;g Hkh ns[krs gSa fd fdl fo|kFkhZ
osQ izca/ djus dh dksf'k'k dh tkuh pkfg,] us fdl izdkj dh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA bl izdkj
tSlsµ LFkku] èkqvk¡ fudkyrk dkj[kkuk] os'kHkw"kk eq[; fcanqvksa ij ppkZ djosQ vxyk vfHku;
vkfn dh O;oLFkk djus dk dk;Z r`rh; lksiku fodflr fd;k tkrk gS] tSlsµ fdlku O;fDr
osQ varxZr fd;k tkrk gSA
dh Hkwfedk fuHkkus okys fo|kFkhZ dks dgk tk,xk
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 68
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:19
Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku }kjk i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk
fd vkiosQ vfHku; esa oqQN dfe;k¡ gSa] mnkgj.k
osQ fy,] vkidks lHkh tkuojksa dks ogk¡ ys
tkuk pkfg, FkkA fiQj xk¡o osQ ltx O;fDr dh
Hkwfedk fUkHkkus okys O;fDr dks ;g dgk tk,xk
fd vkidks ml fdlku dks jksduk pkfg, Fkk
rFkk og unh dks iznwf"kr djus dk tks dk;Z dj
jgk gS] mlosQ nq"ifj.kke crkus pkfg, FksA 69
Hkwfedk fuokZg izfØ;k esa fdl izdkj dk vuqHko
izkIr fd;kA lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls ;g iwNk tk,xk
fd vki ;fn ml O;fDr dh txg gksrs rks vki
fdl izdkj dk vuqHko djrsA blosQ Ik'pkr~
LkHkh fo|kFkhZ bl Hkwfedk fuokZg ij izfrosnu
fy[ksaxsaA
in ukSµvuqHko ck¡Vuk ,oa lkekU;hdj.kµ
in lkrµiqu% vfHku; djukµblesa vuqHku ck¡Vuk ,oa lkekU;hdj.k osQ varxZr
leL;kRed ifjfLFkfr dks okLrfod vuqHkoksa
,oa orZeku leL;kvksa ls tksM+k tkrk gS rFkk
O;ogkj osQ lkekU; fl¼karksa dks [kkstk tkrk
gSA lkekU;hdj.k osQ Ik'pkr~ mudk Hkfo"; esa
mi;ksx djus dh lykg nh tkrh gS tSlµ
s
vkt dh orZeku ifjfLFkfr esa bl fo"k; dks
j[kk tk,xk rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks le>us dk ekSdk
feysxk fd i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k tSlh leL;kvksa dks
oSQls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gS] os vkil esa ppkZ
djsaxs fd blosQ D;k nq"ifj.kke gksrs gSaA
mi;qZDr mnkgj.k dh lgk;rk ls ;g vuqHko
fd;k x;k fd bl izdkj osQ leL;ktud n`"Vkar
gekjs thou esa Hkh vk ldrs gSa rFkk ml
ifjfLFkfr esa ge fdl izdkj dk vuqHko djsaxs
in vkBµiqu% ppkZ vkSj ewY;kaduµ
bl lksiku osQ varxZr iqu% vfHku; osQ lanHkZ rFkk leL;k dk lek/ku fdl izdkj djsaxsA
esa ppkZ djrs gSa rFkk ;g ns[krs gaS fd ftl
mís'; osQ fy, Hkwfedk fuokZg fd;k x;k Fkk] i;kZoj.kh; iznw"k.k ij Hkwfedk fuokZg
mlesa lgHkkxh liQy gq, ;k ugha rFkk iqu% izfreku osQ izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k ifj.kke
tCk fo|kfFkZ;ksa us Hkwfedk fuHkk;h rks og igys •• fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks i;kZoj.k dh orZeku ifjfLFkfr
dh rqyuk esa fdruh izHkkoh FkhA bl rF; dk
dks fudV ls tkuus dk ekSdk feyrk gSA
Hkh ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gS] tSls&vc ;gk¡ bl •• fo|kFkhZ O;fDrxr vuqHko }kjk i;kZoj.kh;
ckr ij cy fn;k tk,xk fd fo|kfFZk;ksa us bl
iznw"k.k dh xgurk dks le> ldrs gSaA
la'kksf/r Hkwfedk dk iqu% vfHku; fd;k tkrk
gS] D;ksafd fiNys lksiku esa ppkZ vkSj ewY;kadu
osQ }kjk tks&tks fcanq mHkj dj lkeus vk, mudks
fo'ks"kdj lkeus j[kk tkrk gS rFkk iqu% mUgha
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vfHku; dk volj fn;k tkrk
gS ;k vU; bPNqd fo|kFkhZ Hkh vfHku; dj
ldrs gaS] tSlµ
s fdlku rFkk ltx O;fDr lHkh
vU; Hkwfedk fuHkkus okys iqu% vfHku; djsaxs
RkFkk fdlku dh Hkwfedk fuHkkus okys dks fo'ks"k
:Ik ls lq/kj osQ lkFk viuk vfHku; djuk gS
D;ksafd mls vfHku; esa lq/kj djus osQ fy,
lq>ko fn, x, FksA Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 69
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:19
70
•• fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa Ik;kZoj.kh; laj{k.k osQ izfRk
#fp o mRlkg dk u;k lapkj fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
•• fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa i;kZoj.k osQ izfr tkx:drk
dk fodkl gksrk gSA
•• fo|kfFkZ;kaas esa lewg esa dk;Z djus dh Hkkouk
dk fodkl gksrk gSA
•• fo|kfFkZ;kas esa i;kZoj.k ls tqM+h leL;kvksa
osQ fy, leL;k lek/ku dh ;ksX;rk dk
fodkl gksrk gSA
Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku osQ }kjk fo|kFkhZ
nwljs dh leL;kvksa dk voyksdu djrs gaaS
;k ns[krs gaS vkSj mu leL;kvksa ij Hkwfedk
fuokZg izfreku dh lgk;rk ls fdLkh izdj.k ij
vfHku; djrs gaS] rc mueas nwljs dh leL;kvksa
dks le>us dh ltxrk o {kerkvksa dk fodkl
gksrk gSA blosQ lkFk gh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh miyfC/
Hkh c<+rh gS] ftlls mudh fpark o ruko Hkh
de gksrk gSA ;g ,d uwru izfreku gS] ftldk
d{kk&d{k esa mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls
O;fDr ftuesa nwljksa osQ nq[kksa o leL;kvksa osQ
izfr laosnu'khyrk gks] tks nwljksa dh leL;kvksa
dks Lo;a vuqHko djsa os mldk lek/ku Hkwfedk
fuokZg }kjk dj ldrs gSaA
;gk¡ ;g Li"V n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gS fd Hkwfedk
fuokZg izfreku dk i;kZoj.k f'k{kk osQ vè;kiu
osQ fy, ,d u;h fof/ osQ :i esa Ikz;ksx
fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks leL;k
dh izo`Qfr osQ vuqlkj vè;kid] fo|kFkhZ]
voyksdudrkZ] izkpk;Z vkSj leh{kd bR;kfn dh
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 70
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
Hkwfedk,¡ fuHkkus osQ fy, dgk tk ldrk gSA bl
izdkj osQ vuqHkoksa }kjk muesa vko';d dkS'ky
rFkk O;ogkj dk fodkl leqfpr <ax ls fd;k
tk ldrk gSA mfpr fo"k;oLrq dk pquko dj]
;fn ml ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk ckj&ckj Hkwfedk
fuokZg djok;k tk;s] rc muesa i;kZoj.k osQ izfr
ldkjkRed Hkkoksa dk fodkl gksus dh laHkkouk
vf/d gksrh gSA i;kZoj.k f'k{kk ls lacaf/r ,sls
izdj.k ftu ij Hkwfedk fuokZg fd;k tk ldrk
gS] fuEuf[kr gS&
•• lM+d o ?kj osQ vkl&ikl dpjk iQSykus ls
lacaf/r Hkwfedk fuokZg
•• izko`Qfrd lalk/uksa osQ laj{k.k ls lacaf/r
Hkwfedk fuokZg
•• fofdj.k osQ nwjxkeh gkfudkjd ifj.kkeksa ij
Hkwfedk fuokZg
•• isM+ ikS/ksa dh dVkbZ ls gksus okys nq"ifj.kkeksa
ij Hkwfedk fuokZg
•• iqjkuh eksVj xkfM+;k¡] okgu tks /qvk¡ iQSykdj
ok;q iznw"k.k iQSykrs gSa] ml ij Hkwfedk
fuokZg
•• ty esa Hkxoku dh izfrekvksa osQ foltZu osQ
nq"ifj.kke ij Hkwfedk fuokZg
•• fookg] lkaLo`Qfrd dk;ZØeksa vkfn esa rsth
ls ykmM Lihdj ctkus osQ nq"ifj.kkeksa ij
Hkwfedk fuokZg
mi;qZDr flagkoyksdu ls ;g ifjyf{kr gksrk
gS fd Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku osQ }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa
esa i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk osQ izfr tkx:drk yk;h
tk ldrh gSA
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:19
Hkwfedk fuokZg izfreku }kjk i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk
71
lanHkZ
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ,u-lh-,I+kQ- 2005- u;h fnYyhpkSgku] ,l-,l- 1979- buksos'ku bu Vhfpax yfuZax izkslsl- fodkl ifCyosQ'ku gkml izk- fy] u;h fnYyhtkW;l ch- ,aM ohy ,e- 1985- ekWMYl vkWI+kQ Vhfpax- lsosaQM ,Mh'ku] izsafVl gkWy vkWI+kQ bafM;k izk- fy-]
u;h fnYyhikWY;w'kuµ ekbØkslkWÝV ,UdkVkZ vkWuykbu ,ulkbDyksihfM;k] 2009
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/table
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 71
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:19
lI+kQjukek µ dkx”k ls LØhu rd
'kjn flUgk·
vydk··
iÙkksa vkSj iRFkjksa ij fy[ks x, iqLrdksa ljh[ks os bfrgkl vkSj fiQj fy[kkbZ dh [kkst vkSj
iqLrdksa dk vkt dk Ikzk:Ik] bl IkzfØ;k esa ekuo osQ chl 'krkfCn;ksa osQ ifjJe] vuqHko
,oa [kkst dk lkj Nqik gqvk gSA xqVucxZ osQ tekus dh fdrkcksa ls ysdj vkt rd dh
fdrkcksa us ,d yack liQj r; fd;k gSA fujarj ifjorZu] izxfr vkSj ”;knk&ls&”;knk
yksxksa rd lwpuk igq¡pkus dh vko';drk osQ dkj.k vc bZ&fdrkcksa dk mn~Hko gks pqdk
gSA fdrkcksa dk ;g u;k Lo:i osQlk gS ,oa ;g fdl Ikzdkj mi;ksxh gS\ ;g crkus dk
iz;kl bl ys[k osQ ekè;e ls fd;k x;k gSA
vxj ns[kk tk, rks gekjs pkjks vksj dk okrkoj.k
;k ;w¡ dgk tk, fd ;g iwjh nqfu;k gh ,d
fdrkc i<+us osQ leku gSA vxj ge viuk
eqYd] viuk xk¡o NksM+dj dgha ?kweus ugha x,
rks yxsxk fd geus fdrkc osQ oqQN lisQ (i`"B)
gh i<+s gSaA
fdrkcksa vkSj i<+kbZ dk laca/ cgqr iqjkuk
gSA LowQy] i<+kbZ] mUufr bu lHkh dks fdrkcksa ls
vyx dj ikuk eqf'dy izrhr gksrk gSA oLrqr%
fdrkcsa gekjs thou dk egRoiw.kZ fgLlk cu
x;h gSa&
^^fdrkcksa esa bruk [ktkuk Nqik gS] ftruk
yqVsjk dHkh ywV ugha ldrk**
&(okYV fMT+uh)
;fn fo'o osQ rhu egkure vkfo"dkjksa dh
ckr dh tk, ftUgksaus ekuo lH;rk dh fn'kk esa
ifjorZu ykus dk dk;Z fd;k gS rks os gSa vkx]
ifg;k vkSj fy[kkbZA
vk/qfud dky esa fy[kkbZ dh tks dyk gS]
og oSfnd dky vkSj vkfn dky esa ugha FkhA
oSfnd dky esa fy[kkbZ dk dke rkezi=kksa vkSj
izLrjksa (iRFkjksa) dh f'kykvksa ij [kqnkbZ djosQ
fd;k tkrk FkkA ;g dke bruk dfBu Fkk fd
cgqr gh de lkexzh bl izdkj lqjf{kr jg ikrh
FkhA v'kksd dkyhu f'kykvksa osQ tks LraHk [kqnkbZ
esa izkIr gq, gSa] bldk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k gSA
cgqr vf/d Li"V ugha gS ijarq ,d ,slk
fopkj gS tks fo'o esa ekuk tkrk gS fd&lqesj
· ,slksfl,V izksI+ksQlj] vkj-,e-,l-,] izkstsDV lSy] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh] u;h fnYyh
·· ts-ih-,iQ] vè;kid f'k{kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh] u;h fnYyh
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 72
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:19
lI+kQjukek µ dkx”k ls LØhu rd
73
v'kksd dkyhu f'kykys[k
(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ 4/45/6th Pillar of Ashoka. JPG)
jkT; (felz) esa yxHkx vkB g”kkj bZlkiwoZ
NksVs&NksVs feV~Vh osQ frdksus xksykdkj] 'kaoqQdkj
VqdM+ksa dks HksM+ksa dks fpf=kr djus osQ fy, vkSj
vukt dks ukius osQ fy,] rsy dks j[kus osQ
fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA ;s feV~Vh osQ fofHkUu
vkdkj osQ VqdM+s Vksdu dk dk;Z djrs FksA
3000 bZ- iw- Vksduksa dks [kks[kyh feV~Vh dh
xsanksa esa j[kdj lhy dj fn;k tkrk FkkA fiQj
muosQ Åij [kjksapdj oqQN fu'kku cuk, tkrs
FksA oLrqr% ;g fy[kus dh izfØ;k dh 'kq#vkr
ekuh tk ldrh gSA 3100 bZlk iwoZ lqesj okfl;ksa
us vadksa dk vkfo"dkj fd;k vkSj rc HksM+ksa dh
phu esa dNq, ds ckgjh vkoj.k ij fy[kkbZ
(http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/
la[;k vkSj HksM+ksa osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyk
art-110197/A-tortoise-shell-fromfpg~u vyx gksus yxkA phu esa 'ksasx oa'k osQ
Chinas-Shang-period-betweenabout-1600)
le; dh fy[kkbZ dk¡ls vkSj gfM~M;ksa ij vkSj
dNqvksa osQ ckgjh vkoj.k ij Hkh fy[kkbZ osQ
oSjkØqqt (eSfDLkdks) esa Hkh iRFkj dh
lcwr feys gSaA (www.wikipedia.org/wiki/ ifV~V;ksa ij fyf[kr vo'ks"k izkIr gq, gSaA Hkkjr
history of writing)
esa Hkh fla/q ?kkVh lH;rk osQ nkSjku yxHkx
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 73
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:19
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
74
2600 bZ- iw- dh fyfi ikbZ xbZ gS] tks fd vc
rd le>h ugha tk ldh gSA vkSj ;g feV~Vh
osQ crZuksa ij rFkk fofHkUu izdkj dh ekSgjksa ij
ikbZ xbZ gSA ckn esa czkãh vkSj [kjks"Bh fyfi
dk mn~Hko gqvk vkSj dbZ /kfeZd iqLrosaQ ,oa
iz'kklfud nLrkos”k blesa fy[ks x, ,oa ;g
fyfi jktlh ekSgjksa ,oa flDdksa ij Hkh ikbZ xbZa
gSA (www.historian.net/hxwritehm)
fy[kkbZ osQ lcwr fofHkUu lH;rkvksa esa dHkh
iRFkj ij] dHkh rkez i=kksa ij] ifÙk;ksa ij] rFkk
xqiQkvksa vkfn dh nhokjksa ij fpg~uksa osQ :i esa
ik, x, gSaA bu rkezi=kksa vkSj f'kykvksa ij eqfnzr
lkexzh dks lqjf{kr j[kus osQ fy, cgqr cM+k
LFkku vkSj lqj{kk&O;oLFkk pkfg, Fkh o bUgsa
,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij ys tkuk ,d dfBu
leL;k FkhA
bl izdkj dh fyf[kr lkexzh dks cgqr
yacs le; rd lqjf{kr ugha j[kk tk ldrk FkkA
fiQj /hjs&/hjs dkx”k osQ vkfo"dkj us fy[kkbZ
osQ dke dks liQyrkiwoZd vkSj yacs le; rd
lqjf{kr j[kus esa ,d egRoiw.kZ ,oa ljkguh;
eè;dky esa dPph L;kgh ls fy[kkbZ
(http://pearlsofprofundity.files.wordpress.com/
2013/03/writing-with-a-quill-3.jpg)
Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA eè;dky rd dkx”k ij
gkFk ls dPph L;kgh osQ lkFk fy[kkbZ dk dke
gqvkA
ijarq dPph L;kgh osQ lkFk gkFk ls fy[kh
gqbZ lkexzh dks Hkh cgqr vf/d le; rd
lqjf{kr ugha j[kk tk ldrk Fkk vkSj lkFk gh
bl Ikzdkj eqfnzr lkexzh lhfer ek=kk esa miyC/
gksus osQ dkj.k bls vke yksxksa rd lqyHk ugha
djk;k tk ldrk FkkA Nkis[kkus osQ vkfo"dkj us
bl leL;k dk Hkh lekèkku dj fn;kA Hkkjr esa
fczfV'k 'kklu osQ vkxeu ls fy[kkbZ osQ {ks=k esa
,d Økafrdkjh ifjorZu vk;kA vaxzs”kh ljdkj us
/kfeZd] vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd :i ls Hkkjr ij
viuk opZLo LFkkfir djus osQ fy, ;gk¡ Nkis
[kkus dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA
fdrkcksa dks iRFkj ;k feV~Vh ij mosQjus ls
vf/d tkudkjh ,d VscysV· ij ugha vk ikrh
Fkh] blfy, ,slk lkspk x;k gksxk fd tc gesa
cgqr lkjs VscYksV~l dks ,df=kr djuk gksxk rks
mUgsa ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd ys tkus esa
leL;k gksxh ,oa muosQ laxzg.k esa Hkh dfBukbZ
vk,xhA phu esa dkx”k dk vkfo"dkj gksus osQ
ckn ml ij fy[kuk vf/d lqxe FkkA
fdrkcsa gekjs thou esa oSQls vk;ha] bldh Hkh
,d fnypLi dgkuh gSA yxHkx igyh 'krkCnh
,-Mh- esa fdrkc dk i;kZ; gksrk Fkk lkFk tqMs+ gq,
iUus vkSj fdrkcksa dks Codex dk uke fn;k x;k
Fkk (ySfVu Hkk"kk esa ydM+h dk VqdM+k)A igyh
'krkCnh ,-Mh- ls pkSFkh 'krkCnh rd dksMDS l
(Codex) vFkkZr~ fdrkcsa blh rjg ydM+h] ekse
vFkok /krq osQ VscysVl
~ ij fy[kh tkrh jghaA
13oha 'krkCnh esa tc dkx”k dk vkfo"dkj gqvk
