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20-03-2015 PM 12:55:40
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATIONAL
PLANNING AND ADMINISTRATION (NUEPA)
(Declared by the GOI under Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956)
17-B Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi-110016 www.nuepa.org
ADMISSION NOTICE 2015-16
(i) M.Phil. Programme (ii) Ph.D. Programme (iii) Part-time Ph.D. Programme
The National University of Educational Planning and
Administration (NUEPA), a Deemed University fully
funded by Ministry of Human Resource Development,
Government of India is engaged in capacity building
and research in educational policy, planning and
administration.
NUEPA offers M.Phil., Ph.D. and Part-time Ph.D.
programmes in educational policy, planning and
administration from a broader inter-disciplinary social
science perspective. The research programmes of
NUEPA cover all levels and types of education from both
national and international development perspectives.
NUEPA invites applications from eligible candidates
for admission to its M.Phil., Ph.D. and Part-time Ph.D.
programmes for the year 2015-16.
Fellowships
All candidates selected for the M.Phil. and Ph.D. (full-time)
shall be offered NUEPA fellowship. The NET qualified
candidates, who have been awarded Junior Research
Fellowship by the UGC and who fulfil the required
qualifications, are encouraged to apply. However, parttime Ph.D. candidates are not entitled for any fellowship.
Eligibility Criteria
Full-time Programmes
(a) A candidate seeking admission to the M.Phil. and
Ph.D. programmes shall have a minimum of 55% marks
(50% marks for SC/ST candidates and Persons with
Disabilities) or its equivalent grade in Master’s Degree in
social sciences and allied disciplines from a recognized
university. Candidates possessing Master’s Degree
in other areas may also be considered if he/she has
teaching experience or experience of working in the
area of educational policy, planning and administration.
(b) A candidate seeking admission to Ph.D. programme
shall have an M.Phil. degree in an area closely related
to educational planning and administration and/or
exceptionally brilliant academic record coupled with
publications of high quality. (c) M.Phil. graduates of
NUEPA will be eligible for admission to the Ph.D.
Programme after due scrutiny by a Selection/Admission
Committee, if they obtain a FGPA of 6 or above on the
ten point scale.
Part-time Programme
A candidate seeking admission to Part-time Ph.D.
programme is required to meet the following criteria:
(i) Should possess the educational qualifications as
mentioned in Para (a) above; (ii) Currently, should be
in full-time employment; (iii) Should be a senior level
educational functionary with a minimum of five years work
experience in teaching/research in educational policy,
planning and administration.
It will be compulsory to attend one-year full-time
course work by all part-time and full time candidates.
Mode of Selection
NUEPA will follow all mandatory provisions in the
reservation policy of the Government of India. Admissions
to M.Phil., Ph.D. and Part-time Ph.D. programmes will be
made purely on the basis of merit following the prescribed
criteria of the University.
The University reserves the right to decide the number
of seats to be filled in the year 2015-16; the criteria for
screening of applications; and the selection procedure
of candidates for admission to its M.Phil. and Ph.D.
programmes. The mode of selection of candidates will be
as under:
Initial short-listing of applications will be carried out on
the basis of relevance and quality of the brief write-up (in
the prescribed format) in the proposed area of research
to be submitted along with the application form. Shortlisted candidates will be required to appear for a written
test and those qualifying in written test will be subjected
to personal interviews to assess their motivation and
potential leading to final short-listing and preparation of
panel of selected candidates, in order of merit.
Candidates must be possessing the eligibility
qualification and submit marks statement at the time
of written test on 20.06.2015.
How to Apply
Candidates may apply in the prescribed form for admission
to M.Phil. and Ph.D. programmes of the University along
with three copies of the brief write-up (in the prescribed
format) on the proposed research topic of a contemporary
issue within the broad framework of educational policy,
planning and administration. For further details, please
refer to the M.Phil.-Ph.D. Prospectus, 2015-16 of the
University.
The application form and the Prospectus can
be obtained from NUEPA by remitting a sum of `
200/- (` 100/- for SC/ST candidates) by demand
draft in favour of Registrar, NUEPA, payable at New
Delhi if required by Post or purchased in person.
The Prospectus can also be downloaded from our
website: www.nuepa.org by making online payment of
` 200/- (` 100/- for SC/ST candidates) and attach the
receipt/confirmation slip with the application at the time of
submission to NUEPA.
Last Date of Applications
Application should reach the Registrar, NUEPA, 17-B,
Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi-110016 on or before
15 May 2015. For further details, please visit our website
www.nuepa.org
– Registrar
prelims.indd 2
20-03-2015 PM 12:55:41
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lanHkks± vkSj ewY;ksa ls izHkkfor gksrh gS vkSj mUgsa
izHkkfor Hkh djrh gSA le;&le; ij bu lanHkks±
esa ifjorZu osQ lkis{k 'kSf{kd izfozQ;k esa ifjorZu
gksrs jgrs gSaA
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lekt esa cgqr lh fHkUurk,a gSaA izkphu dky
ls gh Hkkjrh; lekt esa ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks
izkFkfedrk nh tkrh jgh gS vkSj bu ekuoh;
ewY;ksa osQ fodkl esa f'k{kk dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
jgk gSA lkekftd&vk£Fkd o rduhdh ifjorZuksa
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osQ fodkl ij tksj fn;k tkrk jgk gS] rFkkfi
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osQ ifjizs{; dks u le> ikus dh fLFkfr esa bu
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tk jgk gS] ftlls ewY;ksa osQ gzkl dh fLFkfr
xaHkhj gksrh tk jgh gSA
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk osQ bl vad esa
ewY; f'k{kk ls lacaf/r rhu ys[k 'kkfey gSaA
vfer nos vkSj iwue nos dk ys[k ewY; f'k{kk
dh vko';drk dks nksgjkrs gq, ,slh f'k{kk
ij tksj nsrk gS tks cPps dk pkfjf=kd fodkl
djs] mls thou laxzke osQ mi;qDr cuk,] mlesa
prelims.indd 3
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'kkafr] fodkl vkSj f'k{kk osQ ikjLifjd laca/
dk [kqyklk djrs gq, lq>ko nsrk gS fd 'kkafr
o fodkl;qDRk f'k{kk vkt le; dh ekax gS
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vkt gekjs lHkh cPpksa dks xq.koRrkiw.kZ f'k{kk
izkIr djus dk dkuwuh vf/dkj izkIr gS ijarq
;g rHkh lEHko gS tc fo|ky; vkSj f'k{kd
blosQ fy, gj laHko iz;kl djsa vkSj mi;qDr
okrkoj.k cuk,aA nhfIr JhokLro dk 'kks/ijd
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fd fdl izdkj ;s cPps bu fo|ky;ksa esa cus
jgus osQ fy, vkSj lh[kus osQ fy, fur~ la?k"kZ
djrs gSaA osQoykuUn dk.Miky dk ys[k ,d
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osQ oqQN izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa d{kk esa lekos'kh
okrkoj.k l`ftr djus osQ fy, fd;k x;kA
20-03-2015 PM 12:55:41
4
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okLrfod :i ls fdrus ltx gSa\ fofHkUu Nk=kksa
dk #>ku fdu&fdu O;olk;ksa osQ izfr vf/d
gS] D;k os fo"k;ksa dk p;u dfj;j dks è;ku esa
j[kdj djrs gSa vkfn lokyksa dk tokc [kkstk gS
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
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bl vad esa oqQN vU; ys[k Hkh 'kkfey
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vius ys[kksa osQ ekè;e ls ikBdksa rd igqapkdj
ppkZ dk volj nsaA
vdknfed laikndh; lfefr
prelims.indd 4
20-03-2015 PM 12:55:41
ewY; f'k{kk dh vko';drk
vfer oqQekj nos·
iwue nos··
JhdkUr oekZ osQ vuqlkj& ^brus edku ikl&ikl lVs] exj izse ughaA lqcg bu
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gS Hkka;&Hkka;] lgefr ugha] fo'okl ugha] ,d&nwljs ls feyus dh yyd ughaAA*
ekuotu esa O;kIr bl Hkkouk osQ lewyksRlxZ djus dh n`f"V ls vkt ewY; f'k{kk
dh egRkh vko';drk gSA ^foosdkuUn th* osQ 'kCnksa esa& ¶fons'kh Hkk"kk esa nwljksa
osQ fopkj jVdj vius efLr"d esa mUgsa Bwaldj vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh oqQN inoh
izkIr djosQ ge vius dks f'kf{kr le>rs gSa\ D;k ;gh f'k{kk gS\ gekjh f'k{kk dk
mn~ns'; D;k gS\ ;k rks eqa'khfxjh djuk] odkyr djuk ;k NksVk&eksVk viQlj gks
tkukA fdUrq blls gesa ;k gekjs ns'k dks D;k ykHk\¸1 og f'k{kk tks tu leqnk;
dks thou laxzke osQ mi;qDr ugha cukrh] pkfj=k; 'kfDr dk fodkl ugha djrh] tks
muesa n;k dk Hkko tkx`r ugha djrh] D;k mls ge f'k{kk dk uke ns ldrs gSa\ ughaA
gesa rks ,slh f'k{kk pkfg, ftlls pfj=k cus] ekufld 'kfDRk c<+s] cqf¼ dk fodkl
gks vkSj ftlls euq"; vius iSjksa ij [kM+k gks losQA vkt vkèkqfud f'k{kk laLFkkvksa
esa vè;;ujr fo|k£Fk;ksa esa lPph ftKklk ,oa J¼k osQ Hkko 'kk;n fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa
vkSj gka oqQN esèkkoh Nk=k KkuktZu dj ysrs gSa] fdUrq efLr"d rks dksjk gh jgrk gS]
foosd ugha] laLdkj ugha] dksjh vFkksZiktZd ,oa HkkSfrdrk gsrq izLrqr djus okyh
f'k{kk ls oqQN ugha gksxk] ;fn vkt lgh ek;uksa esa jk"Vª osQ ukxfjdksa ,oa ;qokvksa
dks pfj=koku] ekufld 'kfDr;qDr] l{ke thou thus gsrq rS;kj djuk gS rks ewY;
f'k{kk nsus dh furkUr vko';drk gh ugha vfirq vfuok;Zrk gSA
· lgk;d vkpk;Z] f'k{kk ladk; (yksdekU; fryd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky; ) lh-Vh-bZ-] Mcksd] tuknZujk; ukxj jktLFkku
fo|kihB fo'ofo|ky;] mn;iqj (jktLFkku)
·· izkè;kfidk] fo|kHkou dyk laLFkku ch-,l-Vh-lh- egkfo|ky;] mn;iqj (jktLFkku)
6
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utj vk jgh gS] ughaA rks D;ksa\
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og osQoy fujh O;kolkf;drk dk vkoj.k p<+k,
HkkSfrdoknh n`f"Vdks.k ,oa HkSfrdrk fiz;ekuo
nsg dkA D;k HkkSfrd l`f"V osQ vUèkkuqdj.k esa
thou dh mRÑ"Vrk dk] thou dh lqUnjrk dk]
thou dh ljlrk dk] thou dh izklafxdrk
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ugha! rks thou dh lkFkZdrk dc gS\ rks mÙkj
gSµ ewY;;qDr fodkl'khy la;fer thou ls
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vkt ns'k osQ fy, vR;Ur nq%[k dk fo"k;
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dk ygw cgus yxrk Fkk fdUrq vkt cPpk
oqQN lh[kus dh fLFkfr esa vkrk gS rks og]
lh[krk gqvk cM+k gksrk gS vFkok vU; lkekU;
fodYiksa osQ lkFk oqQN [ksy [ksyuk pkgs rks
?kj esa gh ,dkdh [ksy [ksyrk gS] ohfM;ks xse
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mlesa fe=krk] cUèkqRork] lg;ksx] izse] lnkpkj]
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
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lekt lqèkkjd] lkfgR;dkj] nk'kZfud] èkeZxq#]
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jk"Vª dh laLÑfr dks] mldh iwjh oSf'k"V;rk dks
iqu% thfor djus gsrq fo|ky;@dkWyst Lrj ij
ewY; f'k{kk dks vfuok;Z fd, tkus osQ iz;kl
fd, tk jgs gSaA bl fLFkfr dks iwjs ifjizs{; esa
ns[ksa rks blls cM+k nq%[k ugha gS] D;ksafd vius
nknk] ijnknk D;k dksbZ vkSipkfjd fMfxz;ka èkkj.k
fd, gq, Fks\ tokc gS ughaA rks D;k os n;k]
izse] lfg".kqrk] ln~Hkkouk] jk"Vª izse] dÙkZO;
ijk;.krk] Hkwfe egÙkk] vfgalk vkfn fof'k"V
ewY;ksa ls jfgr FksA tokc gS ughaA rks vkt bu
ewY;ksa osQ tkxj.k gsrq ckyd ij vfrfjDr ncko
Mkyus dk vFkZ D;k gS\
f'k{kk fpUrdksa ,oa f'k{kk fu;kedksa! vkt
dk lkekftd] oS;fDrd] vk£Fkd] 'kSf{kd
ewY; f'k{kk dh vko';drk
okrkoj.k rn~uqlkj ugha gS fd ewY;ksa dk fodkl
vius ifjos'k esa vius vki gh gks tk,A vkt
jk"Vª dks vius iwjs ifjp; dks cuk, j[krs gq,
viuk fodkl fujUrj j[kus osQ fy, ewY; f'k{kk
dk iBu fo|ky;@dkWystksa esa vFkok vkt dh
;qok ih<+h esa vfr vko';d gSA
orZeku le; esa ewY; f'k{kk nsus dh
vko';drk ij ,d n`f"V
1- HkkSfrd izxfr osQ orZeku dky esa 'kk'or
ewY;ksa dks cuk, j[kus gsrq ewY; f'k{kk ykxw
djus dh egrh vko';drk gSA
2- HkkSfrd oSKkfud ;qx esa lq[k o lekt dh
ladYiuk dks latks, j[kus osQ fy,A
3- vk£Fkd iwathoknh nkSM+ esa vlqjf{kr ,oa
vlajf{kr Hkfo"; dks lqjf{kr ,oa lajf{kr
djus dh n`f"V lsA
4- f'k{kd] vfHkHkkod] vfèkdkjh vkfn dks
vius dÙkZO;ksa dk Kku djokus gsrqA
5- losZHkUrqlqf[ku% losZlUrq fujke;k% losZHknzkf.k
i';Urq ek ef'pn~ nq%[k HkkXHkosr~ ,oa lR;e~]
f'koe~] lqUnje~ dh Hkkouk iqu%LFkkiuk djus
dh n`f"V lsA
6- O;ogkj dh uhao dks ewY;:ih ty osQ
flapu dh n`f"V lsA
7- vgaokfnrk] LokFkZijrk] futrk] ,dkdh
izo`fÙk] fuân;rk vkfn Hkkoksa osQ lewy
mUewyu gsrqA
8- fujUrj fodkl dks izkIr bl èkkjk esa
laLdkjkn'kks± dh [kkn ls l{ke] vkn'khZ]
laLdkjh uo iYyoksa osQ izLiqQVu osQ fy,A
9- bDdhloha 'krkCnh osQ vkxeu esa O;kolkf;d
7
vk£Fkd okfnrk osQ ;qx esa HkkSfrd fodkl
osQ lkFk ewY; fodkl dks Hkh cuk, j[kus
dh n`f"V lsA
10-ik'pkR;hdj.k ,oa vkèkqfudhdj.k dh vUèkh
nkSM+ esa ;qokvksa ,oa ekuotu esa foosdh n`f"V
mRiUu dj cnyko dks viukus gsrq izsfjr
djus dh n`f"V lsA
11-vuSfrdrk] Hkz"Vkpkj ,oa fofoèk "kM~;U=kksa ls
ne rksM+rh Hkkjrh;rk dks lEcy iznku djus
dh n`f"V lsA
12-Hkkjrh; laLÑfr] lkfgR; ,oa iqjk xkSjo dks
iqu% n`f"V iVy ij izLrqr dj mls viukus
dh n`f"V lsA
13-osQoy miHkksDrk cus Hkkjrh;ksa esa vFkok
fo'o leqnk; esa iwoksZDr ewY;ksa osQ izfr
vkd"kZ.k ,oa muosQ egRo dk izfriknu dj
viukus ,oa viukdj O;ogkj esa mrkjus gsrq
izsfjr djus dh n`f"V lsA
14-Hkkjr rFkk fo'o Hkfo"; dks è;ku esa j[krs
gq, vkt dh ;qok ih<+h esa uSfrd] èkk£ed]
lkekftd] vk£Fkd] jktuSfrd] lkfgfR;d
vkfn ewY;ksa dks vkRelkr~ djokus dh n`f"V lsA
15-lkEiznkf;drk] vuSfrdrk] vkradokn]
nqjkpkjkfn dk;ks± osQ lewy lekiu ,oa muosQ
LFkku ij loZèkeZ leHkko] uSfrdrk] 'kkfUr
,oa lnkpkjkfn dk;ks± osQ fodkl gsrq ;qoktu
dks rS;kj djus dh n`f"V lsA
16-ekuo thou'kSyh dks mUur cukus dh
n`f"V lsA
17-vkèkqfudrk dks c<+kok rks nsrs jgsa fdUrq lkFk
esa iqjkrurk osQ Lohdk;Z vkn'kks±] laLdkjksa
osQ lkFk ewY;ksa dk leUo;kRed dnerky
8
djokdj jk"Vª dks iqu% fo'oxq# dh inoh
vtZu djkus dh n`f"V lsA
18-foosdkRed fu.kZ; dj ldus esa lg;ksx
iznku djus dh n`f"V lsA
19-Lo&vfLrRo dks igpku lkeF;kZuqlkj
fodkl dk volj iznku djus dh n`f"V lsA
20-jkstxkj ijd f'k{kk ij yxk ewY; foghurk
dk èkCck gVkus dh n`f"V lsA
21-ns'k osQ Hkkoh usrkvksa dks laLdkjksa] ewY;ksa ,oa
vkn'kks± ls ;qDr djus dh n`f"V lsA
22-lkekftd vyxko] ikfjokfjd ,dkdhiu]
Lolhfer oS;fDrdrk osQ LFkku ij yxko]
feyulkj izo`fÙk ,oa lkekftd O;fDr dk
fuekZ.k djus dh n`f"V lsA
23-mPp ukxfjdrk osQ lkFk jk"Vª dk lexz
fodkl pkgus dh n`f"V lsA
24-vUr esa tu leqnk; dks thou laxzke gsrq
izLrqr djus dh n`f"V lsA
lkj :i ^JhdkUr oekZ* osQ erkuqlkj& ^brus
edku ikl&ikl lVs] exj izse ughaA lqcg bu
ekanksa dk [kqyuk] 'kke dks èkhjs&èkhjs cUn gksuk]
fnu Hkj vka;&vka;] ;g vFkZ ugh gS Hkka;&Hkka;]
lgefr ugha] fo'okl ugha] ,d&nwljs ls feyus
dh yyd ughaAA*
ekuotu esa O;kIr bl Hkkouk osQ lewyksRlxZ
djus dh n`f"V ls vkt ewY; f'k{kk dh egRkh
vko';drk gSA
fu"d"kZr% foosdkuUn th osQ 'kCnksa esaµ
fons'kh Hkk"kk esa nwljksa osQ fopkj jVdj vius
efLr"d esa mUgsa Bawldj vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh
oqQN in~oh izkIr djosQ ge vius dks f'kf{kr
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
le>rs gSaA D;k ;gh f'k{kk gS\ gekjh f'k{kk dk
mn~ns'; D;k gS\ ;k rks eqa'khfxjh djuk] odkyr
;k NksVk&eksVk viQlj gks tkukA fdUrq blls gesa
;k gekjs ns'k dks D;k ykHk\
og f'k{kk tks tu leqnk; dks thou laxzke
osQ mi;qDr ugha cukrh] pkfj=k; 'kfDr dk
fodkl ugha djrh] tks muesa n;k dk Hkko
tkx`r ugha djrh] D;k mls ge f'k{kk dk uke
ns ldrs gSa\ ughaA gesa rks ,slh f'k{kk pkfg,
ftlls pfj=k cus] ekufld 'kfDRk c<+s] cqf¼
dk fodkl gks vkSj ftlls euq"; vius iSjksa
ij [kM+k gks losQA gesa vko';drk gS fons'kh
ekufld vfèkdkj ls Lora=k jgdj] vius futh
Kku Hk.Mkj dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa dk vè;;u
dj] n'kkZ, fofHkUu ewY;ksa dk Kku izkIr djsa ,oa
mudk vkRelkr~ djsaA
vkt vkèkqfud f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa vè;;ujr
fo|k£Fk;ksa ,oa tuksa esa lPph ftKklk ,oa J¼k
osQ Hkko fou"V gh fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa vkSj gk¡ oqQN
esèkkoh KkuktZu dj ysrs gSa] fdUrq efLr"d rks
dksjk gh jgrk gSA muesa foosd ughaA laLdkj
ugha] dksjh vFkksZiktZd ,oa HkkSfrdrk gsrq izLrqr
djus okyh f'k{kk ls oqQN ugha gksxk] ;fn vkt
lgh ek;uksa esa jk"Vª osQ ukxfjdksa ,oa ;qokvksa
dks pfj=koku] ekufld 'kfDRk;qDr] l{ke thou
thus gsrq izLrqr djuk gS ,oa jk"Vª dks fo'oxq#
dh inoh iqu% vftZr djokuh gS rks ewY;
f'k{kk nsus dh furkUr vko';drk gh ugha vfirq
vfuok;Zrk gSA Lokeh foosdkuUn osQ 'kCnksa esa
,d ckj iqu% µ
¶mfRk"Br~! tkx`rizkI; ojkfUucksèk;r~AA3
9
ewY; f'k{kk dh vko';drk
lanHkZ
1- jkthou] vkj-Jh- 1988- Hkkjrh; thou ewY;ksa osQ vuq:i f'k{kk] f'k{kkad dY;k.k] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj]
i`-la- 162 2- f}osnh] dfiy nso- 1996- f'k{kk euksfoKku fo"k;d fucUèk] ^laLÑr fucUèk 'krde~* esa izdkf'kr- fo'ofo|ky;
izdk'ku- okjk.klh] i`-la- 253 3- Lokeh] viwokZuan- 2006- Lokeh foosdkuan dh laf{kIr thouh rFkk mins'k- jkèkkÑ".k eB] ukxiqj- i`-la- 90 -
fiQV gksus dh dksf'k'k µ vYila[;d LowQy esa
,d cPps dh dgkuh
nhfIr JhokLro·
oafpr cPpksa osQ vuqHkoksa ij osQfUær 'kksèk ;g n'kkZrs gSa fd LowQy fdl rjg ls LrjhÑr
lkekftd O;oLFkk dks iqu#Rikfnr djrk gS tks Lo;a vyxkooknh gksrh gSA ,slh LowQyh
O;oLFkk esa oqQN cPps f'k{kk osQ gkf'k;s ij jgus dks etcwj gks tkrs gSaA blh HksnHkkoiw.kZ
çfØ;k osQ dkj.k mUgsa u osQoy LowQy esa igq¡p ls oafpr j[kk tkrk gS cfYd d{kk osQ Hkhrj
Hkh mudh Hkkxhnkjh vleku gh jgrh gS ftlosQ ewy esa mudks vyx cSBkus dh O;oLFkk
vkSj ikB~;Øe lgxkeh xfrfofèk;ksa ls cfg"dkj gSaA vDlj ns[kk x;k gS fd d{kk osQ Hkhrj
muosQ Kku vkSj vuqHkoksa dks udkj dj mUgsa pqi djk fn;k tkrk gSA (uEchlu 2009_ >k
vkSj f>axju 2002)A bl çi=k esa bl cfg"dj.k dh çfØ;k dks cPpksa dh n`f"V ls le>us
osQ ç;kl fd, x, gSaA lkFk gh ;g Hkh le>us dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gS fd cfg"dj.k vkSj
HksnHkko osQ ckotwn Hkh ;s cPps viuh jks”kejkZ dh LowQyh f”kUnxh esa i<+us osQ fy, oSQls
la?k"kZjr jgrs gSaA cPpksa osQ bu la?k"kks± ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd bu cPpksa osQ 'kSf{kd vuqHkoksa
dks lkFkZdrk çnku djus osQ fy, mudh fof'k"V lkaLÑfrd fofHkUurkvksa ls lEcfUèkr
opZLorkiw.kZ ,oa vkykspukRed LVhfj;ksVkbIl dks leL;kfØr fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA
lkaLÑfrd fofHkUurk,¡ vkSj f'k{kk
ekuk tkrk gS fd lewgksa osQ chp esa lkaLÑfrd
fofHkUurk,¡ lkewfgd igpkuksa dk fof'k"V
lhekadu djrh gSa tcfd ,slk de gh gksrk
gS (cSaDl] 2009)A lhekadu dh bl çfØ;k
dks lkewfgd vfLerk osQ fof'k"Vhdj.k }kjk
iksf"kr fd;k tkrk gS ftldk eq[; dkj.k
fofHkUu lkaLÑfrd lewgksa osQ lÙkkRed vk;ke
gksrs gSa ftUgsa cgqyrk dh jktuhfr esa x<+k
tkrk gSA My dgrs gSa fd lewgksa osQ chp bu
· ;wfuo£lVh Vhpj vflLVsaV] f'k{kk foHkkx] osaQnzh; f'k{kk laLFkku] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh 110007
fiQV gksus dh dksf'k'kµ vYila[;d LowQy esa ,d cPps dh dgkuh
vleku 'kfDr lacaèkksa dks igpkuuk egRoiw.kZ
gS D;ksafd budks udkjus dk eryc gS fd
“(we are) flattening out the difference
because collective memberships are
socially and politically defined and
have varying degrees of advantage or
stigma attached to them” (2009, p.43).
bu vleku 'kfDr laca/ksa dk fuekZ.k lkaLÑfrd
:i ysdj fo'ks"k ,sfrgkfld ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
O;fDr;ksa ,oa lewgksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS tks fd
fofHkUu ekudksa tSls fd] tkfr] oxZ] çtkfr]
fyax] tkrh;rk] èkeZ bR;kfn ij vkèkkfjr gksrs gSa
(csVy] 1980)A ;gh otg gS fd ge f'k{kk osQ
vkykspukRed fl¼kar esa Lrjhdj.k osQ fofHkUu
vk;keµoxZ] çtkfr vkSj fyax dh ckr djrs
gSa tks fd igq¡p vkSj miyfCèk dks le>us osQ
fy, vko';d gSA orZeku lanHkZ dks Hkh blh
<k¡ps esa js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA blesa lkaLÑfrd
fofHkUurk dks le>us osQ fy, oxZ dks osaQæ fcanq
ekuk x;k gS ftlesa fyax] tkfr vkSj èkeZ osQ
vk;keksa dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA
oxZ fofHkUurk osQ vk;ke dks LowQyh Lrj
ij Li"V :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS tgk¡ eè;e
oxZ osQ cPpksa osQ lh[kus lacaèkh ifj.kke fuEu
oxZ osQ cPpksa ls T;knk vPNs gksrs gSa D;ksafd os
ml lkaLÑfrd fojklr ls ;qDr gksrs gSa ftls
LowQy çkFkfedrk nsrk gS (cksMhZ ,oa iklsjkWu]
1990)A ;|fi ;g iw.kZr% LowQy laLÑfr osQ
vuq:i ugha gksrs rFkkfi ;g LowQy f'k{kk esa
vFkZ dh mRifÙk dks oSèkrk çnku djus osQ fy,
egRoiw.kZ lajpukRed fuèkkZjd osQ :i esa dk;Z
djrs gSaA tSls fd] HkkSfrd Lrj ij] ;s oSèkrk
fdrkcksa ls vkSj mIkyfC/;ksa ls nh tkrh gS
11
(,Iiy] 2004)A lajpukRed Lrj ij ;s çeq[k
lkaLÑfrd vkSj vk£Fkd lewgksa osQ chp lacèa kksa
ls fuèkkZfjr gksrh gS (,Iiy] 1982)A gkykafd
;g vFkZ fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k u rks Lok;Ùk gksrh
gS vkSj uk gh iwoZ fuèkkZfjrA ;g rks fofHkUu
lewgksa dh vko';drkvksa osQ ifjHkk"k.k vkSj
okLRkfodhdj.k ls lgefr (accord) dk :i
ysrh gS tgk¡ fofHkUu lewg lekurk osQ vkèkkj ij
vFkZ dh çfØ;k dks lk>k laLÑfr (common
culture) osQ :i esa fu:fir djrs gSaA ;g
lk>k laLÑfr LowQyh laLÑfr] vkfèkdkfjd Kku
(official knowledge) vkSj vçR;{k ikB~;Øe
(hidden curriculum) osQ :i esa d{kk esa
fopkj&foe'kZ osQ fy, miyCèk djk;h tkrh gS
(,Iiy] 2000)A bl çdkj eè;&oxZ osQ Nk=kksa
osQ O;fDrfu"B vuqHkoksa osQ vkèkkj ij 'kSf{kd
ekin.Mksa vkSj ;ksX;rk dks x<+k tkrk gS (cksMhZ
,oa iklsjkWu] 1990_ ,Iiy] 1990_ fxjkWDl]
1983) vkSj okafNr lkaLÑfrd fojklrksa ls cPpksa
dh Hkk"kk vkSj jgu&lgu dks vuqfpr crkdj
muls lqèkkj dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA
bl çi=k esa mijksDr lS¼kafrd :ijs[kk
dk ç;ksx djosQ ;g le>k tk jgk gS fd
f'k{kd oafpr cPpksa osQ ckjs esa fdl rjg dh
èkkj.kk,¡ cukrs gSa\ LowQy ç'kklu vkSj f'k{kd
d{kkxr xfrfofèk;ksa esa bUgsa oSQls lfEefyr djrs
gSa (D;ksafd bUgksaus tqykbZ esa LowQy tkuk 'kq:
fd;k Fkk)\ buosQ eè; cPpksa osQ vuqHko vkSj
n`f"Vdks.k D;k gSa vkSj mudh Nk=k&igpku oSQls
x<+h tk jgh gS\
;g le>uk blfy, egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd
lkaLÑfrd fofHkUurkvksa dks egRo u nsus ls
12
lkekftd Lrjhdj.k dks iqu#Rikfnr djus okyh
Nk=k igpkuksa dks gh x<+k tk ldrk gS ftlls
f'k{kd cPps dh okLrfod laLÑfr] Hkk"kk] le>
vkSj dYiuk dks viuh lksp dk fgLlk ugha cuk
ikrs (dfeal] 2003)A ;s LVhfj;ksVkbi f'k{k.k
çfØ;k esa ckèkd gksrs gSa D;ksafd ;s uk osQoy
d{kk osQ vkUrfjd var£ojksèkksa dks lacksfèkr djus
esa ckfèkr gksrs gSa vfirq f'k{k.k vfèkxe çfØ;k
osQ lVhd ekxZn'kZu esa Hkh vojksèk mRiUu djrs
gSa (ek-la-fo-ea-] 2012)A
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
story as there is no notion of distance
between the movements of the body
and the person as agent; there is no
need to account for something that
pushes or pulls the body to make
it move- instead, a unified being
expresses itself directly in bodily
movement.” (ibid., p.142).
O;k[;kuksa ,oa voyksdu ls LowQy çfØ;k
esa LVªhV&fpYMªu dh fØ;kvksa dh okLrfork,¡
n`f"Vxr gqb±A
O;k[;kuksa (Voices) }kjk cPpksa dh lgefr vkSj volj
;g 'kksèk ,d vYila[;d LowQy esa fd;k x;k
vkoktksa dh le>
bu var£ojksèkksa dks cPpksa osQ O;k[;kuksa }kjk le>us
dh dksf'k'k dh x;h gS rkfd mudh vkoktksa
vkSj vuqHkoksa dks egRo fn;k tk losQ tks fd
f'k{kk osQ opZLo'kkyh O;k[;kuksa dk oafpr cPpksa
osQ çfrjksèkh O;k[;kuksa osQ la?k"kZ dks çLrqr djus
dk gh ,d ç;kl gS (,Iiy] 2000)A
;s O;k[;ku çR;{k :i esa ^Hkk"kk ijkorZu*
}kjk (reflexivity of language) O;Dr vkSj
fu£er gksrs gSa (th] 1988) vFkkZr~ tgk¡ cPpksa
osQ cksyus ls lUnHkZ ifjHkkf"kr gksrk gS ogha
lUnHkZ ls cPpksa osQ O;k[;ku ifjHkkf"kr gksrs gSaA
bl le> dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, gh ;s O;k[;ku
lqus vkSj fjdkWMZ fd;s x, gSaA blessa Hkk"kk vkSj
fopkj çfØ;k dks lqlaxr :i esa ns[kk x;k gS
(ikWfYoaQxgksuZ] 1988)A
bu o.kkZRed O;k[;kuksa osQ }kjk d{kk vkSj
^gkse* osQ voyksdu esa cPpksa osQ dFkuksa vkSj
fØ;k dks le>us esa enn feyh D;ksafd ;g
ekuk x;k fd “(in the) interpretation of a
FkkA bl LowQy osQ çèkku dh ^gkse* osQ Mk;jsDVj
osQ lkFk tku&igpku FkhA LowQy esa cPpksa dk
ços'k f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e (2009)
osQ rgr tqykbZ osQ eghus esa gqvk FkkA rc rd
LowQy dk Ms<+ eghus dk l=k chr pqdk FkkA
D;ksafd eSa bl lk>snkjh osQ igys gh lky esa
LowQy esa x;h blfy, eq>s lajpukRed ifjorZu
vkSj vuqowQyu dh çfØ;k dks vkSj xgurk ls
ns[kus vkSj tkapus dk ekSdk feykA Nk=kksa dh
lkaLÑfrd igpkuksa dh l`turk ,oa fujarjrk
LowQyh çfØ;kvksa ls ckè; Fkha (fofYyl] 1977_
th] 1999) tks fd LowQy l=k osQ nkSjku fujarj
x<+h x;haA
O;k[;ku
fI+kQjks”k 'kksèk esa lfEefyr gksus okys cPpksa esa
ls ,d FkkA mlosQ thou esa ?kfVr o`Ùkkar ,d
LVªhV&pkbYM osQ cpiu dh xgurk dks n'kkZrs
gSa vkSj mldh LowQyh çfØ;kvksa osQ fooj.k
fiQV gksus dh dksf'k'kµ vYila[;d LowQy esa ,d cPps dh dgkuh
LowQyh O;oLFkk dks xw<+ varn`Zf"V nsrs gSaA blosQ
lkFk&lkFk vuqiwjd voyksdu ls ;g le>us
esa enn feyrh gS fd LowQy LVªhV&fpYMªu osQ
lkaLÑfrd Kku dh eè;LFkrk fdl çdkj djrk
gS vkSj oSQls LowQyh Kku cPpksa vkSj LowQy
laLÑfr osQ vkdfLed la?k"kZ dk mRikn gSA
bu O;k[;kuksa esa ls oqQN çlax bl }a} dks
n'kkZrs gSaA tSls fdµ
cpiu
Story 6: iSnkb'k
R: rqe iSnk dgk¡ gq, vkSj ?kj ij dkSu&dkSu gSa\
Sub-story 1
eqapy cLrh esa iSnk gqvk Fkk--Sub-story 3: esjh ek¡ osQ nksLr
---esjs rks ikik jgrs Fks]
exj esjh eEeh osQ ,d vkSj Hkh nksLr Fksoks esjs fy, oqQN&oqQN ykrs Fks--Sub-story 4: eq>s cpk;k x;k
,d ckj uk] D;k gqvk Fkk uk]
eq>s toilet vk;h FkhA
rks eSa x;k Fkk] unh osQ lkeusA
unh ugha nhnh] D;k cksyrs gSa] ukykA
gk¡A ukys osQ lkeusA
rks uk ogk¡ is esjk iSj fiQly x;k FkkA
rks uk eSa Mwc jgk Fkk--oqQN yksx us eq>s ogk¡ ls fudkykA
rks eq>s fiQj cq[kkj gks x;kA
oqQN fnu eq>s dgha Hkst fn;kA
rks esjh eEeh us cksyk] ¶D;ksa Hkst fn;k\---¸
Sub-story 7: gekjk ?kj [kkyh djk;k
fiQj oqQN fnu osQ ckn ogk¡ yksx vk,A
cksys fd] ¶;gk¡ ls txg [kkyh djkvksA¸
13
geus ekuk ugha fd txg [kkyh djsa--rks [kkyh ugha fd;k] rks tyk fn;k Fkk] oks
txgA
oks fcfYMax lk] oks rksM+ fn;k FkkA
rks vkx yx x;h Fkh] esjs ?kj esa--;g va'k ,d 14 feuV yEcs O;k[;ku ls
fy;k x;k gS ftls fI+kQjks”k us çkFkfedrk osQ
fglkc ls ,d ?kVukØe esa ck¡èkkA mlus vius
cpiu dh dgkuh 14 feuV esa fcuk #osQ c;k¡
dhA ;gk¡ og vDlj viuh >qXxh osQ lkeqnkf;d
thou dh vksj b'kkjk djrk u”kj vkrk gSA og
viuh ek¡ osQ ,d nksLr dks ;kn djrk gS tks
mls NqViu esa migkj nsrk Fkk og vius ml
fj'rsnkj osQ ckjs esa crkrk gS ftlus mls ukys esa
Mwcus ls cpk;k FkkA gj ,sls fdLls osQ ckn] tgk¡
mldh tku dks [krjk gksrk Fkk] og viuh ek¡
dk f”kØ djrk gS vkSj dgrk gS fd og mldh
tku cpkus osQ fy, mls dgha nwj Hkst nsrh FkhA
;g fooj.k ml Hks| ifjos'k dk o`rkar nsrk gS
ftlesa oks iyk&c<+kA oks viuh >qXxh osQ ikl
,d ukys dh ckr djrk gS tks mldk 'kkSpky;
Fkk] ,d fuekZ.k LFky tks mldk ckFk:e Fkk_
,sls HkkSfrd ifjos'k] ftu esa nSfud thou dk
laj{k.k gh d"Vçn FkkA ;s vlárk vR;ar
n;uh; Fkh tc mldh >qXxh dks vkx yxk nh
x;h vkSj mldh ek¡ mls vkSj mlosQ HkkbZ cguksa
dks ikl dh ,d iSQDVªh esa] dkx”kksa osQ <sj ij
nks fnu osQ fy,] fcuk jksVh&ikuh osQ NksM+ vk;hA
blh dkj.k mlosQ ,oa mlosQ ?kj okyksa
osQ fy, ^gkse* ,d ,slk fodYi Fkk tgk¡ mls
lqj{kk] [kkuk vkSj f'k{kk fujarj :i ls fey
ldrh FkhA ;s cqfu;knh ”k:jrsa tks eè;e oxZ
14
osQ fy, vke gksrh gSa oks LVªhV fpYMªu osQ fy,
nqyZHk FkhaA blh dkj.k eè;e oxZ osQ cPps buosQ
thou;kiu dh leL;kvksa dh dYiuk Hkh ugha
dj ldrs FksA ;g okLrfodrk,a fI+kQjks”k osQ
LowQy vkrs gh ?kqyus yxha D;ksafd ;gk¡ og ,d
‘NGO osQ cPps* osQ uke ls iqdkjk tkus yxkA
vthc ckr ;s gS fd mUgsa bl rjg ifjHkkf"kr
djus ls mudh igpku fNi x;h Fkh vkSj vc ;s
mu ij fuèkkZfjr Fkk fd os viuh igpku fdls
vkSj fdl gn rd O;Dr djsaA LiksV~l
Z f'k{kd
vkSj vU; cPps mUgsa ,d lkFk cqykus osQ fy,
bl rjg lacksfèkr djrs FksA LiksV~l
Z f'k{kd rks
mUgsa fcuk ek¡&cki osQ cPps Hkh dgrs Fks gkyk¡fd
mUgsa bl ckr dk irk Fkk fd os vius ek¡&cki ls
nwj bl gkse esa jg jgs Fks (26 flracj 2013.