·ydM+h ;k iRFkj dk (pkSdksj] xksykdkj] ;k frdksuk) VqdM+k] ftl Ikj fy[kk tkrk FkkA
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 74
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:19
lI+kQjukek µ dkx”k ls LØhu rd
rc Hkh fdrkcksa dk mRiknu ,d tfVy izfØ;k
FkhA tSlk fd igys crk;k tk pqdk gS fd
dkx”k osQ iUuksa ij gkFk ls fy[kk tkrk Fkk ,oa
dbZ ckj v{kjksa dks jaxks]a lksus vkSj pk¡nh ls e<+k
tkrk FkkA ,d fdrkc cukus esa eghuksa ls lkyksa
rd yx tkrs FksA ;g dk;Z bruk dfBu Fkk fd
fliZQ èkkfeZd fdrkcsa gh bl izdkj cu ik;haA
www.wikipedia.org/wiki/publishing)
fdrkcksa osQ cM+s iSekus ij mRiknu dh
izfØ;k xqVucxZ (Gutenberg) }kjk fizafVax
izSl osQ vkfo"dkj osQ ckn 'kq: gqbZ vkSj
igyh fdrkc tks xqVucxZ osQ izsl ls Nih
og Fkh&ckbfcyA D;ksafd xqVucxZ ,d lqukj osQ
ifjokj ls laca/ j[krs Fks] blfy, os èkkrq dh
<ykbZ osQ dk;Z esa Hkh n{k Fks vkSj blh n{krk
ls mUgksaus ,sls v{kj ftUgsa fd ckj&ckj fofHkUu
izdkj ls bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gS] /krq esa
<kydj cuk,A phfu;ksa us Hkh bl izdkj osQ
v{kj xqVucxZ ls yxHkx Ikk¡p lkS o"kZ igys cuk
fy, Fks vkSj ml ij fujarj lq/kj dj jgs Fks]
ij Hkk"kk] èkeZ] laLo`Qfr osQ izfrcaèkksa osQ pyrs
og budk fo'o esa izpkj&izlkj ugha dj ik,A
(www.wikipedia.org/wiki/publishing)
Hkkjr esa Hkh Hkksti=kksa ij fy[kus dh ijaijk
dk mYys[k gS ,oa ,sfrgkfld Lekjdksa ij fofHkUu
fyfi;ksa esa ik, x, f'kyk ys[k bl ckr dh iqf"V
djrs gSa fd ys[ku dh ijaijk Hkkjr o"kZ esa Hkh jgh
gSA Hkkjr esa oSfnd dky ls gh Hkksti=k ij fy[kus
dh ijaijk FkhA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd ½Xosn dh
½pk,¡ Le`fr osQ vk/kj ij gh ih<+h&nj&ih<+h
vkxs ys tk;h tkrh jghaA fiQj rkez i=kksa ij
fy[kdj bUgsa fyfic¼ fd;k x;kA
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 75
75
vkt fdrkcsa ftl :i esa gekjs lkeus gSa]
oLrqr% ;g fizafVax ifCyf'akx O;olk; esa fujarj
mUufr osQ ckn laHko gks ik;k gSA rduhdh
fodkl osQ dkj.k fdrkcksa dks de nkeksa esa
miyC/ djkuk ,oa lc yksxksa rd igq¡pkuk laHko
gks Ikk;k gSA fdrkcksa dk ;g Lo:i gekjs le{k
o"kksZa ls pyk vk jgk gSA bu dkx”k ij Nih
fdrkcksa esa vlhfer Kku dk HkaMkj Nqik gqvk
gSA ;g dgus esa vfr'k;ksfDr u gksxh fd gekjh
mUufr dk etcwr vk/kj LraHk ;s fdrkcsa gh gSaA
Hkkjr esa izdk'ku laLFkkuksa dh la[;k yxHkx
200 gSA gj o"kZ Nius okyh 1 yk[k fdrkcksa
dh yxHkx 25 Ikzfr'kr fganh] 20 izfr'kr vaxzs”kh
,oa ckdh vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa gksrh gSA Hkkjr vkt
fo'o dk ,d cM+k iqLrd ck”kkj gSA ;gk¡ eqfnzr
IkqLrdksa dk ck”kkj vuqekur% 10 g”kkj djksM+
#i;s gS] 'ks"k fgLlk v[kckj ,oa Ikf=kdkvksa dk
gSA le; osQ lkFk i<+us dh vknrksa esa Hkh cnyko
vk;k gSA ;qok oxZ /eZ] Kku dh vis{kk osQfj;j
,oa ilZuWfyVh MsosyiesaV dh fdrkcksa esa vf/d
#fp ys jgss gSaA eè; oxhZ; lk{kj Hkkjrh;ksa dh
viuh vyx laLÑfr gS] c<+rh vk; osQ dkj.k
bl oxZ dh O;; djus dh {kerk esa o`f¼ gqbZ
gSA fiQj Hkh iqLrdksa ij izfr O;fDr O;; ek=k
`80 gS tcfd baXySaM esa ;g `4000 izfr O;fDr
gSA (JhukFk lgk;] fdrkcsa Ni jgha gSa vkSj [kwc
fcd Hkh jgh gSa] uoHkkjr VkbEl] u;h fnYyh]
2 fnlacj 2013)
lwpuk ,oa rduhd osQ {ks=k esa gksus okys
u;s Økafrdkjh ifjorZuksa ls i<+us dh vknr esa
cgqr ifjorZu gqvk gSA fdrkcksa ls i<+us dh
vknr esa pgq¡ vksj fujarj fxjkoV vk jgh gSA
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:19
76
lwpuk rduhdh ij vk/kfjr fofHkUu mRiknksa esa
ls oqQN us fdrkcksa dh txg rs”kh ls ysuk 'kq#
dj fn;k gSA
Ik;kZoj.kfonksa us Hkh isM+ksa dh ?kVrh la[;k osQ
fy, dkx”k dk va/k/qa/ iz;ksx Hkh ,d dkj.k
crk;k gSA c<+rh tula[;k ,oa lk{kjrk dh
c<+rh njksa us dkx”k vkSj fdrkcksa dh ek¡x dks
dbZ xquk c<+k fn;k gSA bl rjg ;fn dkx”k dh
[kir c<+rh jgh rks gesa fdrkcksa dks cukus osQ
fy, isM+ksa osQ vykok vU; fodYiksa dh ryk'k
djuh gksxhA
^bZ&fdrkc* fdrkcksa dk bySDVªkWfud ;k
fMftVy iQkWjeSV dk izk:i gSA vkWDliQksMZ
fMD'kujh osQ vuqlkj Nih gqbZ fdrkcksa osQ
bySDVªkWfud laLdj.k dks bZ&fdrkc dgrs gSaA
bZ&fdrkc dks vke rkSj ij fdlh ifj"o`Qr
bySDVªkWfud fMokbl] tSls&oaQI;wVj] LekVZ&iQksu
vkSj dbZ eksckby iQksu osQ ekè;e ls i<+k
tk ldrk gSA oqQN daifUk;k¡ ih-lh- osQ lkFk
bZ&fdrkcksa dks i<+us dk lkWÝVos;j iznku djrh
gSaA igyh bZ&fdrkc ^baMSDl FkkWfefLVdl*
(Index Thomisticus) Fkh tks fd 1949 esa
,satyk #b”k (Angela Ruiz) uke dh ,d
Lisfu'k efgyk us isVsaV djokbZ FkhA mUgksaus ns[kk
fd cPps LowQy esa cgqr&lh fdrkcsa mBkdj ykrs
FksA fdrkcksa dk cks> de djus osQ fy, mlus
bZ&fdrkc fy[khA oqQN bySDVªkWfud fdrkcsa 1960
esa Hkh cukbZ xb±A 1992 esa oqQN O;kolkf;d
daifu;ksa }kjk bySDVªkWfud cqd jhMj cuk, x,
tks fd lh-Mh- esa ,df=kr dh xbZ bZ&fdrkcksa dks
i<+us esa l{ke FksA (www.wikipedia.org/
wiki/publishing)
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 76
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
bZ&fdrkcksa dk ck”kkj fujarj c<+rk pyk
tk jgk gSA bZ&fdrkcksa osQ ck”kkj esa vkrs gh
bZ&ifCy'kj Hkh ck”kkj esa vk x, gSaA bZ&fdrkcksa
dks i<+uk] lkFk ys tkuk cgqr vklku gS] blfy,
budh ek¡x fnuksfnu c<+rh pyh tk jgh gSA
bZ&cqd jhMj ,d bySDVªkWfud xtV gS tks fd
[kklrkSj ls bZ&fdrkcsa i<+us osQ fy, gh cuk gSA
lkekU;r% bZ&cqd jhMj yxHkx N% bap yack
,d ikWosQV dh rjg gksrk gS vkSj bls dgha Hkh
i<+k o ys tk;k tk ldrk gSA blesa yxHkx nks
th- ch- eSeksjh gksrh gSA budh dher yxHkx N%
g”kkj ls iPphl g”kkj rd gksrh gSA bZ&cqd esa
,e-ih- Fkzh E;wftd] oaQI;wVj xsEl ;k lkWÝVos;j
tSlh nwljh fMftVy lkexzh dks MkmuyksM] LVksj]
VªkaliQj ;k bZ&esy fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdrkc
foaQMy µ bZ&cqd jhfMax fMokbl
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:20
lI+kQjukek µ dkx”k ls LØhu rd
77
bZ&ifCyosQ'ku ,d de le; ysus okyh
dh rjg ,glkl nsus osQ fy, LØhu dk jax
dkx”k dh rjg fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj fdrkcksa izfØ;k gS] blfy, fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij fy[kus
ls igys ;g ”k:jh gS fd ml fo"k; ij igys
dh rjg iUus iyVus dh lqfo/k Hkh gksrh gSA
ls ekStwn tkudkjh gkfly dj yh tk,A ;g
vc 21oha lnh esa bZ&fdrkcsa i<+us dk ,d Hkh vko';d gS fd fo"k; dks uohure ,oa
u;k ekè;e cu dj mHkjh gSaA amazon.com ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa Hkh ns[kk tk,A
osQ ,d losZ osQ vuqlkj fiNys o"kZ yxHkx izfr
D;ksafd bZ&fdrkc gekjs le{k ,d
100 fizafVM fdrkcksa ij 143 bZ&fdrkcsa fy[kh i;kZoj.k vuqowQy ekè;e cudj mHkjh gSaA
x;haA 2013 esa gq, ,d 'kks/ osQ vuqlkj& vr% buosQ cukus dh izfØ;k dh tkudkjh
(Under Standing the E consumer) ;g f'k{kk ls tqM+s lHkh LVsd gksYMlZ (i.kèkkfj;ksa)
vuqeku yxk;k x;k fd] 2014 esa bZ&fdrkcsa fizaV dks gksuh pkfg,A bZ& fdrkc cukus ls igys
ekè;e ls vkxs fudy tk,axh] vuqekur% yxHkx gh ys[kd bldk elkSnk ,d lkekU; fdrkc
47 fefy;u fdrkcksa dh fcØh fo'o esa gksxhA dh rjg gh cuk ysrk gSA fdrkc dk izk:i]
bZ&fdrkcksa dh fcØh fizaV ekè;e dh fdrkcksa ls Hkk"kk dk pquko] 'kCnksa dk pquko fdlh Hkh
yxHkx 300000 vf/d gksxhA bZ&fdrkcksa dh vPNh bZ&fdrkc dh igyh vko';drk gSA bZ&
yksdfiz;rk dk vuqeku blh ckr ls yxk;k tk fdrkc esa ;fn fp=kksa dh Hkh xqatkb'k j[kuh gks
ldrk gS fd ikB~;iqLrosaQ Hkh vc bZ&:i esa miyC/ rks fp=k ,oa mudk vyadj.k Hkh iwoZfu/kZfjr
djk;h tkus yxh gSaA (www.publishing fd;k tkuk pkfg,A i`"Bksa ij ;fn dksbZ funsZ'k
technology.com/2013/neilsonfn, tkus gSa rks mudk Hkh iwoZfuèkkZj.k dj
research)
ysuk pkfg,A ;fn mnkgj.kksa dh vko';drk
fjlpZ ;wfuV ehfM;k dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj gks rks mUgsa Hkh iwoZ;kstuk osQ vuqlkj
^^bySDVªkWfud jhfMax fMokbfl”k ;k fiQj fizaV vyx&vyx txgksa ij nsuk pkfg,A fofHkUu
fefM;e esa fdrkcksa ls i<+us esa vk¡[kksa dks dksbZ Hkkx [kaMksa dk fu/kZj.k Hkh igys gh dj fy;k
gkfu ugha gSA** (www.amazon.in.)
tkrk gSA
IkqLrd&Ikzdk'ku dh IkzfØ;k vkerkSj Ikj
,d Li"V :ijs[kk cu tkus osQ ckn ;g Hkh
dkiQh yack le; ysrh gS] D;ksafd Ikzdk'ku dh vko';d gks tkrk gS fd i`"B lhek ,oa 'kCn
IkzfØ;k dkiQh yach gksrh gSA fdrkc fy[kus ls lhek fu/kZfjr dj yh tk,A ;g MªkÝV cuus
ysdj Ikzdk'ku ,oa ck”kkj esa vkus rd yxHkx osQ ckn lkjk dk;Z ,d oMZ iQkby esa fd;k
,d o"kZ ls vf/d le; yx tkrk gS Ikj tkrk gS vkSj bZ&o”kZu lkWÝVos;j dh enn ls
bZ&fdrkc dk Ikzdk'ku blls cgqr de le; mls bZ&fdrkc osQ :i esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk
(yxHkx ,d&ls&rhu eghus) ysrk gSA
gSA fofHkUu lkWÝVos;j tks fd oMZ iQkby dks
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 77
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:20
78
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
bZ&fdrkc dh 'kDy ns ldrs gSa] vyx&vyx dkWih jkbV ls lacaf/r lwpuk,¡] vkbZ-,l-ch,u- uacj vkfn gksrs gSaA blosQ ckn baMSDl
uke ls miyC/ gSa&
(d) flfxy
(code.google.com/p/ Hkwfedk vkSj ewy fo"k;&oLrq gksrh gSA
bZ&fdrkc esa baVjusV fyaDl Hkh fn, tkrs gaSA
sigil/)
([k) bZdc (tinyurl.com/chwessa)
bZ&fdrkc esa lfØ; gkbij fyaDl Hkh fn;s tkrs
(x) ekschikWosQV (MobiPocketCreation) gSaA bZ&fdrkc dks Ik<+us osQ ckn dbZ IkkBd bu
(?k) vkbiclkWÝV (ipubsoft.com)
fdrkcksa dks Ikh-Mh-,iQ- IkQkWesZV es eqÝ+r esa Hkh
(M+) ih-Mh-,iQiQkWesZV
(portable vIyksM dj nsrs gSaA
bZ&fdrkcksa dh dher dkx”k ij Nih fdrkcksa
document format)
oqQN vU; ckrsaµ bZ&fdrkc osQ iQkWjeSV esa dh dher ls de gksrh gSA gkykafd fdrkc dh
fiQygky dksbZ ekudhdj.k fu;e vFkok vaoqQ'k dher dk fu/kZj.k fo"k; dh tfVyrk ,oa
ugha gSA blfy, ifCy'kj vyx&vyx iQkWjeSV Ikzklafxdrk osQ vk/kj Ikj fd;k tkrk gSA ck”kkj
esa bZ&fdrkc rS;kj dj jgs gSa ,oa mlh osQ esa mlh fo"k; Ikj miyC/ vU; IkqLrdksa Ikj ,oa
vuqlkj viuk jhMj xStsV rS;kj dj jgs gSaA ys[kd dh yksdfiz;rk osQ vuqlkj Hkh ewY; dk
bZ&fdrkc ;fn fganh esa gS rks iQkWUV ;wfudksM ij fu/kZj.k gksrk gSA vk/kfjr gksrk gSA eaxy ;k ;wfudksM ,e-,llkekU; :i ls fdlh Hkh fy[kh gqbZ lkexzh
iQkWUV csgrj pquko gSa ,oa vaxzs”kh esa VkbEl U;w osQ fMftVy :i dks bZ&fdrkcksa dh Js.kh esa
jkseu ;k ,fj;y dk bLrseky ”;knk fd;k tkrk j[kk tk ldrk gSA lkekU; iqLrdksa dh vis{kk
gSA blessa iQkWUV lkb”k ^12* dks IkzkFkfedrk nh bUgsa ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd vklkuh ls ys
tkrh gSA Ikwjh fdrkc esa ,d gh iQkWUV dk Ikz;ksx tk;k tk ldrk gSA blh otg ls ;g ;qok oxZ
fd;k tkrk gS ,oa gSMykbu 16&18 lkb”k rd esa vkt osQ lwpuk ,oa izkS|ksfxdh osQ iz;ksx esa
gks ldrh gaSA
ekfgj vkt osQ ;qok oxZ dh ilan cu xbZ gSA
bZ&fdrkcksa dh ,d ize[q k fo'ks"krk tks fd ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd bUgsa vklkuh ls ys
lkekU; fdrkcksa ls fHkUu gS og ;g gS fd blesa tk ldus osQ dkj.k budk iz;ksx djus okyksa dh
iQkWjesfVax de ls de gksrh gS D;ksfa d fofHkUu la[;k esa fujarj b”kkiQk gks jgk gSA
bZ&fdrkc jhMj ,d fof'k"V iQkWjesfVax izk:i dk
tulk/kj.k rd LowQyh ikB~;iqLrdksa dh
mi;ksx djrs gSAa oqQN [kkl fdLe osQ fpg~u Hkh igq¡p vklku djus osQ fy, jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ
bZ&fdrkc iQkWjesfVax izk:i osQ vuqoQw y ugha gSAa dh :ijs[kkµ2005 us ikB~;iqLrdksa dks osc
bZ&fdrkc esa iQksVks (fp=kks)a dks lekfo"V djuk lkbV ij miyC/ djkus dh flI+kQkfj'k dhA
oqQN dfBu gksrk gSA
bl flI+kQkfj'k dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ,u-lh'kq: osQ nks Ik`"Bksa Ikj ys[kd dk uke&Ikrk] bZ-vkj-Vh }kjk izdkf'kr ikB~;iqLrosaQ vkt Hkh
Ikzdk'kd dk uke&Ikrk] Ikzdk'ku dh rkjh[k] www.ncert.nic.in Ikj miyC/ gSaA
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 78
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:20
lI+kQjukek µ dkx”k ls LØhu rd
79
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- }kjk izdkf'kr ikB~;
iqLrdksa dks bZ&fdrkc osQ :i esa ifjofrZr
djus dk iz;kl isUVk gkml uked izdk'ku
Hkou }kjk fd;k x;k Fkk] ysfdu blesa iqLrdksa
osQ ist dks LosQu dj fMftVy izk:i esa oYMZ
okbM oSc ij izf"kr dj fn;k x;k FkkA pw¡fd
muesa eqfnzr ikB~; iqLrdksa osQ vykok oqQN
vU; u;s ifjorZu ugha fd, x, Fks vkSj
,u-lh-bZvkj-Vh- }kjk izdkf'kr iqLrdksa dks gh
;Fkkor~ j[kk x;k Fkk] blfy, ;g dksf'k'k
cgqr vf/d izpfyr ugha gks ikbZA
orZeku ih<+h] tks fd eqfnzr fdrkcksa dks
i<+dj cM+h gqbZ gS vkSj bZ&fdrkcksa ls Hkh :c:
gqbZ gS] osQ fy, fdrkcksa ls i<+us dk eksg NksM+
ikuk eqf'dy gSA ysfdu bZ&fdrkcksa osQ fujarj
Ikzpkj&Ikzlkj ,oa muosQ Ikz;ksx esa lgwfy;r osQ
dkj.k u;h ih<+h dk yxko bUgsa i<+us esa fnuksa
fnu c<+ jgk gS ,oa bZ&fdrkcksa osQ iz;ksxdrkZvksa
dh la[;k esa mÙkjksrj o`f¼ gks jgh gSA
cnyrs ifjos'k] rsth ls cnyrs 'kSf{kd
okrkoj.k vkSj fujarj xfr'khy jgus okys
euq"; us iqLrdksa dh miyC/rk ,oa i<+us
osQ rkSj&rjhdksa esa cnyko yk fn;k gS] ,sls
esa bZ&fdrkcsa i<+us dk ,d vPNk fodYi
cudj mHkjh gaSA lapkj rduhdh esa rs”kh ls
gksus okys fodkl osQ dkj.k bZ&fdrkcksa dh
miyC/rk ,oa bUgsa i<+us esa fujarj o`f¼ gks
jgh gSA bZ&fdrkcksa dks ykus&ys tkus vkSj
i<+us esa ljyrk rFkk HkaMkj.k dh vf/d
{kerk gksus osQ dkj.k ;g ;qok oxZ esa fnuksfnu
vf/d Ikzpfyr gks jgh gSaA vkus okys le; esa
bZ&fdrkcsa f'k{kk txr esa Ik<+us&i<+kus dk ,d
l'kDr ekè;e cudj mHkjsaxh] ,lk vuqeku
yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
lanHkZ
lgk;] JhukFk- fdrkcsa Ni jgha gSa vkSj [kwc fcd Hkh jgh gSa] uoHkkjr VkbEl] u;h fnYyh] 2 fnlacj 2013
www.amazon.in.
visual.ly/brief-history-publishing.
www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482597/history of publishing.
www.historian.net/hxwritehm
www.publishing technology.com/2013/neilson-research
www.wikipedia.org/wiki/history of writing
www.wikipedia.org/wiki/publishing.