4:00pm)A d{kk osQ ckdh cPpksa dks Hkh muls
blhfy, lgkuqHkwfr Fkh D;ksafd muosQ ek¡&cki
ugha Fks (26 flracj 2013. 5:00pm)A mu ij
,d vukFk] xjhc dh igpku dks Fkksi dj lHkh
lksprs fd mUgsa enn dh l[r ”k:jr gSA
nwljh vksj cPpksa us bl igpku dks n`<+rk
ls vLohÑr fd;k vkSj gkse dh cky lHkk (tks
JJ Act Rules 2007 os rgr fu£er gqbZ Fkh)
esa çcaèkdksa ls bl ckjs esa vlarks"k çdV fd;kA
mUgksaus mUgsa LowQy osQ f'k{kdksa ls ckr djus
osQ fy, vkxzg fd;k vkSj ;g dgus dks dgk
fd os mUgsa bl uke ls uk cqyk,a D;ksafd blls
os xjhc&vukFk igpkus tkrs FksA vè;;u ;g
n'kkZrs gSa fd bl çdkj dh igpku ls cPpksa osQ
LowQyh çn'kZu ij vlj iM+rk gS tSls fd mÙkj
çns'k osQ 340 xkoksa esa Åaph tkfr vkSj fuEu
tkfr ls lEcfUèkr igpkuksa ij vkèkkfjr 'kksèk
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
esa ns[kk x;kA ;gk¡ tc mudh tkrh; igpku
dks Li"V djus dks dgk x;k rks nksuksa lewgksa osQ
çn'kZu esa egRoiw.kZ varj FkkA blosQ foijhr tc
budh igpku dks xqIr j[kk x;k rks ;s egRoiw.kZ
varj ugha Fkk ftlls ;s ekuk x;k fd cPpksa dh
igpkuksa dks cfgxZr j[kus ls mUgsa vuqowQy U;k;
ugha feysxkA bl vfo'okl osQ dkj.k gh cPpksa
dks çsfjr djuk tfVy gks x;k tks fd muosQ
çn'kZu osQ fy, udkjkRed fl¼ gqvk (gkWiQ
,oa ik.Ms] 2005)A
gkse vkSj LowQy esa lh[kus dh çfØ;k
fo|ky; dh vis{kk ^gkse* esa f'k{k.k vfèkxe
çfØ;k dk :i vukSipkfjd Fkk vkSj ;gk¡ cPps
f'k{kd osQ lkFk fj'rs x<+ ldrs Fks D;ksafd ckr
djus osQ fy, mUgsa le; ls ikcan ugha fd;k
x;k FkkA LowQy esa blls foijhr FkkA ;gk¡ f'k{kd
le; ls ckè; FksA le; lkj.kh dh lajpuk esa
d{kk dh vof/ ?k.Vs dh FkhA ml ij f'k{kd
mu f'k{k.k j.kuhfr;ksa dk ç;ksx djrs Fks tks
ikB~;Øe dks iwoZ&fuèkkZfjr vofèk esa iw.kZ dj
losaQA fI+kQjks”k dks bl rhozrk dk vkHkkl LowQy
osQ igys gh fnu gqvk tgk¡ f'k{kd ,d osQ
ckn ,d fo"k; i<+kus vkrs x, vkSj mls iyd
>idus dk ekSdk Hkh ugha fey ldkA og vius
O;k[;ku ^LowQy dk igyk fnu* esa dgrk gS]
Story 17: LowQy dk igyk fnu
Sub-story 1: LowQy
---rks geus Hkh ns[kk oqQN cPps [ksy jgsA
oqQN cPps i<+kbZ dj jgs-Sub-sub-story 1: ihfj;M~l dk flyflyk
fI+kQj ykbu ls lc yksx Dykl esa x,A
fiQV gksus dh dksf'k'kµ vYila[;d LowQy esa ,d cPps dh dgkuh
fI+kQj igyk eSFk dk dke gqvkA
fganh dk igys] fganh dk dke gqvkA
rks ma’am us i<+k;k] rks le> ugha vk;kA
Ma’am us cksyk] ¶rqEgkjk vyx ls Dykl ysaxsA
D;ksafd rqEgsa le> ugha vk;kA¸
,slk gh pyrk jgkA
fI+kQj NBs ihfj;M esa gqvk Fkk uk]
ml Vkbe English dk ihfj;M FkkA
English le>us dh dksf'k'k dj jgk FkkA
ij eq>s le> ugha vk;kA
rks fI+kQj uk ma’am us eq>s cqyk osQ le>k;kA
ysfdu eq>s le> ugha vk;k--mlosQ ckn i<+kbZ fd;k]
NBs ihfj;M esaA
NBk ihfj;M EVS dk gksrk gSA
EVS dk i<+kA
e”kk rks vk;kA le> x;k eSa] FkksM+k&FkksM+kA
Sub-sub story 2: d{kk esa lksuk
mlosQ ckn ,sls djrs&djrs Fkd x;k Fkk]
rks eSa lks x;k FkkA
xyrh lsA
rks ma’am us cksyk]
¶LowQy esa lksrs ugha gSaA¸
exj eq>s irk ugha FkkA
mlh osQ fy, eSa lks x;k FkkA
Ma’am us eq>s cksyk]
¶LowQy esa lksrs ugha gSaA¸
rks eSa lksrk ugha LowQy esaA
,d fnu uhan vk x;h FkhA
Sub-sub story 3: oqQN vkSj ihfj;M~l dk
flyflyk
mlosQ ckn vkBoka ihfj;M gqvk---
15
fI+kQj ukSoka ihfj;M mnwZ dk FkkA
rks ma’am mlesa fy[k jgh FkhaA
rks gesa le> ugha vk jgk Fkk]
D;k fy[k jgh gSaA
rks geus ma’am ls cksyk]
“Ma’am gesa le> ugha vk jgkA
vkSj geus i<+k Hkh ugha gSA¸
rks ma’am us dgk] ¶rqEgsa crk nsaxs- ckn esa¸--rks fiQj Nq ê ðh gqbZ--LowQy ^gkse* ls yxHkx ,d ?kaVs dh nwjh ij
fLFkr gSA fI+kQjks”k LowQy vkSj mlosQ vkl&ikl
osQ okrkoj.k dh ç'kalk djrk gSA oks LowQy osQ
ml ckx osQ ckjs esa fooj.k nsrk gS tgk¡ cPps
vDlj [ksyrs FksA og crkrk gS fd mu esa ls
oqQN cPps mlh fo|ky; osQ lqcg dh ikyh esa
i<+rs FksA ?kaVh ctrs gh [ksyuk NksMd
+ j lHkh cPps
çkFkZuk lHkk osQ fy, Hkkxrs FksA og crkrk gS fd
lHkk [+kRe gksus osQ ckn lHkh cPps viuh&viuh
ykbuksa esa d{kk esa tkrs Fks tcfd ^gkse* esa fczt
dkslZ osQ nkSjku ,slk ugha gksrk FkkA bl rjg oks
LowQy laLÑfr esa vuq'kklu osQ rRo dh le>
fodflr djrk gS tks dh gkse dh O;oLFkk esa
ugha FkhA ogk¡ #fpdj xfrfofèk;ksa ,oa dgkfu;ksa
osQ ekè;e ls gh cPpksa dks d{kkvksa esa layfxr
j[kk tk ldrk FkkA ^gkse* dh O;oLFkk esa Nk=kksa
osQ ikl ;s vfèkdkj Fkk fd og Nk=k f'k{kd
var%fØ;k osQ nkSjku f'k{kd dh xyfr;ksa (vDlj
;s xyfr;k¡ tku&cw>dj dh tkrh Fkha) dks Vksd
losQa A og uk osQoy f'k{kdksa ls Li"Vhdj.k ekax
ldrs Fks cfYd mUgsa oqQN fuf'pr xfrfofèk;ksa
esa lfEefyr djus osQ fy, ckè; Hkh dj ldrs
FksA blosQ foijhr LowQy esa f'kf{kdk,¡ le; ,oa
16
ikB~;Øe ls ckè; gksrh Fkha ftlesa f'k{kd&Nk=k
varfØ;k esa laokn osQ fy, visf{kr LFkku ugha
FkkA blh dkj.k fI+kQjks”k osQ fy, ;s f'k{k.k
vFkZghu FkkA bl çdkj dh fujFkZd f'k{k.k
vfèkxe çfØ;k osQ iQyLo:i og u osQoy
vaxzs”kh vfirq fganh osQ ikB Hkh le>us esa vius
dks v{ke eglwl djrk FkkA
mlus i;kZoj.k f'k{kk osQ ihfj;M dks jksekapd
crk;k gS D;ksafd og mlesa oqQN le> ik;k FkkA
vxys ihfj;M esa og fo"k;ksa dh fujFkZdrk
,oa vFkkg xgurk (intensification) (,Iiy]
1982) dks eglwl djrs gq, bruk Fkd x;k gS
fd og Dykl esa gh lks x;kA gkykafd mlosQ ;s
crkus ij fd mls mnwZ Hkk"kk dk dksbZ iwoZKku ugha
gS f'kf{kdk us mls enn dk vk'oklu fn;kA
fI+kQjks”k LowQy dh lkaLÑfrd vfujarjrk
(culturally discontinuous) dks js[kkafdr
djrs gq, ;g mYysf[kr djrk gS (vkWXcw]
1982) fd fdl izdkj 'kq#vkrh fnuksa esa LowQy
osQ fu;eksa ,oa fu;ferrkvksa dks lh[kus rd
lhfer gSA iwoZ çkjafHkd f'k{kk ij fd;s x, 'kksèk
;g n'kkZrs gSa fd tks cPps visf{kr vk;q esa
LowQy tkuk 'kq: dj nsrs gSa og bu fu;eksa dks
uk osQoy tYnh lh[k tkrs gSa cfYd rRijrk ls
budk ikyu Hkh djrs gSa D;ksafd bl le; mudk
è;ku lh[kus ls vfèkd f'k{kd dh vis{kkvksa ij
gksrk gSA ;g n`f"Vdks.k lekthdj.k dh çfØ;k
dks iqu#Rikfnr djus dk ç;kl djrk gS ftlesa
ekudksa ,oa lkekftd var£Ø;k dh ifjHkk"kkvksa
dks lh[kus ij iQksdl fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
var£Ø;k dk og vge i{k gS ftlesa ijLij
lEcUèk] lÙkk dh çÑfr] lgt earO;ksa vkSj
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
d{kk thou osQ nwljs igyw LowQy laLÑfr esa
cPpksa dh Hkwfedk lacaèkh tkx:drk dks fuèkkZfjr
djus osQ fy, ç;qDr fd;s tkrs gSaA LowQy osQ
'kq#vkrh gÝ+rksa esa bl çfØ;k dks f'k{kd dh
lÙkk osQ }kjk vfèkd xgurk ls fØ;kfUor fd;k
tkrk gSA
LowQy }kjk bu cPpksa dks O;oLFkk esa
lfEefyr djus osQ mís'; ls fu;qDr dh x;h
dkmalyj (tks lekt dk;Z esa Lukrd Fkha) ls
ckrphr esa irk pyrk gS fd fdl çdkj f'k{kd
^gkse* ls vk;s bu lkaLÑfrd :i ls fofHkUu
cPpksa dh O;fDrxr le> dks fu;af=kr djrs
gSaA lekt dk;Z f'k{kk esa çf'kf{kr ,oa Lye
osQ cPpksa osQ lkFk dk;Z vuqHko osQ vkèkkj ij
mUgksaus cPpksa osQ fy, ik¡p fnu dh dk;Z'kkyk
dk vk;kstu fd;k rkfd fofHkUu fo"k;ksa osQ
f'k{kd bu Nk=kksa dks d{kk dh çfØ;kvksa esa
lfEefyr djus osQ fy, iwoZ ;kstukvksa ,oa
j.kfufr;ksa dk fuekZ.k dj losaQA bl dk;Z'kkyk
osQ nks ls'ku ^thou dkS'ky* ij vkèkkfjr Fks
tks fu;e vuqikyu dh ,d e`nq&lkekftdj.k
rduhd (soft-socialisation technique)
(thjkWDl] 1981) FkhA
dkmalyj dgrh gSa] ¶;gk¡ is tks djsaxsA
Language, proper language — mls
djsaxsA Vkbe is vk;saxsA fdrkcsa iwjh ykuh pkfg,A
dkWih isafly iwjh gksuh pkfg,A ;s ugha fd isafly
ugha ys osQ vk x, vkSj vkèkh&vkèkh dj osQ
mls bLrseky dj jgs gSaA tc ns[kks rks nwljs dk
lkeku iz;ksx dj jgs gSaA ;s Hkh ugha fd tc
dksbZ nwljk ugha ykrk rks mls ugha nsuk] mls
share dhft;sA dbZ ckj ,slk gks tkrk gS rks ns
fiQV gksus dh dksf'k'kµ vYila[;d LowQy esa ,d cPps dh dgkuh
nhft;sA dbZ ckj vxj regular feature cu
tkrk gS rks euk dj nhft;s fd ugha rqe viuh
yk;k djks--- oSQls Hkh twrs igu osQ vk jgs gSaA
;s lkjh ph”ksaA muosQ ysoy dk ;s lkjh ph”ksa¸
(I.15 tqykbZ 2013.4:00pm)A
bl çdkj thou dkS'ky osQ ikB~;Øe dks
fuèkkZfjr djosQ dkmalyj cPpksa osQ lkaLÑfrd
Kku dks fo'ks"k çdkj ls lajfpr djrh gSA bl
çdkj dh laLÑfr dh Hkk"kk uk rks fu;fer
gS] uk gh blesa vuq'kklu gS] uk O;oLFkk gS]
uk gh igukok gh O;ofLFkr gS vkSj lg;ksx
dh voèkkj.kk Hkh lfEefyr ugha gSA blh
otg ls oks thou dkS'ky osQ ikB~;Øe dh
O;oLFkk djrh gSA bl çdkj dk ikB~;Øe
“(focuses on) character development,
on teaching them a clear sense of
right and wrong, skills of individual
achievement which translate into the
virtues of hard-work, self discipline,
perseverance, industry, respect for
family, for learning and for country…
(and)
smoothes
over
conflict”
(Girouux, 2005, p.19). blh dkj.k cPpksa
esa fufgr thou dkS'kyksa ij pqIih lkèkrs gq, ,oa
mUgsa udkjrs gq, fofHkUurk dks ghurk osQ :i esa
O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
LowQy osQ cPpksa ,oa f'k{kdksa }kjk Fkksih
x;h igpku ,d ^NGO osQ cPps* dh gS tks
fd NGO ls iwoZ ,d LVªhV&pkbYM FkkA bl
dkj.k mlosQ ckjs esa oqQN voèkkj.kk,a Fkha tks
lekt dk;Z dh n`f"V ls çÑfrÑr dh tkrh
Fkha ftldh otg ls fI+kQjks”k osQ fy, LowQy esa
negotiation dh çfØ;k mRihM+d FkhA
bu igpkuksa dks bl vkèkkj ij x<+k tkrk
gS fd bu Nk=kksa dks bafXy'k vkSj mnwZ dk dksbZ
17
iwoZ Kku ugha gS D;ksafd buosQ f'k{k.k dk ekè;e
fganh Hkk"kk jgh gS ftlosQ vkèkkj ij f'k{kd ;s
roZQ çLrqr djrs gSa fd budh bl ghurk osQ
dkj.k og d{kk osQ Lrj ij igq¡pus esa v{ke gSaA
Lrj lacaèkh bl lkekU; èkkj.kk esa vPNs vkSj cqjs
nksuksa gh rRo gSaA bldk udkjkRed i{k ;s gS fd
cPpksa dks mÙkjnk;h Bgjk dj f'k{kd Lo;a osQ
lkaLÑfrd iwokZxzgksa vkSj vkykspukRed laokn osQ
mÙkjnkf;Ro ls eqDr gks tkrs gSaA nwljh vksj bl
èkkj.kk dk ldkjkRed i{k ;s gS fd f'k{kd Lo;a
LowQy osQ le; ls ,d ?kaVk iwoZ vkdj Nk=kksa
osQ ^Lrj* esa vfHko`f¼ osQ fy, ç;kl djrs gSa
gkykafd blosQ fy, mipkjh f'k{kk fofèk dk gh
ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl fofèk esa ;g ekU;rk
fufgr gS fd oafpr lewg dks ,slh j.kuhfr }kjk
f'kf{kr fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftl ls fd os eè;e
oxZ osQ vU; Nk=kksa ls leku Lrj ij çfrLièkkZ
dj losaQA gkyk¡fd lrgh Lrj ij ;g lgefr
;ksX; rks yxrk gS ij oSpkfjd n`f"V ls ;g
leL;kÑr voèkkj.kk gS D;ksafd ;g vleku
çfrLièkkZ esa Hkh laKkukRed Lrj ij bu Nk=kksa dks
eè;e oxZ osQ Nk=kksa dh vis{kk ghu n'kkZrh gSaA
;g voèkkj.kk “(is a) conservative value
position which is quite functional to
the ongoing maintenance of already
reified patterns of interaction in
schools” (Apple 1972, p.74)-
vewrZ
èkkj.kk osQ :i esa cPpksa dh {kerk dk Lrj ;s
fuèkkZfjr djrk gS fd cPps d{kk esa fdruk lh[k
ldrs gSa ;|fi f'k{kd osQ ldkjkRed lg;ksx
ls mldh {kerkvksa dks fu[kkjk tk ldrk gSA
d{kk osQ 'kq#vkrh l=k esa gh mipkjh d{kkvksa
osQ fy, cPpksa osQ Lrj dks lUnHkZ&fcanq osQ :i
18
esa ç;qDr djrs gq, mudk Js.khdj.k dj fn;k
tkrk gSA
dkmalyj osQ fglkc ls 'kq#vkr esa
gh mu cPpksa osQ ^iwoZ&Kku* dh tkap ,oa
muosQ lkekftd] HkkoukRed ,oa euksoSKkfud
fodkl osQ fuèkkZj.k osQ vkèkkj ij LrjhÑr
dj osQ mudh enn gks ldrh Fkh (19 flracj
2011.2:00pm)A bl çdkj og cPpksa osQ
fy, ,d oLrqfu"B lekèkku çLrqr djrh gSA
bl rjg dh oLrqfu"B le> cPpksa ls lEcfUèkr
tfVy okLrfodrkvksa dks leL;kÑr djus dh
ctk; f'k{kdksa osQ Kku lacaèkh iwokZxzgksa dks Fkksius
dk ç;kl djrh gS (,Iiy] 1990)A cPpksa dk
bl rjg dk Js.khdj.k laLFkkxr lUnHkksaZ ij ç'u
[kM+k djus dh ctk; cPpksa dks gh mÙkjnk;h
Bgjkrk gSA
fu"d"kZ
bu çfØ;kvksa us fI+kQjks”k dks ;s lkspus ij etcwj
dj fn;k fd oks LowQy dh mEehnksa ij [kjk ugha
mrj ik;sxkA og Dykl dh i<+kbZ dks le> gh
ugha ik jgk Fkk vkSj blh dkj.k mls ijh{kk esa
udy ekj dj ikl gksuk iM+kA blfy, mlus
bl LowQy dk cfg"dkj djosQ Lo;a dk ukekadu
,d ljdkjh LowQy esa djokus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA
og dgrk gS fd] ¶nhnh eq>s LowQy ls uke
dkVus dk dj nksA ,d nhnh dks Hkh crk;kA
cksyk ugha dVsxkA ugha dVsxkA cksy jgs Fks] tks
gekjs :e osQ bapktZ gSa uk] mudks Hkh cksykA
cksys] ¶gk¡ ijh{kk ns rwA rsjk oqQN gksxkA¸ ijh{kk
gksus okyh gS ,d rkjh[k dksA nhnh tks eSa i<+rk
gw¡] okfil Hkwy tkrk gw¡A cl ,d oks gh ;kn
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
jgk&application. ckfd grammar rks cgqr
eqf'dy gSA vkSj nhnh] pkSFkh rks eSaus phfVax dj
osQ gh ikj dh FkhA gk¡] English, ;g lcA rks
nhnh] dc rd phfVax djrs jgw¡xk uk\ nhnh]
blfy, eq>s ljdkjh esa tkuk gSA nwljs LowQy
esaA nhnh] IIT xsV esa rhljh esa Fkk uk] first
yk;k FkkA¸
,d le>nkj vkSj fu"Bkoku fo|kFkhZ gksus
osQ dkj.k gkse osQ f'k{kdksa vkSj çcaèkdksa us
mlosQ LowQy cnyus osQ fu.kZ; dks iyVus osQ
fy, dkI+kQh ç;kl fd;sA gkse osQ lnL;ksa osQ
fopkjksa osQ foijhr LowQy osQ f'k{kdksa dk ekuuk
Fkk fd ;|fi og ,d fu"Bkoku fo|kFkhZ gS
ysfdu og ,d ,slk vukFk ckyd gS ftls
lh[kus dk volj rks feyk gS ij mlls d{kk
osQ vU; fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ eqdkcys csgrj çn'kZu
dh mEehn ugha dh tk ldrhA f'k{kdksa dks bl
ckr dk vkHkkl gh ugha Fkk fd mls lh[kus
dk volj rks feyk fdUrq ;g volj lekurk
vkèkkfjr ugha Fkk D;ksafd Dykl esa i<+us okys
cgqr lkjs cPpksa us visf{kr vk;q ls gh LowQyh
f'k{kk çkjaHk dj nh FkhA muosQ fy, nwljh Hkk"kk
osQ :i esa vaxs”z kh (English as a Second
Language) dks lh[kuk vis{kr;k ljy Fkk
D;ksafd LowQy ,oa ?kj esa Hkh fujarj vFkZiw.kZ
laokn osQ ekè;e ls mUgsa bl Hkk"kk dk çR;{k.k
djok;k tkrk FkkA bl rjg og laokn ,oa
lkekftd var£Ø;k dh çfØ;k }kjk vaxs”z kh Hkk"kk
dh fo|k&fo"k;d le> dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa
tcfd fI+kQjks”k tSls Nk=kksa osQ ikl ,sls volj
miyCèk ugha gksrsA blfy, ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ
ç'u gS fd D;k LowQyh f'k{kk okLro esa mUgsa
fiQV gksus dh dksf'k'kµ vYila[;d LowQy esa ,d cPps dh dgkuh
vaxs”z kh dks fo|k&fo"k;d ,oa nwljh Hkk"kk osQ :i
esa lh[kus osQ leku volj miyCèk djkrh gS\
f'k{kd Nk=kksa dk Lrjhdj.k dj osQ u osQoy
buosQ HkkoukRed fuLianu (affective filter)
dks c<+krk gS cfYd muosQ Hkk"kk ,oa lh[kus
lacaèkh vU; {kerkvksa dks Hkh vojksfèkr djrk gS
(dj'ksu] 1981)A ;gh dkj.k gS fd og ^gkse*
dh f'kf{kdkvksa ls cPpksa dh fo'ks"kKrkvksa ,oa
lh[kus lacaèkh j.kuhfr;ksa dks tkuus dh ctk;
cPpksa osQ visf{kr çn'kZu u djus osQ fy,
mudh lh[kus esa vuklfDr ,oa v#fprk dks
mÙkjnk;h Bgjkrh gSaA
f'k{kd mUgsa mudh lkekftd] vk£Fkd ,oa
jktuhfrd :ijs[kk esa fLFkr oafpr fLFkfr osQ
19
foijhr vHkko vkèkkfjr n`f"Vdks.k osQ vkèkkj
ij çLrqr djrs gSa (XykWlj] 1977)A os muosQ
lgHkkfxrk ,oa vfLerk la?k"kZ ls lacaèkh dkS'kyksa
dks LohÑr ugha djrsA gkse osQ leUo;d us bl
leL;k dks eglwl fd;k vkSj LowQy ç'kklu
,oa f'k{kdksa dks gkse esa vkeaf=kr fd;k ij ,slk
laHko ugha gks ik;kA ;|fi ,slk gksrk rks f'k{kd
vius laokn dks cPpksa dh lkekftd] oxhZ; ,oa
lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij iqujhf{kr
dj ikrs tks okLro esa vleku lÙkk forj.k
dh fofHkUu èkkjk,a gSa ftlosQ vkèkkj ij cPpksa
dks laKkukRed n`f"V ls foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS
(MSfYiV] 2006)A
lanHkZ
vkWxcw] ts-;w- 1982- dYpjy fMldfUVU;wVh”k ,.M LowQfyax] ,aFkzksikWykWth ,.M ,tqosQ'ku DokjVyhZ] okWY;we&XIII]
ua- 4] i`-290&307 ,Iiy] ,e-McY;w- vkWVe- 1972- jsfefM;y dfjD;wyk % , fozQVhd- dfjD;wye fFkvjh usVooZQ] 10] i`- 74&77 1982- ,tqosQ'ku ,.M ikoj- ckWLVu % :Vyst ,.M osQxu ikWy 1990- vkbfM;ksykWth ,.M dfjD;wye- U;w;kWoZQ % :Vyst 2000- (2ljk ,fM'ku)- vkWfiQf'k;y ukWyst % MsekWozsQfVd ,tqosQ'ku bu , du”kjosfVo ,t- U;w;kWoZQ %
:Vyst dfeUl] ts- 2003- pSysfUtax n dUlVªD'ku vkWiQ fMizsaQl ,”k MsfiQflV % Ogs;j vkj vkbMSfUVVh] bUVySDV]
beSftus'ku] ,.M ikoj bu n U;w jsthe vkWiQ VªwFk\ bu isMkxksth”k vkWiQ fMizSQUl % jhfFkafdax ,tqosQ'ku iQkWj
lks'ky psUt- U;w;kWoZQ % :Vyst- iQkYej- i`- 39&58 ozsQ'ku] ,l- 1982- fizafliYl ,.M izsfDVl bu lSosQUM ySaxq,t ,oqQbf”k'ku] ijxkekWu izsl bUd XykW”kj] ch- 1997- LVªhV fpYMªu % MhdUlVªfDVax , dUlVªDV- bu ,- tsE”k ,.M izkmQV] ,- (,M”k)- dULVªfDVax
,.M jhdUlVªfDVax pkbYMgqM % dUVsEijsjh b'kw”k bu lks';ksykWftdy LVMh vkWiQ pkbYMgqM th:] ,p-,- 1981- vkbfM;ksykWth] dYpj ,.M n izkslsl vkWiQ LowQfyax- yanu % n iQkYej izsl 1983- fFkvjh] jsf”klVsUl ,.M ,tqosQ'ku- yanu % ghusesu ,tqosQ'kuy cqDl 2005- (viMsVsM ,fM'ku)- LowQfyax ,.M n LVªxy iQkWj ifCyd ykbiQ % MsekWozsQlh”k izksfel ,.M
,tqosQ'kUl pSysUt- cksYMj % iSjkMkbe ifCy'klZ -
20
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
>k- ts- ,.M f>axju] Mh- 2002- ,fyesUVªh ,tqosQ'ku iQkWj n iwvjsLV ,.M vnj fMizkbOM xzqI”k] u;h fnYyh % lsUVj
iQkWj ikWfylh fjlpZ MSfYiV] ,y- 2006- vnj ihiY”k fpYMªu % dYpjy dkWUiQfyDV bu n Dykl:e- U;w;kWoZQ % n U;w izsl xh] ts-ih- 1999- ,u bUVªksMD'ku Vw fMldkslZ vuSfyfll- yanu % :Vyst ikWyfdaxgksuZ] Mh-bZ- 1988- uSjsfVo uksbax ,.M n áweu lkbals”k] ,Ccsuh % LVsV ;wfuo£lVh vkWiQ U;w;kWoZQ izsl csrs] ,- 1980- n vkbfM;k vkWiQ uSpqjy bubDokfyVh- yanu % yanu LowQy vkWiQ bdksukWfeDl ,.M ikWfyfVdy
lkbUl cksMhZ] ih- ,.M iklsjkWu] ts-lh- 1977- jhizksMD'ku bu ,tqosQ'ku] lkslkbVh ,.M dYpj- u;h fnYyh % lst
ifCyosQ'kUl bf.M;k] izk-fycSaDl] ts-,- (,M-)- 2009- n :Vyst baVjuS'kuy dEiSfu;u Vw eYVhdYpjy ,tqosQ'ku- U;w;kWoZQ % :Vyst Hkkjr ljdkj- 2007- n twfoukby tfLVl (osQvj ,.M izksVsD'ku vkWiQ fpYMªu) :Y”k] 2007- u;h fnYyh 2009- f'k{kk dk vf/dkj vf/fu;e] 2009 Hkkjr ljdkj] f'k{kk ea=kky;- 2012- xkbMykbUl vaMj lsD'ku 35(1) vkWiQ n jkbV vkWiQ fpYMªu Vw izQh ,.M
dEiyljh ,tqosQ'ku ,DV] 2009- u;h fnYyh uachlu] xh-c- 2009- ,DlDyw”ku ,.M fMlfozQfeus'ku bu LowQYl % ,Dlihfj,als”k vkWiQ nfyr fpYMªu- o²dx
isij fljh”k oksY;we 1(1)- Hkkjr % vkbZ-vkbZ-Mh-,l- ,.M ;wfulsiQ fofYyl] ih- 1977- y²ux Vw yscj % gkmQ o²dx Dykl fdM”k xsV o²dx Dykl tkWCl~ iQkWuZcj] gSUV”k %
lSD'ku gkmQl gkWI+kQ] osQ- ,.M ik.Ms] ih- 2005- vikWjp~;wfuVh b”k ukWV ,ojhfFkax % gkmQ fcyhI+kQ flLVEl~ ,.M feLVªLV 'ksi
fjlikWUls”k Vw bdksukWfed bulsfUVO”k- bdksukWfeDl vkWiQ Vªkaf”k'ku] 13(3)] i`- 445&472 -
'kkafr vkSj fodkl dh f'k{kk µ ,d la;qDr
fopkj.kh; eqík
ftrsUnz yks<+k·
'kkafr] ekuork osQ vfLrRo ,oa mlosQ laLdkj&;qDr fodkl osQ fy, iwoZ visf{kr izfreku
gSA blfy, vius lukru Lo:Ik esa 'kkafr vkSj fodkl la;qDr fopkj.kh; ?kVd gSa] tks
ijLij laacafèkr gksrs gq,] viuh mRÑ"Vrk osQ fy, f'k{kk osQ vkfJr pj gSaA p¡wfd f'k{kk
,d egRoiw.kZ lkèku gS] ftlosQ dUèkksa ij vko';d o leqfpr ekuork dks izcafèkr djus
dh egRoiw.kZ ftEesnkjh gSA bl n`f"V ls vius izkÑr Lo:Ik esa 'kkafr] fodkl ,oa f'k{kk osQ
eè; ijLij fuHkZjrk okys lacaèk dk;e gSa] ftlosQ pyrs vkt lekt esa }U}ksa dk ifjektZu]
fcxkM+&jfgr fodkl] ijLij fuHkZjrk] okn&fookn lqy>kus osQ izf'k{k.k] yksdra=k ,oa
ekuokfèkdkj tkx:drk osQ lkFk&lkFk oSf'od vko';drkvksa ,oa ifjorZuksa osQ vglkl
tSls KkuRed i{kksa dks js[kkafdr djus dh ftEesnkjh ¶'kkafr vkSj fodkl;qDr&f'k{kk¸ dh
gSA vr% fnu osQ mtkys dh rjg lkiQ gS fd ^'kkaR;qDr&fodkl* vkSj ^fodkLk;qDr&'kkafr*
dh LFkkiuk osQ fy, ¶'kkafr o fodkLk;qDr f'k{kk¸ ,d izdkj ls vius cgq&vuq'kklfud
Lo:Ik esa fcxkM+] v'kkafr o mRikndrk dk lE;o~Q izcaèku gS] ftldk Yk{; 'kkar] lq[kh o
le`¼ ekuork dk mn; djuk gSA vr% bl fn'kk osQ lekos'kh eap mRÑ"V 'kSf{kd ekudksa
dks x<+us osQ fy, Lokxr ;ksX; izdYi gSA
i`"BHkwfe
'kkafr vkSj fodkl] orZeku osQ ekuo thou dh
lokZfèkd visf{kr fo"k;&oLrq gSA 'kkafr o lejlrk
lfgr thou i`Foh ij laLdkj ;qDr fodkl dh
,d loZdkfyd vko';drkijd voèkkj.kk gS]
ftldk egRo dHkh lekIr ugha gksxkA 'kkafr osQ
fy, f'k{kk uSfrd fodkl osQ lkFk mu ewY;ks]a
n`f"Vdks.kksa vkSj dkS'kyksa osQ iks"k.k ij cy nsrh
gS] tks izÑfr vkSj ekuo txr osQ chp lkeatL;
fcBkus osQ fy, vko';d gSA ge lHkh tkurs gaS fd
· O;k[;krk&f'k{kk] vkj-,y- lgfj;k jktdh; LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] dkykMsjk (t;iqj) jktLFkku 303801
22
i`Foh ij thou dk vkèkkj lg&vfLrRo] lgdkj]
lfg".kqrk] lekurk] U;k;] }a}ksa dk ifjektZu ,oa
laLdkj ;qDr ikfjfLFkfrd lary
q uksa dk lEeku
djus tSlh izof` Ùk;ka gS]a vkSj bu izof` Ùk;ksa dh
LFkkiuk dk ewy vkèkkj gS] 'kkaR;qDr&fodklA pwfa d
f'k{kk ekuoh; thou dh oks vewY; fufèk gS]
ftldk voyEc ysdj ge viuh vko';drkvksa
,oa lUrqfyr thou dk ekxZ fufeZr dj ldrs gSAa
blfy, 'kkafr vkSj fodkl dh LFkkiuk dk dk;Z
Hkh vius lukru o loZdkfyd :i ls f'k{kk dk
vfHkizrs gSA
vkbZ-bZ-ih-] tks vFkZ'kkL=k vkSj 'kkafr osQ fy,
xSj ykHkdkjh oSf'od vuqlaèkkukRed laxBu gS]
dk fl¼ :i esa ekuuk gS fd ¶'kkafr] ekuork
osQ vfLrRo ,oa mlosQ lrr~ fodkl osQ fy,
,d iwoZ visf{kr izfreku gSA blfy, 'kkafr vkSj
fodkl la;qDr fopkj.kh; ?kVd gSa] tks ijLij
lacafèkr gksrs gq, Hkh vius izxk<+ lacaèkksa o
mRÑ"Vrk osQ fy, f'k{kk osQ vkfJr pj gSaA¸1
ns[kk tk, rks ;g lR; Hkh gS] tgka ,d vksj
f'k{kk] 'kkafr osQ fy, Hkkoh ih<+h esa mu Kku
ewY;ksa] O;ogkjksa] dkS'kyksa ,oa vfHko`fÙk;ksa dk
fodkl djrh gS] ftuls oS;fDrd o lkewfgd
ekuork esa O;kIkd osQ fy, ladh.kZrk dks R;kxus
dh izo`fr] izÑfr o laLÑfr osQ eè; larqyu
cSBkus osQ iz;kl ,oa laLdkj ;qDr fodkl dks
cy feyrk gS] ogha nwljh vksj f'k{kk] fodkl
osQ fy, jk"Vª dks HkkSfrd o ekuoh; lkèkuksa
osQ ;ksX;] l{ke ,oa xq.kkRed cukdj] vk£Fkd
fodkl osQ egRoiw.kZ vkèkkj rS;kj djrh gSA bl
lacaèk esa ^MsykWlZ vk;ksx* }kjk cM+h lkef;d
fVIi.kh dh x;h gS&¶f'k{kk ,d egRoiw.kZ lkèku
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
gS] ftlesa ekuo osQ fodkl dk lqlaxfBr Lo:i
iui losQ rFkk ftlls xjhch] vyxko] vKku]
'kks"k.k ,oa ;q¼ dh fLFkfr;ksa dk fujkdj.k gks
losQ] blfy, 'kkafr] èkS;Z ,oa lgkl iznku djuk]
f'k{kk dh ftEesnkjh gSA¸2
21 flrEcj 2013 dks la;qDr jk"Vª la?k us
vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr fnol ?kksf"kr fd;k] ftldk
fo"k; ¶'kkafr osQ fy, f'k{kk¸ j[kk x;k FkkA
fo'ks"kdj ;g fnol 'kkafr o f'k{kk dks le£ir
fd;k x;k gSA ;qusLdks }kjk uo LFkkfir laLFkku
^egkRek xk¡èkh bafLVV~;wV vkWiQ ,tqosQ'ku iQWkj
ihl ,.M lLVsuscy MoyiesUV (MGIEP)]
viuh fn'kk dk ,d fof'k"V izdkj dk laLFkku
gS] tks fo'o dk og vxzxkeh laLFkku gS] ftlesa
'kkafr o lrr~ fodkl dh èkkj.kkvksa ,oa ewY;ksa
dks la;qDr o lekosf'kr :i esa] f'k{kk osQ
ekè;e ls LFkkfir djus ij u osQoy cy fn;k
tkrk gS] cfYd bldh LFkkiuk dk eq[; mís';
n'kZu Hkh ;gh gSA ;g laLFkku orZeku esa pkj
{ks=kksa ij dk;Z dj jgk gSA izFke] ;g laLFkku
lnL; ns'kksa dks 'kkafr o lrr~ fodkl osQ fy,
lykg] lgk;rk] okn&fookn ,oa foospukRed
fu"d"kks± osQ fy, eap iznku djrk gSA f}rh;]
'kkafr o fodkl osQ 'kSf{kd {kS=kksa dh Hkwfedk o
ikB;Øe js[kkafdr dj] LFkkiuk esa enn djrk
gSA r`rh;] 'kkafr o lrr~ fodkl dh fcfYMax
oSQisflVh osQ {ks=k esa vuqlaèkkuksa ,oa vk;kstukvksa
dks fn'kk iznku djuk] vkSj viuh prqFkZ Hkwfedk
esa ;g laLFkku] 'kkafr o lrr~ fodkl dh n`f"V
ls fofHkUu fn'kkijd lgHkkfxrkvksa] laxBuksa ,oa
tqM+koksa dks izcafèkr dj] fo'o esa 'kkafr o lrr~
fodkl dh la;qDr o lekosf'kr f'k{kk dk
'kkafr vkSj fodkl dh f'k{kk µ ,d la;qDr fopkj.kh; eqík
izlkj djrk gSA3 oSf'od Lrj ij bl izdkj
osQ laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk dk c<+rk izpyu]
'kkafr vkSj fodkLk;qDr f'k{kk dks ,d la;qDr
fopkj.kh; eqís osQ :i esa ekU;rk iznku dj]
buosQ lekosf'kr Lo:i dh lkFkZdrk izdV dj
jgk gSA
f'k{kk rks vius izkÑr LoHkko ls 'kkafr o
fodkl dk ?kVd gSA izfl¼ cky euksfoKkuh
efj;k ekWUVsljh us rks ;gka rd dgk fd ¶lHkh
f'k{kk 'kkafr osQ fy, gSA¸ bl lacaèk esa izfl¼
vFkZ'kkL=kh tkWulu dk dguk gS fd ¶f'k{kk
vU; iwaft;ksa dh rjg ,d iwath gS] D;ksafd
bldk y{; ,slh tu'kfDr iznku djuk gS]
ftldh lgk;rk ls HkkSfrd iwath vftZr dh tk
ldrh gSA¸4 blh izdkj Vh-MCY;w- 'kqYt dk Hkh
;gh dguk gS fd ¶vk£Fkd fodkl osQ y{;
gsrq] iwath gks] Hkwfe gks] HkkSfrd izlkèku miyCèk
gksa fdUrq fdlh dkjhxj dks vius O;olk; dk
rduhdh Kku miyCèk u gks] LFkkuh; O;oLFkk
o i;kZoj.k dk Kku u gks] lk{kj u gks rks
mRiknu esa deh gksuk LokHkkfod gSA¸5 bl
izdkj Li"V gS fd 'kkafr o fodkl nksuksa ?kVd
ekuo iwath osQ izfriQyu gS vkSj lE;d~ ekuo
iwath osQ fuekZ.k dk vkèkkj gS] ^f'k{kk*A vesfjdk
osQ cgqr cM+s vk£Fkd fpUrd izks- xkyfczFk us
viuh iqLrd ¶n ,siQyq,UV lkslkbVh¸ esa fy[kk
gS fd ¶vesfjdk osQ yksx vc le> x;s gSa fd
osQoy HkkSfrd oLrqvksa esa iwath yxkuk cqf¼ekuh
ugha gSA euq"; o ekuork osQ fodkl esa iwath
yxkuh pkfg,A euq";ksa esa okafNr o lE;d xq.kksa
dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A blls lekt dk Hkyk
gksxk] nqfu;k dk Hkyk gksxkA¸6
23
bl izdkj Li"V gS fd 'kkafr vkSj fodkl
(fcxkM+&jfgr) dh f'k{kk ,d izdkj ls
lg&vuq'kklfud (Co-discipline) voèkkj.kk
gSA nksuksa osQ la;qDr izHkko ls lekt esa }a}ksa dk
ifjektZu] fcxkM+&jfgr fodkl] ijLij fuHkZjrk]
okn&fookn lqy>kus dk izf'k{k.k] yksdra=k o
ekuokfèkdkj tkx:drk] fo'o ifjorZu dh
n`f"V osQ Hkku tSls KkukRed i{kksa dk fodkl
gksxkA 'kkafr] fodkl vkSj f'k{kk rhuksa dh
ijLij&fuHkZjrk osQ dkj.k gh vkt 'kkfUr vkSj
fodkLk;qDr f'k{kk dk mn; gqvk gSA bl izdkj
'kkafr o fodkLk;qDr f'k{kk] ,d izdkj ls vius
cgq&vuq'kklfud Lo:i esa fcxkM+] v'kkafr o
mRikndrk dk lE;o~Q izcaèku gS] ftldk y{;
'kkar] lq[kh o le`¼ ekuork dk mn; djuk
gSA fo'o dh orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks ns[kdj
yxrk gS fd 'kkar&lgokl o laLdkj&;qDr
fodkl (Sustainable Development) dh
vkt rh{.k vko';drk gS] blfy, 'kkafr vkSj
fodklkRed f'k{kk dk la;qDr&fpUru] orZeku
dh egrh vko';drk gSA
'kkafr] fodkl ,oa f'k{kk osQ ijLij
iQyuh; lacaèk
'kkafr] fodkl ,oa f'k{kk rhuksa pj ijLij fuHkZjrk
okys gSa] rhuksa i`Fkd&i`Fkd :i ls ,d&nwljs ls
izHkkfor gksrs gSaA 'kkafr] f'k{kk vkSj fodkl dh
iQyu gS] ij bl fn'kk dh 'krZ ;g gS fd f'k{kk
'kkaR;qDr&ewY;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gks rFkk fodkl
fcxkM+&jfgr gks] rc 'kkafr o f'k{kk rFkk 'kkafr
o fodkl osQ eè; èkukRed iQyukRed lacaèk
ik;s tk;saxs] ;gh vkn'kZ fLFkfr gSA fodkl]
24
'kkafr o f'k{kk dk iQyu gS] fodkl osQ bu
nksuksa pjksa osQ lkFk èkukRed iQyukRed lacaèk
gSA blh izdkj f'k{kk Lo;a Hkh 'kkafr o fodkl
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
dh èkukRed iQyu gSA 'kkafr] fodkl o f'k{kk
osQ iQyuh; lacaèkksa dks vxz js[kkfp=kksa ls Li"V
fd;k tk jgk gSA
'kkafr vkSj fodkl dh f'k{kk µ ,d la;qDr fopkj.kh; eqík
js[kkfp=kksa ls Li"V gS fd 'kkafr] fodkl
vkSj f'k{kk rhuksa osQ eè; ijLij èkukRed
lacaèk gS] vkSj ,slk O;ogkj esa Hkh ifjyf{kr
gSA viQxkfuLrku] feJ] yhfc;k] ukehfc;k ,oa
lksekfy;k tSls ns'kksa esa v'kkar i;kZoj.k osQ
pyrs u f'k{kk gS vkSj u gh fodkl gSA f}rh;
fo'o ;q¼ esa tkiku osQ nks cM+s mRikndh; uxj
v'kkafr dh HksV p<+ x;sA r`rh; fo'o osQ vusd
jk"Vª f'k{kk dh deh osQ dkj.k v'kkar o fiNM+s
gq, gSaA fodflr jk"Vªksa osQ fodkl osQ ihNs
f'k{kk o fLFkjrk dk gkFk gSA ;fn ge 'kkafr vkSj
fodkl dh f'k{kk dks ,d la;qDr ,tsaMk ekudj
bl fn'kk osQ ikB~;Øe o dk;ZØeksa dks fuèkkZfjr
djsa] rc ge bu rhuksa voèkkj.kkvksa osQ ,dhÑr
ykHkksa dks ys losQaxs] D;ksafd vUrrksxRok bu rhuksa
pjksa dk y{; rks ekuork dk fodkl djuk gh
gS] fiQj D;ksa u ge bu rhuksa dks ijLij fodkl
dh n`f"V ls la;qDr ut+fj;s ls ns[ksaA
'kkafr ,oa fodkLk;qDr f'k{kk dk la;qDr
vuq'kklfud Lo:i
'kkafr vkSj fodkl dh f'k{kk] oks 'kSf{kd voèkkj.kk
gS] tks vius mís';] fo"k;&oLrq ,oa O;wg&jpuk
dks 'kkafr vkSj fodkl osQ eqíksa ij ifjHkkf"kr djrh
gSA f'k{kk }kjk LFkkuh;] jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh;
}a}ksa] iwokZxgz ksa ,oa i{kikrksa dks gVkus] lekurk
,oa U;kf;d izf'k{k.k] i;kZoj.k&fcxkM+ ls cpko]
vk£Fkd vlekurkvksa dks nwj djuk] oS'ohdj.k
dh lkekftd&vk£Fkd leL;kvksa ls futkr
fnykuk 'kkafr vkSj fodkl dh n`f"V ls lrr~
25
ekuoh; fodkl dk izf'k{k.k nsuk] ekuokfèkdkj]
fujL=khdj.k ,oa yksdra=k osQ vko';d dkS'kyksa
dk fodkl djuk] fookn lqy>kus dk izf'k{k.k
nsuk] jktuSfrd ,oa O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk LFkkfir
djus tSls vusd ?kVdksa dks viuh fo"k;&oLrq esa
'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS] rc tkdj og f'k{kk] 'kkafr
o fodkLk;qDr f'k{kk dk la;qDr vuq'kklfud
Lo:i ysxhA
la;qDr jk"Vª f'k{kk] foKku rFkk lkaLÑfrd
laxBu (UNESCO) dk ekuuk gS fd 'kkafr
vkSj fodkl dh f'k{kkvksa osQ la;qDr fpUru
ls 'kkafr vkSj fodkl dh vusd leL;kvksa dk
Lor% lekèkku gks tk,xk] D;ksafd nksuksa f'k{kkvksa
osQ mís';] voèkkj.kk,a ,oa fo"k;&oLrq yxHkx
,d tSlh o vUrl±cafèkr gSaA la;qDr jk"Vª la?k
us 2001 ls 2010 osQ n'kd dks ^fMosQM vkWiQ
ihl* osQ :i esa ?kksf"kr fd;k] blh izdkj o"kZ
2005 ls 2014 dks ^fMosQM vkWiQ ,tqosQ'ku
iQkWj lLVsuscy MoyiesUV* osQ :i esa ?kksf"kr
fd;k gSA la;qDr jk"Vª la?k }kjk ?kksf"kr bu nksuksa
n'kdksa dh xfrfofèk;ksa ,oa y{;] mu fopkjksa o
ewY;ksa dks le£ir gSa] ftlls fo'o esa 'kkafr o
laLdkj ;qDr fodkl dk ekxZ iz'kLr gks losQA
bl izdkj Li"V gS fd 'kkafr vkSj fodkl dh
f'k{kk osQ eqíksa dks ;fn la;qDr :i ls ykxw fd;k
tk, rks 'kkaR;qDr fodkl vkSj fodkLk;qDr 'kkafr
dh LFkkiuk Lor% gks tk,xhA 'kkafr vkSj fodkl
dh f'k{kkvksa osQ la;qDr vuq'kklfud vFkkZr~
mlosQ lekos'kh Lo:i dh fo"k;&oLrq dks vxz
fp=k ls Li"V fd;k tk jgk gSA
26
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
lkekftd o vk£Fkd
}a}ksa] iwokZxzgksa ,oa
i{kikrksa dk izc/au
lajpukoknh n`f"Vdks.k
osQ dkS'ky izca/u
'kkafr o
fodkl;qDr
f'k{kk
i;kZoj.k lq/kj dk
izca/u
jktuSfrd o
O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk
osQ dkS'ky
vk£Fkd vlkekurkvksa osQ
fujkdj.k dk izca/u
'kkafr vkSj fodkl dh f'k{kk µ ,d la;qDr fopkj.kh; eqík
27
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] fo'ofo|ky; ,oa f'k{kk cksMZ
vkfn bl fn'kk dh vk;kstuk ,oa fØ;kfUofr
lqfuf'pr djus osQ eq[; vfHkdj.k gSaA bl
lacaèk esa vkèkqfud lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k osQ tud
tkWu esukMZ dhUl dk ;g dguk fn'kkijd gS
fd ¶fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl ogka
dh uhfr;ksa] ljdkj ,oa turk dh lksp&le>
ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;fn ml ns'k dh turk dks
lE;d~ :i ls okafNr fl¼kUrksa osQ iz;ksx osQ
fy, f'kf{kr o izf'kf{kr ugha fd;k x;k rks ogka
vk£Fkd fodkl dh lEHkkouk,¡ {kh.k gksrh gaSA
D;ksafd vFkZO;oLFkk dHkh Lopkfyr ugha gksrh]
mldk lapkyu] ml jk"Vª dh turk o ljdkj
dh vk£Fkd le> o rnuq:i fu.kZ;ksa osQ Lrj
ij fuHkZj djrk gSA¸7
'kkafr o fodkl;qDr f'k{kk gh vius
lg&vuq'kkluksa ,oa vfHkdj.kksa }kjk 'kkafr
LFkkiukijd ekuo iwath dk fuekZ.k dj ldrh
'kkafr vkSj fodkLk;qDr f'k{kk osQ gS] D;ksafd loZfofnr rF; gS fd ftKklk dk
fØ;kRed i{k
lekèkku] f'k{kk ls gksrk gSA djus osQ dkS'ky
'kkafr vkSj fodkLk;qDr f'k{kk osQ fØ;kRed {ks=k f'k{kk ls izkIr gksrs gSaA tkuus dk ekè;e Hkh
esa vge~ Hkwfedk f'k{kk ra=k] ljdkj] fofèk ,oa f'k{kk ls izkIr gksrk gS] vr% 'kkafr vkSj fodkl
iz'kklfud laxBu] ehfM;k ,oa xSj&ljdkjh dh fn'kk esa tkuus] gksus] djus ,oa cnyus osQ {ks=k
laxBuksa dh gSA 'kkafr vkSj fodkl osQ izpkj&izlkj esa O;fDr] lewg] lekt ,oa ljdkj vius&vius
esa fo|ky;] egkfo|ky;] fo'ofo|ky;] nkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu djsa rks] gekjh f'k{kk Lor%
f'k{kd ,oa fo|kFkhZ] tks vius vki esa ,d Lo:i esa 'kkafr o fodkl dk tkek igu ysxhA
cgqr cM+k oxZ gS] eq[; ,oa usr`Roxkeh Hkwfedk blosQ fy, gesa 'kkafr vkSj fodkLk;qDr f'k{kk osQ
vnk dj ldrk gSA blosQ vykok jk"Vªh; ,oa lekos'kh Lo:i dh LFkkiuk gsrq vxzxkeh dne
oSf'od laxBu tSls ;w-,u-vks- vkSj mlosQ mBkus gksaxs&
lg;ksxh laxBu izR;sd jk"Vª osQ vius&vius •• f'k{kk osQ vkSipkfjd o vukSipkfjd
y{;ijd laxBu ;Fkk Hkkjr osQ lanHkZ eaas
vfHkdj.kksa }kjk 'kkafr o fodkLk;qDr f'k{kk
ekuo lalkèku fodkl ea=kky;] ;w-th-lh-]
osQ lekos'kh Lo:i osQ ewY;] ikB~;Øe ,oa
js[kkfp=k esa o£.kr eqíksa dks osQUnz esa j[kdj]
f'k{kk dks 'kkafr vkSj fodkl dh lgpjh cuk;k
tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj osQ lHkh eqíksa dks
LFkkuh; ls ysdj oSf'od lektksa esa izlkfjr
o izfrLFkkfir djus dh ftEesnkjh 'kkafr ,oa
fodkLk;qDr f'k{kk ,oa mlosQ iSjksdkjksa dh gSA
blfy, ge dg ldrs gSa fd 'kkafr o fodkl dh
f'k{kkvksa osQ lekosf'kr Lo:i ls Hkkoh ih<+h esa
,sls KkukRed] dkS'kykRed ,oa vfHko`fÙk;kRed
i{kksa dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlls
lekt esa loZdY;k.k osQ okrkoj.k dks cy
feysxk vkSj ;g lp Hkh gS fd yksx f'k{kk osQ
ekè;e ls v{kerk ij dkcw ikrs gSa] vfèkd
lekurk] èku vkSj ntkZ ikrs gSa] ftlosQ pyrs
'kkafr o fodkl osQ ekxZ Lor% gh [kqy tk,axs]
vr% gesa nksuksa pjksa dh f'k{kk osQ lekos'kh
Lo:i dk Lokxr djuk pkfg,A
28
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••
••
••
••
••
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
vuqlaèkkuksa dks u osQoy fn'kk nsuk cfYd
bl fn'kk dk vxzxkeh usr`Ro djukA
ljdkj] 'kkafr o fodkLk;qDr f'k{kk osQ
lekos'kh Lo:i dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy,
vko';d 'kSf{kd&uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djsa]
tks lkekftd U;k;] lekurk ,oa ,dkRedrk
dks c<+kok nsaA
'kkafr o fodkLk;qDr f'k{kk dk izpyu
osQoy LowQyh f'k{kk rd ugha] cfYd f'k{kk
osQ lHkh Lrjksa] izf'k{k.kksa] lkekftd ra=kksa]
efgykvksa ,oa vkl&ikl osQ lHkh laxBuksa
rd izlkfjr o izfrLFkkfir gksuk pkfg,A
vUrjkZ"Vªh; o jk"Vªh; fofèkd ,oa iz'kklfud
laxBuksa }kjk ekuokfèkdkj] yksdra=k] i;kZoj.k
fcxkM+] vk£Fkd vlekurk] l'kL=k&}a}ksa osQ
izfr xkjUVh'kqnk laj{k.kkRed izcaèku osQ
vk;ke LFkkfir djukA
'kkafr o fodkl;qDr f'k{kk dh i`"BHkwfe esa
i;kZoj.k] xjhch] csjkstxkjh] ekuokfèkkdkj]
yksdra=k] ijLij&fuHkZjrk tSls ?kVdksa ij
Hkwe.Myhdj.kh; le>kSrs LFkkfir djukA
ehfM;k }kjk vk£Fkd 'kks"k.k] fgalk] jktuSfrd
izHkqrk] fyax&Hksn] vkfn eqíksa dks js[kkafdr
dj] buosQ fo#¼ turk dks tkx:d djrs
gq,] 'kkafr o fodkl dh f'k{kkvksa osQ izfr
ldkjkRed ut+fj;k iSnk djukA
xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa (NGO’s) }kjk
Lo;a&lgk;rk lewg] lkekftd U;k;] 'kkafr]
voljksa dh lekurk] ikfjfLFkfrdh larqyu
,oa caèkqRork dh fn'kk esa dk;Z dj] 'kkafr
o fodkl dh f'k{kkvksa dks izcy leFkZu
fn;k tk,A
fu"d"kZ
vkt lÙkk o fodkl dks gkfly djus dh vUèkh
nkSM+ esa nh?kZdkfyd ekuo&ewY; izk;% lHkh ns'kksa
esa ihNs NwV x;s gSaA vusd }a}ksa] izfr;ksfxrkvksa]
gksM+ ,oa Nne fodkl osQ edM+tky esa my>k
vkt dk fo'o yxHkx v'kkUr&lgokl dk
izfrfufèkRo dj jgk gSA bl lacaèk esa gekjs iwoZ
jk"Vªifr ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke dk ;g dguk
,dne lehphu gS fd ¶gekjk liuk& yksx
LoPN&gfjr i;kZoj.k esa jgsa] fuèkZurkghu le`f¼
esa ft,¡] ;q¼ dh vk'kadk ls eqDr] 'kkafr esa
jgas] lcdh èkjk] lcosQ fy, lq[k&LFkyh gksA¸8
dyke lkgc dk ;g LoIu vius lkdkj :i esa
'kkafr o fodkl dh f'k{kk osQ lekos'kh Lo:i
dk fgek;rh gSA oSls Hkh vius O;kid ek;us
esa f'k{kk&:ih in 'kkafr o fodkl dk i;kZ;
gS] v'kkafr o fiNM+kiu rks mldh vuqifLFkfr
osQ dkj.k gh iSnk gksrs gSaA blfy, 'kkafr o
fodkl dh f'k{kk dks ,d la;qDr fopkj.kh;
eqík cukdj] budh lekos'kh&f'k{kk dks eap
nsuk] vkt osQ ;qx dh egrh vko';drk gSA
'kkafr vkSj fodkl dh f'k{kk µ ,d la;qDr fopkj.kh; eqík
lanHkZ
29
1-^vFkZ'kkL=k vkSj 'kkafr osQ fy, laLFkku* (IEP)] ns[ksa fofdihfM;k eqDr fo'o dks'k esa 2- yks<+k] ftrsanz- 2011- ewY; f'k{kk dk ckydksa osQ O;fDrRo&fodkl ij iM+us okys izHkko dk vè;;u] osaQnz izo£rr
;kstukUrxZr 'kksèk&izk;kstU;] ch-Vh-Vh-lh-] ljnkj 'kgj (pq:)] jkt-] i`- 3 3- ¶egkRek xkaèkh f'k{kk] 'kkafr ,oa lrr~ fodkl laLFkku (MGIEP) ;qusLdks¸ osQ funs'kd MkW- dchj 'ks[kj dk
lk{kkRdkj (Website-www.unic.org.in) 4- yks<+k ftrsUnz- 2008- f'k{kk vk£Fkd fodkl dk l'kDr ekè;e] izk;ejh f'k{kd] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYYkh]
o"kZ&27] vad&3] tqykbZ 2008] i`- 24&30 5- ogh 6- ogh 7- ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- 2002- izk;ejh f'k{kd] u;h fnYyh] o"kZ&27] vad&31] tqykbZ 2002] i`-24&30 8- vkpk;Z egkizK ,oa ,-Ikh-ts- vCnqy dyke- 2009) lq[kh ifjokj le`¼ jk"Vª] izHkkr Ikzdk'ku] fnYyh] Ik`- 196 -
f'k{kk dh ikjEifjd o vkèkqfud voèkkj.kk
vkSj f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk
fp=kk flag·
lekt osQ lHkh vaxksa esa f'k{kk dh Lohdk;Zrk osQ vkSj lekt }kjk f'k{kk osQ egRo dks tkuus
osQ ckctwn f'k{kk osQ lS¼kfUrd igyw o O;ogkjkRed igyqvksa esa Hkkjh vUrj fn[kkbZ nsrk
gSA gekjh vkt+knh osQ ckn 'kklu dh bZekunkj dksf'k'kksa osQ ckotwn lkekU; f'k{kk O;oLFkk
osQ izfr yksxksa dk Hkjkslk de gqvk gSA Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vkt+knh osQ ckn nks vyx&vyx
O;oLFkkvksa }kjk lapkfyr gksus yxh µ ,d og tks ljdkjh LowQyksa osQ :i esa Fkh vkSj
nwljh og tks futh f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa osQ :i esa lkeus vk;hA bl izdkj vkt+knh osQ lkFk
gh Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk nks Hkkxksa esa caV x;h vkSj bl foHkktu us ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dks tUe fn;k fd Hkkjrh; lekt Hkh nks Hkkxksa esa caV x;kA lekt dk ,d og fgLlk tks
ljdkjh LowQyksa esa i<+rk Fkk vkSj nwljk og tks futh laLFkkvksa esa i<+rk FkkA f'k{kk osQ bl
foHkktu us nks vyx&vyx Hkkjr cuk fn;s blls lekt esa igys ls ekStwn Å¡p&uhp dh
Hkkouk dks vkSj vfèkd cy feyk rFkk bl foHkktu esa ijEijk o vkèkqfudrk osQ la?k"kZ
dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ Hkh iSnk dhaA ikjEifjd f'k{kk tks gekjh LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh mit Fkh
vkSj ftlesa Hkkjrh; thou 'kSyh] Hkkjrh; lkekftd ewY;kas vkSj vko';drkvksa dk lekos'k
Fkk] ,d ,slh vk;kfrr f'k{kk iz.kkyh }kjk èkhjs&èkhjs foLFkkfir dj nh x;h] tks vkèkqfud
rks Fkh vkSj blesa cnyrs le; dh vko';drkvksa osQ vuq:i [kqn dks <ky ysus dh lkeF;Z
Hkh FkhA fdUrq ;g ,d ,slh f'k{kk O;oLFkk Fkh ftlesa Hkkjrh;rk vkSj mlosQ ewY;ksa osQ izfr
vkxzg cgqr de FkkA izLrqr vkys[k esa bu nksuksa ijEijkvksa osQ }a} osQ ifjis{; esa f'k{kd
dh Hkwfedk ij fopkj fd;k x;k gSA
· lgk;d izkè;kfidk] {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku] ';keyk fgYl] Hkksiky] eè; izns'k 462013
f'k{kk dh ikjEifjd o vk/qfud vo/kj.kk vkSj f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk
ikjEifjd Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk cqfu;knh iz;kstu
vius vkidks tkuus osQ lkFk&lkFk vius lekt
o le; dks Hkh tkuuk FkkA tgka ,d vksj
^vkRekue~o`f¼* (Lo;a dks tkuks) dk n`f"Vdks.k
Fkk ogha ^lkfo|k ;k foeqDr;s* (fo|k og gS
tks eqDr djrh gS) dk ?kks"k Hkh FkkA Lo;a dks
tkuus ls ysdj euq"; dh lHkh rjg osQ vKku
ls eqfDr gekjh ijEijk esa f'k{kk dk mís'; jgk
gSA fo|ke`r'uqrs&fo|k vejrk dh vksj ys tkrh
gS] dk è;s; okD; rks ge lc tkurs gh gSaA
ikjEifjd f'k{kk bl ckr ij tksj nsrh Fkh
fd ftruk O;fDr Lo;a osQ ckjs esa tkusxk mruk
gh og lekt esa viuh Hkwfedk fuokZg djus
esa l{ke gksxkA vius xq.kksa vkSj detksfj;ksa dks
igpku dj og lekt osQ fgr esa muosQ mi;ksx
osQ ckjs esa lksp ik;sxkA
Hkkjrh; ikjEifjd f'k{kk euq"; dks fou;h
cuuk fl[kkrh Fkh vkSj fo|kFkhZ f'k{kk izkIr dj
vgadkj ls ugha oju~ fou; ls Hkj mBrk Fkk]
fo|k dks fou; nsus okyh le>k tkrk FkkA
blhfy, dgk x;k gS ^fo|k nnkfr fou;aA*
ikjEifjd f'k{kk dk vkpk;Z dgrk Fkk fd
mlosQ tks vkpj.k viukus ;ksX; gkas mUgh dk
vuqlj.k djukA
bldk ,d vFkZ ;g Hkh Fkk fd xq# Hkh
lafnXèk vkSj fooknkLin] ;gk¡ rd fd vkykspuh;]
Hkh gks ldrk FkkA ;g og ijEijk Fkh tgk¡
iz'u djuk thfor o Lora=k euq"; dh igpku
ekuk tkrk FkkA ;g og ijEijk Fkh tks euq";
o euq";rk dks f'k{kk osQ osQUnz esa j[krh FkhA
mifu"kn~ dk ½f"k dgrk gS ^Kku dks vkRelkr~
djosQ viuh laosnuk dk vax cukuk gksrk gSA
31
D;k lp gS\ ;g tkuuk rks vklku gS vkSj ,d
{k.k esa tkuk Hkh tk ldrk gS ij mls O;ogkj
esa mrkjuk dfBu gSA blosQ fy, lkèkuk djuh
gksrh gS] vuqfparu djuk gksrk gSA vfu.kZ; osQ
{k.k vkrs gSa ftuesa vius dks la?k"kZ djuk iM+rk
gSA thou osQ dfri; vuqHkoksa ls eu f[kUu
gksrk gS rks lkjk Kku csdkj yxrk gSA ,sls {k.kksa
esa eu dks fLFkj djosQ viuh vkLFkk dks n`<+
cukuk gksrk gS ;gh mikluk gS] blosQ fcuk oqQN
Hkh laHko ughaA* bl izdkj f'k{kk dks mikluk
crkrs gq, vkxs dgk x;k gS fd Kku rks fdlh
Hkh xq# ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ij vH;kl
rks Lo;a djuk gksrk gS] Kku rks deZ osQ Hkhrj ls
gh iwQVrk gSA fdrkc i<+us ls v£tr Kku] Kku
dk iwokZH;kl (fjglZy) gS] Kku ughaA blhfy,
bl ijEijk esa f'k{kk deZ dks nku dgk x;k gSA
f'k{kk&nku dks lcls cM+k nku ekudj xq# dh
efgek xk;h xbZA blfy, f'k{kk dk Hkkjr esa og
vFkZ ugha Fkk tks if'pe dh lH;rk esa izpfyr
gSA f'k{kk ;gk¡ ,d 'kkL=k jgh gSA
osnksa esa f'k{kk osQ rhu vkpk;ks± dk mYys[k
vkrk gS& ekr`eku~ fir`eku~ vkpk;Zoku iq#"kkas
osn%A ek¡ igyk vkpk;Z gS] firk nwljk vkSj
rhljk vkpk;Z og gS tks ekrk&firk osQ ckn
vkrk gS buls lh[kdj gh euq"; Kkuoku gksrk
gSA mifu"knksa osQ dky esa rSRkjh; mifu"kn~ osQ
rhu Hkkxksa esa ls izFke Hkkx dks ^f'k{kkoYyh*
dgk x;k gS ftldk vFkZ gS & Lukrd dks fn;k
tkus okyk vkpk;Z dk nh{kkUr izopuA blesa
Lukrd osQ O;fDrRo dh ifjiw.kZrk dk Hkko ;k
fopkj osQUnzh; FkkA f'k{kk dk vFkZ rc Kku ugha
cfYd euq"; dh ifjiw.kZrk ls FkkA f'k{kk ek=k
32
fy[kus&i<+us dh dyk ugha Fkh] Hkkjrh; ijEijk
esa f'k{kk dk vFkZ izKk] 'khy vkSj lekfèk ls
FkkA ftldk eryc lE;o~Q foosd] lE;o~Q Kku
vkSj lE;o~Q vkpj.k FkkA osQoy dyk] dkS'ky]
Kku vkSj foKku dk vè;;u gh blosQ vUrxZr
ugha vkrk FkkA ijEijk esa ;s lc f'k{kk ls fHkUu
ekus x;s FksA ;s foèkk,a ek=k Fkha ftudk lEcUèk
Kkuewydrk ls FkkA mifu"kn~ dk ½f"k ;g Hkh
dgrk gS fd Kku dks mldh lÙkk esa deZ
djosQ gh ik;k tk ldrk gSA fdrkch Kku fliZQ
lwpuk gS Kku ughaA 'kk;n blh ckr dks è;ku
esa j[krs gq, okjk.klh osQ vkl&ikl osQ xk¡oksa
esa ;g et+kd pyrk Fkk fd laLÑr osQ if.Mr
iksFkk&'kkL=k rks tkurs gSa ij ikyd vkSj iqnhus
esa vUrj ugha dj ikrsA
Hkkjrh; ijEijk xq#&f'k"; vkèkkfjr jgh gS
vkSj blesa xq# Lo;a dks vius f'k"; esa O;Dr
djrk FkkA bl ijEijk esa izR;sd f'k"; dh
xq.koÙkk] ;ksX;rk] n{krk vkSj lkeF;Z dk fu.kZ;
vkpk;Z djrk FkkA ge fo|k ;k Kku dks bruk
ifo=k o nSoh; ekurs Fks fd gekjs Kku&nku dh
viuh 'krZs jgh gaSA dgk x;k gS fd dU;k o
fo|k oqQik=k dks ugha nsuh pkfg,A Hkkjr esa f'k{kk
dk pje vkn'kZ nhid FkkA blfy, ;gk¡ osQ
vkpk;k±s us vyadkj dh Hkk"kk esa bls ^nhinhIr
nh{kk* dgk] ,d f'k"; esa Kku dh bruh ykS vk
tk, fd mlls nwljs dks izsfjr fd;k tk losQ]
;gh bl ijEijk dk y{; FkkA
Hkkjrh; ijEijk osQ bu 'kkL=kh; i{kksa dk
Hkkjr osQ O;ogkfjd thou esa Hkh n[ky Fkk o
;s lc ckrsa osQoy lS¼kfUrd ugha Fkha budk
izek.k fczfV'k 'kklu dky esa 18oha lnh osQ
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
mÙkjkèkZ ,oa 19oha lnh osQ vkjaHk esa rS;kj fd;s
x;s ,Me osQ izfrosnu ls feyrk gSA ftlesa
dgk x;k gS fd ^Hkkjr osQ izR;sd xkao esa
fo|ky; gSa tgk¡ iwjh ferO;;rk osQ lkFk fcuk
fdlh ljdkjh lgk;rk osQ Lo;a xkao okyksa
osQ ;ksxnku ls f'k{kk nh tkrh gS*A bl f'k{kk
i¼fr esa dksbZ ljdkjh cksMZ ugha FkkA LowQykas osQ
lkeus 'kklu ls lEc¼rk dk iz'u ugha FkkA ;g
O;oLFkk Å¡ph] yphyh] roZQ laxr o ferO;;h
gksus osQ lkFk yksdijk;.k vkSj mnkj Hkh FkhA
f'k{kk osQ osQUnz esa vè;kid Fkk vkSj mldh
Lokèkhurk ls NsM+&NkM+ djus dh dksf'k'k u rks
rRdkyhu lekt djrk Fkk] u 'kkluA fo|kFkhZ
dks viuh ;ksX;rk vkSj ik=krk izekf.kd djuh
iM+rh FkhA vkpk;Z osQ oqQy esa izos'k ikus osQ
ckn vè;kid o Nk=k dk lacaèk ,d ijLij
;k=kk osQ lg;k=kh tSlk gksrk FkkA bl ijEijk esa
f'k"; dk vFkZ vkpk;Z dh iQksVksdkWih gks tkuk
ugha oju~ vkpk;Z dh lhekvksa dk foLrkj djuk
vkSj t:jr iM+us ij ubZ e;kZnkvksa dk foèkku
djuk Hkh FkkA
vkèkqfud Hkkjr vkSj mldh f'k{kk O;oLFkk
ijEijkxr f'k{kk tSlh Hkh jgh gks ysfdu bldk
mís'; ekuo ek=k dk dY;k.k gh jgk FkkA bl
ijEijk ls Lo;a dks i`Fkd dj geus f'k{kk dh
oSQlh ijEijk rS;kj dh gS] mldk izek.k vkt
dh ifjfLFkfr;ka Lo;a gaSA vkt izfrLièkkZ osQ
O;wg dks gh thou vkSj f'k{kk dk ije vkn'kZ
ekuk tk jgk gSA bl O;oLFkk esa iz'u iwwNuk] tks
fd Nk=k dh vktknh vkSj ckSf¼drk dk igyk
y{k.k gS vkSj tks mlosQ euq"; gksus dh Hkh igyh
f'k{kk dh ikjEifjd o vk/qfud vo/kj.kk vkSj f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk
igpku gS] dks vkt nqxqZ.k] vuq'kklughurk]
fonzksg vkSj iwjs lekt osQ fy, ?kkrd ekuk tk
jgk gSA tcfd gekjk è;s; okD; gh ^okns okns
tk;rs rRocksèk%* (roZQ foroZQ ls gh rRo Kku
dh izkfIr gksrh gS) jgk gSA vkt dh f'k{kk
u osQoy gesa vius 'k=kqvksa ls vlaosfnr jguk
fl[kkrh gS vkSj u osQoy gesa 'ks"k nqfu;k ls
dkVrh gS] cfYd Lo;a vius lekt osQ Hkhrj
gesa ,d laosnughu] vfpUru'khy ukxfjd cuuk
fl[kkrh gSA gekjs thou O;ogkj osQ dbZ Lrjksa
ij bl rjg dh ekufldrk dh Nki cgqr lkiQ
ns[kh tk ldrh gSA ;g gesa ,dkfUrd vkSj
vius LokFkks± dks loksZifj le>us okyk] viuh
izfr;ksfxrk 'kfDr dks gh lcls vfèkd ojh;rk
nsus okyk O;fDr cukrh gSA bl f'k{kk osQ lkeus
lcls cM+k iz'u ;g ugha gS fd euq";rk dh
j{kk oSQls gks] blosQ foijhr ;s cscqfu;kn fl¼kar
gekjh ekufldrk esa cSBk fn;k x;k gS fd f'k{kk
vkSj v£tr Kku dk eryc fliZQ viuh lq[k
lqfoèkk osQ LokFkks± dks lkèkuk gSA tcfd f'k{kk
dk ewyHkwr vk'k; gS O;fDrRo fuekZ.k vkSj
O;fDrRo fuekZ.k dk iz;kstu gS&,d ewY; osaQfnzr
vkn'kZ lekt lewgA
vkèkqfud f'k{kk O;oLFkk us ^O;fDrRo cuke
oSQfj;j* dk iz'u mBkrs gq, vc oSQfj;j dks gh
O;fDrRo ekuuk vkSj izpkfjr djuk 'kq: dj
fn;k gSA tcfd O;fDrRo dk vFkZ O;fDr dh
mu vUrfuZfgr 'kfDr;ksa ls gS tks fdlh vklu
fo'ks"k ls Å¡ph&uhph ugha gksrhA O;fDrRo u
rks fdlh osQ }kjk lkSaik tk ldrk gS vkSj u
gh Nhuk tk ldrk gSA og gekjs Hkhrj dh
LoHkkfod rkdrksa dk lgt fodkl vkSj izdk'k
33
gSA blosQ foijhr oSQfj;j ,d vks<+h gqbZ pht
gSA oSQfj;j dks x<+uk iM+rk gS] O;fDrRo dks
fodflr djuk iM+rk gSA O;fDrRo dk ,d vFkZ
iz'uksa ls Hkjk thou gSA ;s iz'u gh gSa tks ,d
Bgjs gq, le; vkSj lekt dks ubZ xfr vkSj
fn'kk iznku djrs gaSA oSQfj;j iz'u djuk ugha
fl[kkrk] [kksts x;s mÙkjksa osQ lkFk vuq'kklu esa
jgus dh dyk fl[kkrk gSA vxj oSQfj;j thfo;ksa
dh la[;k vfèkd gqbZ rks lkekftd Hkfo"; dk
liuk pwj&pwj gks tkrk gSA orZeku f'k{kk oSQfj;j
thfork fl[kkrh gSA og ;g ugha crkrh dh f'k{kk
dk vlyh mís'; liQyrk ugha lkFkZdrk gSA mu
ewY;ksa dks lkekftd thou esa mrjrs ns[kuk gS
ftlls euq";rk dh igpku vkSj j{kk laHko gks
losQ vkSj ;g fd f'k{kk dk dke ,d ,sls
ekuoh; foosd dk mn; Hkh gS tks vius pkjksa
vksj fd vleatliw.kZ] la'k;dkjh vkSj tfVy
ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ chp gesa mu lekèkkudkjh mÙkjksa
rd igq¡pk losQ tks O;fDr ls ysdj lewg rd
osQ fy, vk'oLrdkjh gksaA ^viuh&viuh djuh
viuk&viuk Hkksx* mRÑ"V f'k{kk dk eqgkojk
dHkh ugha cu losQxkA ,d osQ }kjk fd;s x;s
deZ dk tc lewpk lekt lq[kn Hkksx djs
rHkh f'k{kk dk cqfu;knh iz;kstu fl¼ gksxkA
fdUrq blosQ fy, f'k{kk osQ fo|eku <kaps ij
ozQkafrdkjh fuxkg Mkyuh gksxhA
ledkyhu f'k{kk xfr'khyrk osQ ctk; Bgjko
esa Hkjkslk djrh gSA blesa u rks vdknfedrk
dk lEeku gS] u vuq'kklu vkSj nkf;Roikyu
dkA fu"i{krk] ikjn£'krk vkSj lR;rk bldk
xq.k ugha gSA xkaèkh th bl f'k{kk dks ysdj
dkiQh igys ls dbZ loky mBkrs jgsA mUgksaus
34
9 flrEcj 1928 esa ^uothou* (xqtjkrh) esa
fy[kk Fkk ^pfj=k ls igys v{kj Kku dks j[kk
tk;sxk rks og mruk gh 'kksHkk ik;sxk vkSj liQy
gksxk] ftruk xkM+h osQ ihNs ?kksM+ksa dks j[kdj
mldh ukd ls xkM+h <osQyokus dh fozQ;k 'kksHkk
nsxh*A muosQ vuqlkj Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa geas
fo|kH;kl dh jpuk vkSj dYiuk vyx rjg ls
djuh gksxhA ,d ,slh f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k
djuk gksxk ftlesa f'k{kk dk mís'; iSlk dekuk
ugha cfYd vPNk balku cukuk vkSj ns'k lsok
djuk gksA ysfdu vkt+knh osQ ckn f'k{kk dk
oSQlk if'pehdj.k fd;k x;k bldk vuqeku
Hkkjrh; lekt foKku osQ firkeg dgs tkus okys
,e- ,u- Jhfuokl osQ xzaFk ^vkèkqfud Hkkjr esa
lkekftd ifjorZu* osQ fuEu m¼j.k ls fd;k
tk ldrk gSA ^jktuSfrd o lkaLdfrd {ks=k
esa if'pehdj.k us u osQoy jk"Vªh;rkokn dks]
cfYd iqu#RFkku] lkEiznkf;drk] tkfrokn] rhozrj
Hkk"kk;h psruk vksj izknsf'kdrk dks tUe fn;k
gS] ifjfLFkfr blfy, vkSj Hkh gSjkuh esa Mkyrh
gS fd iqu#RFkkuoknh vkUnksyu vius fopkjkssa osQ
izpkj osQ fy, if'peh <ax osQ LowQy&dkWystksa]
iqLrd&iqfLrdkvksa vkSj if=kdkvksa dk iz;ksx
djrs gSaA*
;gh ugha ijh{kk iz.kkyh dk gky rks vkSj
Hkh cqjk gSA ijh{kk esa iwNs tkus okys iz'u Kku
ls f[kld dj lwpukvksa ij vkèkkfjr gks pqosQ
gSaA gekjh d{kk,a fpUru dh izfozQ;k dks c<+kok
ugha nsrhaA mldk lkjk tksj lwpukvksa osQ laxzg
ij gSA vkt lcls vPNk o esèkkoh fo|kFkhZ og
gS ftlosQ ikl lcls T;knk lwpuk,a gSaA f'k{kk
dks izfr'krksa osQ vkèkkj ij ekius osQ ctk;
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
euq";rk osQ fodkl osQ vkèkkj ij ekiuk gksxkA
^;kn djus* dk dkS'ky vkSj lkeF;Z gh lcls
cM+h fo|k gS ;g ugha cfYd ;g tkuuk gksxk
fd Kku ,d lkaLÑfrd oqQath gS vkSj f'k{kk
mldh fu;ksftdk gSA uofuekZ.k] uofpUru vkSj
lM+s&xys osQ izfr fonzksg ;ss os ewY; gSa tks f'k{kk
dks gh ugha lekt dks Hkh ewY;ijd cuk;saxsA
lwpuk osQ ckn Kku vkrk gS vkSj Kku ls
fpUru dh vksj c<+k tkrk gSA fpUru ls izkIr
Kku cksèk dgykrk gSA ysfdu gekjs f'k{kd o
'kklu Lokèkhu fpUru djus okyksa dks fonzksgh dh
Js.kh esa j[krs gaSA os ;g ugha le>rs fd f'k{kk
vxj ,d lkaLÑfrd vkpkj gS vkSj blh :i esa
ewY; gS rks lcls igys bls LoLFk djuk gksxkA
;g lkspuk gksxk fd f'k{kk O;fDr osQ fy, gS
;k lkekftd y{;ksa osQ fy, O;fDr dk f'k{k.k
gS\ ;g loky Hkh mBsxk fd bldk lkekftd
y{; D;k gS\ og lekurk] loZèkeZ lnHkko]
lfg".kqrk] HkkbZpkjk vkSj vfgalk fl[kkrh gS ;k
xyk&dkV LièkkZ vkSj lkekftd cqjkba;ksa dks tl
dh rl fLFkfr esa j[kus dk tfj;k gSA
vktdy ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk ;k ewY; vkèkkfjr
f'k{kk dh ckr cgqr dh tk jgh gSA ;|fi Hkkjr
esa ewY; 'kCn u;k gS] ,d :i esa ns[ks rks ;g
'kCn gekjk gS gh ughaA gekjs ;gka ,d nwljk
'kCn igys ls bl lUnHkZ eas pyk vk jgk gS
og gS ^vkpkj fopkj*A ;gh vPNh f'k{kk dk
ekun.M Fkk] gekjh ijEijk bls gh egRo nsrh
vkbZ gSA ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk vfuok;Z rkSj ij Nk=kksa
dks nh tk,] ;g ewy izLrko 1999 esa osQUnz
ljdkj }kjk xfBr ^pOgk.k desVh* dk FkkA
ftlus laln esa bls izLrqr djrs gq, ;g nyhy
f'k{kk dh ikjEifjd o vk/qfud vo/kj.kk vkSj f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk
nh Fkh fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lHkh èkeks± dh ewyHkwr
ckrksa] muesa fufgr ewY;ksa vkSj buosQ rqyukRed
vè;;u ls ifjfpr djkus dh izfozQ;k fo|ky;
esa ekè;fed Lrj ls 'kq: dj fo'ofo|ky;hu
Lrj rd tkjh jguk pkfg,A ysfdu bls izfrxkeh
dne crkdj BaMs cLrs esa Mky fn;k x;kA
urhtru vktdy LowQy&dkWyst HkhM+ iSnk djrs
gSaA os dksbZ u;k lekt cukus ;k iqjkus lekt
dks nqckjk mlh rkdr osQ lkFk laxfBr djus dh
dksf'k'k ugha djrsA
fdlh Hkh leL;kxzLr lekt osQ fy, f'k{kk
dk eryc ;gh gks ldrk gS fd ge vius vkl
ikl dh nqfu;k osQ izfr ml ek¡ dh rjg csgn
ftEesnkj gks tk,a tks vius dbZ cPpksa osQ chp
muosQ lq[k&nq[k dk [;ky j[kus esa gh viuk
lq[k le>rh gSA xkaèkhth us ^gfjtu* esa ,d
loky mBk;k Fkk fd D;k vki fo|k osQoy
ukSdfj;ksa osQ fy, izkIr dj jgs gSa\ fo|k rks
ogh gS ftlls eqfDr feys vkSj f'k"Vkpkj vk,A
35
ge f'k{kk dks LowQyksa ls vyx djosQ mUgsa ewY;ksa
dks <kyus okys dkj[kkuksa essa rCnhy u djsaA
mUgsa ekuo lalkèku rS;kj djus okys osQUnz Hkh
u le>sA vkt rks ,slk yxrk gS fd os ljdkjh
vkSj xSj&ljdkjh ekaxksa dh iw£r;ksa osQ fBdkus Hkj
gaSA tks f'k{kk gesa vfèkd LokFkhZ vkSj vfèkd
ladh.kZ cuk;s mls f'k{kk oSQls dgk tk;sxkA fiQj
f'k{kk osQ tfj;s tks oqQN Nk=k dks izkIr gksrk gS
og Kku fliZQ ,d vkneh dh dekbZ ugha gS
cfYd lfn;ksa ls euq"; }kjk fd;s x;s fodkl
dk nLrkost gSA
bl oDr Hkkjrh; lekt ij lcls rst
cq[kkj oS'ohdj.k osQ cgkus if'pehdj.k dk
ncko vkSj mlosQ opZLo dks cuk;s j[kus dh
dksf'k'kksa dk gSA gekjh f'k{kk osQ lkeus ;g iz'u
gksuk pkfg, fd oS'ohdj.k vkSj mnkjhdj.k dh
e;kZnk;sa Hkkjr osQ lanHkZ esa D;k gksxh\ f'k{kk esa
vkt ekuoh; cksèk dks cpkus vkSj txk, j[kus
dh csgn t:jr gSA
lanHkZ
bl vkys[k esa fn;s x;s izpfyr laLÑr okD;ka'k osn] 'kriFkczkg~e.k] mifu"kn] egkHkkjr] fgrksins'k vkfn ls fy;s
x;s gSaA -
bfrgkl dk 'kkafr vè;;u esa ;ksxnku ,oa 'kkafr
vè;;u dh ekè;fed ,oa mPp ekè;fed
ikB~;ozQeksa esa mfpr LFkku fn;s tkus dh vko';drk
gseyrk ;kno·
'kkafr LFkkiuk dh vko';drk ledkyhu eqík ugha gS cfYd izR;sd ;qx esa bl osQ egÙo
dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA vFkd iz;klksa }kjk ;q¼ dh :ijs[kk cukus okys lekt dks
'kkafr osQ vxznwr esa ifjo£rr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;fn vkjafHkd f'k{kk osQ }kjk 'kkafr ,oa
vfgalk osQ egÙo vkSj vko';drk dks ckyefLr"d esa jksfir dj fn;k tk,A ikB~;ozQeksa
esa ;q¼ksa osQ vè;k;ksa osQ lkFk leku :i ls 'kkafr iz;klksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh i<+k;k tk,A 'kkafr
vkSj vfgalk osQ lgh vFkks± dks fo|k£Fk;ksa dks le>k;k tk, rks ;g iz;kl 'kkafriw.kZ ifjos'k
cukus esa lgk;d fl¼ gksxkA egkohj] egkRek cq¼] v'kksd] Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh] Lokeh
foosdkuan] egkRek xk¡èkh] lqanjyky cgqxq.kk] enj Vsjslk vkfn us tgka Hkkjrh; vkdk'k dks
'kkafr dh vkHkk ls izdkf'kr fd;k ogha usylu eaMsyk] ek£Vu ywFkj fdax twfu;j] rsuaftax
nykbZ ykek] vkax lku lw dh] dksiQh vUuku] gsujh MqusZV] vYiQMZ izQkbM] tkWu ,MEl]
,sfeys ckYp] vkfn us fo'o esa 'kkafr osQ ijpe dks ygjk;kA foKku ;krk;kr vkSj lapkj
lkèkuksa osQ rhoz fodkl us Hkwe.Myhdj.k dks c<+kok fn;kA Hkwe.Myhdj.k osQ udkjkRed
vk;keksa us 'kkafr f'k{kk dh vko';drk ij cy fn;kA 'kkafr f'k{kk dh vko';drk us
bfrgkl }kjk 'kkafr f'k{kk esa ;ksxnku dks iquHkkZf"kr fd;kA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oa fo'o
bfrgkl esa 'kkafr] vfgalk] ln~Hkkouk] lfg".kqrk] lekurk vkfn osQ vusdksa mnkgj.k
fo|eku gaS ftudk iz;ksx 'kkafr f'k{kk osQ fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA bfrgkl fo"k; vc ek=k
'kkldksa osQ dkyØe ,oa ;q¼ dh ?kVukvksa dk o`rkar ek=k ugha jg x;k gSA 'kkafr f'k{kk eas
bfrgkl viuh izHkko'kkyh Hkwfedk vkSj vfèkd izHkkoh <ax ls fdl izdkj fuHkk ldrk gS]
blosQ fy, f'k{kk osQ vkjafHkd Lrj ij xgu iz;klksa dh vko';drk gSA
· 'kksèk Nk=kk (bXuw)] 459
CI6
xksfoaniqjh] dkydkth] u;h fnYyh 110019
bfrgkl dk 'kkafr vè;;u esa ;ksxnku ,oa---
37
bfrgkl 'kkafr vè;;u dh fo"k;&oLrq lans'k iSQykus dk dk;Z lkSaikA Hkkjr dh lH;rk]
laLÑfr vkSj lc èkeks± dk vkèkkj 'kkafr gSA Hkkjr
osQ :i esa
bfrgkl fo"k; dh enn ls ml O;ogkj dks
fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks fo|k£Fk;ksa dks
'kkafr fuekZrk osQ :i esa fodflr dj ldrk
gSA ;fn oqQN orZeku lanHkks± dks u”kj vank”k
dj fn;k tk, rks 'kkafr vè;;u dh lkezxh
dk izeq[k lzksr bfrgkl gh gSA fcuk bfrgkl
dh fo"k;&oLrq osQ 'kakfr vè;;u dh dYiuk
djuk O;FkZ gSA 'kkafr vè;;u esa lcls cM+k
;ksxnku bfrgkl fo"k; dk gS] pkgs bldk iz;ksx
'kkafr vè;;u osQ egÙo dks n'kkZus osQ fy,
mnkgj.k Lo:i fpfÉr fd;k tk, ;k 'kkafr osQ