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 79
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:20
vkReeqX/rk osQ lekukarj laosnu'khy ikB
fujatu lgk;·
dfork D;k gS\ bl eqís ij cgl mruh gh iqjkuh gS] ftruh dforkA D;k dfork
egt 'kCnksa dh rqdcanh gS\ vyadkj vkSj 'kCn p;u dh dFku Hkafxekvksa dk ;qxlR;
vkSj tqxycanh osQ lkFk dfork dh vkSj dkSu&lh fo'ks"krk,¡ gks ldrh gSa\ dfork
osQ dkyt;hiu osQ lkFk ikBd&Jksrk dk dkSu&lk fj'rk gS\ dfork dh oa'kxr
fof'k"Vrk D;k gS\ iqjkuh dfork vkSj u;h dfork osQ IkkB esa dkSu&ls varj gSa\
bu lHkh eqíksa Ikj fopkj osQ lkFk dfork dh nqfu;k esa izos'k dbZ rjg ls fnypLi
gSA bl 'kks/ vkys[k esa bu lHkh eqíksa dks le>us&fo'ysf"kr djus dk iz;kl gSA
izk;% dfork osQ ewY;kadu vkSj ikB esa ,d:irk dk ikyu dfork osQ eeZ rd Ikgq¡pus esa
lcls cM+h ck/k djrh gSA ;g lgh gS fd dfork esa oqQN lkoZHkkSe fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSa] Ikj
;g Hkh lgh gS fd izkphu] eè;dkyhu vkSj vk/qfud dfork osQ ikB osQ vyx&vyx
ekudksa dks le>s&tkus fcuk dfork dk lgh ikB laHko ugha gSA vkb, bUgsa le>us dk
iz;kl djsaA
fiNys fnuksa ,d lk{kkRdkj esa fganh osQ ofj"B
dfo v'kksd oktis;h us fganh vè;kidksa osQ ckjs
esa ,d jk; nhA cdkSy v'kksd oktis;h fganh dh
nqnZ'kk osQ ihNs fganh vè;kidksa dh izeq[k Hkwfedk
ekurs gSaA1 vc ;g ckr fdruh roZQlaxr gS]
bl ij ijLij fojks/h jk; cuk;h tk ldrh gSA
ysfdu bl lPpkbZ ls budkj djuk Hkh eqefdu
ugha fd fganh vè;kiu dk ,d fljk egt
[kkukiwfrZ esa fleV dj jg x;k gSA blosQ ihNs
vusd dkj.k gks ldrs gSa] ftuesa oqQN ij u”kj
Mkyuk equkflc gksxkA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] vke rkSj
ij] vè;kiu esa oqQN lokyksa dh vuns[kh gksrh
gS] tSl&
s lkfgR; dh Hkk"kk vkSj blls brj Kku
dh Hkk"kk esa cqfu;knh iQoZQ D;k gS\ foèkkvksa osQ
Lo:i esa varj dks oSQls O;k[;kf;r fd;k tk,\
ikB dks i<+rs le; dkSu&lh fof/ viuk;h
· ,lksfl,V izksI+ksQlj] fganh rFkk vk/qfud Hkk"kk foHkkx] egkRek xka/h dk'kh fo|kihB] okjk.klh] (m-iz)
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 80
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:20
vkReeqX/rk osQ lekukarj laosnu'khy ikB
tk, fd dksbZ lkfgfR;d fo/k u fliZQ vius
iwjs Lo:i esa lacksf/r d{kk rd igq¡ps] vfirq
mldh vuqxw¡t fo|kFkhZ dh Le`fr dk fgLlk Hkh
cu tk,A mlh rjg izR;sd lkfgfR;d fo/k dk
,d fof'k"V vrhr Hkh gksrk gS] ftlosQ vkyksd
esa mldk orZeku eq[kj gksrk gSA dguk u gksxk
fd vè;kiu&lalkj dk ,d cM+k fgLlk jpukvksa
dk ns'k&dky fujis{k ,slk vkReeqX/ ikB djrk
gS] ftlesa mfYyf[kr lokyksa dh vuns[kh gksrh
gSA bl 'kks/ i=k dk mís'; lkfgR; dh fofHkUu
foèkkvksa osQ vè;kiu osQ nkSjku cjrh tkus okyh
lkoèkkfu;ksa osQ dfri; izlaxksa dk fo'ys"k.k gSA
oSls fo'ys"k.k osQ igys ;g mYys[k dj nsuk
Hkh ”k:jh gS fd izk;% vè;kid dh oqQN futh
fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSa] ftuosQ pyrs mldk vè;kiu
,d mYys[kuh; lanHkZ curk gSA fygktk bl
flyflys esa loZLoho`Qr jk; cuk ikuk laHko
ughaA ckotwn blosQ bu vkèkkjHkwr izlaxksa dk
viuk egÙo gSA
lcls igys ;g ns[ksa fd dfork dk vè;kiu
djrs le; oSQls dkO;yksd esa izos'k djsaA ;g
ckr ckj&ckj dgh tkrh gS fd izR;sd dfork
esa mlosQ izos'k osQ lw=k fufgr gksrs gSaA dbZ ckj
eq[kj <ax ls rks vusd ckj ;g lw=k usiF; esa
gksrk gSA ysfdu dfork esa egt 'kCnkFkZ dh
Hkwfedk ryk'kus okyh fuxkg vDlj ;g yf{kr
djus ls xqjs”k djrh gS fd dfork osQ lexz
izHkko esa ml varèkkZjk dh D;k Hkwfedk gksrh
gS] ftlls fdlh dfo dh futrk dk fuekZ.k
gksrk gSA dfork esa fcac dh mifLFkfr mls ,d
Li`g.kh; Å¡pkbZ nsrh gSA mls le>uk&fo'ysf"kr
djuk lkekU;r% vè;kidksa dh #fp dk fo"k;
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 81
81
ugha gksrkA vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy us vlsZ igys
,d mYys[kuh; ys[k fy[kk Fkk ^dfork D;k
gS\* mUgksaus ml fuca/ esa dgk fd& ^^dkO; esa
vFkZxzg.k ek=k ls dke ugha pyrk] fcacxzg.k
visf{kr gksrk gSA2 ;gk¡ ;g mYysf[kr djuk
”k:jh ugha fd fcac dbZ ckj 'kCn esa fufgr
gksrk gS rks dbZ ckj okD; esa vkSj vusd ckj rks
iwjh dfork feydj ,d fcac dk fuekZ.k djrh
gSA fcac dk eryc gksrk gS&'kCn (okD; ;k iwjh
dfork) esa fufeZr fp=kA nks mnkgj.kksa ls bls
le>us dh dksf'k'k djsaA ,d iqjkuh dfork ysa&
^vfr lw/ks lusg dks ekjx gS tgk¡ usoqQ
l;kui ck¡d ughaA
tgk¡ lk¡ps pySa rft vkiquikS >>osQ diVh
ts fulk¡d ughaA
?ku vkuan I;kjs lqtku lqUkkS br ,d rSa nwljksa
vk¡d ughaA
Rkqe dkSu /kSa ikVh i<+s gks dyk eu ysgq iS
nsgq NVk¡d ughaA*3
dfork osQ vFkZxzg.k dh izfØ;k ls rks
rdjhcu lHkh vè;kid ifjfpr gks gh tkrs gSaA
”kjk fcacxzg.k osQ u”kfj;s ls dfork dk Hkk";
djsaA igys 'kCn osQ vkyksd esa ns[ksaA igyh
gh iafDr esa Lusg osQ fy, ^lwèkks* fo'ks"k.k dk
iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA lw/ks ;kuh lh/k] ysfdu
lh/k 'kCn ls izse esa vkdaB Mwcs lefiZr izseh
dk tks fcac mHkjrk gS] mlls dfork dk earO;
fof'k"V <ax ls mHkjrk gSA iqjkus dkO;'kkL=kh
bls gh ^LiQksV* dgrs FksA blh rjg iwjh iafDr]
;kuh ^vfr lw/ks lusg dks ekjx gS tgk¡ usoqQ
l;kui ck¡d ugha* ls Hkh ,d l?ku fcac mHkjrk
gSA l;kus dk eryc gS le>nkj vkSj ck¡dk
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:20
82
dk eryc frjNk gksrk gSA ysfdu izse dh jkg
vR;ar lh/h gS] ;gk¡ rfud Hkh l;kukiu ;k
frjNsiu osQ fy, txg ugha] dgr gh ,d
fof'k"V fp=k mHkjrk gS] ftlosQ vkyksd esa ge
izse osQ nks /zqokarksa dks ikrs gSa&,d og tks lh/k
vkSj lefiZr gS] nwljk og ftlesa l;kukiu vkSj
Vs<+siu dk pkrq;Z gSA fiQj izse osQ [ksy (ukVd)
dk iQoZQ Hkh iwjh rjg mHkjrk gSA vc ,d u;h
dfork dks fcacxzg.k osQ vkyksd esa le>rs gSa&
^ikuh esa f?kjs gq, yksx
IkzkFkZuk ugha djrs
os iwjs fo'okl ls ns[krs gSa ikuh dks
vkSj ,d fnu
fcuk fdlh lwpuk osQ
[kPpj] cSy ;k HkSal dh ihB ij
?kj vlckc ykndj
py nsrs gSa dgha vkSjA4
bl dfork esa ck<+ ls f?kjs ftl bykosQ dk
o.kZu fd;k x;k gS] ogk¡ gjsd lky rhu&rhu
ufn;ksa osQ ck<+ dk ladV cuk jgrk gSA gj lky
yksx ck<+ ls mtM+rs gSa fiQj ck<+ osQ ckn clrs
Hkh gSaA dfork ;fn ;FkkrF; o.kZu Hkj gksrh
rks ikBd ,d lkekU; dkO;kuqHko ls xq”kjrkA
ysfdu dfork esa ekStwn fcac] tkfgju tks 'kCnksa
vkSj iafDr osQ lkFk gh iwjh dfork esa Hkh ekStwn
gS] mls ,d foy{k.k dkO;kuqHko ls laiUu djrh
gSA izkFkZuk vkSj fo'okl nksuksa ,d nwljksa osQ iwjd
gksrs gSa] ij ;gk¡ os ijLij fojks/h /zqoksa osQ :i
esa ekStwn gSaA 'kCn fcacksa osQ Hkk"; ls bu 'kCnksa
osQ ruko esa ;qx dk ruko >ydrk gSA ,d rjiQ
ladV osQ nkSj esa izkFkZuk gh izkFkZuk dh :f<+ dk
udkj vkSj nqfu;k clk ysus dk deZ&lkSan;Z ls
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 82
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
mitk foosdA ;fn ;g f”kn Bku ysa fd dfork
ikB ;k vè;kiu osQ le; egt vFkZxzg.k dh
ifjikVh gh viuk,axs rc tkfgj gS] dfork osQ
Hkk"; ls ge oafpr gh jgsaxsA ;kuh fcuk fcacksa
dks le>s&Hkk"; fd;s dfork dk iBu&ikBu
laHko ughaA
,sls dfork jfld vè;kidksa dh Hkh deh
ugha tks ;g dgrs ugha v?kkrs fd ne rks iqjkuh
dfork (;kuh Nan] vyadkj vkSj rqdkar inkoyh
dh dfork) esa gh Fkk] u;h ;kuh vk/qfud dky
dh Nan] vyadkj eqDr dfork esa og ckr ugha
fd og dkO;&jfldksa dks izHkkfor dj losQA
ysfdu ,slh ckr dgus okys ;g u”kjvank”k
dj tkrs gSa fd dfork Kku ;k dyk d vU;
vuq'kkluksa dh rjg vius le; osQ foosd]
vkdka{kk vkSj rukoksa dks izdV djrh gSA lp
rks ;g gS fd izkphu ;k eè;dkyhu dfork
vkSj vk/qfud dfork osQ ikB dh vyx&vyx
dlkSfV;k¡ gSaA mu dlkSfV;ksa vkSj ekudksa dks
le>s fcuk u rks dfork dk ikB laHko gS vkSj
u gh vè;kiuA
Ikzkphu dfork osQ ewY;kadu osQ vusd
vk/kj gks ldrs gSaA elyu&Nan dh ekStwnxh dk
vkdyu] vyadkjksa dk dFku&Hkafxek osQ lanHkZ
esa fo'ys"k.kA ^rqd* eè;dkyhu dfork vkSj
vk/qfud dky osQ vkjafHkd pj.kksa esa fy[kh x;h
vusd dforkvksa dh ,d vkèkkjHkwr fo'ks"krk gSA
;gk¡ fooj.k esa tkus dh ”k:jr ugha gS D;ksafd
fganh lkfgR; dk lkekU; ikBd bu lanHkksZa ls
c[kwch ifjfpr gSA vly leL;k bl ckr dh gS
fd eqDr Nan dh dforkvksa dk ikB] vè;kiu
vkSj ijh{k.k oSQls gksA izk;% iqjkuh dkO; #fp;k¡
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:20
vkReeqX/rk osQ lekukarj laosnu'khy ikB
bl elys ij viuh vR;ar ljyho`Qr jk; nsrh
gSa fd ,slh dforkvksa dks dfork ugha ekuuk
pkfg,A ysfdu lPpkbZ oqQN vkSj gS] ”k:jr
bl ckr dh gS fd Nan eqDr dfork ;k vxs;
dfork dk ikB vyx <ax ls gksA vkt dh
dfork vU; dyk&:iksa elyu&fp=kdyk]
ukV~;dyk osQ vf/d djhc vk;h gSA djhc
vkus osQ lkekftd vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd lanHkZ gSaA
Bhd mlh rjg osQ lkekftd&lkaLo`Qfrd lanHkZ
FksA dfork ikB] vè;kiu vkSj ewY;kadu osQ
le; vkèkqfud dky dh NaneqDr dfork osQ
cgukis Hkjs mfYyf[kr lanHkZ dks ;kn j[kus dh
”k:jr gSA cdkSy fganh dof;=kh vukfedk]
^cgukik dyk ekè;eksa esa Hkh gksrk gS! vkèkqfud
dfork us xkuk NksM+k rks blfy, fd fo'o;q¼
gks ;k fganqLrku dk c¡Vokjk] chloha lnh osQ
vkjaHk esa nqfu;k [kwue[kwu gks x;kh!* gj rhljs
?kj esa ,d yk'k iM+h FkhA ,sls esa xk;k oSQls
tkrk\ ,iQ-vkj-yhfol us ftl ^E;wf”kd vkWiQ
ehfuax* (vFkZ laxhr) dh ckr dh Fkh&og rks
dfork esa jgk] ij laxhr ls ”;knk fp=kdyk]
okLrqdyk vkSj ukV~;dyk ls viuk xBca/u
dfork us vf/d e”kcwr fd;kA dfork fcacksa]
laoknksa vkSj lanfHkZr vk[;kuksa osQ pqfuank ½.kksa
esa thou&txr dh foMacuk,¡ ÝyS'k djus yxhaA
iQksVksxzkI+kQh vkSj flusesVksxzkiQh dh ^f{kIr iQksdy
f'kÝV*] ^twe*] eksUrkt* vkfn rduhdksa dk Hkh
vR;f/d ltZukRed mi;ksx gj vPNh dfork
us <ax ls fd;kA*5 ”kkfgj gS vkt dh dfork osQ
vè;kiu gh ugha ewY;kadu osQ lanHkZ esa Hkh bu
ekudksa dks ;kn j[kus dh ”k:jr gSA
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 83
83
dkO;cks/ ewY;kadu vkSj :<+ i¼fr;k¡
;g ,d fparktud lPpkbZ gS fd LowQy&dkWyst
ls fo'ofo|ky;ksa rd dfork osQ vè;kiu vkSj
ijh{k.k osQ nkSjku ftu dkS'kyksa dk ikjaifjd
:i ls ewY;kadu gksrk gS] muesa izk;% dkO;cks/
dh le> fodflr djus dk dksbZ foosd ugha
gksrkA elyu loky ,sls iwNs tkrs gSa&^ikB~;Øe
esa 'kkfey dfork osQ dF; vkSj f'kYi dk
ewY;kadu dhft,*] ^lizlax O;k[;k dhft,*
;k ^dkO; 'kh"kZd dh izklafxdrk ij fopkj
dhft,* vkfnA è;ku ls ns[ksa rks bu lokyksa osQ
ekè;e ls u rks dfo dh futrk dk ewY;kadu
gks ikrk gS u gh dkO;Hkk"kk dh fof'k"Vrkvksa
dk ijh{k.k gks ikrk gSA tSls&izk;% fo|kFkhZ
vyx&vyx dkO;&foosd vkSj dkO;&Hkk"kk
laiUu jpukdkjksa dh Hkk"kk osQ ckjs esa jk; nsrs
gSa& Hkk"kk lgt] ljy vkSj izkaty gSA vc dchj
dh Hkk"kk Hkh ljy] lgt vkSj izkaty gS] lkFk
gh eqfDrcks/ vkSj osQnkjukFk flag dh Hkk"kk
Hkh ljy] lgt vkSj izkaty gSA pyrs&pyrs
vyadkjksa dh dPph le> dk Hkh mYys[k dj
fn;k tkrk gSA ,slk blfy, Hkh gksrk gS fd izk;%
u rks vè;kid dks vkSj u gh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks bl
ckr dh fpark gksrh gS fd dfo dh futrk vkSj
dkO;Hkk"kk dh fof'k"Vrkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k
tk,] u gh ikB~;iqLrd fo'ks"kKksa dks bldh
le> ;k fiQØ gksrh gSA blh rjg dh :<+h vU;
lanHkksZa esa Hkh fn[kk;h nsrh gSA tSls dksbZ dfork
vius le; vkSj mlosQ liuksa esa jps&cls euq";
dh l?ku fpark vkSj lexz u”kfj;s osQ lcls
l?ku fcac dks dkO; vfHkO;fDr esa fljtrh
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:20
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
84
gSA ij vè;kiu vkSj ewY;kadu esa ,sls ljksdkjksa
dh vuns[kh dh tkrh gSA izk;% nks rjg osQ
vè;kiu vkSj ijh{k.k dk uewuk u”kj vkrk gSA
,d og tks ijaijk ls bl dnj lEeksfgr gksrk
gS fd vfHkO;fDr dk dksbZ VVdk rjhdk mls
v/dpjk vkSj if'peijLr yxrk gS] nwljh og
tgk¡ rkRdkfydrk ls pkSaf/;k;h vk¡[kksa dks gj
u;h ckr dks dkO; :i esa <kyus vkSj fo'ysf"kr
djus dh gM+cM+h gksrh gSA bls vkSj Li"V rjhosQ
ls le>us osQ fy, ,d mnkgj.k ns[ksa&igyh
n`f"V iz'u djrh gS&^rqylhnkl fganh osQ loZJs"B
dfo gSa] lkjxfHkZr fo'ys"k.k dhft,* rks nwljh
n`f"V iwNrh gS ^rqylhnkl dh jpuk,¡ lkearh
ewY;ksa dk iks"k.k djrh gSa* rqylhdkO; osQ
lk{; ij izekf.kr djsaA tcfd rqylhnkl tSls
cM+s jpukdkj dh l`tu ;k=kk vusd dykRed
vkSj fopkj/kjkRed volj miyC/ djkrh gS
ftlosQ vkyksd esa dkO;foosd osQ lexz vkSj
laiUu vuqHko osQ volj LoHkkor% gk¡fly gksa]
tSls ,sls loky Hkh iwNs tk ldrs gSa&^rqylhnkl
dh jpuk ;k=kk osQ vkèkkj ij ;g crkb, fd
oSQls fdlh dfo dh jpukn`f"V vius le;
vkSj O;fDr lanHkks± osQ vkyksd esa fodflr
vkSj ifjofrZr gksrh gS* ;k ^jkepfjrekul vkSj
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
dforkoyh dh jpukn`f"V osQ varj dks js[kkafdr
dhft,* ;k ^rqylhnkl dh jpukvksa osQ vk/kj
ij ;g crkb, fd mudh dkO;Hkk"kk vius le;
dh dykRed vkSj ykSfdd miyfC/;ksa dk Js"B
lk{; izLrqr djrh gS* ;k ^rqylhnkl ,d lkFk
vo/h vkSj cztHkk"kk osQ fofHkUu dyk:iksa vkSj
dkO;:iksa dks jpukRedrk esa :ikarfjr djrs gSa*
oSQls vkfn&vkfnA
fiNys fnuksa fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx
us mPp f'k{kk vè;kiu dh vgZrk ijh{kk vkSj
I+kSQyksf'ki ijh{kk esa cnyko dj fn;k gSA vc
osQoy oLrqfu"B ijh{kk osQ vk/kj ij vH;FkhZ dh
;ksX;rk dk ewY;kadu gksrk gSA dguk u gksxk bl
rjg osQ ijh{k.k us fo|kFkhZ dh fo'ys"k.k {kerk
vkSj fdlh jpukdkj osQ fof'k"V vkSj oS;fDrd
lanHkksZa osQ vè;;u&ewY;kadu dks grksRlkfgr gh
fd;k gSA vc ”kksj vf/dkf/d lwpukvksa
ls ySl gks tkus ij gS] ij dksbZ Hkh lwpuk
varr% euq"; vkSj lekt osQ foosd fuekZ.k
osQ fy, gh gksrh gS u fd futhZo vkSj rVLFk
ladyu osQ fy,A mlh rjg tks vè;;u vkSj
ewY;kadu i¼fr fo'ys"k.k dh ;ksX;rk u iSnk
dj losQ mlls vf/xe vkSj f'k{kk osQ y{;
gkfly djuk ukeqefdu gh gSA
lanHkZ
vukfedk] ^^dfork osQ oaQ/s]** dFkkns'k] vxLr 2012] fnYyh] i`- 16?kukUkan- ?kukuan dfoÙkrgydk- fganh] I+kQjojh 2013'kqDy] jkepanz- 1983- dfork D;k gS\] fparkef.k] bafM;u izsl] bykgkckn¯lg] osQnkjukFk- 1983- ;gk¡ ls ns[kks- izFke laLdj.k] jk/kÑ".k izdk'ku] fnYyh] i`-17-
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 84
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:20
orZeku ifjn`'; esa efgyk f'k{kk µ n'kk ,oa fn'kk
ftrsUnz flag xks;y·
lquhrk pkS/jh··
f'k{kk] efgykvksa dh fLFkfr lq/kjus] vkRefo'okl txkus] vkRelEeku dh Hkkouk iSnk
djus] lgh <ax ls lksp fopkj dh ;ksX;rk c<+kus] lekt esa ifjorZu ykus ,oa vkfFkZd
fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrh gSA lekftd ,oa vkfFkZd uhfr dk <k¡pk efgyk
f'k{kk ls izHkkfor gksrk gS fo'ks"kdj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa yM+fd;ksa dks f'k{kk iznku djuk
vko';d ugha le>k tkrk gSA 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa bl vko';drk dks xzkeh.k {ks=kksa dh vis{kk
vf/d Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k gSA loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku osQ lkFk&lkFk izkjafHkd Lrj ij
ckfydk f'k{kk dk jk"Vªh; dk;ZØe] efgyk lek[;k] iwoZ ckY;dky ifjp;kZ o f'k{kk
rFkk ,dho`Qr cky fodkl lsok tSls fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa osQ }kjk dU;k f'k{kk osQ fofo/
i{kksa dks lqn`<+ djosQ yM+fd;ksa rd f'k{kk osQ izdk'k dks igq¡pkus dk iz;kl fd;k tk
jgk gSA bl lkjh dok;n dk osaQnzh; i{k oLrqr% lekt esa ckfydk f'k{kk dh ek¡x dks
l`ftr djuk] ckfydk f'k{kk esa tuleqnk; fo'ks"kdj efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk dks c<+kus
okyh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djuk rFkk ckfydk f'k{kk dks lqfuf'pr djus okys ncko
dkjdksa dks mRiUu djuk gSA bl dk;Z esa fu%lansg lekt o ekrk&firk dh vfHkizsj.kk o
ltxrk] LowQyh fØ;kdykiksa o lfefr;ksa esa efgykvksa o ekrkvksa dh c<+rh Hkwfedk ,oa
LowQy] vè;kidksa o leqnk; osQ ijLij laca/ dk lqn`<+hdj.k tSls mik; ije vko';d o
egRoiw.kZ gSaA osaQnz o jkT; ljdkjksa osQ bu iz;klksa ls fu%lansg gekjs ns'k esa ckfydk f'k{kk
dk rhoz xfr ls izlkj gqvk gS ,oa vk'kk dh tk ldrh gS fd 'kh?kz gh f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa
O;kIr ;kSu vlarqyu lekIr gks tk;sxkA
·twfu;j fjlpZ iSQyks (f'k{kk foHkkx)] y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ
··izoDrk (f'k{kk foHkkx)] x;kizlkn ih-th- dkWyst] fMHkkSyh] pdjuxj] bVkok
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 85
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:20
86
izLrkouk
ukjh lekt dh /qjh gS] ;g lR; gSA bl dVq
lR; dks vkt Hkh iq#"k iz/ku lekt us Lohdkj
djus esa vufHkKrk gh tkfgj dh gSA ukjh vius
thou dh dk;ZoqQ'kyrk vkSj IkfjJe osQ ne ij
ekuo lekt esa viuh ;ksX;rk dk yksgk euokrh
jgh gSA Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr esa ukjh dk lEeku
vR;ar izkphu dky ls jgk gSA izR;sd dky
[kaM esa mls lEekfur n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk jgk
gSA oSfnd dkyhu lkfgR; osQ vè;;u ls irk
pyrk gS fd ml ;qx esa ukjh dk cM+k vknj
fd;k tkrk Fkk ysfdu ukjh dh fLFkfr fofHkUu
;qxksa esa ifjofrZr gksus osQ dkj.k fHkUu&fHkUu jgh]
dHkh mUufr dks pwek rks dHkh voufr rd igq¡p
x;h rks dHkh mudh lqj{kk rFkk laj{kk dk iz'u
mRiUu gqvkA oSfnd dkyhu f'k{kk esa L=kh f'k{kk
vius pjeksRd"kZ ij Fkh ysfdu eqxydkyhu
f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa L=kh f'k{kk dk iru izkjaHk gks
x;k FkkA Hkkjr esa Lora=krk izkfIr osQ iwoZ L=kh
f'k{kk dh fLFkfr n;uh; FkhA Lora=krk izkfIr osQ
i'pkr~ ljdkj us L=kh f'k{kk dks izksRlkfgr djus
osQ fy, iz;kl izkjaHk fd;sA
vkt Hkh ukjh f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa Hkys gh
viuh vf/dre la[;k dks n'kkZ jgh gS] blosQ
mijkar Hkh fo|ky; u tkus okyh yM+fd;ksa dh
la[;k Hkh oqQN de ugha gSA nwj&njk”k osQ xk¡oksa esa
vkt Hkh fo|ky; tkus ls yM+fd;k¡ fgpfdpkrh
gSaA ekrk&firk Hkh iqf=k;ksa dks vf/d f'kf{kr
cukus osQ i{k/j ugha gSa] D;ksa\ ;g loky vusd
lokyksa dks tUe nsus okyk gSA tc ukjh thou
lokyksa osQ ?ksjs esa dlrk fn[kk;h nsrk gS rc ukjh
mRFkku vkSj ukjh izxfr dh lkjh ;kstuk;sa /jh
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 86
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
dh /jh jg tkrh gSaA ;g lHkh tkurs vkSj ekurs
gSa fd ukjh iq#"kksa ls dgha vf/d lgu'khy rFkk
izfrHkkoku gksrh gSA fiQj Hkh Lo;a dks ghurk ls
xzflr gh ikrh gSA bl ghurk dk dkj.k nwj djus
osQ mik;ksa dks [kkstdj tc ge lekt esa ukjh
dk egÙo c<+k;saxs rHkh ge Lo;a dks izxfr'khy
o laLdkjoku dgus osQ iw.kZ vf/dkjh gksaxsA
izkphu] eè; rFkk vk/qfud dky dh vusd
egku] oanuh; o xkSjokfUor efgykvksa us vius
vkn'kZ thou ls Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr dks vkxs c<+kus
dk vrqyuh; dk;Z fd;k gSA orZeku le;
esa fL=k;ksa dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu rFkk efgyk
l'kDrhdj.k dk izeq[k Js; L=kh f'k{kk osQ izlkj
rFkk izpkj dks gSA
efgyk f'k{kk dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe
izkphu dky esa ukjh f'k{kk
oSfnd lkfgR; esa xkxhZ] eS=ks;h] vk=ks;] 'koqaQryk
vkfn vusd fonq"kh fL=k;ksa dh ppkZ feyrh
gS] tks bl ckr dk izek.k gS fd oSfnd dky
esa efgykvksa dks Hkh iq#"kksa osQ leku f'k{kk