mik;kas vkSj iz;klksa osQ fooj.k dk C;kSjk vFkok
;q¼kas dh funZ;rk] laosnughurk] ekuokfèkdkjksa
osQ guu dk o.kZu dj 'kkafr osQ egÙo dks
LFkkfir djus osQ fy, fd;k tk,A bfrgkl gh
ehy dk og iRFkj gS tks 'kkafr vè;;u osQ
y{;ksa dks izkIr djus esa ;ksxnku Lo:i vfMx
[kM+k gSA
lkèkkj.k O;fDr osQ d"Vksa osQ fuokj.k gsrq
eqfDrekxZ dh [kkst us egkRek cq¼ dks 'kkafr
nwr cuk fn;kA vfgalk vkSj R;kx osQ izdk'k dks
mUgksaus u osQoy Hkkjro"kZ CkfYd fo'o osQ vU;
Hkkxksa esa iSQyk;kA egkohj Lokeh us rks ekuo gh
ugha leLr lw{e thoksa osQ izfr Hkh vfgald
n`f"Vdks.k viuk;kA lezkV v'kksd Hkh"k.k jDrikr
ls jaftr fot; osQ udkjkRed igyq dks ns[kdj
;q¼ dk R;kx dj 'kkafr dk izpkjd cu x;sA
lezkV v'kksd us fo'o osQ vU; Hkkxksa esa Hkh
'kkafr LFkkiuk osQ fy, dbZ vfHk;ku pyk, vkSj
vius iq=k egsanz vkSj iq=kh la?kfe=kk dks 'kkafr
dh egku foHkwfr;ksa us 'kkafr LFkkiuk dks vk£Fkd]
lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj vkè;kfRed fodkl
dk vkèkkjHkwr y{.k ekuk gSA fczfV'k lkezkT;
dh 'kks"k.kdkjh fgalkRed uhfr;ksa osQ fo#¼
vfgalkRed vkUnksyu osQ vuwBs iz;ksx }kjk ns'k
dks vk”kkn djkus dk Js; egkRek xk¡èkh dks
tkrk gSA egkRek xk¡èkh us vfgalk dks jktuhfrd]
lkekftd&vk£Fkd ,oa vkè;kfRed Lrj ij u;s
vk;ke fn;s vkSj vfgalk dks Hkkjrh; laLÑfr
,oa lH;rk dh igpku cuk fn;kA tokgj yky
usg# us 'kkafr dks fo'o 'kkafr osQ :i esa izksRlkgu
fn;k vkSj xqV fujis{krk us vkdkj fy;kA xk¡èkhth
osQ vfgalkRed rjhdkas dk iz;ksx lqUnj yky
cgqxq.kk us i;kZoj.k laj{k.k osQ fy, fd;kA1
vkt Hkh vUuk gtkjs }kjk vke vkneh osQ
fy, pyk;s x, vfgalkRed vkUnksyu dks feyk
tuleFkZu orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; esa vfgalkRed
vkanksyuksa dh izklafxdrk fl¼ djrs gSaA
¶fo'o bfrgkl osQ lUnHkZ esa ekè;fed
Lrj osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dks izQkalhlh ozQkafr] :lh
ozQkafr] ukRlhokn vkSj fgVyj dk mn;] ;wjksi
esa jk"Vªokn] fo;ruke ;q¼] izFke ,oa f}rh;
fo'o&;q¼ksa] Hkkjr osQ foHkktu dks le>uk
tSlh egÙoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa dh ek=k tkudkjh nsus
osQ lkFk&lkFk budk lacaèk ¶'kkafr LFkkiuk dh
vko';drk* osQ :i esa Hkh fn;k tkuk pkfg,¸A2
vfgalk ,oa 'kkafr vè;;u osQ egÙo dks
le>rs gq, 1989 esa dksLVk jhdk og igyk
ns'k Fkk] ftlus laoSèkkfud :i ls viuh l'kL=k
lsuk dks lekIr fd;kA bruk gh ugha 1970 esa
38
'kkafr LFkkiuk gsrq fo'ofo|ky; dk xBu fd;k]
ftlesa 'kkafr f'k{kk osQ ikB~;ozQeksa dks i<+kuk
vkjaHk fd;kA3 ;wusLdks osQ iwoZ vè;{k MkW- MsfoM
,MEl dk ekuuk gS fd ;q¼ dh f'k{kk] ;q¼
fiz;rk dk egÙoiw.kZ dkj.k gSA4
e'khuksa] rduhdh vkSj oSKkfud fodkl
osQ uke ij ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk guu gqvk gSA
e'khuksa us Hkkoukvksa dks xgjk vk?kkr igq¡pk;k
gSA ekuoh; Hkkoukvksa ij gkoh gksrh la[;kRed
n`f"V ljdkj ,oa ehfM;k dh fjiksVZ esa ;q¼ ,oa
vkink osQ le; ejus okys vkSj ?kk;yksa dh
la[;k osQ :i esa >ydrh gS] ijarq izR;sd O;fDr
dk izHkkfor ifjokj n'kdksa rd fgalk osQ t[eksa
ls mBrh Vhl dks eglwl djrk gSA
e'khuhdj.k] rduhdh vkSj foKku osQ
fodkl us tks fgald :i fy;k mlus ekuo
thou dks gh ugha i;kZoj.k vkSj tSfod fofoèkrk
dks Hkh [krjs esa Mky fn;kA i;kZoj.k vlarqyu
ls gekjh i`Foh osQ rkieku esa o`f¼ gqbZ vkSj
i`Foh dks chekj x`g dh laKk nh xbZA5 Hkkjr
esa vfgalk izk.kh ek=k rd gh lhfer ugha oju~
ouLifr txr dks Hkh vfgalk dh n`f"V ls ns[kk
x;kA o`{kksa osQ fy, 'kghn gksus dk mnkgj.k
Hkkjr eas ns[kus dks feykA6
;wusLdks us fo'o 'kkafr vkSj ekuo osQ
lqjf{kr thou ;kiu osQ fy, ftu {ks=kksa dks
vkèkkj cuk;k gS] mlesa lcls vko';d vkSj
egÙoiw.kZ gS f'k{kkA
f'k{kk gh og izkFkfed tfj;k gS] ftldh
lgk;rk ls uoih<+h }kjk 'kkafr] vfgalk] lkekftd
ln~Hkkoukvksa] efgykvksa osQ izfr lEeku] ekuoh;
vfèkdkjksa] i;kZoj.kh; lksp tSls ewY;ksa ls
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
jph&clh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr osQ vfLrRo dh j{kk
laHko gSA izkphu dky ls Hkkjr vfgalk vkSj
'kkafr LFkkiuk esa fo'o dk vxz.kh jgk gSA xkSre
cq¼ vkSj egkohj us vfgalk ,oa 'kkafr dks èkeZ
esa ifjo£rr dj blosQ vkè;kfRed izdk'k dks
u osQoy Hkkjr cfYd vU; ns'kksa esa Hkh iSQyk;kA
fgalk osQ Hk;kog ifjek.kkas us lezkV v'kksd dks
vfgalk dh jkg fn[kkbZ fiQj Lo;a v'kksd egku
us vfgalk vkSj 'kkafr lans'kkas dks fo'o Hkj esa
iSQyk;kA vusdksa egku larksa us vfgalk vkSj 'kkafr
dks viuk;k ,oa mldk izpkj fd;kA Hkkjr dk
izkphu bfrgkl gh ugha vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; bfrgkl
Hkh 'kkafr vkSj vfgalk osQ vusdksa mnkgj.kksa dks
izLrqr djrk gSA xk¡èkhth us vfgalk dks u;k
vk;ke fn;kA 'kfDr'kkyh osQ le{k fdl izdkj
vfgalk detksj dk 'kL=k curh gS] fu'kL=k
jgdj Hkh og oSQls fot; ik ldrk gS] vfgalk
dk ;g u;k :i xk¡èkhth dh nsu gSA vfgalk]
lR;] Lojkt tSls 'kCnksa dh 'kfDr dks xk¡èkhth us
fo'oO;kih igpku nhA bu 'kCnksa dks vksDliQkWMZ
fMD'kujh eas Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;kA xk¡èkhth
us vfgalk osQ fl¼karksa ij gh jk"Vª fuekZ.k dks
cy fn;kA 'kkafr vkanksyu us èkhjs&èkhjs O;kid
:i èkkj.k fd;kA chloha 'krkCnh tgka fo'o esa
nks fo'o ;q¼ksa] fgjksf'kek&ukxklkdh] 'khr;q¼]
[kkM+h ;q¼ vkfn vudks fgald ?kVukvksa dk
flyflysokj ewd n'kZd Fkh] ogha Hkkjr esa ;g
'kkafr vkanksyuksa dk uo lw=kik=k FkhA Hkkjr esa
pEikj.k ls vkjaHk gq, 'kkafr vkanksyu&fojksèk osQ
u, vfo"dkj osQ :i esa izfrLFkkfir gq,A Hkkjr
dh chloha 'krkCnh fgalk osQ iz'u ij vfgalk
dk izR;qÙkj fl¼ gbZA
bfrgkl dk 'kkafr vè;;u esa ;ksxnku ,oa---
'kkafr f'k{kk esa pfj=k fuekZ.k vkèkkj dk
dk;Z djrk gSA f'k{kk O;fDr dks ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk
O;kogkfjd :i ls vkSj cqf¼eÙkk ls fujh{k.k
djuk fl[kkrh gS] O;fDr ,oa lekt osQ fodkl
vkSj pfj=k fuekZ.k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh
gSA pfj=k fuekZ.k] f'k{kk dk eq[; mn~ns'; gksuk
pkfg,A uSfrd f'k{kk dks vkjafHkd ikB~;ozQeksa
esa LFkku fn;k x;k gS] ysfdu mPp ekè;fed
d{kkvksa esa pfj=k fuekZ.k vkSj uSfrd f'k{kk dk
LFkku èkhjs&èkhjs O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ys ysrh
gSA thfodksiktZu dh n`f"V ls ;g egÙoiw.kZ
Hkh gS] ijarq pfj=k fuekZ.k vkSj uSfrd f'k{kk
O;fDr dks lgu'khyrk] ekuork] lPpkbZ vkSj
izse ij vkèkkfjr thou;kiu esa lgk;rk djrh
gSA O;kolkf;d f'k{kk us thou] lq[k&lqfoèkkvksa
,oa osru osQ Lrj dks mQij mBk;k rks gS ysfdu
lkFk gh lkFk blls mRiUu izfrLièkkZ us dHkh
u [kRe gksus okyh nkSM+ esa O;fDr dks [kM+k
dj fn;kA ifj.kkeLo:i ozQksèk >qa>ykgV]
fpM+fpM+kgV] fMizs'ku] vijkèk] vlarqf"V]
gR;kvksa] vkRegR;kvksa vkfn dk Lrj Hkh mQij
mBk gSA vfgalk fo'okl dks tUe nsrh gS ijarq
vkt lekt esa fgalk us vfo'okl dk ekgkSy
cuk fn;k gS bl vfo'okl us fdlh u fdlh
:i esa gks ge lcdks ?ksj j[kk gSA efgyk,a]
cPps] cqtqxZ lc dgha u dgha fo'okl jfgr
lafnXèk ekgkSy esa th jgs gSaA
xk¡èkhth ^bZ'oj ij fo'okl* dks lR; ,oa
lgh f'k{kk dh rjiQ igyk dne ekurs FksA7
;gh fo'okl f'k{kk osQ ekè;e ls le`¼ gksdj
dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ,oa lgh
fu.kZ; ysus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA ;gh ^f'k{kk vkSj
39
fo'okl* O;fDr dks ?k`f.kr dk;Z djus ls jksdus
esa l{ke gks ldrk gSA ozQksèk fgalk gS vkSj ;gh
fgalk :ih ozQksèk csyxke gksus osQ dkj.k vkt
vkijkfèkd ekeyksa osQ izfr'kr dks c<+krk tk
jgk gSA blesa ,d cM+k Hkkx ;qok&oxZ dk gS] tks
lgh ekxZn'kZu osQ vHkko esa fgald izo`fÙk;ksa dh
rjiQ vkdf"Zkr gks jgs gaS] bldk izeq[k dkj.k
f'k{kk&uhfr esa yksp vkSj f'k{kk&uhfr osQ lgh
fozQ;kUo;u dk vHkko gSA
f'k{kk dk ekè;e osQoy 'kfDr osQ fodkl
ij osaQfnzr gksuk [krjukd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k
djrk gSA ckSf¼d 'kfDr ,oa 'kkjhfjd Je 'kfDr
osQ lkFk vkRe'kfDr dk fodkl Hkh egÙoiw.kZ
gSA 'kks"k.k dks lekt esa m[kkM+ isaQdus esa vfgalk
,oa 'kkafr osQ vè;;u osQ egÙo dk xk¡èkhth
us oèkkZ dk¡izasQl esa Hkh ftØ fd;k Fkk] ftlosQ
ifj.kkeLo:i u;h rkyhe dk vkjaHk gqvkA8
'kkafr] ekuo osQ lkekftd thou dks lqpk:
:i ls pykus osQ fy, vR;ar vko';d gSA
vfuf'prrkvksa us euq"; dh lgu'khyrk ij
iz'u fpg~u yxk fn, gSaA ;q¼ osQ nkSjku Hkh tYn
ls tYn dh 'kkafr dh pkg ekuo }kjk thou osQ
izfr yxko vkSj 'kkafriw.kZ oqQVqacdh; thou dh
bPNk osQ egÙo dks n'kkZrh gSA
bfrgkl ys[ku ij ewyr% ;g vkjksi yxk;k
tkrk gS fd bfrgkl esa vfèkdrj mu gh ?kVukvksa
dks egkeafMr fd;k tkrk gS ftuls 'kkafr Hkax
gqbZ gks vFkok ;q¼ksa osQ dkj.kksa vkSj ifj.kkeksa dk
o.kZu djuk gh bfrgkl dh izo`fr gSA ,sfrgkfld
ys[ku esa fgald ?kVukvksa] ;q¼ksa] yM+kb;ksa dk
fooj.k 'kkafriw.kZ ?kVukvksa osQ fooj.k dh rqyuk
esa vR;ar fo'kky gSA ijarq gky osQ o"kks± esa
40
vk;s cnyko us bfrgkldkjksa dk #[k lekt
vkSj tukèkkj dh vksj eksM+ fn;k gSA9 bfrgkl
ys[ku osQ bl cnyrs Lo:i us ;g fl¼ fd;k
fd dkyozQeksa] frfFk;ksa vkSj lkezkT; osQ mRd"kZ
vkSj vid"kZ osQ ozQeokj C;kSjksa ,oa jktuSfrd
mFky&iqFky dk o.kZu osQ :i esa igpkus tkus
okys bfrgkl dk iz;ksx 'kkafr LFkkiuk osQ fy,
Hkh izHkko'kkyh <ax ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g
lR; gS fd bfrgkl ohHkRl ;q¼kas dk izR;{kn'khZ
gSA ijarq bu ;q¼ksa dk o.kZu 'kkafr iz;klksa osQ
fy, psrkouh Lo:i fd;k tk ldrk gS] rkfd
'kkafr&LFkkiuk dks cy feysA tSls izFke ,oa
f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQ ifj.kkeksa usa 'khr;q¼ osQ
nkSjku mRiUu gksus okys vkozQked ladVksa dks
r`rh; fo'o ;q¼ dk :i ysus ls jksdk (D;wck
dk ladV] vi+QxkfuLrku dk ladV] [kkM+h
;q¼)A leLr fo'o osQ 'kkafr iz;klksa us bu
fpaxkfj;ksa dks fo'o ;q¼ cukus ls jksdkA
Ekkè;fed ,oa mPp ekè;fed ikB~;ozQeksa
esa 'kkafr vè;;u osQ fo'ks"k LFkku dh
vko';drk
Lkkekftd ifjorZu vuojr izfozQ;k gS vkSj
lkekftd ifjorZu la?k"kZ dks tUe nsrs gSaA la?k"kZ
lekèkku vkSj la?k"kZ izcaèku dk ifjp; ekè;fed
,oa mPp ekè;fed ,oa mPpre ekè;fed
d{kkvksa esa izR;sd {ks=k foKku] okf.kT;] ekufodh
esa nsus dh vko';drk gSA ;gka fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ
Åij c<+rs ikB~;ozQe osQ Hkkj dks Hkh ns[kuk
gksxkA ikB~;ozQe osQ lgh izcaèku ,oa oqQN de
vko';d rRokas dks gVkdj 'kkafr vè;;u dks
vfuok;Z djuk bl le; dh lcls cM+h pqukSrh
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
Hkh gS vkSj vko';drk HkhA gky osQ o"kks± esa
c<+rs vijkèkhdj.k eq[;r% tqosukby ozQkbe us
'kSf{kf.kd i¼fr ,oa ekè;fed f'k{kk Lrjkas ij
'kkafr f'k{kk dh vko';drk ij cy fn;kA
izkÑfrd vkinkvksa ,oa ekuo fu£er vkinkvksa
osQ le; mRiUu fgald ?kVuk,a Hkh vkink
izcaèku esa 'kakfr vè;;u vkSj la?k"kZ vè;;u dh
vko';rk ij cy nsrh gSA lekt esa la?k"kks± dk
gksuk LokHkkfod gSA ijarq la?k"kks± ij fu;a=k.k u
gksuk lekt dks thou;kiu djus ;ksX; ugha jgus
nsrkA la?k"kZ vuojr pyrs jgrs gaSA ikfjokfjd]
lkekftd] jk"Vªh;] vUrjkZ"Vªh;] lanHkks± esa fo}kukas
esa Hkh vkilh la?k"kZ dk LFkku jgrk gSA lHkh
la?k"kZ fouk'kdkjh gksa] ;g vko';d ughaA la?k"kZ
osQ dbZ mís'; gks ldrs gaSA U;k;] lekurk
osQ fy, fujarj la?k"kZ gksrs jgs gSaA ijarq la?k"kks±
osQ lkFk vfgalk dks tksM+dj tks iFk xk¡èkhth
us fn[kk;k] vkt ml iFk ij ;qok ih<+h dks
vxzlj djus dk dk;ZHkkj f'k{kk gh mBk ldrh
gS] orZeku miHkksDrkoknh vkReosaQfnzr laLÑfr us
euq"; dks laosnughu cuk fn;k gSA laosnukvksa]
ekuoh; ewY;ksa] lân; Hkkoukvksa osQ vHkko esa
'kkafr LFkkiuk vkSj ekuokfèkdkjksa osQ lkoZHkkSfed
fodkl dh dYiuk djuk Hkh O;FkZ gSA vkt
ekuo us vkReosaQfnzr LokFkZ iw£r osQ fy, u
osQoy laosnukvksa] ekuoh; ewY;ksa vkSj Hkzkr`Ro
Hkkouk dks viuh LokFkZ yksyqirk dh vfXu esa
>ksad fn;k cfYd vius i`Foh xzg osQ izkÑfrd
vkoj.k dks Hkh [kjkasp dj m[kkM+ isaQdkA ftl
izdkj i;kZoj.k f'k{kk vkink izcaèku dks fo|ky;
ikB~;ozQe esa LFkku feyk] mlh izdkj vfgalk ,oa
'kkafr f'k{kk vkSj la?k"kZ izcaèku dks Hkh lgh LFkku
bfrgkl dk 'kkafr vè;;u esa ;ksxnku ,oa---
nsus dk oDr vk x;k gSA ;fn vfgalk dks cky
efLr"d esa jksi.k djus esa gekjh f'k{kk iz.kkyh
liQy gks x;h rks lekt esa iSQys vijkèkhdj.k
ij rks jksd yxsxh gh] blls gekjs yksdra=k dks
Hkh etcwrh feysxhA
;fn ;q¼ksa vkSj yM+kb;ksa osQ mnkgj.k bfrgkl
esa feyrs gSa rks 'kkafr osQ egÙo] uSfrdrk] lnkpkj
osQ mnkgj.k Hkh bfrgkl gh gesa nsrk gSA iQoZQ
gS fd ge fdl izdkj vkSj fdl fy, bfrgkl
dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA foxr n'kd esa Hkkjrh; mPp
f'k{kk esa 'kkafr vè;;u la?k"kZ lekèkku] la?k"kZ
izcaèku] 'kkafr vkSj vfgalk lacaèkh dk;ZozQeksa dh
vè;;u lkexzh esa bfrgkl fo"k; dk iz;ksx
uhao osQ leku fd;k tk jgk gSA10 ;gka fopkj
djus ;ksX; rF; gS fd f'k{kk xzg.k dj jgs
fo|k£Fk;ksa dk ,d cM+k lewg mPp f'k{kk rd
ugha igq¡p ikrkA ijarq ;g cM+k lewg lekt esa
egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA rkRi;Z gS fd 'kkafr
vè;;u dh vko';drk ekè;fed Lrj ij
T+;knk eglwl dh tk jgh gSA orZeku lekt osQ
udkjkRed foo`Qr :i] fgalk osQ izfr vkd£"kr
gksrh ;qok ih<+h] efgykvksa osQ lEeku ij yxrs
iz'u fpg~u] lgu'khyrk vkSj fMizs'ku osQ dkj.k
c<+rh gR;kvksa vkSj vkRegR;kvksa osQ dkj.k 'kkafr
vkSj vfgalk osQ vè;;u dks ekè;fed Lrj ij
vko';drk osQ :i esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A
'kkafr f'k{kk dk vFkZ ,oa rRdkyhu
vko';drk
'kkafr LFkkiuk dk vFkZ ek=k ;q¼ksa vkSj taxksa dk
uk gksuk gh ugha gS cfYd lkekftd] vk£Fkd
,oa jktuhfrd Hk; ls eqfDr gh loksZPp 'kkafr gSA
41
'kkafr ogh fLFkfr gS] tgka ekuo dks thou ;kiu
osQ mfpr volj izkIr gkasA 'kkafr LFkkiuk dk
egÙo blfy, Hkh c<+ tkrk gS] D;ksafd gekjh
iwoZorhZ chloha lnh us fo'o ;q¼ksa esa =kklnh
osQ vla[;] vlguh; vuqHkoksa dks Hkksxk gSA
fgjksf'kek&ukxklkdh ekuork osQ ân; ls fjlus
okys uklwj gSaA vfgalk osQ loZO;kih egÙo dks
cqf¼thfo;ksa vkSj f'k{kkfonkas us egÙoiw.kZ le>k
vkSj bls dbZ f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa i<+k;k tkus yxkA
ijarq 'kkafr f'k{kk dh vko';drk mPp f'k{k.k
laLFkkuksa ls vfèkd ekè;fed f'k{kk Lrj ij gSA
Hkkjr dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk osQ vuqlkj ekè;fed
Lrj osQ ckn mPp ekè;fed ,oa Lukrd f'k{kk
{ks=k esa fo"k;ksa dk oSdfYid pquko djuk iM+rk
gSA vr% mPp f'k{kk ij 'kkafr f'k{kk xzg.k djus
okys fo|k£Fk;ksa dk izfr'kr ?kV tkrk gS vkt
osQ lekt esa c<+rs vijkèkhdj.k] Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj
vfgald xfrfofèk;ksa dks jksdus osQ fy, 'kkafr
f'k{kk dks ekè;fed vfuok;Z f'k{kk esa 'kkfey
fd;k tkuk pkfg, blosQ fy, bfrgkl fo"k; gh
lcls vfèkd mi;qDr gSA
'kkafr f'k{kk osQ fy, fgalk dks le>uk fgalk
osQ fuokj.k osQ fy, egÙoiw.kZ gSA tkWu xYVax us
fgalk dks nks Hkkxks esa ckaVk gS&Mk;jsDV fgalk vkSj
LVªDpjy fgalkA Mk;jsDV fgalk] ftlesa fdlh
O;fDr ;k lewg dks 'kkjhfjd ;k ekufld ihM+k
lgu djuh iM+rh gSA LVªDpjy fgalk osQ varxZr
fdlh laLFkk ;k lekt }kjk vlekurk osQ :i esa
O;fDr;ksa dk 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA11 tSls Hkkjr
esa efgykvksa ,oa nfyrksa osQ lkFk fgald ?kVuk,aA
tkWu xYVax us 1968 esa tjuy vkWiQ ihl fjlpZ
fudkykA blh izdkj tkWu cVZu us 1966 esa 'kkafr
42
iz;klksa dks c<+kok nsrs gq, yaMu ;wuho£lVh
esa lasVj iQkWj ,ukfyfll vkWiQ dkWfUÝyDV dh
LFkkiuk dhA12 fgalk dh le> 'kkafr vè;;u
osQ iz;klksa dh :ijs[kk cukus esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA
'kkafr vè;;u esa xk¡èkhth dk ;ksxnku fo}kuksa esa
cgl] vuqlaèkkuksa ,oa iz'kalk dk fo"k; jgk gSA
vjLrq us dgk Fkk fd ge ;q¼ blfy, djrs gaS
rkfd 'kkafr ls jg losaQ] D;k ge ;q¼ osQ LFkku
ij fe=krk vkSj lg;ksx dh laLÑfr viukdj
'kkafr ls ugha jg ldrsA
'kkafr dh voèkkj.kk uohu ugha gSA bfrgkl
lk{kh gS fd jDr dh fiiklk 'kkafr ls gh cq>h
gS& egkHkkjr osQ ;q¼ ls igys 'kkafr dk izLrko
gks ;k dfyax fot; osQ mijkar v'kksd }kjk
'kkafr dh pkg] egkRek cq¼ ,oa Lokeh egkohj
dh 'kkafr&[kkst gks ;k vdcj dh nhu&,&bykgh
,oa jktiwr uhfr esa 'kkafr dh >yd gks] Lokeh
foosdkuan dk fo'o 'kkafr lans'k gks ;k xk¡èkhth
}kjk vius thou dk 'kkafr osQ fy, leiZ.kA
lekt esa 'kkafr dk vfLro vuojr pyk vk
jgk gS rks fdu dkj.kksa ls orZeku esa 'kkafr
f'k{kk osQ vkxk”k dh vko';drk ckydksa osQ
fy, egÙoiw.kZ gks xbZ gSA bl iz'u dk mÙkj
gesa dk¡izsaQl gkWyksa esa ugha cfYd fo|ky;ksa
vkSj fo|ky;ksa osQ vkl&ikl ?kfVr ?kVukvksa esa
feysxkA vkt fo|ky; fgalk dh dk;Z'kkykvksa
esa cnyrs u”kj vk jgs gSaA ukckfyx vijkèkksa
dk c<+rk xzkiQ vlarks"k] vlqj{kk] laLÑfr ,oa
uSfrd ewY;ksa osQ èoal dk |ksrd gSA fgalk dk
izkjaHk foèkky; ls Hkh dgha igys ckydksa osQ
?kj ls vkjaHk gks tkrk gSA ?kjsyw fgalk] fgald
okrkZyki] tulapkj osQ lkèkuksa esa fgalk dk izpkj
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
ckydksa osQ efLr"d ij vafdr gks tkrk gSA
vius 'kksèkdk;Z osQ losZ osQ nkSjku LowQyh Nk=kksa
ls ckr djrs le; pkSadkus okys rF; lkeus
vk;s fd fdl izdkj LowQyh Nk=kksa dks fgalk ,oa
fgalk ls tqM+h xfrfofèk;ksa esa vkuan vkus yxk gSA
fo|ky;ksa esa ckydksa osQ chp NksVh&NksVh ckrksa
esa yM+kbZ >xM+ksa dk fodjky :i ysuk vke
ckr gks xbZ gSA ozQksèk dh lhek dks yka?k dj
vius vè;kidksa ij gkoh gksuk vkSj mUgsa èkedh
rd nsuk vke ckr gSA 2013 osQ vkjaHk esa
nf{k.kh fnYyh osQ ,d jktdh; fo|ky; esa ,d
vè;kid us ,d ckyd dh xyrh ij mldh
fiVkbZ dj nhA vxys gh fnu oqQN yksx vk,
vkSj fo|ky; ifjlj esa vè;kid dh fiVkbZ
djus yxsA vè;kid dk O;ogkj Hkh funauh;
gS ijarq vc rd vè;kid dh pir fo|k£Fk;ksa
osQ fy, Hkfo"; esa i<+us okyh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh
ekj ls cpus dk rjhdk FkhA bl izdkj dh
?kVukvksa vkSj vè;kidkas osQ izfr fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ
cnyrs n`f"Vdks.k us vè;kidksa osQ eu esa Hk;]
vius drZO; ls foeq[krk ,oa fo|kfFk;ksa osQ eè;
mPp Ük`a[kyrk dks c<+kok fn;kA bl ?kVuk dks
oqQN le; gh chrk Fkk fd mlh fo|ky; osQ
pkSdhnkj ij geyk gqvk mls vLirky esa HkrhZ
djok;k x;kA cgqr eq'fdy ls fo|ky; dk
iz'kklu bl ckr dks xqIr j[k ikus esa dke;kc
gqvkA ;g rks ek=k ,d fo|ky; dk mnkgj.k
gS ysfdu yxHkx gj nwljs fo|ky; esa fgalk ls
tqM+h vusd ?kVukvksa osQ mnkgj.k feysaxsA ,d
nwljs fo|ky; osQ vkBoha d{kk osQ fo|kFkhZ us
crk;k fd dbZ cPps fo|ky; esa nkrksa osQ chp
CysM dk vkèkk fgLlk rksM+dj j[krs gaS vkSj
bfrgkl dk 'kkafr vè;;u esa ;ksxnku ,oa---
yM+kbZ ;k >xM+s esa lhèkk CysM ekjdj Hkkx tkrs
gSaA vius losZ osQ nkSjku fgalk osQ dkj.kksa dks
tkuus osQ iz;kl esa eq>s fo|ky;ksa esa u'ks dh
xgjh gksrh xrZ osQ ckjs esa Hkh irk pykA mnkgj.k
c<+rs tk,axs ij bu mnkgj.kksa dk mís'; ?kVukvksa
dk C;kSjk ugha oju~ 'kkafr f'k{kk dh izcy ,oa
vkikrdkyhu vko';drk ij cy nsuk gSA
bykt ls cpko csgrj gS] blfy, dkuwu
O;oLFkk vkSj iqfyl O;oLFkk cky vijkèk xzgksa
dks csgrj cukus osQ lkFk&lkFk ;fn f'k{kk dks
csgrj cuk;k tk, vkSj bl ls Hkh vfèkd f'k{kk
dks izHkkoh :i ls fØ;kfUor fd;k tk, rks
vo'; gh ldkjkRed ifj.kke n`f"Vxkspj gksaxsA
xk¡èkhth osQ vuqlkj vfgalk gh lR; vkSj lR;kxzg
dks ikus dk ekxZ gSA ;g osQoy jktuhfrd dk;ks±
esa liQyrk ikus dk ekè;e ugha oju~ lR; dks
ikus dk ,d ek=k uSfrd lkèku gSaA cPpksa dh
eklwfe;r us xk¡èkhth dks eqXèk fd;kA muosQ
vuqlkj ckyd lR; vkSj vfgalk osQ okLrfod
vH;kFkhZ gSaA VkWyLVkW; iQkeZ esa f'k{kd osQ :i
esa xk¡èkhth us O;fDÙko fuekZ.k dks f'k{kk dh
uhao crk;kA muosQ vuqLkkj ;fn f'k{kk dh uhao
etcwr gS rks cPps ckfd lkjh phtsa vius vki
;k vius lkfFk;ksa osQ lg;ksx ls lh[k tkrs gaSA13
xk¡èkhth ekurs gSa fd f'k{kk ckydksa esa ekuork
osQ cht dks izLiqQfVr djrh gS& ¶ckydksa dks
fdlh uk;d dh izfrÑfr cukuk vuq'kklu ugha
gSA blls vknrksa dks fodflr djuk laHko ughaA
;fn ckydksa dks cafn;ksa dh Hkk¡fr i<+k;k tk, rks
og ckydksa dk fodkl ugha oju~ mudh izfrHkk
dk ßkl gksxkA¸14
ckydksa dks tks f'k{kk nh tk, ml f'k{kk osQ
43
dkj.k muosQ le{k gksa] fiQj egku foHkwfr;ksa osQ
egku dk;ks± dks muosQ lkeus izLrqr dj dkj.kksa
dks Bksl vkèkkj fn;s tk,aA blls ckyd etcwr
ukxfjd cusaxs] tks dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lgh
fu.kZ; ys losQaxsA fo|k£Fk;ksa esa O;fDrRo fuekZ.k]
fofoèkrk ls ifjiw.kZ ns'k esa fey&tqy dj jguk
lh[kus dh dyk] ns'k ,oaa lekt osQ izfr dÙkZO;]
thou 'kSyh esa 'kkafriw.kZ fLFkjrk osQ egÙo dks
fl[kkus dh ”k:jr gSA bu mís';ksa dks izkIr
djus osQ fy, ckydksa ij i<+kbZ dk vfrfjDr
Hkkj Mkyus osQ LFkku ij bfrgkl fo"k; dks gh
bl izdkj ls izLrqr fd;k tk, fd ;q¼ksas dk
o.kZu djrs le; Hkh 'kkafr osQ egÙo dh vksj
laosQr u”kj vk;sA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl vkSj lakLÑfr
ewY;ksa osQ yxHkx izR;sd igyw dks fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ
le{k thfor djus esa l{ke gSaA O;fDRo fuekZ.k
esa lgk;rk osQ fy, Hkkjrh; bfrgkl vHkwriw.kZ
O;fDr;ksa osQ mnkgj.kksa ls Hkjk gqvk gSA
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr us lnSo lksgknZiw.kZ thou
O;rhr djus osQ fy, ^olqèkSo oqQVqEcde*
dk lw=k fn;k] xk¡èkhth dk lEiw.kZ thou
gh 'kkafr ,oa vfgalk dk iz;kl gSA Hkkjrh;
jk"Vªh; vkanksyu Hkh 'kkafriw.kZ liQyrk dk mÙke
mnkgj.k gSA xk¡èkhth us VkWyLVkW; iQkWeZ ij
vè;kiu osQ vuqHko ls dgk gS fd fo|k£Fk;ksa
esa O;fDro fuekZ.k f'k{kk dk egÙoiw.kZ mís';
gSA ;fn vuq'kklu] vkRefu;a=k.k] ifjJe vkSj
laosnu'khyrk dks f'k{kk osQ vkjafHkd pj.kksa osQ
:i esa izfrLFkkfir fd;k tk,xk rks vfgalkRed
iks"k.k] uSfrd ewY;kas] ldkjkRed lksp ls flafpr
cky:ih ikSèkk vo'; gh Hkfo"; esa 'kkar ?kus
Nk;knkj ou esa ifjo£rr gksxkA
44
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
lanHkZ
1- izQkalhlh ozQkafr&i`-3] :lh ozQakfr&i`- 25] ukRlhokn vkSj fgVyj&i`- 49] Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o&1]
,ulhbZvkjVh] ikB~;iqLrd] d{kk 9] 2006 2- ;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn&i`-3] fo;ruke ;q¼ i`- 44]47] Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o&2] ,ulhbZvkjVh] ikB~;iqLrd
d{kk 10] 2007 3- foHkktu dks le>kuk& i`- 376] Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;] Hkkx 3] ,ulhbZvkjVh] ikB~;iqLrd]
d{kk 12] 2007 4- ;wuho£lVh vkWiQ ihl (;wihbZ,lhbZ)] dksLVk fjdk 5- Source- www.culture-of-peace.infoèkindex.html 6- ukuh ikydhokyk] n ,fyax IySusV% n xzhu ewoesaV~l~ jksy] n bafM;u ,sDlizsl] 24 uocaj 1994 7- lqUnj yky cgqxq.kk] lH;rk dk ladV vkSj laLÑfr dk lans'k i;kZoj.k osQ lanHkZ esa ¶Mk- jktsUnz izlkn O;k[;ku
ekyk] 1986] lwpuk vkSj izlkj.k ea=kky;] u;h fnYyh] 1986] i`"B& 24&25¸ tksèkiqj osQ egkjkt vt; flag
osQ vkns'k ij fc'uksb;ksa osQ f[ktM+h xk¡o esa [kstM+h osQ isM+ dkVus dk vkns'k fn;k rkfd egy osQ fy, ydM+h
dk izcaèk gks losQA ve`rk nsoh fc'uksbZ ,oa mudh rhu csfV;k¡ ckjh&ckjh isM+ksa ls fyiV xb± vkSj cfynku ns
fn;kA ,d osQ ckn ,d 363 fc'uksb;ksa us isM+ksa dh j{kk osQ fy, vius izk.kksa dh vkgqfr;k¡ nhaA
8- jkepUnz xqgk] ¶vuDokbV oqM~l¸ vkWDliQksMZ] 1989] ¶jsuh xk¡o (ftyk pekSyh) esa taxy dh dVkbZ osQ fojksèk
esa 27 vkSjrksa us Jherh xkSjknsoh osQ usr`Ro esa fcuk tku dh ijokg fd;s fpidks vkanksyu 'kq: fd;kA 26 ekpZ
1974 osQ bl vkUnksyu us Lora=k Hkkjr osQ izFke i;kZoj.k vkanksyu dh uhao j[kh¸ 7- egkRek xk¡èkh] ¶n LVksjh vkWiQ ekbZ ,DlisfjesaV fon VªªqFk¸ egknso nslkbZ }kjk vuqokfnr] ysfDldu cqDl] u;h
fnYyh 2011] Ik`- 12 i`- 312] 316 8- uoHkkjr fo|ky;] oèkkZ lEesyu] 22&23 vDrwcj 1937 9- xqgk jathr ,aM xk;=kh pozQorhZ fLiod] 1988] lysfDVM lcYVuZ LVMh”k] vkWDliQkWMZ ;wfuo£lVh iSzl 10- bXuw ,oa xk¡èkh Le`fr ,oa n'kZu lfefr] jkt?kkV] 2011] xk¡fèk;u LVMh”k izksxzke 11- xYVax tkWu] Ikhl ck; ihliqQy ehUl] ihl ,aM dufÝYDV] MoyiesaV ,aM flfoykb”ks'ku] lst ifCyosQ'ku]
yanu] 1996 12- ckWUM~;wjSaV tkWu oh-] 1965] dkWUDoSLV vkWWiQ okW;ySal% n xk¡fèk;u fiQykWWliQh vkWWiQ dufÝYDV] ;quho£lVh vkWWiQ
oSQfyiQks£u;k izSl] coZQys 13- egkRek xk¡èkh] ¶n LVksjh vkWiQ ekbZ ,DlisfjesaV fon VªªqFk¸ egknso nslkbZ }kjk vuqokfnr] ysfDldu cqDl] u;h
fnYyh 2011] i`- 312] 316 14- ;ax bafM;k esa izdkf'kr xk¡èkhth dk ys[k (29 tqykbZ 1920) -
vè;kidksa }kjk d{kk&d{k esa lekos'kh okrkoj.k
l`ftr u dj Ikkus dh leL;k&,d fozQ;kRed 'kksèk
osQoykuan dk.Miky·
gekjs fo|ky;ksa esa izkjfEHkd d{kkvksa dk cgq&d{kh; ,oa cgq&Js.kh Lo:Ik ,d ;FkkFkZ
O;ogkfjdrk gSA blh dkj.k d{kk esa lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfozQ;k esa cPpksa dh vko';drk
dh fofoèkrk dks lacksfèkr djuk ,oa d{kk&d{k esa lekos'kh okrkoj.k dk l`tu djuk
vè;kid osQ fy, ges'kk ,d pqukSrh jgh gSA Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa ^f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj
vfèkfu;e 2009* cPps osQ lrr~ ,oa O;kid ewY;kadu dh vko';drk dks js[kkafdr djrk
gSA bl vfèkfu;e esa Li"V funsZ'ku gS fd fdlh ckyd ls izkjfEHkd f'k{kk iwjh djus rd
dksbZ cksMZ ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ djus dh vis{kk ughaa dh tk;sxh vkSj ;g Hkh fd fo|ky; esa
izos'k izkIr ckyd dks fdlh d{kk esa jksdk ughaa tk;sxkA bl Li"V funsZ'ku osQ vkyksd esa
cPps dh 'kSf{kd izxfr dk lrr~ ,oa O;kid vk¡dyu cgqr izklafxd gks tkrk gSA ,d
,slh fofoèkrkiw.kZ d{kk esa tgka cgq&Js.kh ,oa cgq&Lrj osQ lkFk&lkFk fofHkUu lkekftd]
vk£Fkd ,oa lkaLÑfrd lanHkks± ls ifjpkfyr fofHkUu Lrj ekStwn gksa] cPps dh lh[kus
dh lrr~ izxfr ,oa O;kid igyqvksa dk vk¡dyu okLro esa pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z gSA blosQ
fy, vè;kid }kjk fo"k;xr vfèkxe Lrj dk vk¡dyu djus gsrq midj.kksa (Tools) dk
fuekZ.k] cPps osQ vfèkxe Lrj dk vk¡dyu ,oa vk¡dyu vkèkkfjr fu"d"kks± dk fu:i.k
djus dh vko';drk gksxhA LokHkkfod gS fd vè;kid dks f'k{k.k vfèkxe izfozQ;k ls
leUo; osQ ozQe esa ;s miozQe tkjh j[kus gksaxsA mÙkjk[k.M osQ izkjfEHkd fo|ky;ksa esa ykxw
dh x;h ^cPps dh ckWDl iQkby* dks lrr~ ,oa O;kid vk¡dyu gsrq mi;ksx esa ykus esa
ldkjkRed laHkkouk,a utj vkrh gSaA fo|ky;h iz.kkyh esa mi;ksx esa yk;s tk jgs vfHkys[kksa
(fo'ks"kdj cPps dh ckWDl iQkby) dks fdl izdkj lrr~ ,oa O;kid vk¡dyu osQ lanHkks±
esa O;oâr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;g fozQ;kRed 'kksèk blh fn'kk esa ,d fouez iz;kl gS A
· izoDrk] ftyk f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.k laLFkku (Mk;V)] ckxs'oj (mÙkjk[kaM)
46
i`"BHkwfe& xksiky Ñ".k xks[kys og O;fDr Fks]
ftUgksaus vkt ls ,d lkS o"kZ igys (o"kZ 1910 esa
gh bEihfj;y ysftLysfVo vlsEcyh ls ;g ekax
dh Fkh fd Hkkjrh; cPpksa dks f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj
iznku fd;k tk,A bl y{; rd igqapus esa gesa
,d lnh dk le; yxk gSA ljdkj us varr%
lHkh folaxfr;ksa dks nwj djrs gq, 86 ok¡ lafoèkku
la'kksèku djosQ lafoèkku esa 21(v) vuqPNsn
tksM+dj f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj dks ekSfyd vfèkdkj
dk ntkZ fn;k gSA igyh vizy
S ls fu%'kqYd ,oa
vfuok;Z f'k{kk dk ekSfyd vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e
2009 ikfjr fd;k x;kA 1 vizy
S 2010 ls ;g
vfèkfu;e lEiw.kZ Hkkjro"kZ (tEew ,oa d'ehj
dks NksM+dj) ykxw Hkh gks x;k gSA f'k{kk dk
vfèkdkj vc 6 ls 14 o"kZ rd osQ lHkh cPpksa
osQ fy, ,d ekSfyd vfèkdkj gSA
fu%'kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z f'k{kk dk ekSfyd
vfèkdkj ykxw gksus ls vc 6 ls 14 o"kZ rd osQ
lHkh cPpksa dks lekos'kh d{kk&d{k okrkoj.k
esa xq.koÙkk;qDr fu%'kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z izkjfEHkd
f'k{kk lqfuf'pr djuk jkT; dh laoSèkkfud
tokcnsgh gSA bl tokcnsgh osQ ozQe esa bl
vfèkfu;e osQ ^[k.M 24* esa izkjfEHkd f'k{kk
osQ {ks=k esa dke dj jgs vè;kidksa dh fuEu
tokcnsgh fuèkkZfjr dh x;h gS&