izkIr djus dk vf/dkj izkIr Fkk] ijarq osQoy
fxuh&pquh oqQN gh fonq"kh fL=k;ksa dh ppkZ feyus
ls bl ckr dk laosQr Hkh feyrk gS fd bl
le; ukjh f'k{kk vR;ar lhfer Fkh rFkk osQoy
lekt osQ ifjokjksa dh yM+fd;k¡ gh f'k{kk izkfIr
osQ voljksa dk lnqi;ksx dj ikrh FkhaA ml le;
fL=k;ksa osQ fy, i`Fkd f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh dksbZ
O;oLFkk ugha Fkh] ftlosQ dkj.k os iq#"kksa osQ
lkFk gh f'k{kk izkIr djrh Fkha] vFkkZr~ ml le;
lg&f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk izpyu FkkA
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:20
orZeku ifjn`'; esa efgyk f'k{kk µ n'kk ,oa fn'kk
ckS¼dky esa ukjh f'k{kk
87
dh vusd fganw rFkk eqfLye fonwf"k;ksa dh ppkZ
bfrgkl osQ i`"Bksa ij n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA jft;k
lqYrku] uwjtgk¡] pk¡nchch] xqycnu] tscqfUUklk]
jkuh :ierh] jkuh nqxkZorh] vfgY;kckbZ] ekrk
thtkckbZ] chch vejks vkfn fonwf"k;ksa osQ uke
eè;dkyhu Hkkjr osQ L=kh f'k{kk osQ bfrgkl esa
Lej.kh; gSaA ijarq bl lcosQ ckotwn eqfLye
dky esa lkekU; oxZ dh fL=k;ksa dks f'k{kk&izkfIr
osQ volj nqyZHk gh jgrs FksA
ckS¼dky osQ izkjafHkd o"kksZa esa fL=k;ksa dks eBksa esa
izos'k ugha fn;k tkrk Fkk ijarq ckn esa egkRek
cq¼ us fL=k;ksa dks la?k osQ :i esa izos'k djus dh
vuqefr nsdj L=kh f'k{kk dks ,d u;k vk;ke
fn;k] ftlosQ dkj.k L=kh f'k{kk dks ,d u;k
thou feyk ijarq ;g f'k{kk Hkh osQoy /uh o
oqQyhu ?kjkuksa dh fL=k;ksa rd gh lhfer jgh FkhA
ifj.kker% Hkkjr esa cgqr yacs le; rd lkekU;
fL=k;ksa dh f'k{kk yxHkx misf{kr gh jgh Fkh ijarq
ml le; Hkh la?kfe=kk tSlh fonw"kh ukfj;ksa us fczfV'k dky esa ukjh f'k{kk
fL=k;ksa dk uke jks'ku fd;k FkkA
fczfV'k 'kklu osQ izFke pj.k esa ukjh f'k{kk
dks vuko';d le> dj ml ij dksbZ fo'ks"k
è;ku ugha fn;k x;kA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd
eqX+ky dky esa ukjh f'k{kk
eqfLye dky esa Hkh lkekU; fL=k;ksa dh f'k{kk bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dks Hkkjr esa viuk iz'kklu
misf{kr FkhA ml dky esa cky&fookg rFkk inkZ pykus osQ fy, L=kh fyfidksa vFkok iz'kkldksa
izFkk dk izpyu gksus osQ dkj.k NksVh&NksVh dh vko';drk ugha FkhA fL=k;ksa osQ vusd
ckfydkvksa osQ vfrfjDr vU; lHkh fL=k;k¡ f'k{kk va/fo'oklksa ls f?kjs jgus rFkk Hkkjrh;ksa dk
izkfIr osQ voljksa ls izk;% oafpr gh jg tkrh n`f"Vdks.k vR;ar :f<+oknh gksus osQ dkj.k Hkh
FkhaA bfrgkl osQ voyksdu ls izrhr gksrk gS fd laHkor% bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us L=kh f'k{kk esa
ml le; de vk;q dh ckfydkvksa dks oqQN dksbZ #fp ugha yhA oaQiuh 'kklu osQ nkSjku
o"kksZa dh izkFkfed f'k{kk fey tkrh FkhA eqfLye L=kh f'k{kk dk izlkj bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa rFkk vU;
ckfydk,¡ efLtn ls tqM+s edrcksa esa ckydksa osQ lkekftd laLFkkuksa osQ }kjk fd;s x;s O;fDrxr
lkFk izkFkfed f'k{kk izkIr dj ysrh FkhaA eè;e iz;klksa ls izkjaHk gqvkA lu~ 1854 esa oqM osQ
oxZ osQ fganqvksa dh yM+fd;k¡ ifjokj esa ikfjokfjd vkns'k i=k esa vkf/dkfjd rkSj ij lcls igys
f'k{kk osQ :i esa v{kj Kku rFkk /kfeZd lkfgR; L=kh f'k{kk osQ egÙo dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k
dk Kku izkIr dj ysrh FkhaA 'kkgh ?kjkuksa rFkk rFkk fL=k;ksa dh f'k{kk osQ izlkj osQ lHkh laHko
lekt osQ /uh oxksZa dh ckfydk,¡ vius ?kjksa esa iz;kl fd;s tkus dh flI+kQkfj'k dh xbZ ftlosQ
f'k{kk izkIr djrh FkhaA laHkzkar] oqQyhu rFkk 'kkgh ifj.kkeLo:i yM+fd;ksa osQ fy, vusd LFkkuksa
ifjokj izk;% vius ?kjksa ij gh ekSyoh vFkok ij izkFkfed] ekè;fed rFkk mPp f'k{kk iznku
vU; fo}kuksa dks cqykdj ifjokj dh fL=k;ksa dks djus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA lu~ 1902 rd L=kh
f'k{kk nsus dh O;oLFkk dj ysrs FksA ml dky f'k{kk us ,d vkanksyu dk :i xzg.k dj fy;k
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 87
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:20
88
FkkA ifj.kker% ekrk&firk viuh yM+fd;ksa
dks f'k{kk iznku djus dh vko';drk eglwl
djus yxs Fks rFkk f'k{kk foHkkx us yM+fd;ksa
osQ fy, vyx ckfydk fo|ky; [kksyus izkjaHk
dj fn;s FksA
vk;Z lekt] czã lekt tSlh lekt lqèkkjd
laLFkkvksa us L=kh f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k Fkk]
ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i L=kh f'k{kk dh rhoz xfr
ls foLrkj gqvk FkkA lu~ 1917 ls lu~ 1947
rd L=kh f'k{kk dk fodkl vR;ar rhoz xfr ls
gqvkA bl dky esa fL=k;ksa us Lora=krk vkanksyu esa
lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysuk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA blh
le; Hkkjrh; ukjh laxBu rFkk jk"Vªh; efgyk
ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk gqbZA lu~ 1927 esa izFke
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ukjh lEesyu gqvkA blh nkSjku
cky&fookg ij izfrca/ yxkus osQ fy, 'kkjnk
,DV ikfjr gqvkA bu lHkh lekt lq/kjd dk;ksZa
esa L=kh f'k{kk osQ fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
feykA Lora=krk izkfIr osQ le; Hkkjr esa yxHkx
rhl g”kkj ukjh f'k{kk laLFkk,¡ Fkha ftuesa yxHkx
ipkl yk[k fL=k;k¡ f'k{kk xzg.k dj jgh FkhaA
ukjh f'k{kk dh orZeku fLFkfr
lu~ 1947 esa Lok/hurk izkIr djus osQ mijkar
efgykvksa dh lkekftd rFkk 'kSf{kd fLFkfr
esa vusd Økafrdkjh ifjorZu gq,A vKkurk]
ijra=krk] :f<+okfnrk rFkk vlgk;rk osQ caèkuksa
ls eqDr gksdj Hkkjrh; fL=k;k¡ vkt ,d
lEekutud thou th jgh gSaA fL=k;ksa osQ izfr
iq#"kksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu vk jgk gSA
fL=k;ksa ls lacaf/r lkekftd ekU;rk;sa cny jgh
gSaA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa iq#"kksa rFkk fL=k;ksa dks
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 88
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
iw.kZ:is.k leku ntkZ nsrs gq, Hkh f'k{kk osQ izlkj
ij cy fn;k x;k gSA Lora=krk osQ mijkar L=kh
f'k{kk osQ ekxZ esa vkus okyh ckèkkvksa dks tkuus
rFkk mudk lek/ku izLrqr djus gsrq vusd
lfefr;ksa o vk;ksxksa dk xBu fd;k x;kA lu~
1958 esa xfBr ^nqxkZckbZ ns'keq[k lfefr* rFkk
lu~ 1962 esa xfBr ^galk esgrk lfefr* osQ }kjk
Hkh efgyk f'k{kk osQ izpkj&izlkj ls lacaf/r
vusd egRoiw.kZ lq>ko izLrqr fd;s x;s FksA
dksBkjh vk;ksx (1964&66) us Hkh L=kh f'k{kk
osQ izpkj o izlkj osQ fy, vusd egRoiw.kZ
lq>ko vius izfrosnu esa fn, gSaA lu~ 1986 dh
u;h jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr esa Hkh L=kh f'k{kk dks
izksRlkfgr djus dh fn'kk esa Økafrdkjh ifjorZu
yk;s tkus dk ladYi nksgjk;k x;k gSA
nqxkZckbZ ns'keq[k lfefr
L=kh f'k{kk dh leL;kvksa rFkk mudk lek/ku
djus osQ mik;ksa ij fopkj djus osQ fy, lu~
1958 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us nqxkZckbZ ns'keq[k dh
vè;{krk esa ^jk"Vªh; efgyk f'k{kk* lfefr dk
xBu fd;k ftls lfefr dh vè;{kk osQ uke ij
nqxkZckbZ ns'keq[k lfefr dgdj Hkh iqdkjk tkrk
gSA bl lfefr dk izeq[k dk;Z L=kh f'k{kk ls
lacaf/r fofHkUu leL;kvksa dk vè;;u djosQ
muosQ lek/ku gsrq lq>ko nsuk FkkA lfefr osQ
}kjk fn;s x;s oqQN izeq[k lq>ko fuEufyf[kr Fks&
(1) Hkkjr ljdkj dks oqQN le; osQ fy,
L=kh f'k{kk dks ,d fof'k"V leL;k osQ
:i esa Lohdkj djuk pkfg,A
(2) Hkkjr ljdkj dks leLr jkT;ksa osQ
fy, L=kh f'k{kk osQ foLrkj dh uhfr
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:20
orZeku ifjn`'; esa efgyk f'k{kk µ n'kk ,oa fn'kk
fu/kZfjr djuh pkfg, rFkk bl uhfr osQ
fØ;kUo;u osQ fy, jkT;ksa dks vko';d
/ujkf'k iznku djuh pkfg,A
(3) xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa L=kh f'k{kk osQ izlkj osQ
fy, fo'ks"k iz;kl fd;s tkus pkfg,A
(4) iq#"kksa rFkk fL=k;ksa dh f'k{kk esa fo|eku
varj dks ;Fkk'kh?kz lekIr djus osQ fy,
iz;kl fd;s tkus pkfg,A
(5) L=kh f'k{kk dh leL;kvksa ij fopkj
djus osQ fy, jk"Vªh; efgyk f'k{kk
ifj"kn~ uked i`Fkd bdkbZ dk xBu
djuk pkfg,A
(6) L=kh f'k{kk osQ izlkj gsrq jkT;ksa esa
yM+fd;ksa rFkk efgykvksa dh f'k{kk dh
jkT; ifj"knsa xfBr dh tkuh pkfg,A
nqxkZckbZ ns'keq[k lfefr osQ lq>ko dks
Lohdkj djrs gq, osaQnzh; f'k{kk ea=kky; us lu~
1965 esa jk"Vªh; efgyk f'k{kk ifj"kn~ dk xBu
fd;kA bl ifj"kn~ dk izeq[k dk;Z yM+fd;ksa o
efgykvksa dh f'k{kk ls lacaf/r leL;kvksa osQ
fujkdj.k gsrq rFkk L=kh f'k{kk osQ izlkj ,oa mlesa
lq/kj gsrq uhfr;ksa] dk;ZØeksa o izkFkfedrkvksa ls
lacaf/r lq>ko nsuk gSA ;g ifj"kn~ le;&le;
ij L=kh f'k{kk dh izxfr dk ewY;kadu djosQ
Hkkoh dk;ZØeksa dh :ijs[kk Hkh izLrqr djrh gSA
galk esgrk lfefr
lu~ 1962 esa jk"Vªh; efgyk f'k{kk ifj"kn~ us
fo|ky;h Lrj ij ckyd rFkk ckfydkvksa osQ
ikB~;Øe esa varj gksus vFkok ugha gksus dh
egRoiw.kZ leL;k ij fopkj djus gsrq Jherh
galk esgrk dh vè;{krk esa ,d lfefr dk xBu
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 89
89
fd;k ftls lfefr dh vè;{kk osQ uke ij ^galk
esgrk lfefr* uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bl
lfefr us fopkj&foe'kZ osQ mijkar lq>ko fn;k
gS fd fo|ky;h Lrj ij ckyd rFkk ckfydkvksa
osQ ikB~;Øe esa varj ugha gksuk pkfg,A lfefr
us dgk fd Hkkjr esa tura=kh; rFkk lektoknh
lekt dh LFkkiuk dh izfØ;k py jgh gSA vr%
f'k{kk dk laca/ O;fDrxr] {kerkvksa] #>kuksa rFkk
#fp;ksa ls gksuk pkfg,] u fd tsaMj Hksn lsA vr%
tsaMj osQ vk/kj ij ikB~;Øe esa varj djus
dh vko';drk ugha gSA lfefr us ;g Hkh dgk
fd dksbZ Hkh ,slk dne ugha mBkuk pkfg, tks
yM+osQ rFkk yM+fd;ksa osQ chp fo|eku orZeku
varj dks c<+k,A
dksBkjh vk;ksx
lu~ 1964 esa MkW- nkSyr flag dksBkjh dh vè;{krk
esa ^f'k{kk vk;ksx*] ftlus viuk izfrosnu lu~
1966 esa fn;k Fkk] us Hkh efgyk f'k{kk dh
leL;k ij fopkj fd;k rFkk vius lq>ko izLrqr
fd;sA dksBkjh vk;ksx us ekuo lalk/uksa osQ
fodkl] ifjokjksa dh mUufr rFkk ckydksa osQ
pfj=k&fuekZ.k esa iq#"kksa dh vis{kk efgykvksa
dh f'k{kk dks vf/d egRoiw.kZ Lohdkj fd;k
rFkk L=kh f'k{kk osQ yxHkx lHkh i{kksa ij vius
fopkj izLrqr fd;sA ftuesa ls oqQN izeq[k lq>ko
fuEufyf[kr gSa&
(1) Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa ladfyr y{; dh
izkfIr osQ fy, yM+fd;ksa dh vfuok;Z
f'k{kk osQ fy, vf/dkf/d iz;kl fd;s
tk;saA
(2) yM+fd;ksa osQ vè;;u osQ fy, yM+dksa
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:20
90
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
ladYiuk dh xbZ gSA f'k{kk dks fL=k;ksa osQ Lrj esa
ewyHkwr ifjorZu ykus osQ lk/u osQ :i esa iz;ksx
djus dks dgk x;k gSA u;h jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr
rFkk blosQ dk;kZUo;u dk;ZØe (POA-1992)
esa L=kh f'k{kk ls lacaf/r fuEu ckrsa lfEefyr
dh xbZ gSa&
(1) iqujZfpr ikB~;p;kZ o ikB~;Øeksa]
uhfr&fu/kZjdksa o iz'kkldksa osQ izf'k{k.k
o iqu'p;kZ dk;ZØeksa rFkk f'k{kk
laLFkkvksa dh lfØ; lgHkkfxrk osQ }kjk
u;s ewY;ksa osQ fodkl dks c<+kok fn;k
tk;sxkA
(2) fofHkUu ikB~;Øeksa osQ vax osQ :i esa
L=kh&vè;;uksa dks c<+kok fn;k tk;sxkA
(3) f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dks L=kh fodkl osQ
dk;ZØeksa dks lapkfyr djus osQ fy,
izksRlkfgr fd;k tk;sxkA
(4) L=kh fuj{kjrk rFkk izkFkfed f'k{kk rd
mudh igq¡p rFkk mlesa cus jgus osQ
ekxZ dh ck/kvksa osQ fujkdj.k lacaf/r
iz;klksa dks izkFkfedrk nh tk;sxhA
(5) fofHkUu Lrjksa dh O;kolkf;d] rduhdh
rFkk o`fÙkd f'k{kk esa efgykvksa dh
Hkkxhnkjh ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tk;sxkA
f'k{kk] efgykvksa dh fLFkfr lq/kjus]
vkRefo'okl txkus] vkRelEeku dh Hkkouk iSnk
djus] lgh <ax ls lksp&fopkj dh ;ksX;rk c<+kus]
lekt esa ifjorZu ykus ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl esa
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrh gSA lekftd ,oa
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfrµ1986
vkfFkZd uhfr dk <k¡pk efgyk f'k{kk ls izHkkfor
lu~ 1986 esa ?kksf"kr u;h jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr esa gksrk gS] fo'ks"kdj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa yM+fd;ksa dks
efgykvksa dh f'k{kk esa O;kid ifjorZu ykus dh f'k{kk iznku djuk vko';d ugha le>k tkrk
osQ fo|ky;ksa esa Hkstus osQ fy, tuer
rS;kj fd;k tk;sA
(3) mPp izkFkfed Lrj ij yM+fd;ksa osQ
fy, vyx LowQy [kksys tk;saA
(4) yM+fd;ksa osQ fy, fu%'kqYd Nk=kkoklksa
rFkk Nk=ko`fÙk;ksa dh O;oLFkk dh tk;sA
(5) yM+fd;ksa osQ fy, vYidkyhu f'k{kk
rFkk O;olkf;d f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh
tk;sA
(6) yM+fd;ksa dh mPp f'k{kk dks izksRlkfgr
fd;k tk;sA
(7) yM+fd;ksa osQ fy, i`Fkd~ dkyst
LFkkfir fd;s tk;saA
(8) f'k{kk'kkL=k] x`gfoKku rFkk lkekftd
dk;ZØeksa osQ ikB~;Øeksa dks leqUur
djosQ yM+fd;ksa osQ fy, vf/d
mi;ksxh cuk;k tk;sA
(9) ukjh f'k{kk osQ fy, vuqla/ku bdkb;ksa
dh LFkkiuk dh tk;sA
(10) L=kh f'k{kk osQ fy, vuqla/ku bdkb;ksa
dh LFkkiuk dh tk;sA
(11) fookfgr fL=k;ksa osQ fy, va'kdkfyd
f'k{kk rFkk vfookfgr fL=k;ksa osQ fy,
iw.kZdkfyd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh
tk;sA
(12) L=kh f'k{kk osQ lapkyu osQ fy, osaQnz
rFkk jkT; Lrj ij iz'kklfud ra=k dk
xBu fd;k tk;sA
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 90
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:20
orZeku ifjn`'; esa efgyk f'k{kk µ n'kk ,oa fn'kk
gSA 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa bl vko';drk dks xzkeh.k
{ks=kksa dh vis{kk vf/d Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k
gSA Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa yM+fd;ksa osQ nkf[kys
de gksus osQ fuEu dkj.k ik;s x;s gSa&
1- yM+fd;ksa dh de mez esa 'kknh dj nsukA
2- LowQy dh bekjrksa rFkk f'kf{kdkvksa osQ :i
esa HkkSfrd lq[k&lqfo/kvksa dk vHkkoA
3- Ikfjokj dh vkenuh c<+kus osQ fy, yM+fd;ksa
dks dke ij yxk;k tkukA
4- ijaijkxr jhfr fjokt tks fd yM+dh
dh ;kSoukoLFkk esa inkiZ.k djus osQ ckn
b/j&m/j tkus ls jksdrs gSa rFkk ?kj dh
pkjnhokjh esa gh oSQnh osQ :i esa jgus dks
e”kcwj dj nsukA
5- yM+fd;ksa dks vius HkkbZ&cfguksa dh ns[kHkky
osQ fy, ?kj ij gh jgus fn;k tkrk gS rFkk
mudh f'k{kk dks ”k:jh ugha le>k tkrkA
6- Hkkjrh; lekt esa O;kIRk tsaMj Hksn o iq#"k
Ikz/kurkA
2011 dh TkUkXk.kUkk osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr esa
Ekfgyk lk{kjrk nj
efgyk f'k{kk dk Lrj Lora=krk iwoZ rks cgqr
de FkkA Lora=krk osQ 30 o"kks± ckn Hkh 1981
esa efgyk lk{kjrk nj 24-8 izfr'kr Fkh tcfd
1951 esa ;g nj 7-9 izfr'kr] 1961 esa 13
izfr'kr] 1971 esa ;g nj 18-7 izfr'kr gh FkhA
1991 esa ;g nj 39-3 izfr'kr Fkh tks 2001
esa 54-16 izfr'kr gks xbZ vkSj tks c<+dj 2011
esa 65-46 izfr'kr gqbZ tks iq#"k lk{kjrk (8214 izfr'kr) ls de gSA ijarq 1991&2001 osQ
n'kd esa efgyk lk{kjrk esa 14-8 izfr'kr o`f¼
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 91
91
gqbZ tcfd iq#"k lk{kjrk esa o`f¼ nj 11-7
izfr'kr gh gks ikbZA bl mYys[kuh; izxfr osQ
ckotwn ;g lp gS fd vkt Hkh yxHkx 100
esa ls 46 efgyk,¡ vf'kf{kr gSaA vYila[;d
leqnk; vkSj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa rFkk tutkfr;ksa
esa vf'kf{kr vkSjrksa dh la[;k lcls vf/d gSA
bu lHkh fuj{kj vkSjrksa dks lk{kj cukus osQ fy,
u osQoy ekStwnk iz;kl tkjh j[kus gksaxs cfYd
buesa vkSj rs”kh ykuh gksxhA f'k{kk ls efgykvksa
esa vkRefo'okl] vius vfèkdkjksa osQ ckjs esa
tkx:drk rFkk vU;k; ls yM+us dh uSfrd
'kfDr iSnk gksrh gSA blesa xzkeh.k] 'kgjh ,oa
izknsf'kd vlekurk,¡ fo|keku gSaA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa
esa efgyk lk{kjrk nj 58-8 izfr'kr gS] tcfd
'kgjh {ks=kksa esa lk{kjrk nj 79-9 izfr'kr gks x;h
gSA (2011 tula[;k vkadM+s) fcgkj] jkTkLFkku]
eè; izns'k] mÙkj izns'k] tEew ,oa d'ehj] vka/z
izns'k] v#.kkpy izns'k] >kj[kaM tSls jkT;ksa
esa efgyk lk{kjrk nj jk"Vªh; vkSlr ls de
gSA 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj vf/dre
efgyk lk{kjrk nj osQjy (92 izfr'kr) esa gS
rFkk nwljs LFkku ij fetksje (88 izfr'kr) gS]
fcgkj esa efgyk lk{kjrk nj iwjs Hkkjr esa fuEure
LFkku (53-3 Ikzfr'kr) ij gSA f'k{kk dkiQh gn
rd 'kgjh mPp ,oa eè;eoxhZ; ifjokjksa rd
lhfer gS] mPp f'k{kk esa 6 izfr'kr yM+fd;k¡ gSaA
yM+fd;ksa osQ fy, dyk ladk; lcls vf/d
vkd"kZ.k dk osaQnz gSA 1981 osQ ckn okf.kT;]
bathfu;fjax]vkfoZQVsDpj] fof/] fpfdRlk ladk;ksa
esa Hkh Nk=kkvksa dk vkd"kZ.k c<+k gSA orZeku esa
yM+fd;ksa osQ fy, lwpuk foKku ,oa oaQI;wVj
egRoiw.kZ Kku osQ {ks=k gSaA Ikjarq f'k{kk izkIr djus
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:20
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
92
osQ ckn Hkh lekt esa efgykvksa dh fuHkZjrk
iq#"kksa ij ls de ugha gqbZ gSA
Lkjdkj us ;kstukc¼ fodkl osQ izkjaHk esa
gh ;g eglwl dj fy;k Fkk fd f'k{kk efgyk
l'kDrhdj.k dh vfuok;Z vko';drk gSA blh
osQ vuq:i xk¡oksa esa yM+fd;ksa osQ fy, LowQyksa dh
la[;k c<+kus] yM+fd;ksa dks fu%'kqYd f'k{kk osQ
lkFk&lkFk onhZ] ikB~;iqLrosaQ rFkk ikB~;lkexzh
eqÝ+rnsdj mUgsa f'k{kk osQ fy, izksRlkfgr vkSj
izsfjr djus osQ mik; fd, x;s gSaA LowQyksa esa
iks"kkgkj ;kstuk Hkh blh mís'; ls 'kq: dh x;h
gS fiQj Hkh fofHkUu lkekftd&vkfFkZd vkSj
O;ogkfjd dfBukb;ksa osQ dkj.k yM+fd;ksa dh
i<+kbZ iwjh ugha gks ikrhA bl fLFkfr ls fuiVus
osQ fy, vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh
x;h gS ftlesa mu yM+fd;ksa dks viuh f'k{kk
vkxs tkjh j[kus dk volj fn;k tkrk gS
tks LowQyh f'k{kk iwjh ugha dj ikrhaA lcdks
f'kf{kr djus osQ mís'; ls 'kq: fd, x;s
loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku esa Hkh xk¡oksa dh yM+fd;ksa
dks lk{kj cukus ij fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k tk jgk
gSA xzkeh.k yM+fd;ksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k Nk=kkoklksa
dh ,d ;kstuk pykbZ x;h gS rkfd yM+fd;ksa
dks vius xk¡oksa ls ckgj f'k{kk izkIr djus esa
dfBukbZ u gksA bu fo'ks"k mik;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk
efgyk vf/dkfjrk osQ ckjs esa c<+ jgh lkekU;
tkx:drk osQ iQyLo:i yM+fd;ksa dks f'kf{kr
djus dh vo/kj.kk dks Hkh lkekftd Loho`Qfr
fey jgh gS] ftlesa efgyk f'k{kk esa mYys[kuh;
o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
lkj.kh 1
,YkhesaVjh LVsTk ij YkM+fd;ksa dk UkkekadUk (2001&02 ls 2011&12
o"kZ
Ikzkbejh LVsTk
vIkj Ikzkbejh LVsTk
d{kk (1&5)
d{kk (6&8)
YkM+osQ YkM+fd;k¡ varj YkM+osQ YkM+fd;k¡ varj
2000&01
64-0
49-8
14-2 25-3
17-5
7-8
2001&02
63-6
50-3
13-3 26-1
18-7
7-4
2002&03
65-1
57-3
7-8
26-3
20-6
5-7
2003&04
68-4
59-9
8-5
27-3
21-5
5-8
2004&05
69-7
61-6
8-6
28-4
22-7
5-8
2006&07
68-4
63-4
5-0
25-4
22-1
3-3
2007&08
69-5
64-6
4-9
27-0
23-9
3-1
2008&09
69-3
65-0
4-3
28-0
25-4
2-6
2009&10
68-8
64-7
4-1
28-3
26-2
2-1
2010&11
69-8
65-4
4-4
29-8
28-0
1-8
rd) (fefYk;Uk esa)
(,YkhesaVjh LVsTk
d{kk (1&8)
YkM+osQ YkM+fd;k¡ varj
89-3
67-3 22-0
89-7
69-0 20-7
91-4
77-9 13-5
95-7
81-4 14-3
98-2
83-8 14-4
93-8
85-5
8-3
96-4
88-6
7-8
97-3
90-4
6-9
97-1
90-9
6-2
99-6
93-4
6-2
Source: Statistics of School Education, MHRD for data for period 2000-01 to 2004-05; and DISE for
data for the period 2006-07 to 2010-11.
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 92
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:20
orZeku ifjn`'; esa efgyk f'k{kk µ n'kk ,oa fn'kk
93
mijksDr foospu ls Li"V gS fd Lora=krk osQ
mijkar Hkkjr esa ukjh f'k{kk osQ izfr iwoZ izpfyr
laoqQfpr n`f"Vdks.k dks nwj djus dk iz;kl fd;k
x;k gSA vkt Hkkjr esa fL=k;ksa dks iq#"kksa osQ leku
'kSf{kd vf/dkj izkIr gSaA os lkekftd] /kfeZd]
jktuhfrd] lkaLo`Qfrd] vkfFkZd] 'kSf{kd vkfn
lHkh {ks=kksa esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ys jgh gSaA
osaQnz o jkT; ljdkjksa osQ }kjk ckfydkvksa dh
f'k{kk osQ laca/ esa vusd izdkj dh ;kstukvksa
dks ykxw fd;k x;k gS] ftlls ckyfdkvksa dh
lqO;ofLFkr f'k{kk dh jkg esa vk jgh dfBukb;ksa
dk fuokj.k gks losQ ,oa yM+fd;ksa dk 'kSf{kd
ukekadu o /kj.k izHkkoh :i ls c<+ losQA bl
gsrq tu&leqnk; dk lg;ksx Hkh izkIr fd;k tk
jgk gSA ijarq vkt Hkh lHkh ckfydk,¡ f'k{kk dk
ykHk ugha mBk ik jgh gSaA tSls&tSls f'k{kk dk
Lrj c<+rk tkrk gS] fL=k;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh de
gks tkrh gSA fo'ks"k :Ik ls xzkeh.k {ks=kksa dh
efgyk,¡] de”kksj o fiNM+s oxZ rFkk vYila[;d
leqnk; dh efgyk,¡ f'k{kk dk Ikwjk ykHk mBkus
esa vleFkZ gSa vkSj mPp o rduhdh f'k{kk easa
mudh Hkkxhnkjh cgqr lhfer gSA
mijksDr foospu ls Li"V gS fd Lora=krk
IkzkfIr osQ Ik'pkr~ Hkkjr esa ukjh f'k{kk osQ izfr
iwoZ izpfyr laoQq fpr n`f"Vdks.k dks nwj djus
dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA vkt Hkkjr esa fL=k;ksa
dks iq#"kksa osQ leku 'kSf{kd vf/dkj izkIr gSAa
os lkekftd] /kfeZd] jktuhfrd] lkaLo`Qfrd]
vkfFkZd] 'kSf{kd vkfn lHkh {ks=kksa esa lfØ; :i
ls Hkkx ys jgh gSAa osQa nz o jkT; ljdkjksa osQ }kjk
ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk osQ lac/
a esa vusd izdkj
dh ;kstukvksa dks ykxw fd;k x;k gS] ftlls
ckfydkvksa dh lqO;ofLFkr f'k{kk dh jkg esa vk
jgh dfBukb;ksa dk fuokj.k gks losQ ,oa yM+fd;ksa
dk 'kSf{kd ukekadu o /kj.k izHkkoh :i ls c<+
losQA bl gsrq tu&leqnk; dk lg;ksx Hkh izkIr
fd;k tk jgk gS ijarq mPp f'k{kk] rduhdh f'k{kk
o O;kolkf;d f'k{kk esa ckfydkvks@a efgykvksa
dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+kus osQ fy, ;kstukc¼ iz;kl o
lkekftd tkd:drk dh vko';drk gSA
lanHkZ
xqIrk] ,e-,y- 1997- Hkkjrh; lekt- lkfgR; Hkou ifCyosQ'ku] vkxjkxqIrk] ,l-ih- vkSj vydk xqIrk- 2008- Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk bfrgkl- fodkl ,oa leL;k,¡- 'kkjnk iqLrd Hkou]
bykgkcknnslkbZ] uhjtk- 2011- Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgyk,¡- us'kuy cqd VªLV] u;h fnYyhIkk.Ms;] jktsUnz- 1994- lks'ky izkWCyEl vkWI+kQ dkWUVsEiksjsjh bafM;k- vk'kh"k ifCyosQ'ku] u;h fnYyh'kekZ] vkj-,- 2006- Hkkjrh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk fodkl- vkj- yky cqd fMiks] esjBflUgk] vatyh- ^^ctV rd ig¡qph ^^fuHkZ;k** dh xw¡t** jk"Vªh; lgkjk] y[kuÅ] fnukad 01@03@2013fLk;kjke- 2013- L=kh fOke'kZ osQ fOkfOk/ LkanHkZ- vksEksXkk ifCyosQ'ku] u;h fnYyhhttp://www censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/censusdataonline.html (accessed 12
July 2013).
http://www.nuepa.org/Download/Publications/EFA%20Report.pdf (accessed 27
July 2013).
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 93
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:20
nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ lanHkZ esa lwpuk ,oa lapkj
izkS|ksfxdh (vkbZlhVh) dh mikns;rk
fot; tk;loky·
foKku vkSj rduhdh osQ varxZr lwpuk rFkk lapkj izkS|ksfxdh (vkbZlhVh) ,d ,slh
vo/kj.kk gS] ftlesa rduhdh vk/kfjr lapkj ls lacaf/r iz.kkyh] izfØ;k,¡ rFkk O;fDr
'kkfey gSaA ;g rduhdh midj.kksa ,oa lwpuk lalk/uksa dk ,d foLr`r lewg gS] ftlosQ
}kjk lwpuk dk lap;u] izlkj] izca/u rFkk iquizkZfIr dh fØ;k laikfnr dh tkrh gS
(CywVZu] 1999] i`0 46)A f'k{k.k ,d f}eq[kh izfØ;k gksus osQ ukrs ;g vis{kk djrk gS
fd mlesa f'k{k.k lzksr rFkk fo|kFkhZ osQ chp vko';d laizs"k.k izokg lqpk: :Ik ls cuk
jgsA nwjLFk f'k{kk esa rks ;g vkSj Hkh ”k:jh gks tkrk gS fd ,d nwljs ls vyx LFkkuksa vkSj
le; ij f'k{k.k vkSj vè;;u esa jr f'k{k.k Ïksr rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ chp laioZQ lw=k
HkyHkk¡fr dk;e jgsA ;g dk;Z laizs"k.k ekè;eksa rFkk rduhfd;ksa osQ mfpr p;u rFkk muosQ
izHkkoh mi;ksx osQ }kjk gh laHko gks ldrk gSA orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lwpuk rFkk laizs"k.k
rduhfd;ksa esa vk'p;Ztud izxfr osQ lkFk gh gekjs ikl vkt laizs"k.k rduhfd;ksa osQ
:Ik esa dkiQh oqQN fofo/rk miyC/ gSA ,d nwjLFk f'k{kk laLFkku }kjk bl dk;Z gsrq eqfnzr
lkexzh] jsfM;ks] Vsyhfo”ku O;fDrxr laioZQ dk;ZØe }kjk izR;{k var%fØ;k] VsyhiQksu]
VsyOsQl] iQSDl] bZ&esy] baVjusV] vkWfM;ks ,oa ohfM;ks dkaÚsaflax] osc dkaÚsaflax] pSfVax
bR;kfn fofHkUu laizs"k.k ekè;eksa dk ifjfLFkfr vuqlkj mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA izLrqr
ys[k esa nwjLFk f'k{kk dh fofHkUu miiz.kkfy;ksa esa vkbZlhVh osQ vuqiz;ksxksa osQ ckjs esa ppkZ
dh x;h gSA
lapkj@laizs"k.k ,d f}i{kh; izfØ;k gS] ftldh rFkk lwpuk xzg.k djus okyksa osQ chp bl
lgk;rk ls ge vius fopkjksa] Hkkoukvksa rFkk ikjLifjd vknku&iznku ls lwpuk miyfC/ rFkk
Kku dks nwljksa osQ lkFk ck¡Vrs gSaA lwpuk lzksr mlosQ mi;ksx lac/h dk;Z O;kikj esa dkiQh
· lgk;d çksI+ksQlj] f'k{kk foHkkx] N=kifr 'kkgwth egkjkt fo'ofo|ky;] dkuiqj (m- iz-)
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 94
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:21
nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ lanHkZ esa lwpuk ,oa lapkj---
lgk;rk feyrh jgrh gS] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i
Kku HkaMkj esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA bl izdkj ls lwpuk
vkSj laizs"k.k nksuksa dk gh Kku dks xzg.k djus
rFkk Kku izkfIr osQ <ax dks tkuus rFkk le>us
gsrq gesa ”k:jr jgrh gSA bl izdkj ls lwpuk ,oa
laizs"k.k rduhdh (vkbZlhVh& Information
and Communication Technology)
ls vfHkizk; ,d ,slh rduhdh ls gS ^^tks
lwpuk osQ laxzg.k] HkaMkj.k] iqu% izLrqrhdj.k]
mi;ksx] LFkkukarj.k] la'ys"k.k ,oa fo'ys"k.k]
vkRelkrhdj.k vkfn osQ fo'oluh; ,oa ;FkkFkZ
laiknu esa lgk;d fl¼ gksrh gSA**
ijaijkxr lwpuk ,oa laizs"k.k rduhfd;ksa esa
fuEu izdkj osQ lk/u] midj.k rFkk lkexzh
vkfn dk mi;ksx gksrk gqvk ns[kk tk ldrk
gSA eqfnzr lk/u tSls ikB~;iqLrd] lanHkZ xzaFk]
vU; lkfgR; ,oa iqLrosaQ] i=k&if=kdk,¡ vkfn
fo|ky; vkSj vU; lkoZtfud iqLrdky;ksa ls
miyC/ iBu lkexzh] ekSf[kd lwpuk,¡ ,oa Kku
ftls vè;kidksa] lgikfB;ksa] cM+h d{kkvksa esa
i<+us okys vU; fo|kfFkZ;ksa] fe=kksa] ekrk&firk
rFkk ifjtuksa ,oa lekt osQ vU; lnL;ksa ls
vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd :i esa izkIr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA fp=kkRed lgk;d lk/u tSls
fp=k] pkVZ] ekufp=k] vkjs[k (Diagrams),
iksLVj rFkk dkVwZu vkfnA f=kvk;keh lgk;d
lk/u] tSlsµuewus] ekWMy] dBiqrfy;k¡] esdvi
vkfnA n`';] JO; gkMZos;j midj.k tSls jsfM;ks]
Vsyhfotu] LykbM izkstsDVj] vksojgSM izkstsDVj]
pyfp=k ;k flusek] Vsi fjdkMZj vkWfM;ks&ohfM;ks
fjdkW²Mx midj.k rFkk f'k{k.k e'khu vkfnA
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 95
95
vk/qfud lwpuk ,oa laizs"k.k rduhfd;k¡
ijaijkxr rduhfd;ksa dh rjg ,dkaxh ugha gSaA ;s
vius vki esa fofHkUu gkMZos;j rFkk lkWÝVos;j]
ehfM;k rFkk laizs"k.k iz.kkfy;ksa dk lfEeJ.k gSaA
buesa ls izeq[k dk fuEu izdkj mYys[k fd;k tk
ldrk gSA fMthVy ohfM;ks osQejk] eYVhehfM;k
ilZuy oaQI;wVj (PC)] ySiVkWi rFkk uksVcqd]
bZ&esy] baVjusV rFkk oYMZ okbM osc (WWW)]
gkbijehfM;k rFkk gkbijVSDLV fjlkslsZt] oaQI;wVj
ehfM,VsM dkaizsaQflax&ohfM;ks RkFkk vkWfM;ks
dkaizsaQflax] ohfM;ks VsDLV] VsyhVsDLV] baVj,fDVo
vkWfM;ks VsDLV] baVj,fDVo ohfM;ks VsDLV (IVD)
rFkk baVj,fDVo fjeksV baLVªD'ku (IRS)] opqZvy
Dykl:e] bZ&yfuZax] ,e&yfuZax rFkk opqZvy
fj;fyVhA
nwjLFk f'k{kk ,d 'kSf{kd fØ;k gSA vr%
d{kkxr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa eq[; f'k{k.k dk;Z]
tSlsµikB~; lkexzh dk izLrqrhdj.k] ewY;kadu
rFkk var%fØ;k nwjLFk f'k{kk esa Hkh gksus pkfg,A
vkbZ-lh-Vh- dk iz;ksx djosQ nwjLFk f'k{kk esa
le; vkSj LFkku dh nwjh dks [kRe fd;k tk
ldrk gS ijarq ;g fuHkZj djrk gS fd nwjLFk
f'k{kk laLFkk,a fdl <ax ls f'k{k.k fØ;k (Lora=k
vè;;u rFkk fjeksV d{kk ekWMy) vk;ksftr
djrh gSa rFkk fdl <ax ls (rqY;dkfyd rFkk
vrqY;dkfyd :i esa) f'k{k.k fØ;k dks lwpuk
rFkk lapkj izkS|ksfxdh dh lgk;rk ls laikfnr
djrh gSaA
nwjLFk f'k{k.k rFkk vkSipkfjd f'k{k.k dh
rqyuk djrs le; lcls egRoiw.kZ varj ;g gS
fd nwjLFk f'k{kk esa vkerkSj ij izR;sd f'k{k.k
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:21
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
96
dk;Z osQ fy, rduhdh osQ fdlh u fdlh
:i dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] tSlsµfizaV rduhdh
;k oqQN vU; mUur rduhdhA blosQ vykok
nwjLFk f'k{kk esa fo'ks"k :i ls f'k{k.k dk;Z dk
egRoiw.kZ i{k ^Nk=k lgk;rk* gSA blosQ vykok
nwjLFk f'k{kk rFkk vkSipkfjd f'k{kk esa varj ;g
gS fd nwjLFk f'k{kk esa laiw.kZ f'k{k.k fØ;k dh
rS;kjh fo|kFkhZ osQ ukeakfdr gksus osQ iwoZ djuh
iM+rh gS tcfd vkSipkfjd f'k{kk esa f'k{kd
O;fDrxr :i ls izR;sd ikB dh ;kstuk iwoZ
ikB i`"Biks"k.k dks lekfgr djrs gq, l=k osQ
nkSjku cukrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr vkSipkfjd
f'k{kk dh rqyuk esas nwjLFk f'k{kk esa vf/d
fo"ke lewg (Heterogeneous Group) osQ
fy, ikB lkexzh rS;kj djuh iM+rh gS] ftlosQ
fy, fof'k"V fM”kkbu rduhdh rFkk dkS'ky dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
dk mnkgj.k gS] ftlesa vfèkxe
fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij rFkk fofHkUu le; ij ?kfVr
gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa nwjLFk f'k{kk dk ;g ekWMy
eq[; :i ls ik;k tkrk gSA
2- nwjLFk d{kk ekWMy (Remote Classroom
System)
Model)
bls forfjr d{kk ekWMy (Distributed
Classroom Model) Hkh dgrs gSaA blesa ikB~;
lkexzh ;k O;k[;ku (vkSipkfjd d{kk O;k[;ku)
dks Vsyhfotu izlkj.k ;k ohfM;ks dkaUÚsaflax
}kjk nwjLFk d{kk rd igq¡pk;k tkrk gSA bls
rqY;dkfyd fMyhojh iz.kkyh (Synchronous
Delivery System) dgrs gSa] ftlesa vfèkxe
fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij ijarq f'k{k.k osQ lkFk gh lkFk
?kfVr gksrh gSA ;g ekWMy fodflr ns'kksa rd
gh lhfer gSaA
nwjLFk f'k{kk osQ ekWMy & Lora=k vè;;u nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh rFkk lwpuk ,oa
lapkj izkS|ksfxdh
vkSj nwjLFk d{kk ekWMy
nwjLFk f'k{kk osQ 'kq:vkr ls gh nks eq[; ekWMy
iznku djus osQ fy, jgs gSa &
1- Lora=k vè;;u (Independent Study)
Lora=k vè;;u i=kpkj vè;;u osQ rjhdksa ij
vkèkkfjr Fkk] ftlesa fo|kFkhZ Lora=k <ax ls
rFkk viuh xfr ls eqfnzr vfèkxe lkexzh }kjk
vè;;u djrs gSaA ewY;kadu fo|kFkhZ }kjk Mkd ls
Hksts x;s vfèkU;kl dk;Z }kjk gksrk gSA vfèkU;kl
dk;Z ij xzsfMax djosQ foLr`r fVIi.kh osQ lkFk
muosQ dkmalyj@f'k{kd }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
ykSVk fn;k tkrk gSA ;g iz.kkyh vrqY;dkfyd
fMyhojh iz.kkyh (Asynchronous Delivery
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 96
lwpuk rFkk lapkj izkS|ksfxdh (ICT-Information
and Communication Technology) ,d
foLr`r voèkkj.kk gS] ftlesa rduhdh vkèkkfjr
lapkj ls lacafèkr iz.kkyh] izfØ;k,¡ rFkk O;fDr
lfEefyr gSA ;g rduhdh midj.kksa ,oa lwpuk
lalkèkuksa dk ,d foLr`r lewg gS] ftlosQ }kjk
lwpuk dk lap;u] izlkj] izcaèku rFkk iquizkZfIr
dh fØ;k laikfnr fd;s tkrs gSa (CywVZu] 1999]
i`0 46)A
bl u;h fMftVy izkS|ksfxdh dh fuEu
fo'ks"krk,¡ gS tks nwjLFk f'k{kk osQ fy, mi;ksxh
lkfcr gks ldrh gSa&
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:21
nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ lanHkZ esa lwpuk ,oa lapkj---
1- fdlh fo'ks"k vuqiz;ksx osQ fy, fofHkUu
ehfM;k dk ,dhdj.k dj izLrqrhdj.k dh {kerk dk gksuk] tSlsµfdlh osc i`"B }kjk
vkok”k] ohfM;ks rFkk VsDLV dk ,d lkFk
izLrqrhdj.kA
2- ^baVsyhtsaV lapkj* dh lqfoèkk ls ;qDr gksuk
vFkkZr~ mi;ksxdrkZ rFkk vU; buiVq osQ
vkèkkj lapkj osQ Øe dks fu;af=kr ,oa
O;ofLFkr djuk rFkk bls var%fØ;kRed
Lo:i iznku djukA
3- vfèkd foLr`r IysViQkWeZ iznku djrk gS D;ksfa d
fMftVy dk;ZØe ,d ls vfèkd gkMZo;s j
IysViQkWeZ ij izlkfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS
tSlµ
s fMftVy vkWfM;ks fDYki dks oaQI;wVj
rFkk baVjusV osQ }kjk Hkh lquk tk ldrk
gS] lkFk gh jsfM;ks ij Hkh izlkfjr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA vkbZlhVh esa mijksDr fufgr
vfHk{kerk,¡ nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa xq.kkRed
lqèkkj gsrq ,d volj iznku djrs gAaS
nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh fuEufyf[kr ?kVdksa ;k
miiz.kkfy;ksa ls fufeZr gS&
1- vfèkxe okrkoj.k (vFkkZr~ x`g] dk;ZLFky]
ikjaifjd d{kk rFkk {ks=kh; nwjLFk f'k{kk
vè;;u osaQnz)
2- var%fØ;k miiz.kkyh (vFkkZr~ fo|kFkhZ]
vuqns'kd] dkmalyj] nwjLFk f'k{kk LVkiQ
rFkk vU; fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ chp varfozZQ;kA)
3- forj.k miiz.kkyh (vFkkZr~ fizaV ;k
vkWfM;ks&ohfM;ks lkexzh forfjr djus
gsrq jsfM;ks&Vhoh izlkj.k iz.kkyh] vkWfM;ks
dkaÚsaflax] ohfM;ks dkaÚsaflax oaQI;wVj
lkWÝVos;j rFkk oaQI;wVj usVooZQ)
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 97
97
4- vuqns'kukRed izk:i miiz.kkyh (vFkkZr~
vuqns'ku dk fuekZ.k] ehfM;k] Nk=k lgk;rk rFkk ewY;kadu gsrq iz.kkyh)
5- izcaèku @usr`Ro miiz.kkyhA
nwjLFk f'k{kk osQ mijksDr ?kVdksa ;k miiz.kkyh
rFkk vkbZlhVh osQ chp fudV lacaèk gS D;ksafd
lwpuk rFkk lapkj izkS|ksfxdh (vkbZlhVh) nwjLFk
f'k{kk osQ izR;sd miiz.kkyh osQ mís';ksa dks izkIr
djus esa l{ke gSA ifj.kkeLo:i nwjLFk f'k{kk
osQ ckjs esa fopkj djrs le; vkbZlhVh ij Hkh
fopkj djuk vko';d gks tkrk gS rFkk nwjLFk
f'k{kk dh izR;sd miiz.kkyh ls bls lglacafèkr
djuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA
nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh & rqY;dkfyd ;k
vrqY;dkfyd
gky gh rd nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh fliZQ
rqY;dkfyd ;k fliZQ vrqY;dkfyd iz.kkyh
FkhA ijarq vkbZlhVh osQ fodkl osQ dkj.k nksukas
mikxeksa dk feJ.k djuk laHko gks x;k gSA tc
ge baVjusV dh {kerkvksa rFkk vfHk;ksX;rkvksa
osQ ckjs esa lksprs gSa rks nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk
foHkktu djuk dfBu gks tkrk gS D;ksafd bls
iznku djus osQ cgqr lkjs fodYi lkeus vkrs
gSaA oYMZ okbM osc ;k baVjusV rqY;dkfyd osQ
lkFk gh lkFk vrqY;dkfyd lapkj rduhdh Hkh
gSA rqY;dkfyd iz.kkyh dk mnkgj.k ihlh }kjk
vkWuykbu ohfM;ks dkaÚsaflax] baVjusV VsyhI+kQksuh
(baVjokbt&ftlesa ,d lkFk cgqr lkjs fo|kFkhZ
O;k[;ku dks eYVhehfM;k ;qDr ihlh }kjk lqurs
gSaA)] oscdkLV] lhlh Vhoh] jsfM;ks@Vhoh izlkj.k
bR;kfn gSaA ogha nwljh rjiQ vrqY;dkfyd iz.kkyh
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:21
98
dk mnkgj.k fMlD'ku iQksje] VsDLV] vkWfM;ks ;k
ohfM;ks lkexzh bZ&esy }kjk izsfjr] usVooZQ ls
MkmuyksMsM VsDLV] vkWfM;ks ;k ohfM;ks ikB~;
lkexzh (ftls fo|kFkhZ dgha Hkh vkSj dHkh Hkh
viuh lqfoèkkuqlkj vè;;u gsrq mi;ksx djrs
gSa) bR;kfn gSaA vc vkxs ge nwjLFk f'k{kk dh
fofHkUu miiz.kkfy;ksa esa vkbZlhVh osQ vuqiz;ksxksa
dh ppkZ djsaxsA
nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa f'k{k.k izk:i
f'k{k.k izk:i (Teaching Design) dh lkekU;