(v)LowQy esa fu;fer :i ls le; dh ikcUnh
osQ lkFk viuh mifLFkfr cuk, j[ksaA
(c)[k.M 29 osQ mi[k.M (2) osQ izkoèkkuksa
osQ eqrkfcd ikB~;ozQe dks pyk,a vkSj iwjk
djsaA
(l)fu£n"V le;kofèk esa lewpk ikB~;ozQe iwjk
djsA
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
(n)gj cPps osQ lh[kus dh {kerk dk vk¡dyu
djrs gq, t:jr iM+us ij mls vfrfjDr
f'k{k.k iznku djasA
(;)ekrk&firk ;k vfHkHkkodksa osQ lkFk
fu;fer cSBd vk;ksftr djsa rkfd cPpksa
dh mifLFkfr dh fu;ferrk] lh[kus dh
{kerk] lh[kus dh izxfr vkSj vko';d
tkudkjh mUgsa nh tk losQA
(j) os vU; dk;Zdyki (tSlk fd fuèkkZfjr
fd;k tk,xk)A
mDr laoSèkkfud tokcnsgh dks iwjk djus
osQ fy;s vU; ckrksa osQ vfrfjDr f'k{kd esa ;g
{kerk gksuh Hkh vko';d izrhr gksrh gS fd og
vfHkHkkod] ifjokj ,oa leqnk; dks laosnhÑr ,oa
vfHkizsfjr djosQ fo'ks"k vko';drk okys cPpksa
osQ lekos'ku gsrq okrkoj.k l`ftr dj losQA
gekjs lafoèkku esa lekurk] Lora=krk] lkekftd
U;k; ,oa O;fDr dh xfjek (Dignity of
Person) dks izkI; ewY;ksa osQ :Ik esa fu:fir
fd;k x;k gSA gekjk lafoèkku tkfr] oxZ] èkeZ]
vk; ,oa ySafxd vkèkkj ij fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ
foHksn dk fu"ksèk djrk gSA vkt bl laoSèkkfud
ifjizs{; esa cPps dks lkekftd] tkfrxr]
vk£Fkd] oxhZ;] ySafxd] 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld
n`f"V ls fHkUu ns[ks tkus osQ ctk; ,d cPps osQ
:Ik esa ns[ks tkus dh vko';drk gSA blosQ fy,
t:jh gS fd f'k{kd cPps dh fofHkUu izdkj
dh fo'ks"khÑr vko';drkvksa dks è;ku esa j[krs
gq, d{kk&d{k esa lekos'kh okrkoj.k dk l`tu
djus esa l{ke gksA d{kk esa cPpksa osQ lekos'ku
gsrq vè;kid dks ikB~;p;kZ vuqowQyu osQ ozQe
esa d{kk&d{k okrkoj.k] f'k{k.k vfèkxe lkexzh]
vè;kidksa }kjk d{kk&d{k esa lekos'kh okrkoj.k l`ftr u dj ikus dh---
f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa] fo"k; lkexzh ,oa f'k{k.k ;kstuk
esa vuqowQyu djus dh {kerk gksuk vko';d
gSA orZeku ifjizs{; esa ge lHkh fo|ky;ksa dks
,d ,sls :i esa ifjyf{kr dj jgs gSa tgka ij
cPpksa dh fofHkUurkvksa ('kkjhfjd] ekufld]
lkekftd] vk£Fkd] ySafxd vkfn) osQ gksrs gq,
Hkh mUgsa lHkh osQ lkFk feydj Kku l`tu djus
osQ leku volj fey losaQA mudh oS;fDrd
vko';drkvksa osQ vuq:i mUgsa d{kk&d{k
esa mfpr okrkoj.k fey losQ rkfd os vkRe
fo'okl] vkRelEeku] ldkjkRed lksp] izHkkoh
lEizs"k.k vkfn xq.kksa dks Lo;a esa fodflr djrs
gq, lEiw.kZ O;fDrRo fodkl dh vksj vxzlj gks
losaQA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd gekjs f'k{kd
lHkh cPpksa osQ fy, lekos'kh okrkoj.k l`ftr
djus dk dkS'ky fodflr dj losaQA fdUrq]
lekos'kh ekgkSy l`ftr djuk ,d f'k{kd osQ
fy, cM+h pqukSrh gSA fdlh Hkh d{kk esa cgqr&lh
fofHkUurk,a ns[kh tk ldrh gSa bu fofHkUurkvksa
dks lkFk ysdj f'k{k.k dk;Z djus dk dkS'ky]
f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e 2009 osQ ifjizs{;
esa visf{kr gSA bl fozQ;kRed 'kksèk dk lapkyu
d{kk&d{k esa mi;ZqDr f'k{k.k fofèk dk iz;ksx
dj] d{kk&d{k esa lekos'kh okrkoj.k cukus dh
n`f"V ls fd;k x;k gSA
fozQ;kRed 'kksèk osQ mn~ns';& izk;% fo'ks"k
vko';drk okys cPpksa dh ifjfèk esa ge
'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld :i ls fof'k"V cPpksa
dks j[krs gSaA uohu ifjn`'; esa ge lkekftd]
vk£Fkd ,oa ySafxd n`f"Vdks.k ls fHkUu cPpksa
dks Hkh blosQ varxZr lfEefyr djrs gSaA gekjs
lekt esa O;kIr tks vlekurk,a gSa] os d{kk&d{k
47
izfozQ;kvksa esa izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls ns[kus
dks feyrh gSaA cPpksa osQ lkFk mudh tkfr]
oxZ ;k fyax osQ vkèkkj ij gks jgs HksnHkko
osQ dkj.k oqQN cPps bruk vlgt eglwl
djrs gSa fd os fo|ky; NksM+dj Hkh pys tkrs
gSaA ,slk t:jh ughaa gS fd ;fn dksbZ cPpk
vk£Fkd] lkekftd ;k ySafxd :i ls detksj@
fHkUu gS rks mldh {kerk,a Hkh de gksaxhA gka
;g t:j gS fd ,sls cPpksa dh vko';drk,a
,oa leL;k,a vU; cPpksa ls fHkUu gks ldrh
gSaA bu lc ckrksa dh le> ,d f'k{kd dks
d{kk&d{k esa lekos'kh okrkoj.k l`ftr djus
esa lg;ksx dj ldrh gSA ;g fozQ;kRed 'kksèk
lekos'kh d{kk&d{k okrkoj.k l`ftr djus osQ
fy;s fuEukafdr fo'ks"khÑr {ks=kksa esa vè;kid dh
{kerk fodkl osQ mn~ns'; ls fd;k x;k &
1- d{kk&d{k esa cPps dh vfèkxe
vko';drkvksa dh igpku djus dh {kerk
dk fodkl djukA
2- cPps dh vfèkxe vko';drk osQ vuq:Ik
ikB~;p;kZ] fo"k;&oLrq] f'k{k.k&vfèkxe
lkexzh] f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa osQ vuqowQyu djus
dh {kerk dk fodkl djukA
3- lekos'kh d{kk&d{k okrkoj.k gsrq mi;qDr
lrr~ ,oa O;kid ewY;kadu izfofèk osQ
iz;ksx gsrq vko';d {kerk dk fodkl
djukA
4- lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfozQ;k esa cPps dks
vko';d Ik'piks"k.k nsus dh {kerk dk
fodkl djukA
fozQ;kRed 'kksèk dk egÙo& lekos'ku] jk"Vªh;
,oa varjkZ"Vªh; nksuksa Lrjksa ij ges'kk ls gh fparu
48
dk fo"k; jgk gSA jk"Vªh; ,oa varjkZ"Vh; Lrj
ij fo'ks"k vko';drkvkas okys O;fDr;ksa dks
è;ku esa j[krs gq, cgqr&lh uhfr;ka] ;kstuk,a
,oa vfèkfu;e le;&le; ij ykxw fd, x,
gSaA Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkh fo'ks"k vko';drkvksa
okys O;fDr;ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, lafoèkku
esa bu O;fDr;ksa osQ vfèkdkjksa dks lqjf{kr j[kus
dk izkoèkku fd;k gSA bu O;fDr;ksa osQ mUu;u
gsrq gekjh ljdkj us jk"Vªh; Lrj ij laLFkku
Hkh [kksys gSaA lkFk gh budks fo'ks"k lqfoèkk,a
,oa fj;k;rsa Hkh nh xbZ gSaA f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj
vfèkfu;e 2009 esa bu cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd ,oa
vfuok;Z :i ls f'kf{kr ,oa vU; lqfoèkk,a iznku
djus dh ckr dgh gSA d{kk&d{k esa lekos'kh
okrkoj.k l`ftr djus osQ ozQe esa f'k{kd esa
bl {kerk dk fodkl gksuk t:jh gS fd og
d{kk osQ izR;sd cPps (izfrHkkoku] èkheh xfr ls
lh[kus okys] vfèkxe v{ke) dks Lora=k :i esa
LohdkjsA mudh t:jrksa] {kerkvksa vkSj lh[kus
osQ rjhdksa dks igpku losQA ;g {kerk vè;kid
esa blfy, Hkh gksuh vko';d gS ftlls og
d{kk&d{k esa izR;sd cPps dh vko';drk osQ
vuqlkj f'k{k.k&vfèkxe osQ mi;qDr rkSj&rjhosQ
fuèkkZfjr dj losQA bl izfozQ;k esa d{kk&d{k esa
izR;sd cPps dh [kkfl;r dks lalkèku osQ :i
esa f'k{k.k&vfèkxe gsrq iz;ksx djus dh {kerk
Hkh vè;kid esa gksuh vko';d gSA gj cPps
dk lh[kus dk ,d fof'k"V rjhdk gksrk gSA
tc ge 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] lkekftd] 'kSf{kd]
vk£Fkd ;k ySafxd n`f"V ls fof'k"V cPpksa dh
vko';drkvksa dks n`f"Vxr djrs gSa rks lh[kus osQ
fy, mi;qDr okrkoj.k l`ftr oSQls fd;k tk,]
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
;g lcls egÙoiw.kZ eqn~nk yxrk gSA lh[kus osQ
fy, mi;qDr okrkoj.k osQ varxZr fo|ky; osQ
HkkSfrd okrkoj.k esa vuqowQyu osQ lkFk&lkFk
d{kk&d{k esa lekos'kh okrkoj.k dk l`tu djrs
gq, f'k{k.k vfèkxe izfozQ;k dks cky eS=khiw.kZ
cukus osQ fy, ikB~;p;kZ] d{kk&d{k izfozQ;k esa
D;k egÙoiw.kZ cnyko fd, tkus t:jh gSa\ vkSj
cPpksa osQ fy, f'k{k.k izfozQ;k lqxe fdl izdkj
cukbZ tk losQ] ;g ,d f'k{kd osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls
,d egÙoiw.kZ fcUnq gSA bu lHkh osQ fo"k; esa
f'k{kd dks laosnu'khy gksuk vko';d gS rkfd
f'k{kd cPpksa dh vko';drkvksa ,oa leL;kvksa
dk vk¡dyu djrs gq, 'kSf{kd j.kuhfr;ka rS;kj
djus dh ;ksX;rk] f'k{k.k lgk;d lkexzh osQ
fuekZ.k djus dk dkS'ky rFkk cPpksa esa thou
dkS'ky fodflr djus dh {kerk dk fodkl
djus esa l{ke gks losQA lexz :Ik ls izLrkfor
fozQ;kRed 'kksèk vè;;u fu%'kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z
f'k{kk dk ekSfyd vfèkdkj osQ vUrxZr vè;kid
esa tokcnsgh fuoZgu gsrq vko';d {kerk
fodflr djus esa lgk;d fl¼ gks losQxkA
vè;kid lekos'kh d{kk&d{k okrkoj.k l`tu
djosQ xq.koÙkk;qDr f'k{kk iznku djus esa leFkZ
gks losaQxsA
leL;k dk {ks=k& orZeku ifjizs{; esa ge lHkh
fo|ky;ksa dks ,d ,sls :i esa ifjyf{kr dj jgs
gSa tgka ij cPps dh fofHkUurkvksa ('kkjhfjd]
ekufld] lkekftd] vk£Fkd] ySafxd vkfn)
osQ gksrs gq, Hkh mUgsa lHkh osQ lkFk feydj
Kku l`tu djus osQ leku volj fey losaQA
mudh oS;fDrd vko';drkvksa osQ vuq:i
mUgsa d{kk&d{k esa mfpr okrkoj.k fey losQ
49
vè;kidksa }kjk d{kk&d{k esa lekos'kh okrkoj.k l`ftr u dj ikus dh---
rkfd os vkRefo'okl] vkRelEeku] ldkjkRed
lksp] izHkkoh lEizs"k.k vkfn xq.kksa dks Lo;a esa
fodflr djrs gq, lEiw.kZ O;fDrRo fodkl dh
vksj vxzlj gks losaQA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS
fd gekjs f'k{kd lHkh cPpksa osQ fy, lekos'kh
okrkoj.k l`ftr djus dk dkS'ky fodflr dj
losaQA fdUrq] lekos'kh ekgkSy l`ftr djuk ,d
f'k{kd osQ fy, cM+h pqukSrh gSA fdlh Hkh d{kk
esa cgqr&lh fofHkUurk,a ns[kh tk ldrh gSaA bu
fofHkUurkvksa dks lkFk ysdj f'k{k.k dk;Z djus
dk dkS'ky] f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e 2009
osQ ifjizs{; esa visf{kr gSA blosQ fy, ;g Hkh
t:jh gS fd fo|ky;ksa esa ekuoh; ,oa HkkSfrd
lalkèkuksa dh vuqowQyrk gksA f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj
vfèkfu;e 2009 osQ ifjizs{; esa fo|ky;ksa esa
lekos'kh okrkoj.k osQ lanHkZ esa oLrqfLFkfr D;k
gS\ ;g tkuuk cgqr izklafxd gSA vr% fozQ;kRed
'kksèk ls iwoZ 'kksèkdrkZ }kjk Mk;V osQ ySc ,fj;k 5
fo|ky;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk 2 vU; fo|ky;ksa lfgr
oqQy 7 fo|ky;ksa dk vuqJo.k fd;k x;kA bu
fo|ky;ksa esa d{kkokj Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa] vè;kidksa
dk fooj.k fuEuor~ gS&
rkfydk 1
ozQla-
12345-
fo|ky;
ySc ,fj;k osQ
fo|ky;
jk-izk-fockxs'oj&izFke
jk-izk-fockxs'oj
f}rh;
jk-izk-fofcykSuk
(uohu)
jk-izk-fofcykSuk
(izkphu)
jk-izk-fouqekbl[ksr
dk;Zjr
d{kk 1
d{kk 2
d{kk 3
d{kk 4
d{kk 5
vè;kid
ck ckfy ;ks ck ckfy ;ks ck ckfy ;ks ck ckfy ;ks ck ckfy ;ks
,oa
yd dk x yd dk x yd dk x yd dk x yd dk x
vè;kfidkvksa
dh la[;k@
oqQy
Nk=k la[;k
1@114
10 10 20 9
8 17 14 14 28 9
13 22 13 14 27
2@58
7
6 13 5
6 11 3
10 13 3
9
12 6
3
9
2@21
3
2
4
2
3
5
1
3
4
2
1
3
2@57
6
9 15 8
5 13 4
3
7
5
3
8
5
9 14
1@49
6
1
7 10 3
6
9
8
4
12 1
10 11
5
7
0
3
4
50
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
vU;
fo|ky;
6- jk-izk-fo|kax.k
7- jk-izk-foikyuhdksV
;ksx
2@19
1
2
3@66
3
7 10 4
36 37 7 3
3 1
13@384
3
2
vuqJo.k vuqHko ,oa fo|ky;ksa osQ vè;kidksa
ls fopkj&foe'kZ osQ nkSjku ,d ckr Li"Vrk ls
lkeus vk;h fd fo|ky; lekos'kh okrkoj.k
miyCèk djkus esa l{ke ughaa gks ik jgs gSaA
leL;k osQ dkj.kksa dk fo'ys"k.kµ fozQ;kRed
'kksèk osQ fozQ;kUo;u ls iwoZ leL;k dh xgurk
ls tkap iM+rky djus dh vko';drk FkhA
blosQ fy;s ftyk f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.k laLFkku]
ckxs'oj osQ ySc ,fj;k osQ 7 fo|ky;ksa esa ls
1
3
0
5
5
1
1
2
9 13 5
8 13 8
5
13 8
40 71 3
1
4
9
3
8
7 39 48 8
3
7
8
0
3
5
4
2
6
9 17
5 jk- izk- fo|ky;ksa dk p;u fd;k x;kA bu
fo|ky;ksa osQ d{kk 4 ,oa d{kk 5 esa ukekafdr
299 cPpksa dks bl fozQ;kRed 'kksèk esa lfEefyr
fd;k x;kA blesa earO; ;g Fkk fd fozQ;kRed
'kksèk osQ nkSjku lrr~ :Ik ls Hkh Ik;Zos{k.k ,oa
vuqJo.k dh vko';drk gksxhA fozQ;kRed 'kksèk
gsrq p;fur 5 fo|ky;ksa esa d{kkokj Nk=kksa dh
la[;k ,oa oqQy dk;Zjr vè;kidksa dk fooj.k
fuEu izdkj gS&
rkfydk 2
ozQla-
fo|ky;
dk;Zjr
d{kk 1
d{kk 2
d{kk 3
d{kk 4
d{kk 5
vè;kid
ck ckfy ;ks ck ckfy ;ks ck ckfy ;ks ck ckfy ;ks ck ckfy ;ks
,oa
yd
dk x yd dk x yd dk x yd dk x yd dk x
vè;kfidkvksa
dh la[;k@
oqQy
Nk=k la[;k
ySc ,fj;k osQ
fo|ky;
1- jk-izk-fockxs'oj&izFke
1@114
10 10 20 9
8 17 14 14 28 9
13 22 13 14 27
51
vè;kidksa }kjk d{kk&d{k esa lekos'kh okrkoj.k l`ftr u dj ikus dh--2- jk-izk-fockxs'oj
f}rh;
2@58
7
6 13 5
6 11 3
10 13 3
9
12 6
3
9
3- jk-izk-fofcykSuk
(uohu)
2@21
3
2
4
2
3
5
1
3
4
2
1
3
4- jk-izk-fofcykSuk
(izkphu)
2@57
6
9 15 8
5 13 4
3
7
5
3
8
5
9 14
5- jk-izk-fouqekbl[ksr
1@49
6
1
7 10 3
6
9
8
4
12 1
10 11
;ksx
08@299
5
7
0
3
leL;k osQ dkj.kksa dk fo'ys"k.kµ bl
fozQ;kRed 'kksèk esa ySc ,fj;k osQ 10 fo|ky;ksa
esa ls 5 fo|ky; fo|ky;ksa osQ d{kk 4 ,oa
d{kk 5 osQ oqQy (58 $ 64) 122 cPpksa dk
vè;;u gsrq p;u fd;k x;kA fozQ;kRed 'kksèk
osQ fozQ;kUo;u ls iwoZ fuEu iz'uksa dh tkp
iM+rky dh tkuh vko';d FkhA
1- D;k d{kk 4 ,oa d{kk 5 osQ leLr cPpksa
dks d{kk&d{k esa f'k{k.k vfèkxe izfozQ;k osQ
nkSjku lekos'kh okrkoj.k miyCèk gks ikrk gS\
2- lekos'kh okrkoj.k l`ftr djus osQ fy,
vko';d gS fd d{kk osQ izR;sd cPps osQ
lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] 'kSf{kd ,oa vk£Fkd
lanHkks± dks le>k tk,A D;k blosQ fy, cPpksa
4
5
8
6
4
dh 'kSf{kd vko';drkvksa dk fuèkkZj.k fd;k
tkrk gS\
3- D;k izR;sd cPps dh fo"k;xr 'kSf{kd
vko';drkvksa osQ fuèkkZj.k dh lqO;ofLFkr
iz.kkyh gS\
4- D;k izR;sd cPps osQ vfèkxe Lrj osQ
vk¡dyu osQ vkèkkj ij lrr~ ,oa O;kid
ewY;kadu iz.kkyh dh dksbZ O;oLFkk gS\
D;k blosQ vkèkkj ij Nk=kksa dks i'piks"k.k
(Feedback) iznku djus dh dksbZ
laLFkkxr ,oa LFkk;h iz.kkyh gS\
mDr iz'uksa osQ lUnHkZ esa leL;k dk
fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;kA blosQ vkèkkj ij fuEu
ifjn`'; mHkj dj lkeus vk;kA
52
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
rkfydk 3
leL;k osQ dkj.kksa dk fo'ys"k.k
ozQ-la-
leL;k osQ dkj.k
lk{;
rF;@vuqeku 'kksèkdrkZvksa osQ
fu;U=k.k esa gS@
ughaa gS
1-
izR;sd d{kk@Nk=k&f'k{kd vuqikr osQ vuq:i
vè;kidksa dh la[;k u gksukA
fo|ky; vfHkys[k
rF;
ughaa gS
2-
cPpksa dh vko';drkvksa dk vk¡dyu djus dh
iz.kkyh dk vHkkoA
fo|ky; f'k{kdksa ls
ckrphr
rF;
gS
3-
cgq&d{kk cgq&Lrjh; f'k{k.k lacaèkh vè;kid osQ
dkS'ky@n{krkvksa dk vHkkoA
voyksdu@fo|ky;
f'k{kdksa
ls ckrphr
rF;
gS
4-
cPpksa osQ fo"k;xr vfèkxe Lrj osQ vk¡dyu dh
iz.kkyh fo|eku u gksukA
voyksdu@fo|ky;
f'k{kdksa
ls ckrphr
rF;
gS
5-
cPpksa osQ fo"k;xr vfèkxe Lrj osQ vk¡dyu gsrq
vk¡dyu midj.k fuekZ.k dh n{krk dk vHkkoA
fo|ky; f'k{kdksa ls
ckrphr
vuqeku
gS
6-
vk¡dyu midj.kksa osQ vkèkkj ij Nk=kksa osQ
fo"k;xr vfèkxe Lrj vk¡dyu dk vHkkoA
fo|ky; osQ
Nk=kksa@f'k{kdksa ls
ckrphr
rF;
gS
7-
cPpksa osQ lrr~ ,oa O;kid vk¡dyu gsrq fo|ky;
esa miyCèk Nk=k ckWDl iQkby (Box File) dk
mi;ksx u djukA
Nk=kksa dh ckWDl
iQkby dk
voyksdu
rF;
gS
8-
cPpksa esa vfèkxe Lrj dh tkudkjh izkIr djus osQ
lanHkZ esa vfHkHkkodksa esa mnklhurkA
f'k{kdksa ,oa
fo|ky; osQ
Nk=kksa@vfHkHkkodksa ls
ckrphr
vuqeku
ughaa gS
9-
ckWDl iQkby dks Nk=kksa osQ lrr~ ,oa O;kid
vk¡dyu osQ lkèku osQ :i esa mi;ksx djus gsrq
vè;kidksa esa rRlacaèkh n{krk dh dehA
fo|ky; osQ
vè;kidksa@Nk=kksa
ls ckrphr
vuqeku
gS
voyksdu
vuqeku
gS
10- cgq&d{kk@cgq&Lrjh; d{kk esa cgq&Lrjh;@cgq&d{kk
f'k{kd vfèkxe izfozQ;k dks u viuk ikukA
53
vè;kidksa }kjk d{kk&d{k esa lekos'kh okrkoj.k l`ftr u dj ikus dh---
fØ;kRed 'kksèk ls iwoZ ijh{k.k esa ySc
,fj;k osQ 5 fo|ky;ksa osQ d{kk 4 ,oa d{kk
5 osQ oqQy 122 cPpksa dk ijh{k.k fd;k x;k
lexz :i ls vfèkxe Lrj ;k mlls Åij
rFkk vfèkxe Lrj ls uhps Nk=kksa dk izfr'kr
fuEuor FkkA
{kerk dk lao¼Zu fd;k tk; rks cPpksa dh
'kSf{kd vko';drkvksa dks lacksfèkr djosQ
d{kk&d{k esa lekos'kh okrkoj.k miyCèk
djk;k tk losQxkA
3- r`rh; fozQ;kRed ifjdYiukµ fo|ky; esa
miyCèk ckWDl iQkby dks Nk=kksa dh lrr~
rkfydk 4
ozQ-la12-
d{kk 4
vfèkxe Lrj ;k vfèkxe Lrj ls mPp Lrj
vfèkxe Lrj ls fuEu Lrj
;ksx
Nk=kksa dh la[;k
18
40
izfr'kr
31-03
68-97
58
100
Nk=kksa dh la[;k
izfr'kr
rkfydk 5
ozQ-la-
d{kk 5
1-
vfèkxe Lrj ;k vfèkxe Lrj ls mPp Lrj
20
31-25
2-
vfèkxe Lrj ls fuEu Lrj
44
68-75
;ksx
64
100
bl fØ;kRed 'kksèk esa leL;k lekèkku gsrq
fuEu rhu fozQ;kRed ifjdYiukvksa dk iz;ksx
fd;k x;kA
1- izFke fozQ;kRed ifjdYiukµ ;fn vè;kidksa
esa cPpksa osQ fo"k;xr vfèkxe Lrj osQ
vk¡dyu gsrq midj.k fodflr djus dh
{kerk dk lao¼Zu fd;k tk; rks vè;kid
d{kk 4 ,oa d{kk 5 osQ cPpksa dh 'kSf{kd
vko';drkvksa dk vk¡dyu dj losaQxsA
2- f}rh; fozQ;kRed ifjdYiukµ vè;kidksa dh
cgq&d{kk ,oa cgq&Lrjh; f'k{k.k lEcUèkh
,oa O;kid vk¡dyu gsrq midj.k osQ :i
esa mi;ksx djosQ Nk=kksa dks muosQ vfèkxe
Lrj osQ ckjs esa i'piks"k.k vkèkkfjr lekos'kh
okrkoj.k dk l`tu fd;k tk losQxkA
izFke fozQ;kRed ifjdYiuk osQ fozQ;kUo;u
gsrq :ijs[kkµ ;fn vè;kidksa esa cPpkas osQ
fo"k;xr vfèkxe Lrj osQ vk¡dyu djus gsrq
midj.k fodflr djus dh {kerk dk lao¼Zu
fd;k tk;s rks vè;kid cPpksa dh 'kSf{kd
vko';drkvksa dk vk¡dyu dj losaQxsA blosQ
fØ;kUo;u gsrq fuEu :ijs[kk rS;kj dh x;h gS&
54
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
rkfydk 6
ozQla-
fozQ;k,a tks vkjEHk dh tkuh gSa
fofèk@izfofèk
visf{kr lkèku
visf{kr
le;
1-
d{kk 4 ,oa d{kk 5 dh fo"k;xr ikB~;ppkZ
dk vè;kid dh lgk;rk ls lwphdj.k@
oxhZdj.k djuk
lewg dk;Z
fo|ky; vè;kid
miyCèk ikB~;ppkZ]
fo"k;xr ikB~;iqLrosaQ
5 fnu
(1 fnu izfr
fo|ky;)
2-
d{kk 4 ,oa d{kk 5 dh fo"k;xr ikB~;ppkZ
osQ vkèkkj ij n{krk@lacksèk vkèkkfjr ekud@
Lrj fuèkkZj.k
lewg dk;Z
fo|ky; vè;kid
miyCèk ikB~;ppkZ]
fo"k;xr ikB~;iqLrosaQ
5 fnu (1 fnu izfr
fo|ky;)
3-
vfèkxe n{krk osQ vk¡dyu gsrq midj.k
fuekZ.k gsrq dkS'ky fodkl gsrq vdknfed
vuqleFkZu iznku djuk
ppkZ&ifjppkZ]
izLrqrhdj.k]
lewg dk;Z
fo|ky; vè;kid
miyCèk ikB~;ppkZ]
fo"k;xr ikB~;iqLrosaQ
5 fnu (1 fnu izfr
fo|ky;)
4-
vè;kidksa dh lgk;rk ls fo"k; vkèkkfjr
vfèkxe Lrj vk¡dyu gsrq midj.kksa dk
fuekZ.k djuk
lewg&dk;Z]
ppkZ&ifjppkZ
fo|ky; vè;kid
miyCèk ikB~;ppkZ]
fo"k;xr ikB~;iqLrosaQ
5 fnu
5-
cPps osQ vfèkxe vfèkxe Lrj vk¡dyu gsrq
vè;kidksa dh lgk;rk ls fodflr vfèkxe
Lrj vk¡dyu midj.kksa dk iz;ksx djuk
lewg dk;Z
vk¡dyu] midj.k
fo|ky; osQ Nk=k] ,oa
vè;kid
5 fnu
(1 fnu izfr
fo|ky;)
6-
Nk=kksa osQ fo"k;xr vfèkxe Lrj osQ vk¡dyu
gsrq fozQ;kfUor midj.kksa osQ vkèkkj ij
izR;sd cPps dh fo"k;xr vko';drkvksa dk
fuèkkZj.k djuk
lewg dk;Z
fØ;kfUor vk¡dyu
midj.k]
5 fnu
;ksx
30 fnu
izFke fØ;kRed ifjdYiuk dh lkFkZdrk dh
tkap& bl izdkj izFke ifjdYiuk osQ fØ;kUo;u
gsrq ySc ,fj;k osQ U;kn'kZ 5 fo|ky;ksa esa 30 fnuksa
rd mDr rkfydkuqlkj dk;ZozQe ,oa xfrfofèk;ka
vk;ksftr dh x;haA blosQ i'pkr~ d{kk 4 ,oa
d{kk 5 osQ izR;sd cPps dh fo"k;xr vfèkxe
Lrj dk vk¡dyu fd;k x;k rFkk cPps dh
'kSf{kd vko';drkvksa dk fuèkkZj.k fd;k x;kA
bls izR;sd cPps dh izksiQkby (ckWDl iQkby)
esa lekfgr fd;k x;kA blls vè;kid d{kk 4
55
vè;kidksa }kjk d{kk&d{k esa lekos'kh okrkoj.k l`ftr u dj ikus dh---
,oa d{kk 5 osQ cPpksa dh fo"k;xr vfèkxe
Lrj ,oa vko';drk vk¡dyu djus dh {kerk
iznf'kZr dj losQA
f}rh; fØ;kRed ifjdYiuk osQ fØ;kUo;u
dh :ijs[kk& izFke fØ;kRed ifjdYiuk osQ
ykxw djus dk ykHk ;g gqvk fd d{kk 4 ,oa
d{kk 5 esa vè;;ujr izR;sd Nk=k dk fo"k;xr
vfèkxe Lrj dk vk¡dyu djus osQ i'pkr~
izR;sd Nk=k dh 'kSf{kd vko';drkvksa dh
lgh&lgh igpku gks x;hA blosQ ckn vxyh
t:jr ;g eglwl dh tk jgh Fkh fd Nk=kksa dh
'kSf{kd vko';drk dk fuèkkZj.k rks gks x;k gS
vc d{kk&d{k dh f'k{k.k vfèkxe izfozQ;k esa
t:jrean Nk=kksa osQ fy, lekos'kh okrkoj.k dk
l`tu fdl izdkj fd;k tk;A
fØ;kRed 'kksèk gsrq p;fur fo|ky;ksa esa ls
nks fo|ky;ksa (jk-izk-fo- ckxs'oj (izFke)] jk-izkfo- fcykSuk (uohu)] jk-izk-fo- fcykSuk (izkphu)
esa fu%'kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj
vfèkfu;e 2009 osQ vuq:i ekudkuqlkj
vè;kid dk;Zjr ugha gSaA bu rhuksa fo|ky;ksa
esa Nk=k la[;k& 113]67 ,oa 49 osQ gsrq Øe'k
1]2 ,oa 1 vè;kid@vè;kfidk fu;qDr gSA
vr% cgq&d{kk ,oa cgq&Lrjh; d{kk&d{k ,d
lkekU; izo`fÙk gS ijUrq cgq&d{kk@cgq&Lrjh;
d{kkuq:i cgq&d{kk@cgq&Lrjh; f'k{k.k vfèkxe
izfØ;k dks d{kk f'k{k.k esa ughaa viuk;k tk
jgk gSA bl leL;k osQ lekèkku gsrq f}rh;
fØ;kRed ifjdYiuk ykxw fd x;h fd ;fn
vè;kidksa osQ cgq&d{kk ,oa cgq&Lrjh; f'k{k.k
lacaèkh {kerk dk fodkl fd;k tk; rks d{kk
4 ,oa d{kk 5 dh la;qDr d{kk esa izR;sd Nk=k
dh 'kSf{kd vko';drkvksa dks lacksfèkr djosQ
d{kk&d{k ,oa f'k{k.k vfèkxe xfrfofèk;ksa esa
izR;sd Nk=k dks lekos'kh okrkoj.k miyCèk
djk;k tk losQxkA bl f}rh; ifjdYiuk osQ
fØ;kUo;u gsrq fuEukafdr :i js[kk fuèkkZfjr
dh x;hA
f}rh; fØ;kRed ifjdYiuk osQ fØ;kUo;u dh :ijs[kk
rkfydk 7
Ø-lafØ;k;sa tks vkjEHk dh tkuh gSa
1- fo|ky; osQ vè;kidksa ls cgq&d{kk f'k{k.k
vuqHkoksa dks lk>k djuk
23-
d{kk esa cgq&Lrjh; Nk=kksa dh vko';drkvksa dks
lacksfèkr djus esa vè;kidksa osQ le{k vkus okyh
dfBukb;ksa dk lwphdj.k djuk
d{kk 4 ,oa d{kk 5 osQ lanHkZ esa cgq&d{kk ,oa
cgq&Lrjh; f'k{k.k gsrq fo"k;okj mi;qDr lacksèkksa
dk p;u ,oa lwphdj.k djuk
fofèk@izfofèk
ckrphr]
ppkZ&
ifjppkZ]
lewg ppkZ
ppkZ&ifjppkZ]
lewg ppkZ]
lewg dk;Z
ppkZ&ifjppkZ]
lewg&ppkZ]
lewg dk;Z
visf{kr lkèku
fo|ky; osQ
vè;kid]
vuqlaèkkkudrkZ
visf{kr le;
5 fnu (1 fnu izfr
fo|ky;)
fo|ky; osQ
vè;kid]
vuqlaèkkudrkZ
fo|ky; osQ
vè;kid]
vuqlaèkkudrkZ
5 fnu (1 fnu izfr
fo|ky;)
5 fnu
56
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
4-
d{kk 4 ,oa d{kk 5 dh cgq&d{kk ,oa cgq&Lrjh; O;k[;ku] ikB] d{kk 4 ,oa
f'k{k.k dk ekWMy izn'kZu ,oa vH;kl
izLrqrhdj.k] d{kk 5 osQ Nk=k]
lewg dk;Z]
vè;kid]
izkstsDV
vuqlaèkkudrkZ
5 fnu
5-
vè;kid }kjk Lora=k :i ls vius fo|ky; esa
O;k[;ku] ikB] fo|ky; osQ
d{kk 4 ,oa d{kk 5 dh la;qDr d{kk esa cgq&d{kk izLrqrhdj.k]
vè;kid
,oa cgq&Lrjh; f'k{k.k vfèkxe izfØ;k viukuk
lewg dk;Z]
,oa d{kk 4
izkstsDV
,oa d{kk 5 dh
la;qDr d{kk
10 fnu
6-
cgq&d{kk ,oa cgq&Lrjh; d{kk&d{k f'k{k.k
lewg dk;Z]
fo|ky; osQ
vè;kid
izfØ;k osQ i'pkr~ Nk=kksa osQ fo"k;xr vfèkxe Lrj voyksdu]
dk vk¡dyu
iz'uksÙkj fofèk] ,oa d{kk 4 ,oa
ijh{k.k
d{kk
5 dh la;qDr
d{kk
5 fnu
;ksx
f}rh; fØ;kRed ifjdYiuk dh lkFkZdrk
dh tkapµ fØ;kRed 'kksèk osQ ifjizs{; esa ykxw
dh x;h f}rh; ifjdYiuk osQ fØ;kUo;u esa
yxHkx 35 fnu dk le; yxkA blesa d{kk 4
,oa d{kk 5 osQ Nk=kksa osQ fo"k;xr vfèkxe Lrj
dk vk¡dyu n{krk vkèkkfjr vk¡dyu izi=kksa@
35 fnu
midj.kksa osQ ekè;e ls fd;k x;kA izkIr lk{;ksa
osQ vkèkkj ij Nk=kksa osQ fo"k;xr vfèkxe Lrj
esa larks"ktud izxfr fn[kk;h nhA fØ;kRed 'kksèk
osQ fØ;kUo;u ls iwoZ ,oa f}rh; ifjdYiuk osQ
fØ;kUo;u i'pkr~ izkIr leadksa dks fuEu izdkj
oxhÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS&
rkfydk 8
Ø-la-
d{kk 4
1-
ekud vfèkxe Lrj ;k ekud
vfèkxe Lrj ls mPp Lrj
18
31-03
45
77-59
2-
ekud vfèkxe Lrj ls fuEu
vfèkxe Lrj
40
68-97
13
22-41
58
100
58
100
;ksx
fØ;kRed 'kksèk ls iwoZ dh
fLFkfr
f}rh; ifjdYiuk osQ fØ;kUo;u osQ
i'pkr~ fLFkfr
57
vè;kidksa }kjk d{kk&d{k esa lekos'kh okrkoj.k l`ftr u dj ikus dh---
rkfydk 9
Ø-la-
d{kk 5
1-
ekud vfèkxe Lrj ;k ekud
vfèkxe Lrj ls mPp Lrj
ekud vfèkxe Lrj ls fuEu
vfèkxe Lrj
;ksx
2-
fØ;kRed 'kksèk ls iwoZ dh
fLFkfr
20
31-25
f}rh; ifjdYiuk osQ fØ;kUo;u osQ
i'pkr~ fLFkfr
48
75
44
68-75
16
25
64
100
64
100
mDr rkfydk osQ fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd
Nk=kksa dh vko';drk osQ fpg~Ukkadu osQ i'pkr~
cgq&d{kk ,oa cgq&Lrjh; f'k{k.k vfèkxe izfØ;k
viukus ls Nk=kksa osQ vfèkxe Lrj esa larks"ktud
izxfr fn[kk;h nhA
r`rh; fØ;kRed ifjdYiuk osQ fØ;kUo;u
dh :ijs[kk& fØ;kRed 'kksèk osQ Øe esa nks
ifjdYiukvksa osQ fØ;kUo;u osQ i'pkr~ fuEu nks
{ks=kksa esa ldkjkRed ifj.kke izkIr gq,A
1- vè;kid esa (d{kk 4 ,oa d{kk 5 osQ cPpksa
osQ lanHkZ esa) 'kSf{kd vko';drkvksa dh
igpku dk dkS'ky fodflr gqvk gS] lkFk
gh vè;kid@vè;kfidk f'k{k.k&vfèkxe
izfØ;k esa bldk lanHkZ xzg.k djus dk
iz;kl dj jgs gSaA
2- fo|ky; esa izR;sd d{kk gsrq i`Fkd&i`Fkd
vè;kidksa dh O;oLFkk u gksus ls oqQN
d{kkvksa dk la;qDr lapkyu djuk ,d
izdkj ls vuSfPNd vfuok;Zrk gSA blosQ
ckotwn vè;kidksa esa cgq&d{kk ,oa
cgq&Lrjh; d{kkvksa osQ lapkyu dk dkS'ky
fodflr gqvk gSA bl izdkj dh d{kkvksa esa
vè;kid@vè;kfidk cgq&d{kk@cgq&Lrjh;
f'k{k.k vfèkxe mikxe viuk jgs gSaA blls
d{kk esa izR;sd cPps dh vko';drk dks
lacksfèkr dj ik jgs gSaA blosQ deksos'k
d{kk esa lekos'kh okrkoj.k osQ l`tu gsrq
vko';d okrkoj.k l`ftr gks jgk gSA
vfèkxe Lrj dk vk¡dyu] Nk=k dh
vko';drk fuèkkZj.k ,oa lekos'kh okrkoj.k
l`tu gsrq cgq&d{kk@cgq&Lrjh; mikxe viukus
osQ ckotwn vHkh Hkh ,d pqukSrh fo|eku Fkh fd
Nk=k dh izxfr dk lrr~ ,oa O;kid ewY;kadu
fdl izdkj fd;k tk;\ oLrqr% bl lUnHkZ esa
dksbZ lkjHkwr ,oa lqO;ofLFkr iz.kkyh vOoy
rks ekStwn gh ughaa FkhA ;fn FkksM+k cgqr bl
lUnHkZ esa dke Hkh gks jgk Fkk rks og ,dne
vO;ofLFkr ,oa rnFkZ Lo:i dk FkkA foHkkx
}kjk bl iz;kstukFkZ funsfZ 'kr cPpksa dh ckWDl
iQkby osQ lrr~ ,oa O;kid ewY;kadu gsrq u rks
lkFkZd mi;ksx gh gks jgk Fkk vkSj u gh ckWDl
iQkby osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks iQhM cSd nsus
dh dksbZ izfØ;k viuk;h tk jgh Fkh ftlls
fd cPpksa dks lh[kus esa enn fey losQA vr%
fo|ky;ksa osQ vè;kidksa ls lrr~ ,oa O;kid
ewY;kadu osQ midj.k osQ :i esa mi;ksx djus
rFkk Nk=kksa dks i'piks"k.k iznku djus osQ fy,
ckWDl iQkby osQ mi;ksx gsrq fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k
58
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
rkfydk 10
Øala-
fo"k; (ftldh d{kk,a
vkt osQ fnu gqb±)
D;k lh[kk\
fdu fcUnqvksa ij mls vkSj mu ckrksa dk mYys[k ftudks vkt
Li"Vrk dh vko';drk gS\
fcYoqQy Hkh le> ugha ik;k
x;k rFkk blosQ fy, ,d :ijs[kk rS;kj dh
x;hA bl :ijs[kk osQ egÙoiw.kZ fcUnq fuEuor
gSa& (mÙkjk[k.M fo|ky;h f'k{kk foHkkx }kjk
bl lanHkZ esa vko';d vkns'k Hkh tkjh fd;k
x;k gS)
1- d{kk 4 ,oa d{kk 5 osQ fo|ky; esa mifLFkr
izR;sd cPpk fo|ky; dh NqV~Vh ls iwoZ
izfrfnu fuEu izk:i esa viuk iQhM cSd
izLrqr djsxkA
vU; dksbZ xfrfofèk (izkFkZuk lHkk@cky
lHkk@ozQhM+k@vU; dksbZ) esa Nk=k esa tks fo'ks"k
dk;Z fd;k gks (mldk mYys[k)
2- blh izdkj vè;kid Hkh izR;sd fnu
fo|ky; NksM+us ls iwoZ Nk=k }kjk vafdr
iQhM cSd dk vè;;u djsxk rFkk izkIr
lk{;ksa dk vkxkeh fnolksa eas d{kk&d{k
f'k{k.k vfèkxe izfozQ;k esa lekfgr djsxkA
blosQ vfrfjDr izR;sd cPps dh ckWDl
iQkby esa ml cPps fo'ks"k osQ lanHkZ esa
iwjs dk;Z fnol dk lexzrk ls vk¡dyu
djrs gq, i'piks"k.k bl izdkj nsxk] tks
cPpksa osQ lh[kus esa lgk;d gksA blosQ fy,
fuEukafdr izk:i (;fn vè;kid pkgas rks
fdlh fHkUu izk:i) ij viuk iQhM cSd
fy[kasxsA
vè;kidksa osQ lkFk feydj ;g fu.kZ; fy;k
x;k fd mDr izfØ;k lrr~ :i ls 30 fnuksa rd
viukus osQ ckn vè;kid d{kk 4 ,oa d{kk 5
osQ cPps osQ ckjs esa ,d ekg osQ iQhM cSd osQ
vkèkkj ij lrr~ ,oa O;kid vk¡dyu djrs gq,
,d vk[;k rS;kj djsaxs ftlesa foxr 30 fnuksa
osQ iQhM cSd dk lekos'ku fd;k x;k gksA
rkfydk 11
Øa-la-
laKkukRed i{k
ftu fcUnqvksa ij Nk=k us Li"Vrk dh
fo"k;xr iQhM cSd
vko';drk js[kkafdr dh gSA mu
(;fn dksbZ mYys[kuh;
fcUnqvksa ij lekèkku (;fn lEHko gS)
fcUnq gS)
lg&laKkukRed i{k
,udMksV
(Anecdote)
mYys[kuh; fcUnq
(;fn dksbZ gks)
59
vè;kidksa }kjk d{kk&d{k esa lekos'kh okrkoj.k l`ftr u dj ikus dh---
bl izdkj ,d lqO;ofLFkr j.kuhfr vkèkkj
rS;kj djus osQ i'pkr~ r`rh; ifjdYiuk dks
ykxw fd;k x;k fd ;fn d{kk 4 ,oa d{kk 5
osQ Nk=kksa dh ckWDl iQkby dks Nk=kksa dh lrr~
,oa O;kid vk¡dyu gsrq midj.k osQ :i esa
iz;ksx djosQ Nk=kksa dks muosQ vfèkxe Lrj osQ
ckjs esa i'piks"k.k vkèkkfjr lekos'kh okrkoj.k
dk l`tu fd;k tk losQxkA
r`rh; fozQ;kRed ifjdYiuk osQ fozQ;kUo;u
dh :ijs[kkµ r`rh; ifjdYiuk osQ
fØ;kUo;u gsrq fuEukafdr :ijs[kk fuèkkZfjr
dh x;hA
rkfydk 12
ozQla-
fozQ;k,a tks vkjEHk dh tkuh gSa
fofèk
1-
d{kk 4 ,oa d{kk 5 osQ cPpksa dh ckWDl
iQkby lqO;ofLFkr djuk ,oa cPps dh
viuh ckWDl iQkby rd vckfèkr igaqp
gsrq O;oLFkk djuk
lewg dk;Z
2-
Nk=k }kjk izfrfnu iQhM cSd vadu dh
izfØ;k gsrq d{kk 4 ,oa d{kk 5 osQ
cPpksa ls ckrphr
3-
ckWDl iQkby dks Nk=k dks iQhM cSd nsus lewg ppkZ]
dh izfØ;k ij vè;kid ls fopkj&foe'kZ fopkj&foe'kZ
fo|ky; osQ vè;kid@ 10 fnu (2 fnu
vè;kfidk] ckWDl iQkby izR;sd fo|ky;)
4-
Nk=k ,oa vè;kid }kjk ckWdl iQkby esa
nSfud vkèkkj ij vadu
lewg dk;Z
fo|ky; osQ vè;kid@
vè;kfidk d{kk 4 ,oa
d{kk 5 osQ Nk=kksa dh