izfØ;k dks vkerkSj ij fuEu mipj.kksa osQ vkèkkj
ij oxhZo`Qr fd;k tkrk gS&
(i) fLFkfr fo'ys"k.k] ftlesa ikB~;Øe osQ
fy, vfèkxe.kdÙkkZ dh fo'ks"krkvksa
dk foLr`r fo'ys"k.k] miyCèk lapkj
rduhfd;ksa rFkk ekè;eksa dk fo'ys"k.k]
rFkk vfèkxe gsrq fo"k; fo'ks"k dh ek¡x
'kkfey gSaA
(ii) mís';ksa dk fuèkkZj.k] ftlesa ikB~;Øe
gsrq fof'k"V mís';ksa dk fuèkkZj.k
lfEefyr gSA
(iii) lajpuk ,oa izØe dk fuèkkZj.k] ftlesa
ikB~;oLrq dks fof'k"V mís';ksa osQ vuqlkj
O;ofLFkr ,oa Øe iznku djuk rkfd
mldh le> fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vfèkdre
gks losQA
(iv) ikB~;lkexzh fodkl] ftlesa ikB~;oLrq@
Lovè;;u lkexzh (SLM) osQ
eqfnzr ,oa veqfnzr :Ik dk fodkl
(mfpr rduhdh ,oa ehfM;k dk
iz;ksx djosQ) lfEefyr gksrk gS] lkFk
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 98
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
gh Åij osQ pj.kksa esa fodflr izk:i
osQ vuqlkj Nk=k fØ;k,¡ rFkk ewY;kadu
iz.kkyh dk fuèkkZj.k 'kkfey gSA
(v) ewY;kadu mipj.k@mi&iz.kkyh] ftlesa
fodflr ikB~;lkexzh dh izHkko'khyrk
dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
iQkesfZ Vo rFkk lesfVo ewY;kadu osQ :i
esa gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ ikB~;lkexzh fodkl
osQ fofHkUu pj.kksa esa ewY;kadu (iQkesfZ Vo
ewY;kadu) osQ lkFk gh lkFk mRikn
ewY;kadu ;k fo|kFkhZ dk ewY;kadu
(lesfVo ewY;kadu) ftlus ikB~;Øe
dks iw.kZ fd;k gSA
f'k{k.k izk:i osQ mijksDr pj.k nwjLFk f'k{kk
iz.kkyh osQ lkFk gh vkSipkfjd f'k{kk iz.kkyh
esa Hkh ik;s tkrs gSa] ijarq nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh
esa bldh furkar vko';drk gSA D;ksafd nwjLFk
f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe rFkk blesa
fofHkUu rduhfd;ksa dk ,dhdj.k nwjLFk fo|kFkhZ
osQ jftLVªs'ku osQ iwoZ fodflr djuk gksrk gS
rFkk blosQ fy, fof'k"V dkS'ky ;qDr fo'ks"kKksa
dh vko';drk gksrh gS] tks fd vkSipkfjd
f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa ugha ik;k tkrk gSA
nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa f'k{k.k dk;Z ,oa
vkbZlhVh
ikB~;oLrq dk izLrqrhdj.k djuk f'k{k.k dk
eq[; dk;Z gSA blosQ vyko f'k{k.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa
esa mi;qDr dkS'kyksa rFkk {kerkvksa dk fodkl
djuk Hkh gSaA blosQ fy, nwjLFk f'k{kk laLFkk,¡
vrqY;dkfyd rduhdh (Asynchronous
technology) tSls eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh@xkbM~l
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:21
nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ lanHkZ esa lwpuk ,oa lapkj---
;k bysDVªkfud vfèkxe lkexzh ftls baVjusV }kjk
iznku fd;k tk;] dk iz;ksx dj ldrh gSaA lkFk
gh rqY;dkfyd rduhdh (Synchronous
technology) tSls O;k[;ku dk vkWfM;ks@
ohfM;ks izlkj.k] oscdkLV] VsyhdkaÚsaflax bR;kfn
dk Hkh iz;ksx f'k{k.k dk;Z gsrq mi;qDr gksxkA
nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa var%fØ;k ,d
vko';d ?kVd gS] ftlosQ }kjk vè;kid dh
lgk;rk ls fo|kFkhZ lwpuk dks O;fDrxr Kku esa
ifjofrZr djrs gSaA bl dk;Z gsrq Hkh rqY;dkfyd
,oa vrqY;dkfyd rduhdh iz;ksx dj ldrs
gSaA rqY;dkfyd rduhdh] tSlsµVsyhI+kQksu }kjk
ckrphr] vkWfM;ks ,oa ohfM;ks dkaÚsaflax@osc
dkaÚsaflax dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA lkFk gh f'k{kd
,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ chp dHkh&dHkh okLrfod
var%fØ;k dk volj Hkh iznku fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A vrqY;dkfyd rduhdh] tSlsµfo|kFkhZ
osQ vfèkU;kl ij fyf[kr fVIi.kh ,oa i`"Biks"k.k
bZ&esy }kjk iznku djuk] fVIi.kh ,oa i`"Biks"k.k
dks muosQ osc ist ij iksLV djuk] ikB~;lkexzh
esa laokn 'kSyh dk iz;ksx djosQ izLrqrhdj.k
(ftlosQ }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vuq:i.k var%fØ;k
(Simulated interaction) dk volj iznku
djuk) bR;kfn dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
nwjLFk f'k{k.k esa var%fØ;k Hkh rhu izdkj dh
gks ldrh gS&
1- vfèkxedrkZ&ikB~;lkexzh var%fØ;k& blesa
fo|kFkhZ ikB~;lkexzh ftl :i esa mlosQ
laeq[k izLrqr dh tkrh gS] mlosQ lkFk
var%fØ;k djrk gSA
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 99
99
2- vfèkxedrkZ&vuqns'kd var%fØ;k& blesa
fo|kFkhZ vuqns'kd@dkmalyj osQ lkFk fofHkUu izdkj ls laokn LFkkfir djrs gSaA
3- vfèkxedrkZ&vfèkxedrkZ var%fØ;k& blesa
fo|kFkhZ vU; fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ lkFk O;fDrxr ;k lewg esa var%fØ;k djrs gSaA
nwjLFk f'k{k.k iz.kkyh esa mijksDr rhuksa izdkj
dh var%fØ;k dks vkbZlhVh osQ }kjk izHkkoh <ax
ls laikfnr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
nwjLFk f'k{k.k iz.kkyh dk ,d izeq[k
i{k fo|kFkhZ osQ izxfr dk ewY;kadu ,oa
ekWuhVfjax Hkh gS] tks iQkesZfVo vkSj lesfVo
mís';ksa osQ fy, gks ldrk gSA vrqY;dkfyd
ewY;kadu tSls fyf[kr vfèkU;kl ftls Mkd
;k bZ&esy }kjk fo|kFkhZ }kjk izsf"kr fd;k tk;] dk iz;ksx iQkesZfVo vkSj lesfVo
ewY;kadu osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA rqY;dkfyd ewY;kadu gsrq vkWuykbu ijh{kk]
vkWfM;ks@ohfM;ks dkaÚsaflax (ekSf[kd ijh{kk osQ
fy,) dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
nwjLFk f'k{k.k iz.kkyh dk ,d vkSj izeq[k
i{k fo|kFkhZ lgk;rk (Student Support) gS]
ftlosQ varxZr fofHkUu izdkj dh lsok;sa vkrh
gaS] ftudk mís'; fo|kFkhZ dks izsf"kr vfèkxe
lkexzh dh O;fDrxr ;k lewg esa vkRelkr
djus osQ fy, vuqowQy okrkoj.k cukuk gS
rFkk vfèkxe mís'; dh vfèkdre lqfuf'pr
djuk gS (VSV] 2000] i`- 289)A bl dk;Z gsrq
rqY;dkfyd ,oa vrqY;dkfyd rduhfd;ksa dk
iz;ksx c[kwch fd;k tk ldrk gSA
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:21
100
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
rduhdh mís';ksa] fof'k"V rduhdh rFkk •• iksVsZcy ,ukykWx lap; ekè;e tSls vkWfM;ks
osQlsV~l ;k ohfM;ks osQlsV~l] vFkok
ehfM;k osQ chp foHksn
lwpuk rFkk lapkj izkS|ksfxdh (vkbZlhVh) ,d
foLr`r laizR;; gS ftlesa u fliZQ gkMZos;j
,oa lkÝVos;j rduhfd;k¡ 'kkfey gSa] cfYd
blesas O;fDr] izfØ;k,¡ ,oa laxBu Hkh 'kkfey
gSa] tks fofHkUu rduhdh vkèkkfjr lapkj esa
fdlh u fdlh :i esa lacafèkr jgrs gSaA nwjLFk
f'k{kk rFkk vkbZlhVh ij fopkj djrs le; nks
foHksnksa ij fopkj djuk vko';d gSa&igyk
^rduhdh foHksn* ftlesa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh
esa ^^gkMZos;j** rduhdh (vkbZlhVh dk ,d
mi?kVd gS) osQ rhu eq[; mís';ksa osQ chp
foHksn djuk gSA nwljk 'kS{kf.kd@izk;ksfxd foHksn
ftlosQ varxZr rduhdh rFkk ehfM;k osQ chp
foHksn 'kkfey gSaA
1- rduhdh foHksn (Technological
Distinction)
rduhdh foHksn ^gkMZos;j* rduhdh osQ rhu
fofHkUu mís';ksa osQ chp foHksn djuk gSA
I. lap;
rduhfd;k¡
(Storage
Technologies)
blosQ varxZr nwjLFk vfèkxedrkZvksa dks vfèkxe
lkexzh forfjr djus osQ iwoZ mudk lap; HkaMkj.k
djuk gSa tSls&
•• iwoZ eqfnzr lkexzh osQ fy, os;j gkml dh
O;oLFkkA
•• ,d osaQfnzr ;k foosaQfnzr fMftVy MkVkcsl]
ftlesa fMftVy vfèkxe lalkèkuksa@lkexzh
dk lap; gks rFkk ftls nwjLFk LFkkuksa ls
fo|kFkhZ ml vfèkxe lkexzh dks ?kj cSBs
izkIr dj losaQA
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 100
•• iksVsZcy fMftVy lap;@HkaMkj.k ekè;e]
tSlsµlhMh&jkse] MhohMh] isuMªkbo]
gkMZfMLd bR;kfnA
II. okgd
rduhfd;k¡
(Carrier
Technologies)
blosQ varxZr os rduhfd;k¡ 'kkfey gSa] ftuosQ
}kjk vfèkxe lkexzh ;k lapkj ,d LFkku ls nwljs
LFkku rd igq¡pk;k tkrk gS tSls&
•• iksLVy lsok;sa&ftlosQ }kjk eqqfnzr vè;;u
lkexzh ;k lhMh&jkse@MhohMh esa fMftVy
vè;;u lkexzh dks nwjLFk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
forfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
•• dkWij rkj&ftudk iz;ksx ikjaifjd VsyhI+kQksu
ykbuksa esa gksrk gSA
•• vkWfIVdy I+kQkbcj&ftudk iz;ksx czkWMcS.M
dusfDVfoVh rFkk fMftVy MkVk osQ lapkj
gsrq gksrk gSA
•• jsfM;ks osCkl~&ftuosQ }kjk Vhoh@jsfM;ks izlkj.k
;k fMftVy MsVk dk lapkj gksrk gSA
•• fMftVy lSVsykbV lapkj iz.kkyh&ftlosQ
}kjk fMftVy MsVk dk izlkj.k gkssrk gS rFkk
bldk mi;ksx eksckby I+kQksu] Vhoh rFkk
baVjusV ,Dlsl gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA
III.fMyhojh
rduhfd;k¡
(Delivery
Technologies)
fMyhojh rduhfd;k¡ (ftlesa izLrqrhdj.k rFkk
var%fØ;k rduhfd;k¡ nksuksa 'kkfey gSa) dk
vFkZ mu ;qfDr;ksa ls gS ftlosQ }kjk ikB~;lkexzh
nwjLFk fo|kFkhZ izzkIr djrs gSaA muosQ lkeus ikB~;
lkexzh iznf'kZr gksrh gS rFkk nwjLFk fo|kFkhZ
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:21
nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ lanHkZ esa lwpuk ,oa lapkj---
fofHkUu nwjLFk LFkkuksa ij fLFkr vU; fo|kfFkZ;ksa@
vè;kidksa@fo'ks"kKksa ls var%fØ;k djus esa l{ke
gksrs gSa] tSls&
•• ,d eqfnzr ikB~; lkexzhA
•• ,ukykWx ;k fMftVy VsyhI+kQksu (,ukykWx
VsyhI+kQksu osQ }kjk ,l,e,l (SMS) u rks
Hkstk tk ldrk gS vkSj u gh izkIr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA)
•• izlkfjr vfèkxe lkexzh dks izkIr djus osQ
fy, Vhoh ;k jsfM;ksA
•• fjdkWMsZM ikB~; lkexzh osQ fy, IyscSd
iz.kkyh] tSlsµvkWfM;ks Iys;j] ohfM;ks
Iys;j] MhohMh@lhMhjkse Iys;jA
•• fMyhojh rduhfd;k¡ tks var% fØ;kRed
gSa] tSlsµeYVhehfM;k oaQI;wVj (bZ&esy]
MsLdVkWi ohfM;ks dkaÚsaflax] fyLVloZ] pSV
:e rFkk vrqY;dkfyd fMLd'ku iQksje)]
vkWfM;ks dkaizsQaflax iz.kkyh] ;qfDr;k¡]
vkWfM;ks&xzkfI+kQd iz.kkyh] LVSaM,yksu ohfM;ks
dkaizasQflax iz.kkyh] ikjaifjd Mkd iz.kkyh
rFkk vU; i=kkpkj osQ ekè;eA
mijksDr fooj.k foLr`r u gksdj fliQZ ,d
laf{kIr lwph gS] ftldk mís'; ;g crykuk gS
fd oSQls fofHkUu lapkj izkS|ksfxdh dk nwjLFk
f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ fofHkUu i{kksa osQ oqQ'ky] Js"B
,oa izHkkoh laiknu gsrq fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2- 'kS{kf.kd foHksn (Pedagogical
Distinction)
lkekU;r;k fMyhojh rduhfd;k¡ esfM;sVsM
eSlst (Meadiated Messages) vFkok
laosQr iz.kkyh (Symbol System) dks iznku
djrh gSa] ftls ge lkekU;r;k ehfM;k dgrs
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 101
101
gSa (Moore and Kearsley, 1996] i`0- 10)A
laosQr iz.kkyh dk vFkZ fofHkUu izdkj osQ lap;@
HkaMkj.k] okgd rFkk fMyhojh rduhfd;ksa }kjk
lans'k@ikB~;lkexzh dks iznf'kZr djuk ;k nwjLFk
fo|kfFkZ;ksa rd igq¡pkuk] tSls&fdrkc@eqfnzr
lkexzh esa VsDLV rFkk xzkfI+kQDl] vkWfM;ks Vsi es
vkok”k] ohfM;ks Vsi esa vkok”k rFkk fp=k (Vhoh
izlkj.k esas Hkh) ;k VsyhdkaÚsaflax vFkok ohfM;ks
dkaÚsaflax esa iz;qDr vkok”k rFkk xzkfI+kQDlA
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] baVjusV] ftlesa fofHkUu
izdkj osQ lap;] okgd rFkk fMyhojh rduhfd;k¡
'kkfey gSa] dk iz;ksx eSlst@ikB~;lkexzh iznku
djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa VsDLV]
vkok”k] fp=k vkfn dk lekos'k gksrk gSA blh
izdkj] bZ&esy rduhdh dk iz;ksx fofHkUu izdkj
osQ ehfM;k (VsDLV] fp=k] vkok”k] pyfp=k]
xzkfI+kQDl vkfn) dk forj.k nwjLFk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fofHkUu rduhfd;ksa dh fof'k"Vrk,¡ rFkk
{kerk,¡ le;&le; ij cnyrh jgrh gSa ijarq bu
rduhfd;ksa osQ ewyHkwr mís';] rFkk rduhdh o
ehfM;k osQ chp varj cuk jgrk gSA vr% nwjLFk
f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa vkbZlhVh osQ iz;ksx ij fopkj
djrs le; loZizFke ml fof'k"V rduhdh osQ
mís';ksa ij fopkj fd;k tkuk vko';d gS] ijarq
lkFk gh og rduhdh fdl fof'k"V ehfM;k osQ
fy, vuqowQy gS] bldk fu/kZj.k djuk vko';d
gS D;ksafd ;g vfèkxe osQ fy, f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa
(Pedagogical Modes) dk fuèkkZj.k djsxhA
tSls& VsDLV ehfM;k osQ fy, Lo&vè;;u
fofèk (Self-study or Reading Mode) dh
vko';drk gSSA vkWfM;ks RkFkk ohfM;ks ehfM;k osQ
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:21
102
fy, ns[kus rFkk Jo.k fofèk (Observation
and Listening Pedagogical Modes)
dh vko';drk gSA blh izdkj var%fØ;kRed
ekè;e osQ fy, laokn fofèk (Dialogue
Pedagogical Mode) dh vko';drk gSA
nwjLFk f'k{kk esa lwpuk ,oa lapkj
izkS|ksfxdh osQ mi;ksx
1- igq¡p (Reach)
gj O;fDr esa vfèkd ls vfèkd yksxksa rd
igq¡pus dh bPNk lnSo fo|eku jgrh gSA izkphu
le; esa fyfi;kas] isafVax] f'kykys[kksa bR;kfn osQ
}kjk O;fDr vius fopkjksa euksHkkoksa lq[k&nq[k]
nwjn`f"V vkfn dks vU; O;fDr;ksa rd igq¡pkrk
Fkk] ijarq vkt lapkj izkS|ksfxdh osQ }kjk ge yksx
,d gh le; ij yk[kkas] djksM+ksa O;fDr;ksa rd
vius fopkjksa] euksHkkoksa vkfn dks igq¡pk ldus esa
l{ke gks x;s gSaA vkt izkS|ksfxdh osQ bl ;qx esa
iwjk fo'o ,d oSf'od xk¡o (Global Village)
esa cny x;k gS] tgk¡ ij le; o LFkku dh
lhek,¡ yxHkx lekIr lh gks x;h gaSA
oaQI;wVj rFkk baVjusV dh enn ls vkt
nwjLFk fLFkr O;fDr;ksa] laLFkkuksa] leqnk;ksa rd
igq¡p dkiQh rhoz o vklku gks x;h gSA bZ&esy]
vkWfM;ks dkaÚsaflax] ohfM;ks dkaÚsaflax] osc
dkaÚsaflax bR;kfn lsok;sa lLrh] loZlqyHk ,oa
yksdfiz; gks x;h gSa] rFkk vke tuekul rFkk
nwjLFk fo|kFkhZ vkt nwjlapkj izkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk
c[kwch bLrseky dj jgs gSaA
2- f'k{k.k (Teaching)
gky osQ le; rd f'k{k.k osQoy d{kk
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ?kfVr gksus okyh ,d izfØ;k ekuk
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 102
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
tkrk FkkA nwjLFk f'k{kk osQ }kjk vfèkxe dgha
Hkh vkSj dHkh Hkh laHko gks ldrk gS] RkFkk bl
dk;Z esa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh osQ iz;ksx ls le; o
LFkku dh ckèkk,¡ lekIr&lh gks x;h gaSA nwjLFk
fo|kFkhZ dHkh Hkh rFkk dgha Hkh vius nwjLFk
vè;kid@laLFkku ls laizs"k.k rFkk var%fØ;k
dj vfèkxe dk;Z dks laikfnr dj ldrs gSaA
lapkj izkS|kfxdh us f'k{kd rFkk ikB~;lkexzh
nksuksa osQ Hkkj dks de djrs gq, f'k{k.k&vfèkxe
izfØ;k dks ljy] jkspd ,oa izHkkoiw.kZ cuk
fn;k gSA
fofHkUu
lapkj
izkS|ksfxdh]
tSlsµohfM;ksVsDLV] VsyhVsDLV] ohfM;ks
fMLd] oaQI;wVj rFkk baVjusV vkfn dk iz;ksx
f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa fodflr ns'k c[kwch dj jgs
gSaA bu rduhfd;ksa osQ eg¡xh ,oa tfVy gksus
osQ dkj.k fodkl'khy ns'k vHkh vYi ek=kk esa
gh f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa iz;ksx dj ik jgs gSaA ijarq
ykxr esa deh osQ dkj.k èkhjs&èkhjs Hkkjr esa
f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa lapkj rduhfd;ksa dk iz;ksx
c<+ jgk gSA fodkl'khy ns'kksa] fo'ks"kdj Hkkjr
esa izlkj.k rduhdh dk iz;ksx f'k{kk osQ {ks=k
esa c[kwch gks jgk gS] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:Ik
jsfM;ks rFkk Vsyhfo”ku dk iz;ksx ns'kO;kih
d{kk (Countrywide Classroom) osQ :Ik
esa gks jgk gSA blls fuj{kjrk mUewyu] xjhch
mUewyu rFkk thou dh xq.koÙkk lqèkkjus esa
enn fey jgh gSA
3- fof'k"V mi;ksx (Specific Uses)
f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh dk iz;ksx
f'k{k.k&vfèkxe izfØ;k dks Nk=k&osaQfnzr cukus esa
enn djrk gSA vkt fo|kFkhZ lapkj osQ fofHkUu
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:21
nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ lanHkZ esa lwpuk ,oa lapkj---
lkèkuksa dk iz;ksx djosQ viuh ftKklkvksa rFkk
iz'uksa dk lekèkku Lo;a dj ldrs gSaA vkt Nk=k
jsfM;ks] Vhoh] oaQI;wVj] baVjusV vkfn osQ }kjk
u;k Kku izkIr dj ldrk gS] rFkk lwpukvksa ,oa
Kku dk HkaMkj.k ,oa mudh rhoz iquizkZfIr dj
ldrk gSA
(i) ikB~;Øe ;kstuk (Course Planning)
vkt oaQI;wVj ikB~;Øe fuekZ.k djus esa cgqr gh
lgk;d gSA oaQI;wVj osQ }kjk Hkkoh Nk=kksa osQ ckjs
esa lwpuk lqyHk gks ldrh gS] ftldks è;ku esa
j[kdj f'k{kd ikB~; lkexzh dk p;u vklkuh
ls dj ldrk gSA
(ii) ikB~;Øe