ckWDl
iQkby
30 fnu (izR;sd
fo|ky;
esa lekukUrj :i ls)
5-
Nk=k dk lrr~ ,oa O;kid vk¡dyu djrs
gq, foxr 30 fnuksa dk lexz vk¡dyu
djrs gq, Nk=k dh izxfr dh vk[;k
rS;kj djuk
(vko';drk eglwl gksus ij vè;kid
cPpksa ls fopkj&foe'kZ dj ldrs gSaA)
izLrqrhdj.k]
lewg dk;Z
fo|ky; osQ vè;kid@
vè;kfidk d{kk 4 ,oa
d{kk 5 osQ Nk=k] ckWDl
iQkby
5 fnu (izR;sd
fo|ky; esa
lekukUrj :i
ls)
;ksx
visf{kr lkèku
visf{kr le;
ckWDl iQkby] fo|ky; osQ 10 fnu (2 fnu
vè;kid@vè;kfidk] Nk=k izR;sd fo|ky;)
lewg ppkZ] ckWDl iQkby] fo|ky; osQ 10 fnu (2 fnu
fopkj&foe'kZ vè;kid@ vè;kfidk,a] izR;sd fo|ky;)
Nk=k
65 fnu
60
r`rh; fozQ;kRed ifjdYiuk dh lkFkZdrk
dh tkapµ bl izdkj r`rh; ifjdYiuk osQ
fozQ;kUo;u gsrq fofHkUu xfrfofèk;ksa dks 65 fnuksa
rd ykxw fd;k x;kA blosQ i'pkr~ fo|ky;
osQ vè;kid@vè;kfidkvksa }kjk rS;kj lrr~ ,oa
O;kid vk¡dyu vk[;k osQ vè;;u osQ vkèkkj
ij ;g fuf'pr :i ls dgk tk ldrk gS
fd vc vè;kid@vè;kfidk cPpksa dh ckWDl
iQkby dk lrr~ ,oa O;kid vk¡dyu dks ,d
midj.k osQ :i esa iz;ksx djus dk iz;kl dj
jgs gSaA blls u osQoy Nk=k ,oa vè;kid nksuksa
dks mi;ksxh iQhMcSd izkIr gks jgk gS oju~
d{kk&d{k esa Hkh lekos'kh okrkoj.k dk l`tu
gks jgk gSA
ewY;kaduµ ;g fozQ;kRed 'kksèk ekg tqykbZ ls
uoEcj 2013 rd yxHkx 4 ekg rd fozQ;kfUor
fd;k x;kA fozQ;kRed 'kksèk osQ i'pkr~ izkIr
ifj.kkeksa ,oa vuqHkoksa osQ vkyksd esa ;g dgk tk
ldrk gS fd ;|fi ;g fozQ;kRed 'kksèk vius
mn~ns';ksa dks izkIr djus dh n`f"V ls dekos'k
liQy dgk tk ldrk gSA rFkkfi dfri; rF;ksa
dk lanHkZ vko';d gSA
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
1- cgq&d{kk@cgq&Lrjh; f'k{k.k ,oa vuSfPNd
vfuok;Zrk gS] ;Fkk lEHko ekudkuqlkj ,oa
d{kkuqlkj vè;kidksa dh miyCèkrk gksuh
pkfg,A bl ?kVd dh vuns[kh ughaa dh tk
ldrh] ;g ,d laozQe.k dkyhu fLFkfr osQ
:i esa Lohdk;Z gks ldrh gS] LFkk;h :i
ls ughaaA
2- ckWDl iQkby dks Nk=k osQ lrr~ ,oa O;kid
vk¡dyu osQ midj.k osQ :i esa fdl izdkj
mi;ksx fd;k tk; bl lUnHkZ esa vè;kidksa
dks xgu izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk gSA
3- fo"k;&okj vfèkxe Lrj osQ vk¡dyu gsrq
vko';d midj.k fuekZ.k gsrq vè;kidksa
osQ dkS'ky fodkl gsrq izf'k{k.k dh
vko';drk gSA
4- leqnk;] fo'ks"kdj vfHkHkkodksa dks tkx:d
djus dh vko';drk gS fd og ckWDl
iQkby osQ ekè;e ls vius cPps dh
izxfr osQ ckjs esa tku losaQA blosQ fy,
vfHkHkkodksa dh ckWDl iQkby rd vckfèkr
igqap dh O;oLFkk djus dh vko';drk
gksxhA
Ekgkfo|ky; esa vè;;ujr fo|k£Fk;ksa dh oSQfj;j
osQ izfr ltxrk dk vè;;u µ ,d losZ{k.k
vfurk tks'kh·
liuk d';i··
izkphu ifjisz{; esa O;fDrROk fodkl o jkstxkj izkfIr esa lkekU; f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk gh
izHkkoh FkhA ijUrq orZeku ifjisz{; esa oSQfj;j osQ {ks=k esa fujUrj c<+rs vk;keksa dks ns[krs
gq, mi;qDr oSQfj;j p;u ,d pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z gks x;k gSA f'k{kk ;kstuk,a Hkh oSQfj;j dks
y{; djosQ gh cuk;h tkus yxh gSaA oSQfj;j NksVk&lk 'kCn gksus ij Hkh fo'kn~ lEHkkoukvksa
dks lesVs gq, gSA ;fn f'k{kk thou dk vkèkkj gS rks oSQfj;j ,d V£ux IokabV gSA thou
dh iw.kZ liQyrk #fp] ;ksX;rk o vko';drk osQ vuq:i O;olk; p;u ij fuHkZj djrh
gSA blfy, orZeku le; esa oSQfj;j dkmalfyax ,oa IyslesaV lsy viuh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
LFkkfir dj pqosQ gSaA ijUrq ;g ,d fopkj.kh; iz'u gS fd fo|kFkhZ] ftuosQ fy, ;s iz;kl
fd;s tk jgs gaS] D;k os Hkh vius oSQfj;j osQ izfr okLrfod :i ls ltx gSa\ mudh oSQfj;j
osQ izfr D;k #fp gS\ mudh vkdka{kk dk Lrj D;k gS\ ;g losZ{k.k bUgha iz'uksa dk mÙkj
[kkstus rFkk bl lanHkZ esa mi;qDr fu"d"kZ rd igq¡pus dk ,d O;kogkfjd iz;kl gSA
lossZ{k.k osQ mís';
egkfo|ky; essa izos'k osQ le; fo|kFkhZ vius
oSQfj;j y{; osQ lkFk egkfo|ky; esa izos'k ysrs
gSa rFkk vè;;udky esa y{; dh vksj vxzlj
gksrs tkrs gSaA Lukrd vfUre o"kZ rd fo|kFkhZ
dks y{; izkfIr gsrq rRij gksuk gh pkfg,A
blh n`f"Vdks.k ls ;g los{Z k.k eq[; :i ls
egkfo|ky; osQ Lukrd vfUre o"kZ esa vè;;ujr
fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ oSQfj;j y{;ksa osQ izfr Li"Vrk dk
vè;;u djus gsrq fd;k x;kA D;ksafd oSQfj;j
dkmalfyax ,oa IyslesaV lSy esa dkmalfyax gsrq
vkus okys fo|kFkhZ eq[; :i ls Lukrd osQ
· vflLVsaV izksisQlj] ,e-ch-jkt-Luk-egk-] gY}kuh] uSuhrky] mÙkjk[k.M
·· vflLVsaV izksisQlj] ,e-ch-jkt-Luk-egk-] gY}kuh] uSuhrky] mÙkjk[k.M
62
mijkUr LukrdksÙkj fo"k;ksa osQ p;u dh tkudkjh
izkIr djus vkrs gaAS vfèkdka'kr% n`f"Vxr gksrk gS
fd fo|k£Fk;ksa dk n`f"Vdks.k Hkfo"; esa oSQfj;j
p;u rFkk O;olk; p;u osQ izfr vfr vLi"V
gksrk gSA fo|k£Fk;ksa }kjk muosQ p;fur oSQfj;j
ls lEcfUèkr y{; nwjxkeh y{;ksa (long term
goals) dks è;ku esa u j[kdj vi;kZIr tkudkjh
,oa viw.kZ lwpukvksa osQ lkFk fuèkkZfjr fd;s tkrs
gSa vkSj mlh osQ vuq:i fo"k; o O;olk; dk
p;u fd;k tkrk gSaA vFkkZr~ mudk oSQfj;j ,oa
O;olk; p;u y?kqdkyhu y{;ksa (short term
goals) dks è;ku esa j[kdj gksrk gSA vr% ;g
los{Z k.k ,d izdkj dk vko';drk fo'ys"k.k
(need analysis) gS] ftldk eq[; mís';
egkfo|ky; osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ 'kSf{kd tulkaf[;dh
(Academic Demographic) dk vè;;u
dj mudh lkekU; ,oa fof'k"V vko';drkvksa
dh igpku djuk gS] ftlls Hkfo"; esa fo|k£Fk;ksa
dh vfHk#fp] vko';drk rFkk y{;ksa dks è;ku
esa j[kdj funs'Z ku iznku fd;k tk, rFkk rnuq:i
dk;ZØeksa dh :ijs[kk rS;kj gks losQ rFkk fpfUgr
leL;kvksa ij lqèkkjkRed dk;Z fd;k tk losQA
los{Z k.k osQ eq[; mís'; fcUnqokj fuEu :Ik esa
izn£'kr gSaA
1- fo|k£Fk;ksa }kjk iwoZ izkIr izf'k{k.kksas osQ ckjs
esa lwpuk ,d=k djukA
2- fo|k£Fk;ksa }kjk p;fur oSQfj;j y{;ksa dh
tkudkjh izkIr djukA
3- fo|k£Fk;ksa dh oSQfj;j ifjiDork (career
maturity) dk vè;;u djukA
4- fo|kfFZk;ksa dh oSQfj;j o O;kolkf;d #fp
dk vè;;u djukA
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
5- fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ oSQfj;j o O;kolkf;d y{;ksa
osQ izfr >qdko@izo`fÙk (Tendency) dk
vè;;u djukA
6- vè;;u osQ vk¡dMksa o ifj.kkeksa osQ vkèkkj
ij Hkkoh dk;Z ;kstuk rS;kj djukA
7- fo|k£Fk;ksa dh oSQfj;j fodkl@foLrkj@
ifjoèkZu dh vko';drkvksa dh igpku
djukA
8- 'kSf{kd ,oa oSQfj;j lEcUèkh lqèkkjkRed
{ks=kksa dh igpku djukA
losZ{k.k fofèk
(Survey Method)
bl losZ{k.k fjiksVZ esa 'kSf{kd l=k 2011&12 esa
,e-ch-jktdh; egkfo|ky; gY}kuh] uSuhrky]
mÙkjk[k.M esa Lukrd r`rh; o"kZ esa izosf"kr
Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa dks gh losZ izfrn”kZ (sample)
osQ :i eas p;fur fd;k x;k gSA ,e-chjktdh; LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] gY}kuh Nk=k
la[;k dh n`f"V ls oqQekÅa eaMy dk lcls cM+k
egkfo|ky; gSA bl egkfo|ky; dh LFkkiuk
o"kZ 1960 esa gqbZ rFkk 29 vDrwcj 2010 dks
egkfo|ky; esa oSQfj;j dkmalfyax ,.M IyslesaV
lSy LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
losZ{k.k osQ mís';ksa dks izkIr djus gsrq
fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ oSQfj;j o mudh ikfjokfjd
i`"BHkwfe osQ vk¡dM+ksa dk ,d=khdj.k vfuok;Z
FkkA ijUrq egkfo|ky; osQ Nk=k la[;k dks n`f"Vxr
j[krs gq, lwpuk ,d=k djuk ,d eq[; leL;k
FkhA vr% oSQfj;j dkmalfyax ,oa IyslesaV lSy
}kjk ,d losZ{k.k izi=k rS;kj fd;k x;kA ftls
egkfo|ky; osQ izkpk;Z ls vuqefr izkIr gksus
osQ mijkUr egkfo|ky; osQ izos'k iQkeZ osQ lkFk
63
egkfo|ky; esa vè;;ujr fo|k£Fk;ksa dh dfj;j osQ---
layXu fd;k x;k rFkk bl ij lwpuk,a nsuk
Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa osQ fy, vfuok;Z fd;k x;kA bl
izk:i ij nh x;h lwpukvksa@vk¡dM+ksa osQ vkèkkj
ij gh vk¡dM+ksa dk ladYkUk fd;k x;kA
bl losZ{k.k esa o"kZ 2011&12 esa lHkh oxk±s
(dyk] foKkUk] okf.kT;) osQ Lukrd Lrj vfUre
o"kZ esa izosf'kr fo|k£Fk;ksa dks gh lfEefyr
fd;k x;kA vk¡dM+ksa osQ ladYkUk osQ Ik'PkkRk~
mudk izfr'kr fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;kA
osQ ifj.kke fuEuor~ gSaA
rkfydk 1 osQ vk¡dM+s Lukrd Lrj osQ
Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa osQ forj.k dks n'kkZrs gSaA rkfydk
ls Li"V gS fd izR;sd oxZ esa Nk=kkvksa dk
iathdj.k Nk=kksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd gSA oqQy
iathÑr fo|k£Fk;ksa (2070) dk 65 izfr'kr
Nk=kk,¡ gaSA losZ{k.k esa Lukrd Lrj essa lcls
vfèkd izfr'kr (69-13) la[;k ch-,- osQ
fo|k£Fk;ksa dk gSA foKku oxZ esa 11-31 izfr'kr
rFkk okf.kT; oxZ esa 19-56 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ
ifj.kke
iathÑr gSaA ikbZ js[kkfp=k 1 osQ ekè;e ls
vk¡dM+ksa osQ fo'ys"k.k osQ mijkUr izkIr lwpukvksa vkadMksa dk izn'kZu fuEuor gS%
rkfydk 1 Lukrd Lrj ij vè;;ujr fo|k£Fk;ksa dk fooj.k
d{kk
ch-,l-lh- r`rh;
ch-dkWe- r`rh;
ch-,- r`rh;
oqQy
yM+dksa dh
la[;k
95
198
428
721
izfr'kr
04-59
09-56
20-68
34-83
yM+fd;ksa
dh la[;k
139
207
1003
1349
izfr'kr
06-72
10-00
48-45
65-17
oqQy ijh{k.k
izfr'kr
234
405
1431
2070
11-31
19-56
69-13
100-00
Total Cases
123-
1- ch-,llh- r`rh;
2- ch-dkWe- r`rh;
3- ch-,- r`rh;
ikbZ js[kkfp=k 1% Lukrd Lrj ij fofHkUu oxks± esa Nk=kksa dk Ikzfr'kr
64
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
Rkkfydk 2 rFkk ikbZ js[kkfp=k 2 osQ ekè;e ls fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ firk osQ O;olk; osQ fo"k; esa
tkudkjh izn£'kr dh x;h gS &
rkfydk 2 firk dk O;olk;
ch-,- r`rh;
ch-dkWe- r`rh; ch-,llh- r`rh;
O;olk; dk uke
la[;k izfr'kr la[;k izfr'kr
la[;k
oqQy
izfr'kr la[;k
izfr'kr
O;kikj
94
4-54
87
4-20
23
1-11
204
9-86
Ñf"k
636
30-72
67
3-24
58
2-80
761
36-76
ukSdjh@ljdkjh@xSj&ljdkjh
454
21-93
210
10-14
123
5-94
787
38-02
etnwj
119
5-75
11
0-05
11
0-05
141
6-81
dksbZ lwpuk ugha
128
6-18
30
1-45
19
0-92
177
8-55
oqQy
1431 68-79
405
19-56
234
11-64 2070 100-00
5-
1-
4-
1- O;kikj
2- Ñf"k
3-
2-
3- ukSdjh
4- e”knwj
5- dksbZ lwpuk ugha
ikbZ js[kkfp=k 2% fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ firk dk O;olk;
rkfydk 2 egkfo|ky; osQ fo|k£Fk;kssa osQ
ikfjokfjd i`"BHkwfe osQ vUrxZr firk osQ O;olk;
dks izn£'kr dj jgh gSSA rkfydk osQ vè;;u
ls Kkr gksrk gS fd lcls vfèkd la[;k mu
fo|k£Fk;kssa dh gS ftUgksaus ;g fjiksVZ fd;k fd
muosQ firk ukSdjh is'kk gSaA blosQ mijkUr 36-76
izfr'kr fo|k£Fk;kssa osQ firk O;olk; esa layXu
gaSA rkfydk esa fjDr LFkkUk osQ vUrxZr izn£'kr
la[;k mu fo|k£Fk;ksa dh gS ftUgksaus iz'ukoyh
osQ bl fcUnq ij lwpuk ugha nhA
65
egkfo|ky; esa vè;;ujr fo|k£Fk;ksa dh dfj;j osQ---
O;olk; dk uke
rkfydk 3 ekrk dk O;olk;
ch-,- r`rh;
ch-dkWe- r`rh; ch-,llh- r`rh; oqQy izfr'kr
la[;k izfr'kr la[;k izfr'kr la[;k izfr'kr la[;k
O;kikj
Ñf"k
ukSdjh@ljdkjh@xSj&ljdkjh
etnwj
x`g.kh
dksbZ lwpuk ugha
oqQy
07
252
16
10
851
295
1423
0-34
12-17
0-77
0-48
41-11
14-25
69-12
00
13
25
01
282
84
412
00
0-63
1-28
0-05
13-62
4-06
19-64
00
14
04
01
172
43
234
00
0-68
0-19
0-05
8-31
2-08
11-3
07
0-34
279 13-48
45
2-17
12
0-58
1305 63-04
422 20-39
2070 100-00
12-
6-
3-
4-
1- O;kikj
2- Ñf"k
3- ukSdjh
4- e”knwj
5-
5- x`g.kh
6- dksbZ lwpuk ugha
ikbZ js[kkfp=k 3% fo|k£Fk;ksa dh ekrk dk O;olk;
mijksDr rkfydk la[;k 3 rFkk ikbZ
js[kkfp=k 3 Lukrd Lrj ij vè;;ujr
fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ ekrk osQ O;olk; dks izn£'kr
djrs gaSA vk¡dM+s bl rF; dk [kqyklk djrs
gSa fd lcls vfèkd izfr'kr (68-04») mu
izf'kf{kr
vizf'kf{kr
oqQy
fo|k£Fk;ksa dk gS ftudh ekrk x`g.kh gSaA
rRi'pkr~ 13-48 izfr'kr rFkk 2-17 izfr'kr
Øe'k% Ñf"k ,oa ljdkjh ukSdjh esa layXu gaSA
422 fo|k£Fk;ksa us bl lanHkZ esa dksbZ lwpuk
iznku ugha dh gSA
rkfydk 4 izf'k{k.k dh n`f"V ls fo|k£Fk;ksa dk fooj.k
ch-,- r`rh;
ch-dkWe- r`rh;
ch-,llh- r`rh;
oqQy la[;k
la[;k izfr'kr la[;k izfr'kr la[;k
izfr'kr
92
4-44
41
1-98
24
1-16
157
1339
64-69 364 17-58
210
10-14
1913
1431 69-13 405 19-56
234
11-30
2070
izfr'kr
7-58
92-42
100-00
66
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
izf'kf{kr o vizf'kf{kr fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ izfr'kr
dk forj.k rkfydk 4 o fuEu ikbZ js[kkfp=k }kjk
izn£'kr fd;k x;k gSA Li"V gS fd oqQy fo|k£Fk;ksa
dk osQoy 7-58 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ gh izf'kf{kr
gS tcfd 92-42 izfr'kr fo|k£Fk;ksa us dksbZ Hkh
izf'k{k.k izkIr ugha fd;k gSA
fo|k£Fk;ksa us bl iz'u dk mÙkj gk¡ esa fn;k gS
rFkk [kqys :Ik esa viuh bPNkuqlkj #fp izn£'kr
dh gSA 62-77 izfr'kr fo|k£Fk;ksa us bl iz'u osQ
izfr udkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k izn£'kr fd;k gS vkSj
bl iz'u dk mÙkj ugha fn;k gSA bl izdkj osQ
udkjkRed mÙkj ls ;g vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk
7-58»
1-
1- izf'kf{kr
2- vizf'kf{kr
92-42»
2-
ikbZ js[kkfp=k 4% izf'kf{kr ,oa vizf'kf{kr fo|k£Fk;ksa dk izfr'kr
rkfydk 5% fo|£Fk;ksa esa O;olk; osQ izfr Ikzn£'kr #fp
ch-,- r`rh;
ch-dkWe- r`rh;
ch-,llh- r`rh;
oqQy
la[;k
izfr'kr
la[;k izfr'kr la[;k izfr'kr la[;k
izfr'kr
O;Dr #fp;ka
467
22-56
215
10-39
99
4-78
781
37-73
dksbZ mÙkj ugha
964
46-57
190
9-18
135
6-52
1289
62-27
oqQy
1431
69-13
405
19-57
234
11-30
2070
100-00
iz'ukoyh osQ bl iz'u ls vè;;udrkZ ;g
tkuuk pkgrs Fks fd fo|kFkhZ vius oSQfj;j osQ
p;u osQ izfr fdrus ltx@rRij gSAa rkfydk 5
rFkk ikbZ js[kkfp=k 5 ;g n'kkZrs gaS fd los{Z k.k esa
lfEefyr fo|k£Fk;ksa esa ls ek=k 37-73 izfr'kr
gS fd lEHkor% fo|kFkhZ vius Hkfo"; osQ O;olk;
p;u osQ izfr Li"V ugha gSa ;k mUgksua s bl iz'ukoyh
dks xEHkhjrk ls ugha fy;kA fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ oSQfj;j
y{;ksa osQ p;u dh vLi"Vrk osQ fglkc ls bruk
vfèkd izfr'kr ,d fpUrk dk fo"k; gSA
67
egkfo|ky; esa vè;;ujr fo|k£Fk;ksa dh dfj;j osQ---
gk¡
ugh
ikbZ js[kkfp=k 5% fo|k£Fk;ksa esa O;olk; osQ Ikzfr #fp
ikbZ js[kkfp=k 5 }kjk i`Fkd&i`Fkd
:Ik ls dyk] okf.kT; o foKku oxZ osQ
fo|k£Fk;kas }kjk izn£'kr #fp dks n'kkZ;k x;k
gSA dyk oxZ esa iathÑr fo|k£Fk;ksa esa ek=k
22-56 izfr'kr] okf.kT; oxZ esa ek=k 10-39
izfr'kr rFkk foKku oxZ esa ek=k 4-78 izfr'kr
fo|k£Fk;ksa us viuh O;kolkf;d #fp izn£'kr
dh gSA
gk¡
ugha
ch- ,-
III
ch- dkWe-
III
ch-,llh-
xzkiQ 1 fofHkUu oxks± osQ Nk=kksa }kjk #fp vfHkO;fDRk
III
68
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
rkfydk 6 }kjk fo|k£Fk;ksa }kjk O;olk; osQ lanHkZ esa nh x;ha lHkh izkFkfedrkvksa dks lefUor
:i ls izn£'kr fd;k x;k gSA
oSQfj;j PokWbl
,Mfeful~VªsVj@flfoy
,xzhdYpj
cSafoaQx
fc”kusl
ekosZQfVax@lsYl~
fMisaQl l£ol
Vhfpax
iqfyl@,l-vkbeSustesaV
dEi;wVj dk;Z
ljdkjh ukSdjh
lkekftd dk;Z
l£ol@vkWfiQl
oqQN Hkh
ekl-dkWe
ufl±x@IkSjkesfMdy
ekWMfyax@IkSQ'ku
jsyos
esfMdy
bUthfu;j
iQkesZlh
vU;
;ksx
rkfydk 6 O;kolkf;d izkFkfedrk
ch-,- r`rh;
ch-dkWe- r`rh;
ch-,llh- r`rh;
la[;k
la[;k
la[;k
07
07
01
16
00
02
17
62
06
20
15
03
04
03
00
13
03
06
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egkfo|ky; esa vè;;ujr fo|k£Fk;ksa dh dfj;j osQ---
Rkkfydk 6 ls Li"V gS fd fo|k£Fk;ksa us
lcls vfèkd #>ku f'k{k.k O;olk; osQ izfr
izn£'kr fd;k gSA rRi'pkr~ dk;kZy;h dk;ks±]
cSafoaQx lSDVj] ljdkjh lsokvksa rFkk dEI;wVj
lEcafèkr dk;ks± esa #fp izn£'kr dh gSA
lhek,a
bl losZ{k.k dh Hkh fuEu lhek,a Fkha&
•• leLRk d{kkvksa osQ lHkh o"kZ osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa
dks losZ{k.k esa lfEefyr ugha fd;k tk
ldkA
•• fo|k£Fk;ksa dh ikfjokfjd i`"BHkwfe dh lHkh
lwpukvksa ,oa tulkaf[;dh; vkdM+ksa dks
,df=kr ugha fd;k tk ldk tSls& ok£"kd
vk;] ekrk&firk dh f'k{kk vkfnA
•• iz'ukoyh esa oSQfj;j p;u osQ vU; fCkUnqvkssa
dks lfEefYkr ugha fd;k x;kA
•• fo|k£Fk;ksa dh ikfjokfjd i`"BHkwfe osQ
lkaf[;dh; vkdM+ksa dk oSQfj;j y{;@p;u
osQ lkFk rqyukRed vè;;u fd;k tkuk
pkfg, FkkA
fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>ko
fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ thou esa oSQfj;j p;u ,d tfVy
vkSj cgqvk;keh izR;; gSA oSQfj;j p;u gsrq
cgqr ls dkjd i`"BHkwfe esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
fo|kFkhZ dks lwpuk izkIr gksuk] lwpuk ,d=k.k
(Seeking informations)] 'kSf{kd rS;kjh
vkfnA losZ{k.k dk eq[; mís'; egkfo|ky; osQ
Lukrd Lrj ij vè;;ujr fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ oSQfj;j
p;u dh tkudkjh izkIr djuk] muosQ oSQfj;j
rRijrk (Career Readiness) dk vè;;u
69
djuk FkkA Lukrd d{kk fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ thou esa
egÙoiw.kZ gksrh gSA ;g voLFkk fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ
thou dh liQyrk dks izfrfcfEcr djrh gSA
ijUrq losZ{k.k esa ik;k x;k fd oqQy iathÑr
2070 fo|k£Fk;ksa esas ls 1289 (62 izfr'kr)
us O;olk; osQ izfr dksbZ #>ku izn£'kr u
djrs gq, lEcfUèkr lwpuk iznku ugha dh gS
(rkfydk 5)A lkFk gh 9-58 izfr'kr fo|k£Fk;ksa
us firk osQ O;olk; osQ lanHkZ esa rFkk 20-38
izfr'kr us ekrk osQ O;olk; osQ lanHkZ esa dksbZ
tkudkjh iznku ugha dh gS (rkfydk 2 o 3)A
62 izfr'kr fo|k£Fk;ksa dk O;k;olkf;d #>ku
izn£'kr u djuk oSQfj;j osQ izfr ltx u gksus dh
fLFkfr dks izn£'kr djrk gSA orZeku esa tcfd
f'k{kk ek=k O;olk; izkfIr dk lkèku cudj jg
x;h gS] fo|kFkhZ ls ekè;fed Lrj ls gh oSQfj;j
osQ izfr ltx jgrs gq, O;kolkf;d ikB~;ozQeksa
esa izos'k ysus dh vk'kk dh tkrh gSA nks frgkbZ
ls Hkh vfèkd fo|k£Fk;ksa dk bl lanHkZ esa #fp
izn£'kr u djuk gh oSQfj;j osQ izfr mudh
ykijokgh dks izdV djrk gSA osQoy 37-73 us
gh O;olk; osQ izfr #fp izn£'kr dh gS] ijUrq
;gka ij Hkh mudk >qdko osQoy ikap O;olk;ksa
osQ izfr gh vfèkd gSA 623 fo|k£Fk;ksa us osQoy
ikap {ks=kksa dks bafxr fd;k gS tcfd 'ks"k 58
fo|k£Fk;ksa dh #fp 17 {k=kksa esa caVh gqbZ gSA blls
;g Hkh Li"V gS fd ijEijkxr fo"k;ksa dks i<+us
okys fo|k£Fk;ksa dk oSQfj;j osQ izfr pquko Hkh
ijEijkxr {ks=kksa tSls&f'k{k.k] cSafdax] fyfidh;
laoxZ] fdlh Hkh izdkj dh ljdkjh lsokvksa osQ
izfr cuk gqvk gSA oSQfj;j osQ mHkjrs vk;keksa
ls fo|kFkhZ vufHkK gSaA fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ oSQfj;j
70
y{;ksa dh vLi"Vrk dks ns[krs gq, oSQfj;j osQ
lanHkZ esa mfpr n`f"Vdks.k fodflr djus gsrq
Hkfo"; esa funsZ'kukRed dk;ZØeksa dk vk;kstu
fd;k tk ldrk gSSA egkfo|ky; esa izos'k osQ
le; fo|k£Fk;ksa dks fo"k; p;u osQ lanHkZ esa
funsZ'ku iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA O;kolkf;d
tkx:drk gsrq dk;Z'kkyk,a vk;ksftr dh tk
ldrh gSaA lkFk gh fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa oSQfj;j
p;u gsrq vfrfFk O;k[;kuksa dk vk;kstu fd;k
tk ldrk gSA lkFk gh bl ckr ij fo'ks"k è;ku
nsus dh vko';drk gS fd fo|ky;h Lrj ij
oSQfj;j dkmalfyax lSy vfuok;Z :i ls LFkkfir
fd;s tk;sa] D;ksafd oSQfj;j fuèkkZj.k dk igyk
ix fo|ky;ksa esa gh j[kk tkrk gS] tc X;kjgoha
esa izos'k osQ le; fo|kFkhZ foKku] dyk vFkok
okf.kT; oxZ dk p;u djrk gSA lkekU;r;k
ns[kus esa vkrk gS fd fo|kFkhZ fo"k;ksa dk p;u
lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk HksM+pky osQ vkèkkj ij djrs
gSaA mUgsa bl ckr dk è;ku ugha jgrk fd
fo"k; mudh #fp dk gS vFkok ughaA Hkfo";
esa ;g fo"k; mudh #fp osQ vuqlkj O;olk;
fnykus esa dgka rd lgk;d gksxk] bl fo"k;
esa rks lkspk gh ugha tkrkA bl le; fo|kFkhZ
fd'kksjkoLFkk essa gksrk gS vkSj fd'kksjkoLFkk thou
dk egÙoiw.kZ dky gSA bl voLFkk esa fo|kFkhZ
vius fo|ky;h thou dk vkuUn ys jgk
gksrk gSA blh ifjizs{; esa fo|ky;ksa esa oSQfj;j
dkmfUlfyax dh vko';drk eglwl dh tkrh
gSA b.VjehfM,V Lrj ij fo|kFkhZ ls mEehn dh
tkrh gS fd mlus Hkfo"; osQ ckjs esa ,d lqLi"V
n`f"Vdks.k fodflr dj fy;k gks D;ksafd fo"k;ksa
dk p;u Hkkoh dk;Z{ks=k dks è;ku esa j[kdj gh
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A fo"k; p;u esa gh lokZfèkd
lkoèkkuh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vr% fu"d"kZ
:i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd ekè;fed Lrj
ls gh fo|k£Fk;ksa dks funsZ'ku o ijke'kZ lsok,a
iznku dh tkuh pkfg,A fo|kFkhZ dh #fp dks
ns[krs gq, mls fofoèk O;olk;ksa osQ lanHkZ esa
tkudkjh iznku djrs gq, oSQfj;j osQ izfr mlosQ
n`f"Vdks.k dks Li"V djus esa mldh lgk;rk dh
tkuh pkfg,A fljksgh (2013) us Hkh vius 'kksèk
osQ ekè;e ls ik;k fd ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa esa
laLFkkxr :i ls O;kolkf;d funsZ'ku o ijke'kZ
lsokvksa dks miyCèk djkus dh vko';drk gSA
ekè;fed Lrj gh og Lrj gS tgka ij fo|kFkhZ
fofoèk leL;kvksa ls tw>rk gS vkSj blh izfozQ;k
esa thou dkS'ky dk fodkl djrk gSA ;fn ;gka
ij mls mfpr funsZ'ku o ijke'kZ fey tk;s rks
og vius Hkfo"; osQ izfr ltx gks tkrk gS]
vU;Fkk og f'k{kk rks vo'; izkIr dj ysrk gS
ijUrq mldk iz;ksx djuk ugha lh[k ikrk gSA
b.VjehfM,V Lrj ij fo|kFkhZ fofoèk rduhdh
o O;kolkf;d ikB~;ozQeksa esa izos'k gsrq vkosnu
djrk gSA vr% ;gha ij dkmalfyax dh fo'ks"k
vko';drk gSA egkfo|ky; Lrj ij fo|k£Fk;ksa
dh c<+rh la[;k dks ns[krs gq, mUgsa dkmalfyax
izfozQ;k ls tksM+uk Hkh ,d dfBu izfozQ;k gS D;ksafd
;gka ij fo|kFkhZ&f'k{kd dk lEcUèk mruk izxk<+
ugha gksrk ftruk fd ekè;fed Lrj ijA ;gka ij
gksugkj fo|kFkhZ gh vko';drk iM+us ij ijke'kZ
gsrq dkmUlyj osQ ikl igqaprs gSa vkSj cgqr
de fo|kFkhZ gh oSQfj;j dkmalfyax lSy dh
lsokvksa dk mi;ksx dj ikrs gSSaA iQkWaM (2006)
us ;g tkuus osQ fy, fd D;k fo'ofo|ky;
71
egkfo|ky; esa vè;;ujr fo|k£Fk;ksa dh dfj;j osQ---
Lrj ij fo|kFkhZ dkmalfyax o oSQfj;j lsokvksa
osQ fo"k; esa ltx gSa] ,d vè;;u fd;k
vkSj ik;k fd fo|kFkhZ vius oSQfj;j osQ lanHkZ
esa fu.kZ; ysus esa ijs'kkuh eglwl djrs gSaA
yxHkx vkèks fo|k£Fk;ksa dks oSQfj;j lsokvksa dh
tkudkjh gS] ysfdu oqQN us gh mu lsokvksa
dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA tcfd ekè;fed Lrj ij
fo|kFkhZ o f'k{kd dk O;fDrxr lEioZQ gksus
osQ dkj.k f'k{kd fo|kFkhZ dh #fp] Lrj rFkk
fofoèk {ks=kksa esa izn'kZu dks ns[krs gq, Lo;a mls
mfpr ekxZn'kZu iznku dj ldrk gSA lkFk gh
oSQfj;j xkbMsUl lSy osQ ekè;e ls fo|k£Fk;ksa
dks b.Vj osQ i'pkr~ Hkfo"; esa fofoèk izf'k{k.k
{ks=kksa (esfMdy@ bathfu;fjax@ fMtkbfuax vkfn)
dh tkudkjh nsrs gq, rnuq:i izkIr gksus okys
O;olk;ksa dh tkudkjh nsrs gq, fo|k£Fk;ksa dks
Lo;a dh {kerkvksa dks igpkuus rFkk Hkfo"; osQ
lanHkZ esa mfpr fu.kZ; ysus osQ fy, rS;kj fd;k
tk ldrk gSA vyh (2000) us Hkh orZeku
esa izpfyr O;olk;ksa osQ lanHkZ esa tkx#drk
iznku djus] rRlEcUèkh vko';d ;ksX;rkvksa dh
tkudkjh nsus] fo"k; laxrrk] izf'k{k.k laLFkk,a]
osru rFkk O;kolkf;d xq.k&nks"k vkfn osQ }kjk
oSQfj;j ltxrk iznku djus gsrq oSQfj;j esyksa
osQ vk;kstu ij cy fn;kA vr% dgk tk
ldrk gS fd oSQfj;j xkbMsUl@dkmalfyax lsy
ekè;fed Lrj ij vfuok;Z :i ls [kksys tkus
dh vko';drk gSA
lanHkZ
vyh] Mh-th-] ,iQ-lh-osQj~;w] 2000] fozQ,fVax oSQfj;j vos;juSl veax lSosQ.Mjh LowQy LVwMSaV~l] ukbthfj;u tjuy
vkWiQ xkbMsal ,.M dkmalfyax] okWY;we&07] la[;k&01] i`- 165&175] oSclkbV& www.ajol.info iQkWM ukM~;k ,- ,oa vU;] 2006] uhM] vos;juSl ,.M ;w”k vkWiQ oSQfj;j l£ols”k iQkWj dkWyst LVwMsaV~l~] tjuy
vkWiQ oSQfj;j vlslesaV] uo- 2006] okWY;we&14] la[;k&04]i`- 407&420 fljksgh] fouhrk] 2013] oksosQ'kuy xkbMsal ,.M oSQfj;j eSP;ksfjVh veax lSosQ.Mjh LowQy LVwMsaV~l~% ,u bf.M;u
,Dlihfj;Ul] ;wjksfi;u lkbfVafiQd tjuy] twu 2013] eujournal.org./index.php/esj/article -
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQe oSQls gksa\
fot; oqQekj vk;Z·
MkbV rFkk loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku osQ varxZr fofHkUu vè;kid f'kfojksa dk vk;kstu gksrk
jgrk gS] ftls eq[; izf'k{kd vFkok lanHkZ O;fDr lEcksfèkr djrs gSaA vfèkdka'k f'kfojksa dh
liQyrk lafnXèk gksrh gSA ;gka vfèkdrj izf'k{k.k iznkrk rFkk vnkrk nksuksa iwokZxzg ls xzflr
gSa fd ;s f'kfoj vkSfpR;ghu gSa] vè;kid dks izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk gh ugha gS] ;g
Åij ls Fkksik x;k dk;ZozQe gS] ftls iw.kZ djus dh [kkukiw£r djuh iM+rh gSA bu izf'k{k.kksa
esa os vè;kid T;knk vkd£"kr gksrs gSa tks 'kgj vkus esa lqfoèkk dk vuqHko djrs gSa rFkk
fo|ky; esa jgdj i<+kuk de ilan djrs gSaA oqQN Hkh gks oqQN fo'ks"k foèkkvksa ls budks
jkspd] vkd"kZd o y{;ksUeq[kh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA izR;sd fo"k; vius vki esa egRoiw.kZ
gksrk gS] ysfdu mldh egÙkk dks tkx:d djuk iM+rk gSA izLrqr vkys[k esa vè;kid
izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQeksa dh vliQyrk osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h lkekU; dkj.kksa rFkk euksoSKkfud
foèkkvksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
1- mís'; fuèkkZj.kµ izf'k{k.k dk mís'; 2- ekul m}syu (cszu LVªksfeax)µ ekul
vè;kidksa dh vfHko`fRk (,VhV~;wM)
mFky&iqFky fdlh egRoiw.kZ ppkZ osQ le;
ifjorZu djuk gS u fd lwpukRed Kku
gksrh gS] vr% Hkkjh 'kksj&'kjkck gksrk gS] tks
iznku djukA vfèkdrj dk;ZozQeksa esa izf'k{kd
mfpr Hkh gSA jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ rFkk cky
vè;kidksa dks lwpukRed lkexzh nsus yx
f'k{kk vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e osQ vusd fo"k;
tkrs gSa] ftlls os uhjlrk vUkqHko djrs gSa]
laosnu'khy gSa] tSls ckydksa dks vuqÙkh.kZ
vr% uhaan esa Åa?kus yx tkrs gSaA i<+kbZ dh
ugha djuk] n.M dh eukgh] u`R;&xk;u
varoZLrq dh vis{kk i<+kus dh dk;Z iz.kkyh
xfrfofèk;ksa dk lekos'k] dyk f'k{kk iz;kstuk
(eSFkM) ij è;ku nsuk vfèkd vko';d gSA
(izkstsDV) bR;kfnA izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQeksa osQ
· vè;kid] (o-v-)] jk- ek- fo-] vkPNkiqj] ftyk& pq: (jktLFkku) 331305
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe oSQls gksa\
nkSjku ,sls fo"k;ksa ij czsu LVªksfeax djuk
pkfg,A
3- fparu iz.kkyh esa la'kksèkuµ ^dksbZ
O;fDr oSQls lksprk gS\ vR;ar egRoiw.kZ
gSA vFkkZr~ owQi&eUMwd dh vis{kk lkxj
osQ tho dh rjg fparu djuk fl[kkuk]
O;kid n`f"V iznku djuk] izf'k{kd osQ fy;s
pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z gSaA fopkjksa esa ifjorZu gsrq
lw{e dkS'ky dh vko';drk gSA fookfnr
fo"k; dks ';keiV~V ij fy[k nsuk mfpr gS
vkSj ml fcanq ij [kqyh cgl pyus nsa] var
esa izf'k{kd bls rk£dd fu"d"kZ dh vksj
eksM+ nas vkSj okn&fookn dk fupksM+ izLrqr
djsa& ^vkidk fopkj Hkh mfpr gSA ijarq
bls bl izdkj ls csgrj cuk;k tk ldrk
gSA* vkykspuk&izR;kykspuk esa LoLFk ijEijk
Mkyuh pkfg,] ftl izdkj f[kykM+h [ksy
dks [ksy dh Hkkouk ls [ksyrk gS vkSj vius
detksj i{k dks 'kkafr ls Lohdkjrk gS] mlh
izdkj okn&fookn esa Hkzked vlR;;qDRk
rF;ksa dh gkj Lohdkj djuk lgHkkfx;ksa dh
LoLFk vknr cu tk,A
4- ijaijkvksa dk eksg R;kxµ ftu ijaijkvksa
}kjk f'k{kd iksf"kr gSa os mUgsa lkFkZd Bgjkrs
gSa rFkk uokpkj osQ izfr fojksèk Hkkouk j[krs
gSa ^gekjs xq#th tks gesa ,sls i<+krs Fks rc ge
liQy gq,] ge Hkh ;fn mudh rjg dke
djsaxs rks gekjs f'k"; liQy gksaxsA* ;gka ij
cnyh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks u”kj vank”k dj
fn;k x;k gSA cM+h la[;k esa f'k{kd izfrHkkxh
dgrs gSa ^ljdkj ckj&ckj iz;ksx dj jgh
73
gS] bu ubZ&ubZ ;kstukvksa us i<+kbZ dks BIi
dj fn;k gS vkSj gesa f[kykSuk le> j[kk
gSA* ysfdu bUgha vè;kidksa dks le;&le;
ij osru&la'kksèku] osru&vfHko`f¼ ls
dksbZ ,rjkt ugha gSA izFke rks izcksfèkd
dks yksdra=k esa ljdkj dk lgh vFkZ
le>kuk pkfg,A ljdkj izR;sd ukxfjd osQ
tu&ekul dh Hkkouk lekfgr fd, gq,
gksrh gSA dksbZ Hkh ;kstuk yksdra=k esa Fkksih
gqbZ ugha gksrhA lkeqfgd yksd fgr osQ fu.kZ;
vusd ijh{k.kksa osQ mijkar rFkk vke turk
dk vfHker ysdj ykxw fd;s tkrs gSaA
oqQN ;kstuk,a jk"Vªh;&varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj
dh gksrh gS]a ftUgsa ykxw djuk vfuok;Z
gksrk gS] tSls iYl&iksfy;ks] 'kkyk&LoLFk
dk;ZoQz e] lÙk~ ,oa O;kid ewY;kadu (lh-lhbZ-)] iks"kkgkj] cky vfèkdkj] ,M~l&cpko]
bR;kfnA eSa ,e-,- euksfoKku osQ izk;ksfxd
dk;Z lEiUu djus gsrq rfeyukMq osQ fo|ky;
esa x;kA ogka ml le; xq#fe=k rFkk xfrfofèk
vkèkkfjr f'k{k.k dk;Z py jgk Fkk] vè;kid
ckydksa osQ eè; njh&iV~Vh ij cSBk Fkk rFkk
Lo;a xfrfofèk;ksa esa Hkkx ysrs gq, mudk usrR` o
rFkk igydrkZ Fkk] og ;kstuk ygj uke ls
vc gekjs fo|ky;ksa esa Hkh ykxw dh xbZ gSA
5- roZQ izfrjksèkµ izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQeksa esa
ijaijkvksa dk efgek eaMu rFkk uokpkj dks
LFkfxr djus osQ rF; laHkkfx;ksa }kjk izLrqr
fd;s tkrs gSaA izR;sd ra=k dk ^tM+Ro* ,d
xq.k èkeZ gS] vFkkZr~ tks pyrk vk jgk gS ogh
pyuk mfpr gSA izf'k{kd lkFkZd ifjorZuksa
74
osQ ckjs esa laHkkfx;ksa dks Lofu.kZ; djus nsa]
foLr`r ppkZ osQ ckn fu.kZ; fudkysa rFkk
vkjEHk esa gh fu"d"kZ izLrqr u djsaA
6- Hkwfedk fuoZguµ izf'k{kd f'kfojkFkhZ dks
Hkwfedk fo'ks"k esa ckaèk nsrk gSA f'kfojkfFkZ;ksa
dks mudh ;ksX;rk] #fp] {kerkuqlkj
Hkwfedk,a iznku djsa] D;ksafd Hkwfedk vkc¼
O;fDr ftEesnkjh ls dk;Z djrk gSA mDr osQ
usr`Ro esa] mDr O;fDRk djsaxsA
7- nyh; ifjppkZµ ny esa foHkktu]
ny&uk;d p;u] nyxr ppkZ izR;sd
ny osQ fu"d"kZ dk lkeqfgd izLrqfrdj.k]
egRoiw.kZ f'kfoj foèkk gSa ijarq mDr dk;Z
njh ij cSBd O;oLFkk djus ij lqxerk ls
gksrk gSA nyksa dks izFkd&izFkd fo"k; iznku
djuk mfpr gSA ny dk ,d vfHkO;fDRk
iQyd (pkVZ) gks] ftl ij os vfHkO;fDRk
lkjka'k :i esa izLrqr dj losaQA
8- vuqHko vknku&iznku izfozQ;kµ ^nsf[k,
lHkh laHkkfx;ksa dk bl {ks=k esa lsok vuqHko
tksM+sa rks gtkjksa o"kZ gks tkrs gSa] D;ksa u
bl vuqHko dks ge vkil esa ck¡Vsa\* ;g
izfozQ;k rHkh liQyrk iwoZd lEiUu gksrh
gS] tc f>>d [kksyus dh xfrfofèk;ka Bhd
ls pysaA T;knkrj laHkkxh ghu Hkkoukvksa ls
xzflr gksrs gSa rFkk vius dk;Z dks Js"B ugha
le>rsA dksbZ Hkh Kku ifjiw.kZ rFkk vafre
ugha gksrk blesa la'kksèku gksrk jgrk gS] ;g
,d izokg gS] blesa ge D;k u;k tksM+
ldrs gSa\ lh[kuk ,d fujarj fozQ;k gS] mDr
voèkkj.kk,a laHkkfx;ksa eas LFkkfir djus dk
iz;kl djuk pkfg,A
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
9- liQyrk dk eki n.Mµ ”;knkrj laHkkxh
ijEijkxr voèkkj.kkvksa dks mfpr Bgjkrs
gSa D;ksafd os dgrs gSa fd bl izdkj ls
i<+kbZ djokus ij veqd Å¡ps in ij
igqap x;k bR;kfnA f'k{kk esa liQyrk dk
ekin.M fdlh f'k"; osQ fdlh in ij
liQy gksuk eku fy;k tkrk gS ijarq mlosQ
O;fDrxr lek;kstu dk vkdyu ugha fd;k
tkrkA okLro esa f'k{kk dk vFkZ x.kuk]
Hkk"kk&dkS'ky] ukSdj cuuk u gksdj ,d
l`tu'khy] fparu'khy] laosnu'khy balku
cukuk gS ftldk dksbZ izR;{k ewY;kadu ugha
gksrk gS] vr% lg 'kSf{kd xfrfofèk;ksa dks
nck fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ijh{kk esa mPp
Js.kh izkIr djuk gh liQyrk dk ekin.M
le>k tkrk gS tks mfpr ugha gSA f'k{kk
dk mís'; ekufld LokLF; rFkk lkaosfxd
cqf¼ esa vfHko`f¼ djuk Hkh gSA bu fo"k;ksa
dh mis{kk dh tkrh gSA vktdy u;s
vè;kidksa dk p;u Hkh lwpukRed Kkudks"k
osQ vkèkkj ij gks jgk gS] vè;kidksa esa
lkekftd&ljksdjkj] usr`Ro&igy] lsok&
Hkkouk] lkaLÑfrd&lEiUurk] dyk& dkS'ky
dks ugha ns[kk tkrkA
10-fo"k;kUrj HkVdkoµ izf'k{k.k f'kfoj
dbZ ckj eq[; fo"k; ls HkVd tkrk gS]
oqQN lfozQ; lnL; i`Fkd fo"k;ksa esa le;
viO;; djrs gSaA f'kfoj yksdrkaf=kd Hkkouk
ls lapkfyr gks vFkkZr~ lHkh laHkkfx;ksa dks
vfHkO;fDRk osQ fy;s leku le; iznku
djuk] fuf"ozQ; dks lfozQ; djuk] lfozQ;
lnL;ksa dh vuxZy okrkZ ls cpko Hkh
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe oSQls gksa\
izf'k{k.k dk nkf;Ro cu tkrk gSA izf'k{kd
,slh xfrfofèk;ksa dk vk;kstu djsa fd lHkh
laHkkfx;ksa dks izLrqfrdj.k dk volj izkIr
gks] tSls ^vki tks dg jgs gSa og mfpr gS]
ijarq vU; lkfFk;ksa osQ fopkj Hkh ekurs gSaA*
11-laoSèkkfud ewy Hkkoukvksa dk vknjµ
èkeZ fujis{k] tkfr&oa'k&{ks=k] lektokn]
ewy dÙkZO;] uhfr funsZ'kd Ùkoksas osQ vuq:i
fopkjksa dks izf'k{k.k ls lEcy iznku djuk
mfpr gSA gkykafd lewg ppkZ esa bfrgkl osQ
oqQN laosnu'khy izdj.k gekjh Hkkoukvksa dks
vkgr dj ldrs gSa] tSls fd fons'kh ccZj
vkradokfn;ksa }kjk dRys vke rFkk cyiwoZd
èkek±rj.k] oqQN oxZ fo'ks"k esa tula[;k
miQku] vkj{k.k bR;kfnA bfrgkl osQ uXu
lR;ksa dks Hkh orZeku dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ
vuq:i <duk iM+rk gSA izkphu èkk£ed xzaFkksa
dk czg~ek.M fo'ys"k.k oSKkfud lR;ksa ls
fcyoqQy esy ugha [kkrk D;ksafd ml le;
;s rF; vuqeku vkèkkfjr Fks u fd iz;ksx
vkèkkfjrA oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ls fo'ys"k.k
djuk mfpr gS u fd lhèkk fdlh rF; ij
nks"kkjksi.k djukA oSKkfud rF; izLrqr djus
ij dkYifud voèkkj.kkvksa dk Lor% fojksèk
gks tkrk gSA roZQ'khy lkslkbVh tSls laxBu
Hkh bl {ks=k esa dk;Z dj jgs gSaA Lokeh
n;kuUn ljLorh us vk;Z lekt dk ,d
fu;e fn;k Fkk fd vlR; ifjR;kx rFkk
lR; vuqlaèkku osQ fy, lnSo m|r jgsaA
12-ludhiu dh leL;kµ fopkjksa dh
l`tu'khyrk] yksp'khyrk] vknku&iznku]
cgqvk;keh fparu] ueuh;rk] tc lekIr gks
75
tkrh gS vkSj ,d tSls fopkjksa dks ckj&ckj
izdV fd;k tkrk gS rFkk izR;{khdj.k vkSj
lkekU;hdj.k ,d gh v{k ls fd;k tkrk
gS rks ;g ludhiu (Lukscjh) dh Js.kh esa
vkrk gSA gkFkh dh okLrfodrk dks le>us
osQ fy, ,sls izR;sd dks.k ls ns[kk tk, rks
okLrfod gkFkh dk voKku gksrk gSA izf'k{kd
p;u iwoZ muosQ ekufld LokLF; dk
ijh{k.k mfpr gSA T;knkrj iz'kkld inèkkjh
vius efLr"d dh yksp'khyrk [kks pqosQ
gSa] mPprk xzafFk (lqihfj;fjVh dkWEiSDl) ls
ihfM+r gSa rFkk cM+s n`<+ (vD[kM+) LoHkkoh
gSaA vè;kidksa dh dk;Z oqQ'kyrk dk vuqeku
mudh Js.kh ls yxkuk Hkzked gS] tSls ^r`rh;
Js.kh f'k{kd r`rh; Js.kh dk dk;Z djus
okyk gh gksxkA* muesa lquus dk èkS;Z de gS
rFkk viuh ckr fcuk roZQ fd;s Fkksius dh
lud gSA
izf'k{k.k dk eq[; mís'; vfHko`fÙk
ifjorZu gS u fd lwpukRed Kku nsuk] ijarq
ns[kk x;k gS fd izf'k{kd vè;kid dkS'ky
dh vis{kk vodk'k] vk;dj] chek rFkk
vU; deZpkjh fgrksa osQ izdj.k mBkdj cM+h
#fp ls ppkZ djrs gSa D;ksafd bu fo"k;ksa esa
izR;sd deZpkjh dk LokFkZ fufgr gS] vr%
blesa le; viO;; ij è;ku ugha fn;k
tkrkA laHkkfx;ksa esa Hkh cgqr ls oqQ.BkxzLr
gksrs gSa rFkk vusd euksxzafFk;ka ikys gq, gksrs
gSaA i<+s gq, dks i<+kuk dfBu gS D;ksafd mudk
fnekx igys ls Hkjk gqvk gSA n`<+ O;ogkj
dh vis{kk iz;ksxèkehZ cukuk izf'k{k.k dk
eq[; mís'; gksuk pkfg,A ”;knkrj izf'k{kd
76
xfrfoèk;ksa dh vis{kk O;k[;ku iz.kkyh ij
vkfJr gS tks vè;kidksa osQ fy, vfèkd
izHkko'kkyh ugha gSA
13-Lora=k fparu dks c<+kokµ izf'k{kd viuh
ckr dks bruh liQkbZ ls izLrqr djrk gS fd
Lora=k fparu ij izf'k{kd osQ fopkj gkoh
gks tkrs gSaA f'k{kd la?kksa osQ inkfèkdkjh
f'k{kd in fgr osQ uke ij volj feyus
ij bu izf'k{k.k f'kfojksa esa czsuokW'k djrs
gSaA czsuokW'k esa HkkokRed izokg] psruk&èkkjk
(LVªhe vkWiQ dkWfU'k;lusl~) dk mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA czsuokW'k dh vis{kk Lora=k
fparu volj iznku dj fopkj vfèkxzg.k esa
mUeqDÙkk dk okrkoj.k mi;qDr gSA
14-gkWyks izHkkoµ ,d {ks=k esa liQy O;fDRk
dks izR;sd {ks=k esa ifj'kq¼ ekuuk Hkzked
gSA izf'k{kdksa osQ eqag ls fudyh ok.kh gesa
czg~e lR; izrhr gksrh gS] pkgs og fdruk
gh vrk£dd gksA bl lksp dks cnyuk
Hkh vko';d gSA yksdrkaf=kd O;ogkj osQ
vuqlkj laHkkfx;ksa osQ fu.kZ;u esa lfozQ;
Hkkxhnkjh gksuh pkfg,A vkc¼ iz'uksa dh
vis{kk [kqys iz'u j[kuk mfpr gSA tSls&
^bl {ks=k esa vkSj D;k lqèkkj djuk pkgsaxs\*
xfrfofèk;ksa ij tksj nsdj lewg ppkZ }kjk
vFkkZiu gks rFkk fu.kZ;u lewg gh djsA iwoZ
dh xyfr;ksa dk iqujkoksydu fd;k tk,
fd okaNuh; ifj.kke izkIr ugha gks jgk gS rks
D;k dkj.k gks ldrs gSa\
15-Fkdku feVkus okyh xfrfofèk;kaµ izf'k{k.k
dk;ZozQeksa osQ nkSjku vfHk;ku xhr] 'kk;jh]
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
pqVoqQys] lewg u`R;] vfHku; [ksy] dfork
ikB] iz;ksx&izn'kZu] jkspdrk mRiUu djus
okyh vusd izdkj dh lkexzh dk mi;ksx
fd;k tk ldrk gSA xk;u;qDr u`R; ,d
vPNh foèkk gS] ftlls 'kkjhfjd O;k;ke
Hkh gks tkrk gSA lroZQrk c<+kus okyh] è;ku
vkÑ"V djus okyh vusd xfrfofèk;ksa dk
p;u fd;k tk,] ftlls lewg esa fujarj
fopkj osaQnz.k fLFkj jgsA ifjp; xfrfofèk;ksa
esa laHkkfx;ksa dh #fp iwNuk ilan] ukilan
osQ ckjs esa vfHkO;fDRk fnyokuk jkspdrk
c<+k ldrk gSA
16-euksoSKkfud iqjLdkj iz.kkyhµ laHkkfx;ksa
osQ iz'kaluh; i{kksa] èkukRed izR;qÙkjksa dks
LFkk;h izHkko cukus gqrq euks&iqjLdkj iznku
fd, tk,aA lkFkZd mÙkjksa ij mÙkjnkrk osQ
i{k esa lewg }kjk rkyh ctokuk vFkok
ekSf[kd iz'kalk djuk mfpr gksxkA lewg ls
izkIr izdj.k dks gh izf'k{kd vkxs c<+k;s rks
mfpr jgrk gSA laHkkfx;ksa dks vuqHkwr gks fd
mDr fu.kZ; ge lcus feydj izkIr fd;s
gSa rFkk bu fo"k;ksa ij gekjh vke lgefr
(lkeqfgd fu.kZ;u) gSA
17-lgk;d lkexzh dk mi;ksxµ ';keiV~V
ij vadu esa le; O;; djus dh vis{kk
vDr fo"k;&lkexzh igys ls i=k iQydksa
(pkVks±) ij rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSA èofu]
JO;] fofM;ks vkfn dk mi;ksx Hkh mfpr
gSA vktdy izkstsDVj] eksckby lqYkHk gks
x;k gSA lacafèkr MkmuyksM lkexzh izn£'kr
djsa rks èkukRed ijf.kke izkIr gks ldrs gSaA
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe oSQls gksa\
iz'u fy[ks xfrfofèk dkMZ izR;sd laHkkxh
dks vkcafVr fd, tk ldrs gSa rFkk muesa
fufgr funsZf'kr xfrfofèk vFkok iz'uksa dk
izR;qÙkj laHkkxh iznku dj ldrs gSaA blls
ladksp'khy laHkkxh Hkh izf'k{k.k izfozQ;k esa
Hkkx ys losQxkA izkstsDV dk;Z laxzg lkexzh
Hkh izn£'kr djuk lkFkZd izHkko Mkyrk gSA
77
orZekur% 'kSf{kd ifjn`'; esa ckypj
xfrfofèk;ksa (LdkmfVax)] f'k{kkdehZ ifj;kstuk]
yksd tqfEcl] xq# fe=k] ftyk izkFkfed f'k{kk
dk;ZozQe iksjkey] iQkmaMs'ku] loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku
bR;kfn ;kstukvksa us mRÑ"V izf'k{k.k ijEijk,a
Mkyh gSaA ysfdu izf'k{k.k foèkkvksa esa fujarj 'kksèk
rFkk ifjorZu dh vko';drk gSA
fxTtwHkkbZ dk 'kSf{kd fparu
Ñ".k dkUr·
fxTtwHkkbZ Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ ,dek=k ,sls f'k{kk'kkL=kh o nk'kZfud Fks ftUgksaus iwoZ&
izkFkfed f'k{kk ij vR;fèkd cy fn;kA os bl {ks=k (iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k{kk) osQ liQy
iz;ksxdrkZ@O;olk;h jgsA fuLlansg oks ,d ,sls O;fDr Fks ftUgksaus ,d ,sls fo|ky; dk
LoIu ns[kk tgka cPps [kq'kh] mRlkg vkSj bPNk ls tk losaQA mudh ;s dYiuk,¡ muosQ cky
eafnj esa lkdkj gqb± tks fd cPpksa osQ fy, LoxZ osQ leku FkkA fxTtwHkkbZ mu yksxksa osQ fy,
,d l'kDr izsj.kk Lkzksr gSa tks iwoZ&izkFkfed] izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa dk;Zjr gSaA
¶tks iqLrosaQ i<+dj Kku izkIr djsaxs] os f'k{kd
cusaxsA tks ckydksa dks i<+dj Kku izkIr djsaxs] os
f'k{kk'kkL=kh cusaxsA f'k{kk'kkL=kh osQ fy, gj ,d
ckyd ,d leFkZ] vf}rh; vkSj thfor xzUFk
gSA¸& fxTtwHkkbZ
ifjp;µ fxTtwHkkbZ dk iwjk uke fxfjtk'kadj
Hkxoku th cèksdk FkkA mudk tUe 15 uoEcj
1885 dks lkSjk"Vª osQ fpryxkao esa gqvkA muosQ
firk dk uke Jh Hkxokuth o ekrk dk uke
Jherh dlhck FkkA mUgksaus viuh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk
okyk esa vkSj eSfVªoqQys'ku dh ijh{kk Hkkouxj
ls 1905 esa iwjh dhA blosaQ i'pkr~ mUgksaus
';keyky dkWyst esa nkf[kyk fy;k] ijUrq 1907
esa viuh i<+kbZ vèkwjh NksM+ vkftfodk osQ fy,
iwohZ vizQhdk pys x,A 1910 esa vizQhdk ls
vkdj mUgksaus cEcbZ ls dkuwu dh f'k{kk xzg.k
dhA 1911 esa mUgksaus ftyk U;k;ky; o 1912 esa
mPp U;k;ky; esa odkyr dk dk;Z 'kq: fd;kA
mUgksaus nks ckj 'kknh dh] mudh igyh 'kknh
1902 esa ghjkcsu ls o mudh e`R;q osQ i'pkr~
1906 esa tsnhcsu osQ lkFkA
muosQ O;fDrRo ij lcls vfèkd izHkko
muosQ pkpk gjxksfoan ikaM~;k dk iM+kA bUgksaus
fxTtwHkkbZ osQ fopkjksa vkSj pfj=k dks fn'kk nhA
nwljs O;fDr ftUgksaus fxTtwHkkbZ dks izHkkfor fd;k
oks Fks ,l-ih- ,VhosUl] ftuosQ lkFk fxTtwHkkbZ
us vizQhdk esa dke fd;k FkkA LVhosUl us mUgsa
vkRe lgk;rk o vkRe fuHkZjrk fl[kkbZA
· lgk;d izoDrk] ekrk gjdh nsoh efgyk f'k{kk egkfo|ky;] vkS<ka] fljlk] gfj;k.kk
79
fxTtw HkkbZ dk 'kSf{kd fparu
vius igys iq=k ujsUnz HkkbZ (tUe 1913) dh
i<+kbZ dh fpark us fxTtwHkkbZ dk izkFkfed f'k{kk
ls lEioZQ djok;kA bl le; mUgksua s ekrh HkkbZ
vehu osQ lg;ksx ls xqtjkrh Hkk"kk esa ekW.Vsljh
f'k{k.k fofèk ij vkèkkfjr iqLrd izLrqr dhA bl
dk;Z us mUgsa cky f'k{kk dh rjiQ vkd£"kr fd;kA
1915 esa mUgksua s nf{k.kkew£r osQ fuekZ.k esa lg;ksx
fd;k o Hkkouxj esa ,d Nk=kkokl izkjEHk fd;kA
1916 esa mUgksua s odkyr NksM+ nh vkSj nf{k.kkew£r
esa lgizcèa kd osQ :i esa dk;Z izkjEHk fd;kA
mUgksaus ogka osQ izcaèkd Jh ukukHkkbZ HkV~V dk
è;ku ogka dh f'k{kk O;oLFkkvksa dh vfu;ferrkvksa
dh vksj fnyk;kA bu vfu;ferrkvksa dks nwj
djus osQ fy, mUgsa nf{k.kkew£r osQ vkpk;Z dk
in lkSaik x;kA
bl in ij dk;Z djrs gq, mUgsa vkHkkl gqvk
fd bl dk;Z (izkFkfed f'k{kk) dk izkjEHk cgqr
igys ls gksuk pkfg, vkSj blh fopkj ls 1920
esa nf{k.kkew£r ckyeafnj igyk iwoZ&izkFkfed
fo|ky; mn~Hko esa vk;kA
lu~ 1925 esa fxTtwHkkbZ us nf{k.kkew£r esa
igyk vè;kiu eafnj (iwoZ&izkFkfed f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;) izkjEHk fd;k rkfd
izf'kf{kr vè;kid rS;kj fd, tk losaQA blosaQ
lkFk&lkFk fxTtwHkkbZ us cky lkfgR; tSlh NksVh
dgkfu;ka] cky dfork,a] ;k=kk o`rkar] 'kSf{kd
dgkfu;ka vkfn fy[ks] ftudk ckn esa dbZ
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn Hkh fd;k x;kA
1925 esa fxTtwHkkbZ us Jherh rkjkcsu eksnkd
osQ lg;ksx ls ,d xqtjkrh ekfld f'k{k.k
if=kdk dk laiknu izkjEHk fd;kA bl if=kdk
us vius Li"Voknh o fuHkhZd fopkjksa osQ dkj.k
lEiw.kZ xqtjkr osQ rRdkyhu f'k{kk txr esa
luluh iSQyk nhA fxTtqHkkbZ us 1925 esa Hkkouxj
vkSj 1928 esa vgenkckn esa f'k{kk tkx:drk
ls lacafèkr tu&lEEksyuksa dk vk;kstu fd;kA
fxTtwHkkbZ us nf{k.kkew£r esa gfjtuksa dks
izos'k dh vuqefr iznku djokbZ mUgksaus ckjnksyh
lR;kxzg osQ le; ?kj R;kx nsus okys fdlku
ifjokjksa osQ iquokZl osQ fy, Hkh dk;Z fd;kA
mUgksaus cky lR;kxzfg;ksa dh ^okujlsuk* uke dh
VqdfM+;ka rS;kj dha ftUgksaus 1930 osQ vkanksyu
esa ljdkj dh ukd esa ne dj fn;k FkkA 1930
esa fxTtwHkkbZ us izkS<+ f'k{kk dk Hkh lapkyu
fd;kA 1936 esa oSpkfjd erHksnksa osQ pyrs
mUgksaus nf{k.kkew£r dks NksM+ fn;k vkSj jktdksV
esa vè;kiu eafnj (vè;kid izf'k{k.k osaQnz)
dh LFkkiuk dhA yxkrkj dBksj esgur vkSj
vR;fèkd dk;Z us muosQ LokLF; dks [kjkc dj
fn;kA 23 twu 1939 dks mudk nsgkar gks x;kA
cPpksa osQ izfr vxkèk izse osQ dkj.k] cPps mUgsa
^ewaNksa okyh ek¡* osQ uke ls lacksfèkr djrs FksA
fxTtwHkkbZ osQ 'kSf{kd fopkj
fxTtwHkkbZ dh jpukvksa vkSj 'kSf{kd iz;ksxksa
ij n`f"V Mkyus ij ge ns[krs gSa fd mUgsa
iwoZ&izkFkfed@izkFkfed o cky eukSfoKku dk
xgu Kku FkkA ^fnokLoIu* uked viuh jpuk
esa mUgksaus bls fl¼ fd;k gSA fxTtwHkkbZ osQ eq[;
'kSf{kd fopkj bl izdkj gSa&
•• cPpksa dk lalkj @ cky lalkj
fxTtwHkkbZ us viuh xqtjkrh ekfld if=kdk
^f'k{k.k if=kdk* esa ,d cky lalkj dh
dYiuk dh gS tks bl izdkj gS&
80
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
••
••
••
••
cPpksa dh [kq'kh esa gh LoxZ gSA
cPpksa osQ LokLF; esa gh LoxZ gSA
cPpksa osQ vkuan esa gh LoxZ gSA
cPpksa dh [ksyiw.kZ ifo=krk esa gh
LoxZ gSA
•• cPpksa osQ xhrksa o gkL;&fouksn esa gh
LoxZ gSA
vius bUgha fopkjksa osQ dkj.k mUgksaus fo|ky;
dks ckyeafnj dh laKk nh] tgka ij cPpksa dk
iw.kZ è;ku j[kk tkrk FkkA os cky osaQfnzr f'k{kk
osQ i{kèkj FksA
•• f'k{kk osQ eq[; fl¼kUr
fxTtwHkkbZ dh cky osaQfnzr f'k{kk fuEu eq[;
fl¼kUrksa ij vkèkkfjr Fkh&
•• f'k{kk cky osaQfnzr gksuh pkfg,A
•• ckyd dh ifo=krk dks v{kq..k cuk,
j[kk tkuk pkfg,A
•• vè;;u&vè;kiu esa ckyd dh vfèkd
ls vfèkd lgHkkfxrk gksuh pkfg,A
•• ckyd dks LoLFk okrkoj.k iznku fd;k
tk,A
•• fo|ky; dk okrkoj.k izse o cky
le> ij vkèkkfjr gksuk pkfg,A
•• ckyd thoarrk ls lh[ksaA
•• ckyd djosQ lh[ksaA
fxTtwHkkbZ us vius 'kSf{kd fopkjksa dk o.kZu
lu~ 1931 esa fyf[kr viuh iqLrd ¶fnokLoIu¸
esa fd;k gS] tks fd xqtjkrh Hkk"kk esa fy[kh xbZA
;g iqLrd ,d dgkuh osQ :i esa gSA viuh
bl iqLrd esa mUgksaus izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ eq[;
igyqvksa ij izdk'k Mkyk gS ftldk o.kZu bl
izdkj gSµ
f'k{k.k fofèk;kaµ fxTtwHkkbZ us viuh iqLrdksa
¶izkFkfed 'kkyk esa Hkk"kk f'k{kk¸ o ¶fnokLoIu¸
esa f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
Hkk"kk f'k{k.k esa lcls igys okpu] blosaQ
i'pkr~ js[kk fp=k.k ls ys[kuA Jqrys[ku ls xfr
o lqudj lgh fy[kus dh vknr fodflr dh
tk ldrh gSA dfork f'k{k.k yksdxhrksa ;k xzke
xhrksa osQ ekè;e ls xs;rk] rky] Mksyu vkfn dh
lgk;rk ls gksuh pkfg,A dfork ikB esa ckydksa
dks u rks 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fy[kokus pkfg, vkSj
u mUgsa ;ksa gh viuh vksj ls vFkZ crkus pkfg,A
dfork f'k{k.k dh liQyrk dk jgL; rks ;g
tkuus esa gS fd ckyd dkO; esa fdruk jl
ysus yxk gSA
O;kdj.k f'k{k.k vosQys ;k i`Fkd :i ls
fd;k tkus okyk dk;Z ugha gS tks vkerkSj
ij f'k{kd d{kkvksa esa djrk gSA viuh iqLrd
^fnokLoIu* esa os dgrs gSa fd ¶esjk fopkj
gS fd O;kdj.k dh f'k{kk cM+h mez esa mUgha
fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ fy, mi;qDr gks ldrh gS] tks
Hkk"kk dh f'k{kk esa fnypLih ysus yx x, gSaA
izkFkfed ikB'kkyk ls rks ;g fo"k; fudy gh
tkuk pkfg,A¸ (i`"B 71)
fnokLoIu osQ O;kdj.k f'k{k.k osQ ckjs esa
os dgrs gSa fd ¶esjs fopkj esa ifjHkk"kk oxSjg
osQ ipM+s esa u iM+dj igys [ksy fofèk ls
ifjp; djk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs mUgsa
budh 'kkL=kh; ifjHkk"kk Hkh crkbZ tk ldrh gS¸A
(i`"B 75)
bfrgkl f'k{k.k dgkuh osQ :i esa gh
fnypLi curk gSA mlesa dgkuhiu rks gksuk
gh pkfg,] lkFk gh ewy ?kVuk osQ vkl&ikl
fxTtw HkkbZ dk 'kSf{kd fparu
,d&lh dfYir ?kVukvksa ls ltkdj bfrgkl
i<+kuk pkfg,A Hkwxksy f'k{k.k esa Xyksc] uD'kksa
dh lgk;rk ls rF;ksa dks izLrqr djuk pkfg,A
Xkf.kr f'k{k.k osQ fy, fxTTkwHkkbZ ekW.Vsljh i¼fr
dks gh Bhd le>rs gSaA
fp=kdyk f'k{k.k esa cPpksa dks oLrqvksa osQ
uke ;k mudh vkÑfr cukus dks dguk pkfg,A
izkjEHk esa Hkys gh Nk=k lqanj fp=k u cuk losaQ]
ijUrq vH;kl ls os Bhd fp=k cukus yxsaxsA
[ksy fofèk }kjk vfèkdrj dk;Z djok;k
tkuk pkfg, rkfd cPps vkuan osQ lkFk lh[ksaA
^fnokLoIu* esa fxTTkw HkkbZ dgrs gSa fd ¶[ksy
[ksyus esa gh rks vkuan vkrk gS] ;fn FkksM+k le;
cjckn Hkh gks tk,] ij ifj.kke vPNk vkSj
LFkk;h vk;s] rks gkfu gh D;k gS¸A (i`"B 78)
fxTTkwHkkbZ ukVd fofèk dks Hkh
vè;;u&vè;kiu esa viukus dh fgek;r djrs
gSaA viuh iqLrd ^fnokLoIu* esa os dgrs gSa fd
¶Nk=kksa dh vk¡[ksa [kqyh jgrh gSa u\ os nthZ]
c<+bZ] oqQEgkj] pwgksa vkfn dks ns[krs gSa] mudh
ckrsa lqurs gSaA dgkuh esa mudk tks o.kZu vkrk
gS] mls Hkh os lqurs gSaA bZ'oj us mUgsa dYiuk
'kfDr nh gS] blfy, os vuqHko vkSj dYiuk dk
esy feyk dj vfHku; djrs gS¸A (i`"B 68)
fo|kFkhZ@ckydµ fxTtwHkkbZ ckyd dks
lkekftd txr o f'k{kk txr dk osaQnz fcUnq
ekurs gSaA viuh jpuk ^fnokLou* esa os dgrs gSa
fd ¶ckyd ,d iw.kZ O;fDr gS mldh viuh
cqf¼] Hkkouk,a] le> vkSj fopkj gSa] mldh
viuh detksfj;ka] ilan] ukilan gSa] gesa cPpksa
dh Hkkoukvksa dks le>uk pkfg,¸] fxTtwHkkbZ
,d txg dgrs gSa fd& ¶ckyd] ckyd gS]
izkS<+ ugha¸A
81
fxTtwHkkbZ ckyd dks viuh xfr ls fodkl
djrs gq, ns[kuk pkgrs Fks] os ckyd dks izÑfr
dh xksn esa j[krs gq, iYyfor&iqf"ir gksrs gq,
ns[kuk ilan djrs FksA os blesa cM+ksa dk de ls
de gLr{ksi pkgrs FksA viuh jpuk ckyn'kZu
esa os dgrs gSa& ¶ckyd dks [kqn dke djus
dk 'kkSd gksrk gS] mls #eky èkksus nhft,] mls
I;kyk Hkjus nhft,] mls iwQy ltkus nhft,] mls
dVksjh ekatus nhft,] mls eVj dh iQyh osQ nkus
fudkyus nhft,] mls ijkslus nhft,] ckyd dks
lc dke [kqn gh djus nhft,A mldh viuh
ethZ ls djus nhft,] mldh viuh jhfr ls
djus nhft,A¸
os ckyd dks xfreku ekurs gSa tks fd
dHkh Hkh ugha #drk] og vuojr lh[krk
jgrk gSA viuh jpuk ckyn'kZu esa os dgrs gSa
fd ¶ckyd iy&iy esa c<+us okyk izk.kh gS]
ckyd dh n`f"V iz'ukRed gS] ckyd dk ân;
mn~xkjkRed gS] ckyd osQ O;kdj.k esa iz'u
vkSj mn~xkj gSa] ysfdu iw.kZfojke dgha ugha gSA
ckyd dk eryc gS ew£reUr xfr& vYifojke
Hkh ughaA¸
fxTtwHkkbZ cM+ksa dks cPpksa osQ izfr vkRelqèkkj
dh lykg nsrs gSa] os viuh jpuk ckyn'kZu
esa dgrs gSa fd ¶ckyd dk lEeku blfy,
dhft,] fd ge esa vkRelEeku dh Hkkouk
tkxsA ckyd dks MkafV,&MifV, er] ftlls
MkaVus&MiVus dh gekjh xyr vknr NwVus yxsA
ckyd dks ekfj,&ihfV;s er ftlls ekjus&ihVus
dh gekjh Ik'kqo`fr u"V gks losaQA bl rjg vius
dks lqèkkjdj gh ge vius ckydksa dk lgh
fodkl dj losaQxsA¸
82
okrkoj.kµ fxTtwHkkbZ ekurs Fks fd ?kj vkSj
fo|ky; dk okrkoj.k cPps osQ fy, LoxZ osQ
leku gksuk pkfg,A viuh ,d jpuk esa mUgksaus
fy[kk gS fd ¶eSa vkils (ekrk&firk] vè;kid
ls) iwNrk gw¡ fd oSQlk gks vxj vki ,d lqcg
mBsa vkSj vius vkidks nSR;ksa osQ lalkj esa ik,aA
tgka cgqr gh fo'kky njokts vkSj f[kM+fd;ka
gksa] lhf<+;ksa osQ ik;nku brus maps gksa fd ftu
ij p<+uk eqf'dy gks] cjru cgqr fo'kky gksa
vkSj r[rs euq"; ls nl xquk cM+s gksaA cPps
gekjs (cM+ksa osQ) lalkj esa ,slk gh eglwl
djrs gSaA tgka oLrq cM+ksa dh vko';drkvksa osQ
vuq:i rS;kj dh tkrh gSA tgka cPps dh osQoy
vuns[kh gh ugha dh tkrh cfYd mls vlgk;
cuk;k tkrk gS] tgka cPpksa dks gj oLrq osQ fy,
cM+ksa dh rjiQ ns[kuk iM+rk gS] tks fd mUgsa cgqr
fp<+krk gS] ge ges'kk gj oLrq dks cPpksa dh
igqap ls nwj D;ksa j[kuk pkgrs gSaA¸
fxTtwHkkbZ ¶ckyk nsoks Hko%¸ osQ ewy eU=k
ij fo'okl djrs Fks] vkSj fo|ky; dks cky
eafnj osQ :i esa ns[krs Fks] tgka ckyd dks
Hkxoku dh rjg iwtk tkrk Fkk vFkkZr~ mldk
lEiw.kZ è;ku j[kk tkrk FkkA
iqLrdky;µ fxTtwHkkbZ fo|ky; esa iqLrdky;
dk gksuk vfr vfuok;Z ekurs gSaA muosQ vuqlkj
iqLrdky; KkuktZu dk vge~ fgLlk gSA os
ikB~;Øe dh iqLrdksa dks de egRo nsrs Fks
ijUrq mlls dgha T;knk o iqLrdky; dh nwljh
iqLrdksa dks egRo nsrs Fks os ekurs Fks fd
fo|ky; esa iqLrdky; vo'; gksuk pkfg,A
fnokLoIu esa fxTtwHkkbZ dgrs gSa fd ¶eSa rks
;g dguk pkgrk gwa fd Nk=kksa ls ikB~;iqLrosaQ
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
[kjhnokbZ gh u tk,a vkSj mu iqLrdksa dh dher
esa vPNh&vPNh i<+us ;ksX; iqLrosaQ [kjhn yh
tk,a vkSj mudk ,d iqLrdky; cuk fn;k
tk,A¸ (i`"B 16)
^fnokLoIu* esa os dgrs gSa fd ¶o"kZ osQ vUr
esa iqLrosaQ vxj cPps o muosQ vfHkHkkod pkgs
rks iqLrdky; esa NksM+ ldrs gSa] bl rjg gj
o"kZ iqLrdky; le`¼ gksrk tk,xk¸A (i`"B 17)
muosQ vuqlkj iqLrdky; dk iz;ksx djus osQ
fy, izR;sd cPps dks ekSdk feyuk pkfg, vkSj
gks losaQ rks vè;kid dh ns[kjs[k esa iqLrdky;
dk izcaèk cPps gh laHkkysaA
ijh{kk iz.kkyhµ ijh{kk iz.kkyh osQ ckjs esa
fxTtwHkkbZ vyx rjg osQ fopkj j[krs Fks]
fnokLoIu esa mUgksaus ijh{kkvksa osQ ckjs esa dgk
gS fd ¶vkt vki osQoy N%ekgh vkSj lkykuk
ijh{kk ysrs gSa] blosaQ cnys ekfld ijh{kk ysuk
'kq: dhft,A blls ijh{kk dk =kkl (Hk;)
?kVsxkA nwljs ijh{kk gksf'k;kj fo|k£Fk;ksa dh
izxfr ekius osQ fy, ugha] cfYd dPps vkSj
detksj fo|k£Fk;ksa dks txkus osQ fy,] mudh
detksjh dk Bhd irk yxkus osQ fy, yh
tk;s¸] rhljs ftu fo|k£Fk;ksa dks fo'okl gks
fd os vius fo"k; dks tkurs gSa] mUgsa ijh{kk ls
eqDr j[kk tk;s vkSj ijh{kk osQ le; fo|k£Fk;ksa
dks ikB~;iqLrosaQ ns[kdj mÙkj nsus dh Lora=krk
Hkh ns nh tk;sA¸
fxTtwHkkbZ ijh{kdksa dks Hkh izf'k{k.k iznku
djus dh ckr djrs gSa] os ^fnokLoIu* esa dgrs
gSa fd ¶fo|k£Fk;ksa dh ijh{kk ysus osQ fy,]
ijh{kd dh ijh{kk ysuh pkfg,] ;g ns[kus osQ
fy, fd ijh{kd ijh{kk ysuk tkurk gS ;k ughaA¸
fxTtw HkkbZ dk 'kSf{kd fparu
èkk£ed f'k{kkµ fxTtwHkkbZ us viuh iqLrd
^fnokLoIu* esa èkk£ed f'k{kk osQ ckjs esa Hkh
fopkj j[ks gSaA os dgrs gSa fd ¶esjh le> esa rks
NksVs cPpksa dks èkeksZins'k u djuk vPNk gSA mUgsa
rks bl le; LoLFk 'kjhj] rUnq:Lr eu] fueZy
cqf¼ vkSj dHkh u Fkdus okyh fØ;k'kfDr dh
vko';drk gS vkSj vko';drk gS mUgsa gj rjg
cyoku cukus dhA¸ (i`"B 49)
èkk£ed f'k{kk ij os vkxs dgrs gSa fd
¶èkeZ osQoy thHk ij gh ugha jgrkA èkeZ rks
,d tkx`fr gS] ftldk var%LFky esa tkxuk gh
mfpr gSA ;g Hkkouk rHkh tkxrh gS] tc euq";
dks bldh Hkw[k yxrh gSA bldk Hkh viuk
le; gksrk gS] Nk=kksa ij ;g vle; ugha yknuh
pkfg,A¸ (i`"B 48)
èkk£ed f'k{kk dk lgh :i D;k gksuk
pkfg, bl ij fxTtwHkkbZ fnokLoIu esa dgrs gSa
fd ¶eS rks ;g dgrk gwa fd ge èkeZ dks thou
esa mrkjus dk iz;Ru djsaA ekrk&firk Hkh iz;Ru
djsa vkSj f'k{kd Hkh iz;Ru djsA ikB~;iqLrd
83
esa nwljh dFkkvksa osQ lkFk èkk£ed iqLrdksa vkSj
izlaxksa dh dFkk,a Hkh nh tk ldrh gSaA ckydksa
osQ fy, 'kq: osQ o"kks± esa bruh rS;kjh i;kZIr
gSA deZdk.M vkSj 'yksdikB] èkeZ&f'k{k.k vkSj
èkk£ed iqLrdksa osQ vè;;u dks ge Hkfo"; osQ
fy, NksM+ ldrs gSaA¸ (i`"B 50)
fu"d"kZµ fxTtwHkkbZ ns'k osQ tkus&ekus f'k{kd
FksA is'ks ls odhy gksus osQ mijkUr Hkh mUgksaus
Lo;a f'k{k.k fd;kA ikB'kkyk [kksyhA LokuqHkwr
f'k{k.k&vuqHko v£tr fd, vkSj vius vuqHkoksa
dks vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa osQ fy, fyfic¼ fd;kA
oLrqr% fxTtwHkkbZ ckydksa osQ ân; dh xgjkb;ksa
dks eki ldus okys igys Hkkjrh; f'k{kkfon~ FksA
os ckydksa osQ fe=k] fgrS"kh vkSj mudh Lora=krk
osQ izcy i{kèkj FksA chloha lnh osQ rhljs n'kd
esa ijaijk vkSj :f<+xzLr Hkkjrh; lekt esa ckyd
dh efgek dks izfrf"Br djus okys os igys
O;fDr FksA muosQ fopkj orZeku le; esa mrus
gh roZQ laxr gSa ftrus ml le;A
lanHkZ
cèksdk fxTtwHkkbZ 1962] fnokLoIu] cky dY;k.k lfefr] y[kuÅ] mÙkj izns'k cèksdk fxTtwHkkbZ] ckyn'kZu ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- 2009] fxTtwHkkbZ cèksdk] lSosaQM eSeksfj;y ysDpj] u;h fnYyh xqIrk ,l- 2005] ,tqosQ'ku bu be²tx bafM;k] f'kizk IkfCyosQ'ku] fnYyh Lo:i lDlsuk ,u-vkj-] oqQekj lat; 2010] f'k{kk osQ nk'kZfud ,oa lekt 'kkL=kh; fl¼kUr] vkj- yky
cqd fMiks] esjB -
mPprj ekè;fed Lrjh; fo|k£Fk;ksa dh
l`tukRed {kerk dk ts.Mj] fo|ky; osQ
izdkj] vè;;u osQ fo"k; ,oa LFkku osQ
lanHkZ esa vè;;u
yfyr oqQekj·
bfEr;k”k vkye··
l`tu'khyrk f'k{kk ,oa euksfoKku esa 'kksèk vè;;u osQ fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ fo"k; gSA orZeku
vè;;u esa mPprj ekè;fed Lrjh; fo|k£Fk;ksa dh l`tukRed {kerk dk vè;;u ts.Mj]
fo|ky; osQ izdkj] vè;;u osQ fo"k; ,oa LFkku osQ lanHkZ esa fd;k x;k gSA iVuk ftys
osQ 600 mPprj ekè;fed Lrjh; fo|k£Fk;ksa dk pquko ijrh; vkdfLed izfrn'kZ rduhd
dh enn ls fd;k x;k gSA vkadM+ksa osQ fo'ys"k.k osQ fy, ekè;] ekud fopyu ,oa
Vh&ewY; lkaf[;dh dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA vè;;u osQ vkèkkj ij ;g fu"d"kZ izkIr gqvk
fd (d) Nk=k ,oa Nk=kkvksa dh l`tukRedrk esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA ([k) osQoy
l`tukRedrk dh ekSfydrk foek ij futh fo|ky;ksa osQ fo|kFkhZ ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa osQ
fo|k£Fk;ksa ls vfèkd l`tu'khy gSaA (x) foKku osQ fo|kFkhZ dyk osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dh rqyuk
esa vfèkd l`tu'khy gSaA (?k) lexz l`tukRedrk ,oa l`tu'khyrk dh ekSfydrk foek ij
'kgjh fo|kFkhZ xzkeh.k fo|k£Fk;ksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd l`tu'khy gSaA
· f'k{kk ladk;] iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk & 800005] fcgkj
·· ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] iVuk & 800006] fcgkjA
mPprj ekè;fed Lrjh; fo|k£Fk;ksa dh l`tukRed {kerk dk---
l`tukRed {kerk fdlh Hkh jk"Vª osQ fy,] ;k
fiQj lEiw.kZ ekuork osQ fy,] lcls cM+h lEifÙk
gSA izR;sd izdkj osQ lalkèku dh rqyuk esa ekuo
lalkèku lcls mi;ksxh gS] D;ksafd ekuo lalkèku
osQ lgkjs gh vU; lalkèkuksa tSls fd izkÑfrd
lkèku] HkkSfrd lalkèku rFkk le; vkfn dk lgh
mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA l`tu'khy ekuo
lalèkku ,oa mudk fodkl lEiw.kZ ekuo tkfr osQ