izcaèk
(Course Management)
ikB~;Øe izcaèk ,d egRoiw.kZ izfØ;k gS vkSj
;g ikB~;Øe ;kstuk osQ lkFk gh 'kq: gksdj
ijh{kk ifj.kke ?kksf"kr gksus rd tkjh jgrk gSA
bl dk;Z esa Hkh oaQI;wVj dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
gksrh gSA oaQI;wVj esa ikB~;Øe osQ ;kstuk ,oa
fØ;kUo;u ls lacafèkr leLr vk¡dM+ksa dks laxzfgr
fd;k tkrk gSA Nk=kksa rFkk dkmalyj ls VsyhI+kQksu]
iQSDl] bZ&esy vkfn osQ i`"Biks"k.k izkIRk dj
oaQI;wVj esa laxzfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA rRIk'pkr~
ikB~;Øe lkexzh dh xq.koÙkk dk mijksDr osQ
ifjizs{; esa fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, ikB~;lkexzh esa
vko';d lqèkkj dj bldh izHkko'khyrk dks
c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA
(iii) Nk=k lgk;rk lsok;sa (Student
Support Services)
lu~ 1980 esa nwjLFk f'k{kk us lapkj izkS|ksfxdh dk
iz;ksx djosQ cM+h Nykax yxkbZ FkhA D;ksafd lu~
1980 rd nwjLFk f'k{kk eqfnzr (fizaV) vfèkxe
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 103
103
lkexzh ij fuHkZj FkhA f'k{kd rFkk Nk=kksa osQ chp
dHkh&dHkh var%fØ;k laHko gks ikrh Fkh] ijarq
lapkj izkS|ksfxdh osQ iz;ksx osQ }kjk Nk=k lgk;rk
lsok;sa izHkkoh ,oa lqyHk gks x;h gaSA vkt
lapkj izkS|ksfxdh osQ iz;ksx osQ }kjk Nk=k lgk;rk
lsokvksa esa lqèkkj yk;k tk ldrk gSA bXuw bl
rduhdh dk iz;ksx dkiQh yacs le; ls dj jgk
gS rFkk vius nwjLFk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izHkkoh ,oa
xq.koÙkkiw.kZ Nk=k lgk;rk lsok;sa iznku djrk gSA
(iv) eqfnzr lkexzh (Print Material)
lHkh nwjLFk f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa eqfnzr vfèkxe
lkexzh ,d izkFkfed f'k{k.k buiqV gSA vkt
ys”kj fizafVax rFkk MsLdVki ifCyf'kax osQ }kjk
eqnz.k {ks=k esa Økafr vk x;h gSA vkt oaQI;wVj
dh lgk;rk ls eqfnzr vfèkxe lkexzh dk fuekZ.k
rFkk baVjusV dh lgk;rk ls nwjLFk Nk=kksa rd
fMyhojh cgqr gh vklku gks x;h gSA
(v) jsfM;ks izlkj.k (Radio Broadcasting)
f'k{kk rFkk ekuo fodkl osQ mís';ksa osQ fy,
jsfM;ks dk iz;ksx vkt cgqrk;r ls fd;k tkrk
gSA jsfM;ks izlkj.k osQ }kjk nwjLFk f'k{kk dk;ZØe
ls lacafèkr egRoiw.kZ tkudkfj;k¡ ,oa lwpuk,¡
fo|kfFkZ;ksa rd vklkuh ls igq¡pk;h tk ldrh
gSaA blosQ }kjk le; osQ varj dks de djosQ
rhoz xfr ls lapkj lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(vi) Vsyhfotu izlkj.k (Telecast)
Vsyhfotu] jsfM;ks dh rqyuk esa lapkj dk vfèkd
izHkkoh lkèku gS] D;kasfd blesa vkWfM;ks osQ lkFk
gh lkFk ohfM;ks ?kVd Hkh miyCèk jgrk gSA
vkWfM;ks&fotqvy gksus osQ dkj.k Nk=k blosQ
}kjk vfèkd vklkuh ls ,oa tYnh ikB~; lkexzh
dks lh[k tkrs gaSA nwjLFk f'k{kk ekè;e ls foKku
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:21
104
fo"k;ksa osQ f'k{k.k osQ fy, Vsyhfotu vfèkd
izHkkoh lk/u gSA jsfM;ks rFkk Vsyhfotu izlkj.k
osQ }kjk xzkeh.k rFkk 'kgjh foHksn dks [kRe djrs
gq, fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa osQ xq.koÙkkiw.kZ O;k[;kuksa dks
nwjLFk Nk=kksa rd igq¡pk;k tk ldrk gSA
(vii) vkWfM;ks rFkk ohfM;ks osQlsV~l (Audio
and Video Cassettes)
nwjLFk fo|kFkhZ fofHkUu O;k[;kuksa osQ fjdkMsZM
vkWfM;ks ,oa ohfM;ks osQlsV~l vius vè;;u osaQnzksa
ls izkIRk dj ldrs gSaA ;fn fdlh dkj.ko'k
fo|kFkhZ jsfM;ks@Vsyhfotu izlkj.k osQ le;
miyCèk u gks rks bu vkWfM;ks@ohfM;ks osQlsV~l osQ
}kjk vius Kku varj dks nwj dj ldrs gSaA ,d
gh ikB~; lkexzh dks ckj&ckj lqu] ns[k o le>
ldrs gSa] tc rd ml ikB~;lkexzh esa fo|kFkhZ
}kjk n{krk izkIr u dj yh xbZ gksA
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
djosQ nwjLFk fo|kFkhZ vklkuh rFkk jkspd rjhosQ
ls lh[k ldrs gaSA vkt baVjusV osQ loZlqyHk
gksus osQ dkj.k ikB~; lkexzh fMthVy iQkesZV
esa usVooZQ ij miyCèk gS] ftls nwjLFk fo|kFkhZ
dgha Hkh rFkk dHkh Hkh baVjusV dh lgk;rk
ls MkmuyksM djosQ i<+ ,oa lh[k ldrs gSaA
oaQI;wVj] eYVhehfM;k rFkk baVjusV f'k{kk ,oa
izf'k{k.k dk 'kfDr'kkyh] liQy] ljy] jkspd
,oa izHkkoiw.kZ lkèku cuk gqvk gS rFkk nwjLFk
f'k{kk osQ fy, ojnku lkfcr gks jgk gSA
(x) ohfM;ksVsDLV rFkk VsyhVsDLV
(Videotext and Teletext)
;s lapkj izkS|ksfxdh osQ mUur :i gSaA bl
rduhdh osQ }kjk ?kj osQ Vhoh ;k oaQI;wVj dks
ekLVj oaQI;wVj ls tksM+k tk ldrk gS vkSj okafNr
lwpuk ,oa Kku ekLVj oaQI;wVj ls fy;k tk
ldrk gSA ohfM;ksVsDLV rFkk VsyhVsDLV nksuksa osQ
(viii) VsyhI+kQksu (Telephone)
vkt osQ ;qx esa VsyhI+kQksu ,d loZlqyHk ,oa fy, ekLVj oaQI;wVj vfuok;Z gSA
lLrk lapkj dk lkèku gSA VsyhI+kQksu dk iz;ksx
varOkSZ;fDrd laizs"k.k osQ fy, vkt Hkh cgqrk;r nwjLFk f'k{kk osQ lanHkZ esa mi;qDr
ls iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA nwjLFk fo|kFkhZ VsyhI+kQksu izkS|ksfxdh dk p;u
}kjk vius vè;kid@dkmalyj@laLFkku ls vius fof'k"V nwjLFk f'k{kk osQ lanHkZ esa mi;qDr lwpuk
ftKklkvksa rFkk iz'uksa dk lekèkku dj ldrs rFkk lapkj izkS|ksfxdh osQ p;u osQ ckjs esa fu.kZ;
gSaA VsyhI+kQksu ykbu dk iz;ksx fofHkUu lapkj ysuk ,d vklku dk;Z ugha gSA blosQ fy,
;qfDr;ksa]tSlsµiQSDl] vkWfM;ks dkUÚsaflax] fofHkUu fu.kZ;u ekWMy fn;s x;s gSa ijarq izR;sd
ohfM;ks dkUÚsaflax] bZ&esy] oaQI;wVj vkfn osQ fu.kZ;u ekWMy (Decision-Making Model)
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
osQ vius xq.k rFkk nks"k gaSA f'k{kd esa og
(ix) oaQI;wVj (Computer)
dyk gksuh pkfg,] ftlosQ }kjk og nwjLFk f'k{kk
vkt oaQI;wVj&vuqns'ku nwjLFk f'k{kk esa vfèkd ifjfLFkfr osQ vuqlkj mi;qDr fu.kZ;u ekWMy dk
izHkkoh <ax ls iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA vkt pquko dj losQA
vfèkxe lkexzh lhMh@MhohMh osQ :Ik esa mRikfnr
;gk¡ lHkh fu.kZ;u ekWMyksa dk o.kZu djuk
dh tk jgh gS] ftls oaQI;wVj dh lgk;rk ls Iys laHko ugha gSA gkyk¡fd Vksuh csV~l (1995) us
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 104
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:21
nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ lanHkZ esa lwpuk ,oa lapkj---
bl dfBu rduhdh fu.kZ;u gsrq ,d ekWMy
fn;k gS] ftls laf{kIr esa ,D'ku (ACTIONS)
dgrs gSaA csV~l us lapkj rduhdh osQ p;u gsrq
lkr dlkSfV;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA ;s dlkSfV;k¡
?kVrs egÙo osQ inkuqØe esa O;ofLFkr dh x;h
gSa] ftudk fooj.k uhps fn;k x;k gS&
(i) igq¡p (Access)
;g lcls egRoiw.kZ dlkSVh fdlh fo'ks"k rduhdh
osQ fu.kZ;u gsrq gSA ;fn nwjLFk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh
igq¡p ml fo'ks"k rduhdh rd ugha gS] rks fiQj
mldk nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa vuqiz;ksx liQy
ugha gks ldrk gSA bldk eryc ;g ugha gS
fd ml rduhdh dk iz;ksx nwjLFk f'k{kk esa
ugha djuk pkfg,A ;fn og rduhdh dk nwjLFk
f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa vifjgk;Z gS rks mldh igq¡p
leL;k ls lacafèkr laHkkO; ,oa LFkk;h lekèkku
[kkstk tkuk pkfg,A laHkkO; ,oa LFkk;h lekèkku
(Feasible and Sustainable Solution)
osQ vkHkko esa gh fiQj ml rduhdh dk fodYi
[kkstk tkuk pkfg,A
(ii) ykxr (Cost)
nwjLFk fo|kfFkZ;ksa rFkk fMyhojh laLFkkuksa osQ
fy, fofHkUu rduhfd;ksa ls lacafèkr ykxr Hkh
egRoiw.kZ gSA fdlh Hkh f'k{kk laLFkku osQ fy,
rduhdh fØ;kUo;u osQ fy, ykxr ,d eq[;
eqík gksrk gS] fiQj Hkh nwjLFk f'k{kk laLFkkuksa
dks rduhdh fØ;kUo;u gsrq fofHkUu lzksrksa ls
vkfFkZd lalkèkuksa dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg, rFkk
ykxr izHkkoh (Cost Effective) rduhdh dk
p;u djuk pkfg,A
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 105
105
(iii)
f'k{k.k rFkk vfèkxe
(Teaching and
Learning)
blosQ varxZr ;g fuèkkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd ml
fo'ks"k rduhdh osQ }kjk fdl lhek rd f'k{k.k
vfèkxe mís';ksa dh izkfIr gks jgh gSA l`tukRed
ikB~;Øe izk:i (Creative Course Design)
}kjk fo|kFkhZ fdlh fof'k"V vfèkxe mís'; dks
fofHkUu rduhfd;ksa dk iz;ksx djosQ izkIr dj
ldrs gSaA bl n`f"Vdks.k ls f'k{k.k vfèkxe
dlkSVh dh rqyuk esa igq¡p rFkk ykxr dlkSVh
dk vfèkd egÙo gSA
(iv) var%fØ;kRedrk rFkk mi;ksxdrkZ fe=krk
(Interactivity and User friendliness )
bl dlkSVh osQ varxZr fdlh fo'ks"k rduhdh
}kjk var%fØ;k esa o`f¼ ls gSA var%fØ;k dh ek=kk
ikB~;Øe izk:i ij fuHkZj djrh gS] u fd fdlh
fo'ks"k rduhdh ijA vr% iqjkuh rduhfd;ksa
osQ }kjk Hkh var%fØ;kRed ikB~;Øe izk:i dk
iz;ksx djosQ var%fØ;k dh ek=kk dks c<+k;k tk
ldrk gSA fiQj Hkh u;h fMftVy rduhfd;k¡
(vkbZlhVh) Hkh var%fØ;k dks c<+kok nsrh gS]a
;fn mudk iz;ksx dj ,dho`Qr ikB~;Øe izk:i
(Integrated Course Design) dk fuekZ.k
fd;k x;k gksA
(v) laxBukRed eqís (Organisational
Issues)
;g dlkSVh fdlh Hkh 'kSf{kd laxBu dh ;ksX;rk
,oa l{kerk ls lacafèkr gS] ftlosQ }kjk laxBu
izHkkoh :i ls fdlh fo'ks"k rduhdh dk iz;ksx
viuh f'k{k.k iz.kkyh@fMyhojh iz.kkyh esa djrk
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:21
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
106
gSA ;g mruh egRoiw.kZ dlkSVh ugha gS] D;ksafd
fdlh Hkh 'kSf{kd laLFkk }kjk fdlh rduhd
dks vLohdkj djus ls ”;knk vPNk vius dkslZ
fMyhojh iz.kkyh esa ifjorZu djuk mfpr fu.kZ;
gksxkA
(vi) uO;rk (Novelity)
;g fdlh Hkh rduhdh osQ p;u gsrq ,d
egRoiw.kZ dlkSVh gS] tks ml rduhdh osQ fy,
vkfFkZd lalkèkuksa dh O;oLFkk djus dks etcwj
djrh gSA ijarq nwjLFk f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dks ;g
lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd ml rduhdh osQ
fy, tqVk;s x;s dks"k osQ [kRe gks tkus osQ ckn
Hkh mldk fØ;kUo;u laHko gks losQ rFkk og
rduhdh liQsn gkFkh u lkfcr gksA
(vii)
xfr
(Speed)
blosQ varxZr nwjLFk f'k{kk laLFkkvksa }kjk oqQN
[krjk (Risk) ysuk 'kkfey gSA ;fn nwjLFk f'k{kk
laLFkk,¡ fdlh fo'ks"k iw.kZ rduhdh lekèkku dk
bartkj djasxh] rks dHkh Hkh rduhdh lefFkZr
nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ fy, vius vanj mi;qDr
dkS'kyksa ,oa l{kerkvksa dk fodkl ugha dj
ik;saxhA blosQ fy, nwjLFk f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dks
djosQ lh[kuk mikxe viukuk gksxk] c'krs± fd
mijksDr vU; dlkSfV;ksa dh vuns[kh u gksA gesa
;g ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd izR;sd O;fDr ;k
laLFkk viuh xyfr;ksa ls lh[krk gS rFkk mu
xyfr;ksa dks lqèkkj dj fujarj vkxs dh vksj
c<+rk gSA ;gh mikxe@n`f"Vdks.k nwjLFk f'k{kk
laLFkkuksa dks fdlh Hkh fo'ks"k rduhdh osQ
fØ;kUo;u esa viukus pkfg,A
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 106
milagkj
nwjLFk f'k{kk laLFkk;sa] 'kSf{kd vuqns'ku osQ fy,
vfèkdrj eqfnzr lkexzh ij gh fuHkZj jgrh gSA ijarq
vktdy veqfnzr lkexzh (Non-Print Media)
dk Hkh izpyu gks x;k gSA izHkko'kkyh laizs"k.k
osQ fy, nwjLFk f'k{kk laLFkk;sa vius izR;sd dkslZ
osQ fy, (vkSipkfjd laLFkkvksa dh ikB~;iqLrdksa
ls oqQN vyx iSVuZ ij) eqfnzr lkexzh rS;kj
dj mldk mi;ksx djrh gaSA ;g eqfnzr lkexzh
(SLM- Self Learning Material) dkslZ
osQ Nk=kksa osQ vk;q] oxZ dh fo'ks"krkvksa ,oa
vko';drkvksa dks è;ku esa j[k dj fo'ks"kKksa ls
rS;kj djkbZ tkrh gSaA nwjLFk f'k{kk esa f'k{kd ,oa
Nk=kksa dk izR;{k laioZQ laHko ugha gksrk gSA vr%
;g lkexzh bl izdkj ls rS;kj dh tkrh gS fd
fo|kFkhZ bls i<+ dj Lo;a vè;;u dj lh[k
losaQ vkSj liQyrk izkIr dj losaQA
Hkkjro"kZ esa tula[;k esa ykxkrkj o`f¼ gks
jgh gSA tula[;k o`f¼ osQ dkj.k f'k{kk osQ {ks=k
esa leL;k,¡ mRiUUk gks jgh gaSA ^^lcosQ fy,
f'k{kk** dh ek¡x vkt ijaijkxr f'k{kk iz.kkyh
iwjk djus esa vleFkZ fl¼ gks jgh gSA iQyLo:Ik
eqDr fo'ofo|ky;ksa (Open Universities)
dk tUe gqvk tks i=kkpkj rFkk nwjLFk f'k{kk
ekè;e ls lcosQ fy, f'k{kk dh ckr dj jgs gSaA
buosQ ekè;e ls vkt f'k{kk nwjnjkt osQ yksxksa
rd igq¡p jgh gSA ;s eqDr fo'ofo|ky; eqfnzr
ekè;e osQ lkFk&lkFk veqfnzr ekè;eksa dk Ikz;ksx
izHkko'kkyh <ax ls djus esa yxs gq, gSaA veqfnzr
ekè;e ls gekjk vfHkizk; mu bySDVªkfud
lkèkuksa ls gS tks f'k{k.k vfèkxe fØ;kvksa dh
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:21
nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ lanHkZ esa lwpuk ,oa lapkj---
izHkko'khyrk esa o`f¼ djrs gSaA ;s fo'ofo|ky;
Nk=kksa osQ Kku] dkS'ky vfHko`fÙk rFkk vfHk#fp;ksa
esa ifjorZu ykus osQ fy, cgqekè;e mikxe
(Multimedia Approach) dk iz;ksx Hkh
[kqydj dj jgs gaSA
;g ,d loZekU; rF; gS fd tks vè;kid
lai"sz k.k dyk esa oqQ'ky gksrs gS]a mUgha dh igpku
izHkko'kkyh vè;kidksa osQ :i esa gksrh gSA ijarq
mudh bl liQyrk osQ ihNs mu fo|kfFkZ;kssa dk Hkh
gkFk gksrk gS] tks lai"sz k.k izkIrdrkZ (lan's kxzkgh)
osQ :i esa mudh lai"sz k.k {kerk ls iwjk&iwjk ykHk
mBkus dh ;ksX;rk vkSj bPNk j[krs gSAa vè;kid
rFkk fo|kFkhZ nksuksa dh bl liQyrk osQ ihNs ,d
ckr vkSj gS] tks vfèkd vko';d gS]a og gS
lai"zs k.k ekè;e dh mi;qDrrkA mi;qDr lai"zs k.k
ekè;e osQ tfj, gh liQy lai"zs k.k dk vfLrRo
fuHkZj djrk gSA ftruh mi;qDrrk rFkk l'kDrrk
lai"sz k.k ekè;e esa gksxh] lai"zs k.k dh izfozQ;k rFkk
ifj.kke mlh ek=kk esa vPNs gksxa As
107
lwpuk ,oa lai"sz k.k rduhfd;k¡ lwpuk ,oa
lai"sz k.k dk;Z dks oSlk gh vklku rFkk izHkko'kkyh
cukus esa viuh Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh gSa tSlk
fd vU; rduhfd;ksa }kjk gekjs thou osQ vU;
dk;Zdykiksa osQ laiknu esa fuHkkbZ tkrh gSAa ns[kk tk,
rks lwp
w uk ,oa lai"sz k.k rduhfd;ksa us gekjs thou osQ
fofoèk {ks=kks]a tSlµ
s m|ksx] O;kikj] cSfa dax] o`Qf"k]
eSMhflu] Vªkl
a iksV]Z iksLVy ,oa VsyhdE;wfuosQ'ku]
lsok izfr"Bku rFkk gekjs fnu&izfrfnu dh f”kanxh
dks izHkkfor djus okyh cgqr&lh ckrksa esa ,d
Økafr yk nh gSA gekjs lkspus&fopkjus] ckrphr
djus] ,d nwljs osQ lkFk laioZQ vkSj lai"sz k.k djus
lHkh ckrksa esa ,dne cnyko yk fn;k gSA gekjs
thou dk dksbZ {ks=k ;k xfrfofèk ,slh ugha gS] tks
bu rduhfd;ksa osQ izHkko ls vNwrh gksA f'k{kk dk
{ks=k dksbZ viokn ugha gSA vr% ;gk¡ Hkh lwpuk ,oa
lai"sz k.k rduhdh dk vfèkdRke mi;ksx lqfuf'pr
fd;k Tkkuk pkfg,] fTklls fd xq.koÙkkiw.kZ nwjLFk
f'k{kk iznku dh tk losQA
lanHkZ
bZokal] Vh- ,aM us'ku] Mh- 2000- psftax ;wfuoflZVh Vhfpax µ fjÝysD'ku vkWu fØ,fVax ,stqosQ'kuy VSDuksykWth”kdksxu ist ifCyosQ'ku] yanudhxu] Mh- 1996- iQkmaMs'ku vkWI+kQ fMLVsal ,tqosQ'ku (3rd Ed.)- jksyst ifCyosQ'ku] yanuVSV] ,- 2000- ^^Iykfuax] LVwMsaV liksVZ bu vksiu ,aM fMLVsal yfu±x-** vksiu yfuZ±x] 15 (3)] i`- 287&299MSfu;y] ts- ,l- 1996- esxk&;wuhoflZVh”k ,aM ukyst ehfM;k- dksxu ist ifCyosQ'ku] yanu1997- ^^D;ksa fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks izkS|ksfxdh j.kuhfr dh vko';drk gS\-** psat] 29 (40)] i`- 11&17csV~l] Vksuh- 1995- izkS|ksfxdh] eqDr f'k{kk vkSj nwjLFk f'k{kk- jksys”k ifCyosQ'ku] yanu2000- ^^Vhfpax] yfuZax ,aM n bEiSDV vkWI+kQ eYVhehfM;k VSDuksykWth** ,stqdkWt fjO;w- okWY;we35] ua%
5] flracj&vDrwcjckSMksbu] ,e- ,iQ- 1990- ^^n baLVªDVj psftax jksy bu fMLVsal ,stqosQ'ku-** n vesfjdu tuZy vkWI+kQ fMLVsal
,tqosQ'ku] 4 (2)] i`- 21&29-
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 107
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:21
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
108
eSlu] vkj- 1998- Xykscykbftax ,tqosQ'ku] VsªaM~l ,aM ,ifyosQ'ku- jksyst ifCyosQ'ku] yanueksxZu] lh- vkSj jsyh] ,e- 1999- ,lsflax vksiu ,aM fMLVsal yuZlZ- dksxu ist ifCyosQ'ku] yanueksjs] ,e- th- 2002- baI+kQkWesZ'ku ,aM dE;qfuosQ'ku VSDuksykWth bu fMLVsal ,tqosQ'ku- ;wusLdks baLVhV~;wV
vkWI+kQ baI+kQkWesZ'ku VSDuksykWth bu ,tqosQ'ku] http://iite.uniesco. org/ pics/ publications/
en/files/ 32/4600. pdf. retrieved on July 09, 2013.
eksjs] ,e- th- vkSj fdjlys] th- 1996- fMLVasl ,tqosQ'ku µ , flLVe O;w] okM~loFkZ ifCyf'kax oaQiuh] cksLVu
oYMZ cSad- 2000- gk;j ,tqosQ'ku bu Msoyfiax oaQVªht% isfjy ,aM izkehl- Mh- lh-] n oYMZ cSad- okf'kaxVufoYl] ch- 1993- fMLVsal ,tqosQ'ku µ , izsfDVdy xkbM- bZxyoqM fDyÝl] ,tqosQ'ku VSDuksykWth ifCyosQ'ku]
U;w tlhZoksu ;wyj] ,e- vkSj cxZ] Mh- 1998- n ;w”k vkWI+kQ bysDVªkfud ehfM;k bu vksiu ,aM fMLVsal ,tqosQ'ku- ;wusLdks]
isfjlLVhokVZ] Mh- 1993- ^^LVwMsaV liksVZ flLVe bu fMLVsal ,tqosQ'ku]** vksiu yfu±x] 8 (30)] i`- 3&12gjkfle] ,y- 1995- yfu±x usVoDlZ µ , I+kQhYM xkbM Vw Vhfpax ,aM yfu±x vkWuykbu- ,e- ,-µ ,evkbZVh
izsLk] oSaQfcztgSjh] osQ- 1999- gk;j ,stqosQ'ku Fkzw vksiu ,aM fMLVsal yfu±x- jksyst ifCyosQ'ku] yanu-
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 108
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:21
iqLrd leh{kk
ç;ksxkRed f'k{kk euksfoKku
ys[kdµ galjkt iky] jktsUnz iky] jkosQ'k nsoM+k
çdk'kdµ fganh ekè;e dk;kZUo;u funs'kky;
ewY;% `150-00
i`- la% 354
euksfoKku fo"k; osQ varxZr fo|kFkhZ] 'kks/d ,oa
f'k{kd euksoSKkfud fl¼karksa ij vkèkkfjr ç;ksx
dj mudh orZeku ifjçs{; esa O;ogkfjd :Ik
esa mi;ksfxrk Kkr djrs gaSA bl dk;Z osQ fy,
^^ç;ksxkRed f'k{kk euksfoKku** ,d cgqr mi;ksxh
iqLrd gksxhA tks lhfu;j lsosaQMjh] Lukrd ,oa
LukrdksÙkj Lrj dh fofHkUUk 'kk[kkvksa osQ varxZr
euksfoKku fo"k; i<+us okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa] 'kks/dksa]
f'k{kdksa] fpfdRldksa] funsZ'ku ,oa ijke'kZnkrkvksa
dh vko';drkvksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj fy[kh
xbZ gSA
bl iqLrd dh fo"k;oLrq lkr vè;k;ksa esa
nh xbZ gS rFkk ikBdksa dks fo"k;oLrq esa vk,
rduhdh 'kCnksa dh cks/xE;rk gsrq iqLrd osQ
var esa fganh&vaxzs”kh 'kCn&lwph nh xbZ gSA bldk
vkoj.k i`"B lqanj ,oa vkd"kZd gS] ftlesa
iQksVksxzkI+kQh }kjk fy;k x;k f'k{k.k&vfèkxe lkexzh
ls lqlfTtr iwoZ&çkFkfed d{kk esa vè;;ujr
ckydksa ,oa f'kf{kdk dk fp=k fn;k x;k gSA
iqLrd dk vkdkj 21×13 ls-eh- gS] tks 354
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 109
i`"B lfgr NksVk rFkk lqfo/ktud gSA iqLrd esa
vPNh xq.koÙkk dk dkx”k ç;qDr fd;k x;k gS
rFkk eqnz.k Hkh Li"V gSA iqLrd esa fo"k;&oLrq
dk Øec¼ p;u] laxBu ,oa çLrqrhdj.k fn;k
x;k gSA fo"k;&oLrq osQ vuq:Ik vFkZiw.kZ fp=k
,oa js[kkfp=k] ljy Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx iqLrd dks
çHkkoh ,oa #fpiw.kZ cukus esa lgk;d gSA
iqLrd osQ çFke vè;k; esa euksfoKku dk
vFkZ] Lo:i] ifjHkk"kk,¡ rFkk 'kk[kk,¡@{ks=k fn,
x, gaSA euksfoKku dh 16 'kk[kk,¡@{ks=kksa dk
laf{kIr o.kZu ikBdksa dks euksfoKku dh çR;sd
'kk[kk dks le>us esa enn djsxkA
ç;ksxkRed&euksfoKku dk laf{kIr bfrgkl]
ç;ksx ,oa ifjorhZ] iqLrd osQ f}rh; vè;k; esa
fn, x, gaSA ç;ksxkRed&euksfoKku dk mn~xe
rFkk 19oha 'krkCnh osQ ckn fo'o esa rs”kh ls
gq, fodkl dk laf{kIr o.kZu fn;k x;k gSA
pw¡fd iqLrd dk 'kh"kZd ^^ç;ksxkRed f'k{kk
euksfoKku¸ gksus osQ dkj.k blesa euksoSKkfud
ç;ksx dk vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk,¡ rFkk muosQ çdkjksa dh
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:21
110
fo"k;&oLrq nh xbZ gSA fcuk ifjofrZ;ksa osQ ç;ksx
djuk vlaHko gS] vr% iqLrd esa ifjorhZ dk
vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk,¡ rFkk ifjofrZ;ksa osQ çdkjksa dk
mnkgj.kiwoZd o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
r`rh; vè;k; euksoKS kfud ijh{k.kksa ij
vk/kfjr gSA blesa euksoKS kfud ijh{k.kksa dk vFkZ]
ifjHkk"kkvksa rFkk bfrgkl dks fons'kh ,oa Hkkjrh;
ifjn`'; esa c<+rs gq, Øe esa laf{kIr :Ik esa
fy[kk x;k gSA tc fdlh fo|kFkhZ ;k f'k{kd dks
fdlh euksoKS kfud ijh{k.k dk p;u djuk gks]
rks mldh fo'ks"krkvksa tSl&s fo'oluh;rk] oS/rk]
oLrqfu"Brk] O;kidrk rFkk O;ogkj&;ksX;rk dk
Kku gksuk vko';d gSA blh ckr dk è;ku j[krs
gq, ys[kdksa us euksoKS kfud ijh{k.k dh fo'ks"krkvksa
dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk,¡ mnkgj.k nsrs gq, fy[kh gSAa
blosQ lkFk gh] euksoKS kfud ijh{k.kksa dk p;u] ns'k
,oa fons'kksa esa euksoKS kfud ijh{k.kksa osQ çdk'kdks@a
forjdksa dh lwph] euksoKS kfud ijh{k.kksa dk
ç'kklu ,oa iQykadu dks lkFkZdrkiwod
Z mnkgj.k
lfgr çLrqr fd;k gSA
f'k{kk euksfoKku esa çk;ksfxd dk;Z iqLrd dk
prqFkZ vè;k; gSA bl vè;k; esa ys[kdksa us ç;ksx
,oa çk;ksfxd dk;Z esa varj] f'k{kk euksfoKku esa
çk;ksfxd dk;Z ,oa çdkjksa tSls&f'k{kk euksfoKku
osQ fdlh rF;@fu;e@fl¼kar rFkk f'k{kk
euksfoKku dh fdlh ladYiuk ij vk/kfjr
çk;ksfxd dk;Z ij ,d&,d mnkgj.k lfgr
ljy rjhosQ ls le>krs gq, fy[kk gSA blosQ
vykok f'k{kk euksfoKku esa çk;ksfxd dk;Z dh
fo'ks"krk,¡ o egÙo] çk;ksfxd dk;Z dh lhek,¡
,oa nks"k rFkk f'k{kk euksfoKku ,oa çko`Qfrd
foKkuksa osQ çk;ksfxd dk;ksZa esa varj dks Hkh Li"V
:Ik esa fy[kk gSA
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 110
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
iape~ vè;k; esa çk;ksfxd çfrosnu ys[ku
fn;k x;k gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa] 'kks/dksa ,oa f'k{kdksa osQ
lkeus f'k{kk euksfoKku esa çk;ksfxd dk;Z djus
osQ Ik'pkr~ çfrosnu ys[ku ,d pqukSrh gksrh gSA
blh pqukSrh dks vklku djus osQ fy, ys[kdksa
}kjk çk;ksfxd çfrosnu ys[ku fcanqokj] ljy ,oa
O;kogkfjd Hkk"kk esa mnkgj.kiwoZd bl vè;k;
esa fy[kk gSA
vkdyu vk/kfjr ç;ksx "k"Be~ vè;k; esa
fn;k x;k gSA bl vè;k; esa f'k{kk euksfoKku
dh 12 ladYiukvksa] tSls&'kSf{kd #fp]
O;kolkf;d #fp] fo|ky;hu lek;kstu]
'kkfCnd cqf¼] v'kkfCnd cqf¼] HkkfV;k cqf¼
fu"iknu ijh{k.kekyk] 'kkfCnd l`tukRedrk]
v'kkfCnd l`tukRedrk] O;fDrRo] çlax cks/
ijh{k.k] vè;kiu vfHk{kerk rFkk foHksnkRed
vfHk{kerk ijh{k.k ij vk/kfjr ç;ksxksa dk
foLr`r fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA ftlesa ys[kdksa }kjk
çR;sd ladYiuk dk ifjp;] iwoZ 'kks/ ifj.kke
,oa çk;ksfxd çfrosnu (iape~ vè;k;% çk;ksfxd
çfrosnu ys[ku osQ vuqlkj) mnkgj.k lfgr fn;k
x;k gSA
blh çdkj lIre vè;k; esa fl¼kar
vkèkkfjr ç;ksx fy[ks x, gSaA bu fl¼karksa esa
vfèkxe@çf'k{k.k dk LFkkukarj.k] rkRdkfyd
Le`fr foLrkj] ”kk;xfuZd çHkko] ikoykso dk
iqjkru vuqcaèku dk fl¼kar] Ldhuj dk lfØ;
vuqca/u dk fl¼kar] VkWyeSu dk fpg~u vfèkxe
dk fl¼kar] I;kts dk laKkukRed fodkl dk
fl¼kar ,oa O;fDr vè;;u osQ ckjs esa foLr`r
O;k[;k djrs gq, fy[kk x;k gSA ys[kdksa us
çR;sd fl¼kar dh foLr`r O;k[;k djrs gq,
ifjp;] iwoZ 'kks/ ifj.kke ,oa çk;ksfxd çfrosnu
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:21
iqLrd leh{kk
mnkgj.k lfgr fy[ks gSaA "k"Be~ vè;k;% vkdyu
vkèkkfjr ç;ksx ,oa lIre vè;k;% fl¼kar
vkèkkfjr ç;ksx] f'k{kk ladk; osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa]
'kks/dksa ,oa f'k{kdksa osQ fy, cgqr gh mi;ksxh
,oa ykHknk;d gksaxsA
f'k{kk euksfoKku] f'k{kk ladk; dk ,d
vk/kjHkwr fo"k; gksus osQ dkj.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa]
'kks/dksa ,oa f'k{kdksa dks f'k{kk euksfoKku dh
ladYiukvksa ,oa fl¼karksa ij vk/kfjr çk;ksfxd
dk;Z djuk vfuok;Z gksrk gSA bl gsrq mUgsa
;g iqLrd vPNh enn djsxhA bl iqLrd esa
ys[kdksa us f'k{kk euksfoKku osQ çk;ksfxd i{k
dks xaHkhjrkiwoZd fy[krs gq, fo"k;&oLrq dk
Øec¼ p;u] laxBu ,oa çLrqrhdj.k fd;k
gSA fo"k;&oLrq osQ vuq:Ik vFkZiw.kZ fp=k ,oa
js[kkfp=k] ljy Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx iqLrd dks
çHkkoh ,oa #fpiw.kZ cukus esa lgk;d gaSA ysfdu
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 111
111
lanHkZ xzaFkksa dh lwph 17 i`"Bksa esa nh xbZ gSSaA
ftlls iqLrd ys[ku esa fy, x, lkFkZd lanHkZ
xzaFk dh igpku djus esa dfBukbZ gksxhA vr%
lanHkZ xzFa kksa dh lwph esa osQoy ogh lanHkZ xzFa k
gks]a tks okLro esa iqLrd ys[ku esa çfrfuf/Ro
djrs gkaAs fo"k;oLrq esa vk, rduhdh 'kCnksa dh
cksèkxE;rk gsrq iqLrd osQ var esa fganh&vax”sz kh
'kCn&lwph nh xbZ gS] tks fganh ekè;e osQ ikBdksa
osQ lkFk&lkFk vax”sz kh ekè;e osQ ikBdksa dks
iqLrd i<+us esa ;ksxnku nsxhA
^^ç;ksxkRed f'k{kk euksfoKku¸ iqLrd] f'k{kk
ladk; osQ fo|kfFkZ;ks]a 'kks/drkZvksa ,oa f'k{kdksa dks
f'k{k.k&vf/xe osQ fofHkUu euksoKS kfud fl¼karksa
,oa ifjofrZ;ksa dk O;kogkfjd :Ik esa vè;;u ,oa
vkdyu djus esa ennxkj lkfcr gksxhA
ftrsUnz flag ikVhnkj
lgk;d Ikzkè;kid
vè;kid f'k{kk foHkkx
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vhu;h fnYyh&110016
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:22
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tuojh 2014
112
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATIONAL
PLANNING AND ADMINISTRATION (NUEPA)
(Declared by the GOI under Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956)
17-B Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi-110016 www.nuepa.org
ADMISSION NOTICE 2015-16
(i) M.Phil. Programme (ii) Ph.D. Programme (iii) Part-time Ph.D. Programme
The National University of Educational Planning and
Administration (NUEPA), a Deemed University fully
funded by Ministry of Human Resource Development,
Government of India is engaged in capacity building
and research in educational policy, planning and
administration.
NUEPA offers M.Phil., Ph.D. and Part-time Ph.D.
programmes in educational policy, planning and
administration from a broader inter-disciplinary social
science perspective. The research programmes of
NUEPA cover all levels and types of education from both
national and international development perspectives.
NUEPA invites applications from eligible candidates
for admission to its M.Phil., Ph.D. and Part-time Ph.D.
programmes for the year 2015-16.
Fellowships
All candidates selected for the M.Phil. and Ph.D. (full-time)
shall be offered NUEPA fellowship. The NET qualified
candidates, who have been awarded Junior Research
Fellowship by the UGC and who fulfil the required
qualifications, are encouraged to apply. However, parttime Ph.D. candidates are not entitled for any fellowship.
Eligibility Criteria
Full-time Programmes
(a) A candidate seeking admission to the M.Phil. and
Ph.D. programmes shall have a minimum of 55% marks
(50% marks for SC/ST candidates and Persons with
Disabilities) or its equivalent grade in Master’s Degree in
social sciences and allied disciplines from a recognized
university. Candidates possessing Master’s Degree
in other areas may also be considered if he/she has
teaching experience or experience of working in the
area of educational policy, planning and administration.
(b) A candidate seeking admission to Ph.D. programme
shall have an M.Phil. degree in an area closely related
to educational planning and administration and/or
exceptionally brilliant academic record coupled with
publications of high quality. (c) M.Phil. graduates of
NUEPA will be eligible for admission to the Ph.D.
Programme after due scrutiny by a Selection/Admission
Committee, if they obtain a FGPA of 6 or above on the
ten point scale.
Part-time Programme
A candidate seeking admission to Part-time Ph.D.
programme is required to meet the following criteria:
(i) Should possess the educational qualifications as
mentioned in Para (a) above; (ii) Currently, should be
in full-time employment; (iii) Should be a senior level
educational functionary with a minimum of five years work
experience in teaching/research in educational policy,
planning and administration.
It will be compulsory to attend one-year full-time
course work by all part-time and full time candidates.
Mode of Selection
NUEPA will follow all mandatory provisions in the
reservation policy of the Government of India. Admissions
to M.Phil., Ph.D. and Part-time Ph.D. programmes will be
made purely on the basis of merit following the prescribed
criteria of the University.
The University reserves the right to decide the number
of seats to be filled in the year 2015-16; the criteria for
screening of applications; and the selection procedure
of candidates for admission to its M.Phil. and Ph.D.
programmes. The mode of selection of candidates will be
as under:
Initial short-listing of applications will be carried out on
the basis of relevance and quality of the brief write-up (in
the prescribed format) in the proposed area of research
to be submitted along with the application form. Shortlisted candidates will be required to appear for a written
test and those qualifying in written test will be subjected
to personal interviews to assess their motivation and
potential leading to final short-listing and preparation of
panel of selected candidates, in order of merit.
Candidates must be possessing the eligibility
qualification and submit marks statement at the time
of written test on 20.06.2015.
How to Apply
Candidates may apply in the prescribed form for admission
to M.Phil. and Ph.D. programmes of the University along
with three copies of the brief write-up (in the prescribed
format) on the proposed research topic of a contemporary
issue within the broad framework of educational policy,
planning and administration. For further details, please
refer to the M.Phil.-Ph.D. Prospectus, 2015-16 of the
University.
The application form and the Prospectus can
be obtained from NUEPA by remitting a sum of `
200/- (` 100/- for SC/ST candidates) by demand
draft in favour of Registrar, NUEPA, payable at New
Delhi if required by Post or purchased in person.
The Prospectus can also be downloaded from our
website: www.nuepa.org by making online payment of
` 200/- (` 100/- for SC/ST candidates) and attach the
receipt/confirmation slip with the application at the time of
submission to NUEPA.
Last Date of Applications
Application should reach the Registrar, NUEPA, 17-B,
Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi-110016 on or before
15 May 2015. For further details, please visit our website
www.nuepa.org
– Registrar
Bhartiya Adhunik Shiksha - January 2014.indd 112
09-04-2015 AM 11:08:22
ifj"kn~ dh ^Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk* ,oa ^izkFkfed f'k{kd*
=kSekfld if=kdkvksa ds xzkgdksa] ikBdksa rFkk ys[kdksa ls fuossnu
jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ dh mijksDr nks =kSekfld if=kdk,a
f'k{kk txr esa jk"Vªh; Lrj rFkk jkT; Lrj ij gks jgs vusd iz;ksxksa] vuqla/kuksa]
dk;ZØeksa o xfrfof/;ksa dks ikBdksa rd igq¡pkus osQ lqxe ekè;e gSaA bu if=kdkvksa dk izdk'ku fo'ks"k :i ls fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa dk;Zjr f'k{kkfonksa]
f'k{kdksa] f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa rFkk ikB~;Øe fuekZrkvksa dks lefiZr gSA buosQ izR;sd
laLdj.k esa ,sls uohure ys[kksa osQ izdk'ku dks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gS tks 'kSf{kd uhfr;ksa ls lacafèkr gksa] xq.kkRed lqèkkj dh fn'kk esa mYys[kuh; iz;ksx gkas]
vf/xe dks lq#fpiw.kZ rFkk xzkg~; cukus dh fn'kk esa futh vuqHko vFkok 'kks/
dk;Z gksa] fofHkUu 'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa osQ fooj.k gksa] f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k laca/h izHkkoh
lkexzh gksA 'kSf{kd mi;ksfxrk ls ;s if=kdk,¡ vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSa rFkk ifj"kn~ bUgsa
ewy ykxr ls Hkh cgqr de dher ij ikBdksa dks miyC/ djkrh gSA
bu if=kdkvksa ds fy, mRÑ"V Lrj osQ f'k{kkizn izHkkoh ys[k lg"kZ Lohdkj
fd, tkrs gSa rFkk muosQ izdk'ku osQ mijkar leqfpr ekuns; nsus dh Hkh O;oLFkk
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Cover 2nd & 3rd.indd 3
17-03-2015 AM 10:40:53
ISSN 0972-5636
jft- ua- 42912@84
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vad 03
tuojh 2014