fodkl osQ fy, vR;ar vko';d gSA l`tu'khy
ekuo lalkèkuksa osQ lgkjs gh ekuo lH;rk ;gk¡
rd igq¡ph gS vkSj blosQ vkxs osQ visf{kr
fodkl esa Hkh budh gh egRoiw.kZ Hkkxhnkjh gksuh
gSA feJk] fxjh'oj (2007) us l`tu'khyrk dks
'kksèk dk ,d vkd"kZd {ks=k ekuk gS vkSj dyk]
foKku ,oa lkfgR; osQ u;s rFkk mi;ksxh izfriQy
dks lekt osQ fy, vR;ar gh egRoiw.kZ crk;k
gSA l`tukRedrk dh igpku ,oa l`tu'khyrk
dk fodkl f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ
mís'; gS vkSj blhfy, ;wusLdks deh'ku vkWu
,tqosQ'ku us Hkh f'k{kk osQ pkj LraHk dh ckr
dh gS& tkuus osQ fy, lh[kuk] djus osQ fy,
lh[kuk] lkFk jgus osQ fy, lh[kuk ,oa gksus osQ
fy, lh[kukA l`tuk'khyrk f'k{kk ,oa euksfoKku
esa 'kksèk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fo"k; gS vkSj bl
fo"k; ij dbZ izdkj osQ egRoiw.kZ 'kksèk dk;Z
gq, gSaA jksM~l (1961) rFkk usyj (1965)
us l`tukRedrk dh fofHkUu ifjHkk"kkvksa osQ
vè;;u osQ ckn l`tu'khyrk dks pkj Jsf.k;ksa
esa j[kkµ l`tu'khy O;fDr] l`tu'khy izfozQ;k]
l`tu'khy izfriQy ,oa l`tu'khy okrkoj.kA
bu vk;keksa dks ysdj dbZ rjg osQ vè;;u
gq, gSaA l`tu'khy O;fDr dh izÑfr] l`tu'khy
85
izfozQ;k osQ vo;o] mi;ksfxrk osQ vkèkkj ij
l`tu'khy izfriQy dh leh{kk ,oa l`tu'khy
okrkoj.k dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls lacafèkr dbZ 'kksèk
dk;Z gq, gSaA fxyiQksMZ us vilkjh ,oa vfHklkjh
fparu dh ckr dh vkSj vilkjh fparu dks
l`tu'khyrk rFkk vfHklkjh fparu dks cqf¼ dh
laKk nhA vilkjh fparu dh fo'ks"krk mUeqDr
,oa vuar vuqfozQ;k gSA ,d leL;k osQ dbZ gy
;k dbZ izdkj ls gy bl fparu dh izÑfr gS
vkSj ;gh l`tu'khyrk osQ lEizR;; dk mn; gSA
l`tu'khyrk osQ {ks=k dh mi;ksfxrk osQ vkyksd
esa gh 'kksèkkFkhZ us bls vè;;u dk fo"k; cuk;k
gSA flag (2003) us xf.kr esa l`tukRedrk osQ
fy, dgk gS fd bl {ks=k esa lfozQ; 'kksèkdRkkZvksa
dh dkiQh deh gSA ;g rF; osQoy xf.krh;
l`tukRedrk osQ fy, gh ugha] cfYd lkekU;
l`tu'khyrk osQ fy, Hkh mruk gh lR; gSA
Nk=kksa ,oa Nk=kkvksa dh l`tu'khyrk esa lkFkZd
varj ls lacafèkr dbZ 'kksèk gq, gaAS oqQN us Nk=kksa
dks vfèkd l`tu'khy ik;k gS] tkfj;y ,oa 'kekZ
(1993)_ vgen (1993)_ gqluS ,oa flUgk
(1995)_ vxzoky ,oa vxzoky (1999)] oqQN
fo}kuksa us Nk=kkvksa dks vfèkd l`tu'khy ik;k gS
feJk (1986)_ jkor ,oa xxZ (1993)_ flag]
,l- osQ- (2011)] dbZ 'kksèkdrkZvksa us dksbZ varj
ugha ik;k gS ] HkkLdj ,oa 'kekZ] (1993)_ frokjh
,oa 'kekZ (1993)_ diwj (1996)A x[kkj ,oa
yrk (2010) us Nk=k ,oa Nk=kk] nksuksa osQ fy,
vijkèkh ,oa lkekU; ckydksa dh l`tu'khyrk
esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha ik;kA
fo|ky; osQ izdkj osQ lkis{k esa Hkh oqQN
yksxksa us ljdkjh fo|ky; osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa ,oa
86
futh fo|ky; osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dh l`tukRedrk
esa varj ugha ik;k] rks oqQN us futh fo|ky; osQ
fo|k£Fk;ksa dks xqIrk] (1978)_ oqQekj] (1994)]
vfèkd l`tu'khy ik;k gSA vè;;u osQ fo"k; dks
Hkh l`tu'khyrk ls lacafèkr ik;k x;k gSA voLFkh
(1979)] tkfj;y ,oa 'kekZ (1993)] JhokLro
,oa >k (1977) rFkk JhokLro (1978) us
foKku osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dks rFkk tkfj;y (1981)
us dyk osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dks vfèkd l`tu'khy
ik;kA jkor ,oa xxZ (1977) rFkk jkor ,oa
xxZ (1993) us dyk ,oa foKku osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa
dh l`tu'khyrk esa dksbZ varj ugha ik;k A 'kgjh
,oa xzkeh.k fo|k£Fk;ksa dh l`tu'khyrk esa Hkh
dbZ yksxksa us 'kgjh] JhokLro (1978)_ 'kqDyk
(1082)_ vany] Ñ".ku ,oa LVsisQu (1996)]
,oa dbZ yksxksa us xzkeh.k ('kqDyk ,oa 'kekZ]
1986) dks vfèkd l`tu'khy ik;k gSA oqQN
'kksèkdrkZvksa us 'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k fo|k£Fk;ksa dh
l`tu'khyrk esa dksbZ varj ugha ik;k gS lgxy
(1978)A
l`tu'khyrk ij gq, mDr 'kksèkksa ,oa oqQN
vU; 'kksèkksa osQ vkyksd esa 'kksèkkFkhZ us vius
'kksèk osQ fy, mPprj ekè;fed fo|k£Fk;ksa dh
l`tu'khyrk osQ vè;;u dks ts.Mj] fo|ky;
osQ izdkj] vè;;u osQ fo"k; ,oa LFkku osQ lanHkZ
esa vk;ksftr fd;k gSA
vè;;u osQ mís'; fuEu gSa
1- mPprj ekè;fed fo|k£Fk;ksa dh l`tukRed
{kerk dk vkdyu djukA
2- mPprj ekè;fed Lrjh; Nk=k ,oa Nk=kkvksa
dh l`tukRed dh rqyuk djukA
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
3- mPprj ekè;fed Lrjh; ljdkjh ,oa futh
fo|ky;ksa osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dh l`tukRedrk
dh rqyuk djukA
4- mPprj ekè;fed Lrjh; dyk ,oa foKku
osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dh l`tukRedrk dh rqyuk
djukA
5- mPprj ekè;fed Lrjh; xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh
fo|k£Fk;ksa dh l`tukRedrk dh rqyuk
djukA
vè;;u dh ifjdYiuk;sa fuEufyf[kr gSa
1- mPprj ekè;fed Lrjh; Nk=k ,oa Nk=kkvksa
dh l`tukRedrk esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj
ugha gSA
2- mPprj ekè;fed Lrjh; ljdkjh ,oa futh
fo|ky;ksa osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dh l`tukRedrk esa
dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
3- mPprj ekè;fed Lrjh; dyk ,oa foKku
osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dh l`tukRedrk esa dksbZ
lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
4- mPprj ekè;fed Lrjh; 'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k
fo|k£Fk;ksa dh l`tukRedrk esa dksbZ lkFkZd
varj ugha gSA
vè;;u dk izk:i
(i) vè;;u dh fofèkµ f'k{kk ,oa euksfoKku
esa vè;;u dh lcls p£pr fofèk
losZ{k.k fofèk gS vkSj orZeku vè;;u
esa losZ{k.k fofèk dk gh iz;ksx fd;k
x;k gSA
(ii) vè;;u dk izfrn'kZµ orZeku vè;;u
esa izfrn'kZ osQ :i esa 600 mPprj
mPprj ekè;fed Lrjh; fo|k£Fk;ksa dh l`tukRed {kerk dk---
ekè;fed Lrjh; fo|k£Fk;ksa dk p;u
iVuk ftys osQ fofHkUu fo|ky;ksa ls
ijrh; vkdfLed izfrn'kZ rduhdh ls
fd;k x;k gSA
(iii) vè;;u dk midj.kµ vk¡dM+ksa osQ
laxzg.k osQ fy, ckdj esagnh }kjk
izek.khÑr l`tukRedrk osQ 'kkfCnd
ijh{k.k dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
(iv) vè;;u esa 'kkfey pjµ orZeku
vè;;u esa l`tu'khyrk vkfJr pj rFkk
ts.Mj] fo|ky; osQ izdkj] vè;;u dk
fo"k; ,oa LFkku Lora=k pj osQ :i esa
iz;qDr gqvk gSA
(v)vè;;u esa lkaf[;dh; vuqiz;ksxµ
vk¡dM+ksa osQ fo'ys"k.k osQ fy, vè;;u
esa ekè;] ekud fopyu ,oa Vh&ewY;
dh x.kuk dh x;h gSA
vè;;u esa
ifjHkk"kk;sa
p;fur
lEizR;;ksa
dh
(i)l`tukRedrkµ l`tukRedrk euksfoKku
dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lEizR;; gS vkSj
fxyiQksMZ us bls vilkjh fparu Hkh dgk
gSA vilkjh fparu ls lkekU; vfHkizk;
gS fd fdlh leL;k osQ fofHkUu lekèkku
nsus dh lkspukA l`tukRedrk dh oSls rks
cgqr lkjh ifjHkk"kk;sa gSa] fdUrq uohurk
bl lEizR;; dk ewy gSA ge dg ldrs
gSa fd fdlh oLrq dk l`tu ;k l`ftr
oLrq dk uohu iz;ksx gh l`tukRedrk
gSA l`tu'khyrk osQ ekiu osQ lanHkZ esa
87
l`tukRedrk izokgrk] yphykiu ,oa
ekSfydrk dk ;ksx gS vkSj 'kksèk dh
n`f"V ls ;g ifjHkk"kk mÙke gSA
(ii) ts.Mjµ ts.Mj ls rkRi;Z mPprj
ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa esa vè;;ujr
yM+osQ ,oa yM+fd;ksa ls gSA
(iii) fo|ky; osQ izdkjµ jkT; ljdkj }kjk
lapkfyr fo|ky;ksa dks ljdkjh ,oa
futh :i ls pyk;s tk jgs fo|ky;ksa
dks futh fo|ky; dh Js.kh esa j[kk
x;k gSA
(iv) vè;;u dk fo"k;µ foKku ,oa dyk
dks vè;;u osQ fo"k; osQ :i esa pquk
x;k gSA
(v) LFkkuµ 'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k ifjos'k dks
LFkku osQ :i esa fy;k x;k gSA
(vi) mPprj ekè;fed Lrjh; fo|kFkhZµ
oxZ X;kjg esa vè;;ujr fo|k£Fk;ksa dks
mPprj ekè;fed Lrjh; fo|kFkhZ osQ
:i esa p;fur fd;k x;k gSA
l`tu'khyrk dk ekiuµ l`tukRedrk dk
ekiu rhu Lrj ij fd;k x;k gS vkSj bu Lrjksa
dks vè;;u esa l`tukRedrk dh foekvksa esa ls
o£.kr fd;k x;k gSA ;s foek;sa Øe'k% izokgrk]
yphykiu ,oa ekSfydrk gaAS izR;sd fo|kFkhZ dks
mÙkj&iqfLrdk ij vafdr mudh vuqfØ;k osQ
vkèkkj ij rhuksa foekvksa ij vyx&vyx vad
iznku fd;k x;k A izR;sd dk;Z osQ fy, nh xbZ
mudh izR;sd lgh ,oa lkFkZd vuqfØ;k osQ
fy, mudks vuqfØ;k dh oqQy la[;k ftruk
vad fn;k x;k A mudk ;g izkIrkad izokgrk
88
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
dk vad ekuk x;kA ftruh fofèk;ksa ;k rjhdksa
dk vuqi;z ksx fo|kFkhZ us vuqfØ;k O;Dr djus
osQ fy, fd;k] mudk ;g vad yphysiu osQ
fy, ekuk x;kA ;fn fdlh us ^d* rjg dh
izfofèk dk vuqi;z ksx vuqfØ;k O;Dr djus osQ
fy, fd;k rks ^d* gh mudk yphykiu foek
ij oqQy vad gqvkA ekSfydrk osQ fy, fliZQ
oSlh vuqfØ;k dk pquko fd;k x;k tks fliZQ
5» fo|k£Fk;ksa }kjk O;Dr fd;k x;k gksA ;fn
fdlh vuqfØ;k dks 100 esa ls fliZQ ik¡p Nk=kksa
us O;Dr fd;k gS rks izR;sd dks ,d&,d vad]
;fn 4 us fd;k gS rks 2&2 vad] 3 us fd;k
gS rks mUgsa 3&3 vad] nks us fd;k gS rks 4&4
vad vkSj fliZQ ,d us fd;k gS rks mls 5 vad
iznku fd;k x;kA o.kZu ls Li"V gS fd izR;sd
Nk=k izokgrk ,oa yphysiu osQ fy, rks vad ik
losaQxs] ysfdu ekSfydrk osQ fy, fliZQ ekSfyd
vuqfØ;k dk gh p;u fd;k tk,xk vkSj cgqr
de fo|kFkhZ gh ekSfydrk osQ fy, vad izkIr
dj losaQxsA izokgrk] yphykiu ,oa ekSfydrk ij
izkIr oqQy vad dk ;ksx gh fdlh fo|kFkhZ dk
lexz l`tu'khyrk dk vad gksxkA izR;sd Nk=k osQ
l`tukRedrk dk ekiu mQij o£.kr fofèk ls dj
mls ^Vh* izek.khÑr Ldksj esa cnydj forj.k dks
izlkekU; cuk;k x;k rkfd Vh&ewY; tSls izkpy
lkaf[;dh dk iz;ksx fd;k tk losQA
lkj.kh 1
ekè;] ekud fopyu ,oa Nk=k rFkk Nk=kkvksa dh l`tu'khyrk osQ eè; Vh&ewY;
foek;sa
l`tu'khyrk
dh Js.kh
ekè; (M)
izokgrk
Nk=k
37-21
9-44
300
Nk=kk
37-91
10-10
300
Nk=k
28-15
7-22
300
Nk=kk
28-96
7-46
300
Nk=k
20-08
8-22
300
Nk=kk
19-49
8-22
300
Nk=k
85-04
19-92
300
Nk=kk
86-14
20-62
300
yphykiu
ekSfydrk
lexz
ekud fopyu la[;k (N) Vh ewY;
(T)
lkFkZdrk dk
Lrj
0-80
lkFkZd ugha
1-35
lkFkZd ugha
0-87
lkFkZd ugha
0-66
lkFkZd ugha
89
mPprj ekè;fed Lrjh; fo|k£Fk;ksa dh l`tukRed {kerk dk---
lkj.kh 1 ls ;g Li"V gS fd Nk=k ,oa
Nk=kkvksa osQ eè; l`tu'khyrk dh foekvksa
izokgrk] yphykiu ,oa ekSfydrk ij Vh&ewY;
dk eku ozQe'k% 0-80] 1-35 ,oa 0-87 gSaA lexz
l`tu'khyrk osQ fy, Vh&ewY; eku 0-66 gSA
Lokra=; la[;k 598 osQ fy, buesa ls dksbZ Hkh
eku lkFkZd ugha gS A vr% l`tu'khyrk dh lkjh
foekvksa ,oa lexz l`tu'khyrk osQ fy, Nk=k ,oa
Nk=kkvksa esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
osQ fy, Vh&ewY; dk eku 1-25 gSA Lokra=;
la[;k 598 osQ fy, l`tukRedrk dh ekSfydrk
foek osQ vfrfjDr dksbZ Hkh eku 0-05 lkFkZdrk
Lrj ij lkFkZd ugha gSA vr% ekSfydrk osQ
vfrfjDr l`tu'khyrk dh fdlh Hkh foek ij ;k
lexz l`tu'khyrk osQ fy, futh rFkk ljdkjh
fo|ky;ksa osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
l`tukRedrk dh ekSfydrk foek ij
futh fo|ky;ksa osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dk ekè;
lkj.kh 2
ekè;] ekud fopyu ,oa futh rFkk ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ eè; Vh&ewY;
foek;sa
l`tu'khyrk
dh Js.kh
izokgrk
yphykiu
ekSfydrk
lexz
ekè; (M)
ekud
fopyu
la[;k (N)
Vh ewY;
(T)
lkFkZdrk dk
Lrj
futh
37-89
9-88
300
0-89
lkFkZd ugha
ljdkjh
37-18
9-65
300
futh
28-66
7-36
300
0-37
lkFkZd ugha
ljdkjh
28-44
7-41
300
futh
19-94
8-27
300
1-98
0-05
ljdkjh
18-66
7-37
300
futh
86-18
20-86
300
1-25
lkFkZd ugha
ljdkjh
84-13
19-29
300
lkj.kh 2 ls ;g Li"V gS fd futh ,oa
ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ eè;
l`tu'khyrk dh foekvksa izokgrk] yphykiu
,oa ekSfydrk ij Vh&ewY; dk eku ozQe'k%
0-89] 0-37 ,oa 1-98 gSA lexz l`tu'khyrk
(M1¾19-94) ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa
osQ ekè; (M2¾18-66) ls vfèkd gSA blls
Li"V gS fd l`tukRedrk dh ekSfydrk foek ij
futh fo|ky;ksa osQ fo|kFkhZ ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa
osQ fo|kFkhZ ls vfèkd l`tu'khy gSaA
90
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
lkj.kh 3
ekè;] ekud fopyu ,oa dyk rFkk foKku osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dh l`tu'khyrk osQ eè; Vh&ewY;
foek;sa
l`tu'khyrk
dh Js.kh
izokgrk
yphykiu
ekSfydrk
lexz
ekè; (M)
ekud
fopyu
la[;k (N)
Vh ewY; (T)
lkFkZdrk
dk Lrj
foKku
39-05
9-43
300
3-45
0-01
dyk
36-36
9-56
300
foKku
29-95
6-71
300
3-98
0-01
dyk
27-64
7-59
300
foKku
23-04
8-52
300
9-18
0-01
dyk
17-26
6-61
300
foKku
91-58
19-87
300
6-57
0-01
dyk
81-26
18-51
300
lkj.kh 3 ls ;g Li"V gS fd dyk ,oa
foKku osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ eè; l`tu'khyrk dh
foek;sa izokgrk] yphykiu ,oa ekSfydrk ij
Vh&ewY; dk eku ozQe'k% 3-45] 3-98 ,oa 9-18
gSA lexz l`tu'khyrk osQ fy, Vh&ewY; dk
eku 6-57 gSA Lokra=; la[;k 598 osQ fy, ;s
lHkh eku fo'okl osQ Lrj 0-01 ij lkFkZd gSaA
vr% l`tu'khyrk dh lkjh foekvksa osQ fy,
,oa lexz l`tu'khyrk osQ fy, foKku ,oa dyk
osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa esa lkFkZd varj gSA
lkj.kh 3 ls ;g Hkh Li"V gS fd izokgrk
osQ fy, foKku osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dk ekè;
(M1¾39-05) rFkk dyk osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dk
ekè; (M2¾36-36)] yphysiu osQ fy,
foKku osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dk ekè; (M1¾29-95)
rFkk dyk osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dk ekè;
(M2¾27-64)] ekSfydrk osQ fy, foKku
osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dk ekè; (M1¾23-04)
rFkk dyk osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dk ekè; (M2¾17-26)
,oa lexz l`tu'khyrk osQ fy, foKku osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa
dk ekè; (M1¾91-58) rFkk dyk osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa
dk ekè; (M2¾81-26) gSA l`tu'khyrk
dh lkjh foekvksa ,oa lexz l`tu'khyrk
osQ fy, foKku osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dk ekè;
dyk osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ ekè; ls vfèkd gSA blls
Li"V gS fd l`tu'khyrk dh foekvksa&izokgrk]
yphykiu]
ekSfydrk
rFkk
lexz
l`tu'khyrk osQ fy, dyk osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa
dh rqyuk esa foKku osQ fo|kFkhZ vfèkd
l`tu'khy gSaA
91
mPprj ekè;fed Lrjh; fo|k£Fk;ksa dh l`tukRed {kerk dk---
lkj.kh 4
ekè;] ekud fopyu ,oa 'kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k fo|k£Fk;ksa dh l`tukRedrk osQ eè; Vh&ewY;
foek;sa
l`tu'khyrk
dh Js.kh
izokgrk
yphykiu
ekSfydrk
lexz
ekè; (M)
ekud
fopyu
la[;k (N)
Vh ewY; (T)
lkFkZdrk dk
Lrj
'kgjh
37-49
9-20
300
0-95
lkFkZd ugha
xzkeh.k
36-76
9-60
300
'kgjh
28-89
7-07
300
1-68
lkFkZd ugha
xzkeh.k
27-88
7-59
300
'kgjh
20-64
7-85
300
2-30
0-05
xzkeh.k
19-12
8-21
300
'kgjh
86-81
18-51
300
2-06
0-05
xzkeh.k
83-53
20-51
300
lkj.kh 4 ls ;g Li"V gS fd 'kgjh
,oa xzkeh.k fo|ky;ksa osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ eè;
l`tu'khyrk dh foekvksa izokgrk] yphykiu ,oa
ekSfydrk ij Vh&ewY; dk eku ozQe'k% 0-95]
1-68 ,oa 2-30 gSA lexz l`tu'khyrk osQ fy,
Vh&ewY; dk eku 2-06 gSA Lokra=; la[;k 598
osQ fy, 0-05 fo'okl Lrj ij l`tukRedrk
dh izokgrk ,oa yphykiu foekvksa ij ;s eku
lkFkZd ugha gaS] tcfd ekSfydrk foek ,oa lexz
l`tu'khyrk ij ;s eku 0-05 fo'okl Lrj ij
lkFkZd gSaA
l`tukRedrk dh ekSfydrk foek ij
'kgjh fo|ky;ksa osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dk ekè;
(M1¾20-64) xzkeh.k fo|ky;ksa osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa
osQ ekè; (M2¾19-12) ls vfèkd gSA
lexz l`tu'khyrk osQ fy, 'kgjh fo|ky;ksa
osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dk ekè; (M1¾86-81)
xzkeh.k fo|ky;ksa osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ ekè;
(M2¾83-53) ls vfèkd gSA blls Li"V gS
fd ekSfydrk ,oa lexz l`tu'khyrk osQ fy,
'kgjh fo|ky;ksa osQ fo|kFkhZ xzkeh.k fo|ky;ksa osQ
fo|k£Fk;ksa ls vfèkd l`tu'khy gSaA
vè;;u dk izkI;µ vk¡dM+ksa osQ fo'ys"k.k osQ
ckn vè;;u dk izkI; fuEu gSa&
(i) Nk=k ,oa Nk=kkvksa dh l`tu'khyrk esa]
u l`tu'khyrk dh fdlh foek ij vkSj
u gh lexz l`tu'khyrk osQ fy,] dksbZ
lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
(ii) futh ,oa ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa
dh l`tu'khyrk esa] l`tukRedrk dh
ekSfydrk foek dks NksM+dj] dksbZ lkFkZd
varj ugha gSA ekSfydrk foek ij futh
92
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
fo|ky;ksa osQ fo|kFkhZ ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa
osQ fo|kFkhZ ls vfèkd l`tu'khy gSaA
(iii) dyk ,oa foKku osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dh
l`tukRedrk esa] l`tukRedrk dh lHkh
foekvksa ,oa lexz l`tu'khyrk osQ fy,]
lkFkZd varj gSA foKku osQ fo|kFkhZ dyk
osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa ls vfèkd l`tu'khy gSaA
(iv) 'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k fo|k£Fk;ksa dh
l`tu'khyrk esa] ekSfydrk dh izokgrk
,oa yphykiu foek dks NksM+dj]
lkFkZd varj gSA lexz l`tukRedrk ,oa
l`tu'khyrk dh ekSfydrk foek ij
xzkeh.k fo|k£Fk;ksa dh rqyuk esa 'kgjh
fo|kFkhZ vfèkd l`tu'khy gSaA
lkekU; fu"d"kZµ vè;;u osQ lkekU; fu"d"kZ
fuEu gSa&
1- Nk=k ,oa Nk=kkvksa dh l`tu'khyrk esa dksbZ
lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
2- osQoy l`tukRedrk dh ekSfydrk
foek ij futh fo|ky;ksa osQ fo|kFkhZ
ljdkjh fo|ky; osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa ls vfèkd
l`tu'khy gSaA
3- foKku osQ fo|kFkhZ dyk osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dh
rqyuk esa vfèkd l`tu'khy gSaA
4- lexz l`tukRedrk ,oa l`tu'khyrk
dh ekSfydrk foek ij 'kgjh fo|kFkhZ
xzkeh.k fo|k£Fk;ksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd
l`tu'khy gSaA
lanHkZ
vxzoky ,oa vxzoky (1999)% fozQ,fVfoVh ,.M baVsfytsUV~l % ,DlIyksjs'ku fon~ lsDl fMiQjsal] lkbdksfyaXok]
29]127&132voLFkh] ,e- (1979)% , LVMh vkWiQ fozQ,fVfoVh] baVsfytsal] LdkysfLVd ,phoesaV ,.M fn iSQDVlZ vkWiQ
lksf'k;ks&bdksuksfed LVsV~l] vizdkf'kr ,e-,M- 'kksèk izcaèk] bUnkSj fo'ofo|ky;] iklh }kjk mYysf[kr]
fozQ,fVfoVh bu ,tqosQ'ku] vkxjk] 22&23vgen] ,- (1993)% lsDl ,.M dE;wfuVh ,”k fn fMVjfeusaV~l vkWiQ fozQ,fVfoVh] LVsV~l vkWiQ bafM;u fjlpZ bu
fozQ,fVfoVh] frokjh ,oa iky }kjk laikfnr] vkxjk] 294&297vany] Ñ".ku ,oa LVsiQu (1996)% fozQ,fVo fFkafdx bu fjys'ku Vw lsDl] lksf'k;ks&bdksuksfed LVsV~l ,.M yksoQy
bUVjus'kuy ,tqosQVj] 11 (1 ,oa 2)] fr:ouariqje] 23&26diwj] osQ (1996)% , LVMh vkWu fozQ,fVo fFkafdax ,fcfyVh vkWiQ gkbZLowQy I;wfiYl vkWiQ v#.kkpy izns'k bu
fjys'ku Vw ns;j lsDl ,.M ,osQMsfed ,phoesaV] izksxzsl vkWiQ ,tqosQ'ku] 30] 172&175oqQekj] yfyr (1994)% ,FkfulhVh] VkbIl vkWiQ LowQYl ,.M lsDl oSfj,'ku ,”k dksfjysV~l vkWiQ fozQ,fVfoVh
veax lSosQ.Mjh LowQy I;wfiYl] bafM;u lkbdksykWftdy fjO;w] 42 (9&10)] vkxjk lkbdksykWftdy fjlpZ
lsy] 25&33dkSj] ch- (1982)% , iSQDVj vkWiQ lsYiQ dUlsIV] fozQ,fVfoVh ,.M izksCye lksyfoax ,eksx gk;j lSosQ.Mjh LVwMsUV~l
vkiQ bankSj flVh] vizdkf'kr ,e-,M- 'kksèk izcaèk] bUnkSj ;wfuo£lVh] ch- osQ- iklh }kjk mYysf[kr] fozQ,fVfoVh
bu ,tqosQ'ku] us'kuy lkbdksykWftdy dkWjiksjs'ku] vkxjk] 57&58-
mPprj ekè;fed Lrjh; fo|k£Fk;ksa dh l`tukRed {kerk dk---
93
x[kkj ,oa yrk (2010)% bUVsfytsal] fozQ,fVfoVh] lsYiQ&dkWUlsIV ,.M ilZufyVh djsDVjfjLVd vkWiQ MsfyaDosaV
,.M ukWu&MsfyaDosaV] Vhpj ,tqosQ'ku] vkbZ-,-Vh-bZ- tjuy] 44(1&2)] 73&78tkfj;y] th- ,l- (1981)% fozQ,fVfoVh] bUVsfytsal ,.M ,osQMfed ,phoesaV] ns;j fjys'kuf'kIl ,.M fMiQjsals”k
fon~ jI+kQjsal Vw lsDl ,.M ,osQMfed lCtsDV~l] tjuy vkWiQ ,tqosQ'ku ,.M lkbdksykWth] 39(2)tkfj;y] th-,l- ,oa 'kekZ] ,- osQ- (1993)] lsDl ,.M ,osQMsfed lCtsDV vkWiQ n LVwMs.V~l ,”k fn fMVjfeusaV~l
vkWiQ ns;j fozQ,fVo fFkafdax ,fcfyVh”k] LVsV~l vkWiQ bafM;u fjlpZ bu fozQ,fVfoVh] frokjh ,oa iky }kjk
laikfnr] vkxjk lkbdksykWftdy fjlpZ lsy] vkxjk] 290&294HkkLdj ,oa 'kekZ (1993)% fozQ,fVfoVh bu fjys'ku Vw baVsfytsal] lsDl] ,.M ,l-bZ-,l-] LVsVl vkWiQ bafM;u fjlpZ
bu fozQ,fVfoVh] vkxjk] 259&267feJk] osQ-,l- (1986)% bisQDV vkWiQ gkse ,.M LowQy ,Uaok;jsesaV vkWu lkabfVfiQd fozQ,fVfoVh] laKkuky; }kjk
izdkf'kr] dkuiqjfeJk] fxjh'oj (2007)% ¶fozQ,fVfoVh] lkbdksykWftdy MkbesU'kUl vkWiQ ,tqosQ'kuy fjlpZ bu bafM;k¸] flDlFk
losZ vkWiQ ,tqosQ'kuy fjlpZ] Hkkx&II] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] 313&314frokjh ,oa 'kekZ% LVMh vkWiQ lsDl fMiQjsal bu fozQ,fVo fFkafdax] LVsV~l vkWiQ bafM;u fjlpZ bu fozQ,fVfoVh]
vkxjk] 271&280jkor] ,e-,l- ,oa xxZ] ,e-osQ- (1993)% ¶, LVMh vkWiQ fozQ,fVfoVh ,.M ysoy vkWiQ ,lfijs'ku vkWiQ gkbZ
LowQy LVwMsaV~l¸] LVsV~l vkWiQ bafM;u fjlpZ bu fozQ,fVfoVh] frokjh ,oa iky }kjk laikfnr] vkxjk] 178&182lgxy] osQ (1978)% ¶LowQy flLVe ,”k fjysVsM Vw fozQ,fVfoVh vkWiQ LVwMsUV~l¸] fn izksxzsl vkWiQ ,tqosQ'ku] 52
(10 & 11)] 207&211] fozQ,fVfoVh bu ,tqosQ'ku esa o£.kr] vkxjk] 88&89flag] Hkwnso] (2003)% eSFkseSfVdy fozQ,fVfoVh fjlpZ bu bafM;k] bafM;u ,tqosQ'kuy fjO;w] 39] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-]
3&21flag] ,l- osQ- (2011)% ¶, LVMh vkWiQ fozQ,fVfoVh] lsDl ,.M cFkZ vkWMZj vkWiQ LowQy LVwMsaV~l¸ fcgsfo;jy
fjlpZ fjO;w] 3(1)] iVuk] 162&165'kqDyk] ts-ih- (1982)% , LVMh vkWiQ fozQ,fVfoVh bu fjys'ku Vw lsDl] yksdfyfV ,.M LowQy lCtsDV~l] bafM;u
,tqosQ'kuy fjO;w] 17(2)] 128&132'kqDyk ,oa 'kekZ (1986)% lsDl fMiQjsals”k bu lkabfVfiQd fozQ,fVfoVh] bafM;u lkbdksykWftdy fjO;w] 30(3)]
32&35JhokLro] vkj- (1978)] fozQ,fVfoVh ,”k , iaQD'ku vkWiQ cFkZ vkWMZj] lksf'k;ks bdksukWfed LVsV~l ,.M ilZufyVh
VkbIl¸] tjuy vkWiQ ,tqosQ'ku ,.M lkbdksykWth] 41(3)] 113&117JhokLro ,oa >k (1977)% fozQ,fVfoVh ,.M ,osQMsfed xzwi fMiQjsal veax gkbZLowQy LVwMsaV~l¸] bafM;u
lkbdkWykWftdy fjO;w] 14(2)] 41&43gqlSu] ,l- ,oa flUgk] vkj- (1995)% ¶, dEiSjsfVo LVMh vkWiQ fozQ,fVfoVh veax esy ,aM iQhesy LVwMsaVl vkWiQ
baMfLVª;y ,.M ukWu&baMfLVª;y cSYV~l vkWiQ fcgkj] izkph tujy vkWiQ lkbdks dYpjy Mkbesa'kal] 11]1&8-
fouksck Hkkos & Hkwnku ,oa f'k{kk n'kZu
'kkfUr oqQekj y[ksM+k·
vfer oqQekj··
Hkkjr Hkwfe dks izkphu dky ls gh ,sls lUr eg£"k;ksa us xkSjokfUor fd;k gS] ftUgksaus viuk
iwjk thou fu%LokFkZ :i ls lekt dks v£ir dj fn;k] muosQ egku R;kx ls ns'k gh ugha
cfYd fo'o Hkh vpafHkr gS] peRÑr gSA ,slh gh dM+h osQ lar Fksµ fouksck HkkosA mUgksaus
fuèkZu Hkwfeghuksa osQ fy;s nku esa Hkwfe ekaxh vkSj bl egku ;K dk uke iM+kµ HkwnkuA
fouksck th dks egkRek xk¡èkh dk iq=k Hkh dgk tkrk gS rFkk xk¡èkhth us mUgsa viuk izFke
lR;kxzgh Hkh pquk FkkA
thou ifjp;
foukck Hkkos dk tUe flrEcj 11] 1895 dks
egkjk"Vª osQ dksyck ftys osQ xkxksnk xzke esa gqvk
FkkA budk cpiu dk uke fouk;d Hkkos FkkA
ekrk&firk osQ lknk thou] HkfDr&Hkkouk rFkk
ifo=k vkpj.k dk izHkko fouksck th ij iM+uk
LokHkkfod FkkA os ckY;dky ls gh lnkpkjh rFkk
n`<+ fu'p;h FksA lknxh buosQ thou dk i;kZ;
FkhA budh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk iwuk ,oa cM+kSnk eas
gq;hA xf.kr mudk lokZfèkd #fpdj ,oa fiz;
fo"k; Fkk mudh rUe;rk ,oa ftKklq LoHkko osQ
dkj.k muosQ firk mUgsa bathfu;j cukuk pkgrs
FksA 1912 esa fouksck Hkkos us eSfVªd ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ
dh rFkk b.Vj dh ijh{kk dh rS;kjh esa yx x;s]
fdUrq mudk eu i<+kbZ ls Hkkxus yxk rFkk czã
ftKklk dh vksj vxzlj gksus yxkA lu~ 1916 esa
mUgksaus viuh ekrk osQ lkeus vius LowQy osQ lkjs
izek.k&i=k tyk Mkys vkSj vius thou dk u;k
vè;k; izkjEHk djus fudy iM+sA
fouksck Hkkos oqQ'kkxz cqf¼ fdUrq LoHkko ls
vè;;u'khy ,oa ifjJeh ckyd Fks] mUgksaus vius
gkbZLowQy osQ vè;;u dky esa gh cM+kSnk osQ
fo'kky osQUnzh; iqLrdky; dh Kkuizn iqLrdksa
dk vè;;u dj fy;k FkkA blls mudh rhoz
vè;;u'khyrk ,oa izcy Kku fiiklk dk ifjp;
Hkh Lor% gh fey tkrk gSA os viuh d{kk
· ,lksfl,V izksisQlj] f'k{kk foHkkx] gs-u-c- x<+oky fo'ofo|ky;] Jhuxj] x<+oky& 246147] mÙkjk[k.M
·· 'kksèkkFkhZ] f'k{kk foHkkx] gs-u-c- x<+oky fo'ofo|ky;] Jhuxj] x<+oky& 246147] mÙkjk[k.M
Chapter 11.indd 94
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95
fouksck Hkkos & Hkwnku ,oa f'k{kk n'kZu
esa izFke Js.kh ls mÙkh.kZ gksrs Fks] vkSj vè;;u
osQ lkFk&lkFk [ksyowQn] Hkk"k.k] okn&fookn rFkk
lkekftd dk;Zdykiksa eas Hkh O;Lr jgrs FksA
fouksck Hkkos us rUe;rk ,oa #fpiwoZd ejkBh]
laLÑr] vaxzsth vkfn vusd Hkk"kkvksa dk vè;;u
fd;kA mUgksaus egkjk"Vª osQ lar lkfgR; dks daBLFk
djus osQ lkFk&lkFk jkepfjr ekul] fou; if=kdk
'kadjkpk;Z osQ czãlw=k Hkk"; ,oa Jhen~Hkkxor~
xhrk dk xw<+ vè;;u fd;kA mifu"knksa] Le`fr;ksa
rFkk ;ksx n'kZu dk rRoKku Hkh mUgksaus izkIr
fd;kA os vkthou czãp;Z dk ikyu djrs gq,
in~;k=kkvksa osQ ekè;e ls tuekul esa psruk dk
lapkj djuk pkgrs Fks vkSj blh y{; dh iw£r gsrq
mUgksaus ns'k Hkj esa Hkze.k dj Hkwnku] lokZsn;] uohu
ØkfUr tSls vkUnksyuksa dk lw=kikr fd;kA
vkpk;Z fouksck izkphu dky dh ½f"k ijEijk
esa vkrs gSaA mudk y{; vkRedY;k.k ugha vfirq
fo'o dY;k.k FkkA muosQ thou n'kZu dk iw.kZ
vkèkkj xhrk FkhA Lo;a fouksck osQ 'kCnksa esa ¶eSa
tks Hkh dk;Z djrk gwa vkSj fd;k gS og lc xhrk
osQ vkèkkj ij gh gS] esjk thou xhrk osQ vkèkkj
ij gh [kM+k gSA¸
fouksck Hkkos xk¡èkhth osQ lkfUèk; esa
7 twu 1916 dks cukjl izokl osQ nkSjku fouksck
Hkkos dh HksaV xk¡èkhth ls gqbZ vkSj xk¡èkhth osQ
egku O;fDrRo ls izHkkfor gksdj muosQ laosQr
ij os muosQ lkFk lkcjerh vkJe esa jgus yxsA
lkcjerh vkJe ls gh mUgksaus vius jktuSfrd]
lkekftd thou dk 'kqHkkjEHk fd;kA xk¡èkhth us
gh budk uke fouk;d Hkkos ls fouksck Hkkos j[kk
tks fd fouk;d rFkk ckck 'kCn dk fefJr :i
gSA fouksck Hkkos us viuk lEiw.kZ thou ekuo
Chapter 11.indd 95
lekt osQ dY;k.k osQ fy;s v£ir djus dk
ladYi fd;kA xk¡èkhth osQ jktuSfrd vkUnksyuksa esa
fouksck Hkkos us c<+ p<+dj izfrHkkx fy;kA 1921
esa lR;kxzg vkUnksyu osQ le; mUgsa tsy rd
tkuk iM+k] 1930 osQ ued&lR;kxzg ,oa 1932
osQ lR;kxzg esa mUgksaus lfØ; Hkkx fy;kA 1932
eas dkjkokl dh dfBu vofèk esa mUgksaus ¶xhrk
izopu¸ uked izfl¼ iqLrd dk ys[ku dk;Z
fd;kA xk¡èkhth osQ dFkukuqlkj &¶fouksck vkJe
osQ mu fxus&pqus pUn eksfr;ksa esa ls gS] ,sls yksx
vkJe esa oqQN ysus osQ fy, ugha oju nsus osQ
fy, vkrs gaSA¸
fouksck Hkkos us ^ioukj* xk¡o esa ^lsokxzke*
dh rjg ^loksZn; vkJe* dh LFkkiuk dhA bl
vkJe esa Lokè;k;] lnkpkj] Lo&Je] lsok lekt
rFkk f'k{kk lEcUèkh uohu iz;ksx fd;s x;sA fouksck
th us ^ubZ rkyhe* rFkk ^leok;* lEcUèkh mi;ksx
;gha ij fd;k vkSj 'kkL=kksa ,oa vU; èkeZxzUFkksa
dk foospukRed vè;;u fd;kA ftl izdkj
ckiw lsokxzke osQ lUr osQ uke ls fo[;kr Fks
mlh izdkj Hkkos ioukj osQ lUr osQ uke ls
izfl¼ FksA fouksck Hkkos Hkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzke
osQ vxz.kh; vkUnksyudkjh Hkh FksA 1940&41 esa
xk¡èkhth us lR;kxzg izkjEHk fd;k rks fouksck Hkkos
dh O;fDrRo izfr"Bk dks ns[kdj mUgsa gh viuk
izFke lR;kxzgh gksus dk xkSjo iznku fd;kA
fouksck Hkkos dk f'k{kk n'kZu
fouksck Hkkos dk f'k{kk n'kZu osn&osnkUr vkSj xhrk
ls izHkkfor gSA muosQ vuqlkj bl txr esa czã
lR; gS vkSj og lalkj esa O;kIr gS] ;g lalkj
czã dh LiQw£r gS] izsj.kk gSA ml lR; dh [kkst
djuk gh thou gS vkSj thou lR; dh [kkst osQ
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96
fy, gSA mudh n`f"V esa thou dk y{; gS& lR;
'kksèkue~] lR; dh izkfIr osQ fy, uezrk rVLFkrk
vkSj vukxzg dks viukukA muosQ vuqlkj lR; ls
gh vkRek ijEkkRek dk cksèk gks ldrk gS vkSj
euq"; dks lR; vlR; dk Kku f'k{kk }kjk izkIr
gksrk gSA
fouksck Hkkos dgrs Fks fd lR; gekjs vax&vax
esa fufgr gS vkSj vlR; okrkoj.k dh nsu gSA
tks oqQN euq"; osQ vUnj gS mls ckgj ykuk gh
f'k{kk gS vkSj f'k{kk gh lR; osQ ;FkkFkZ Lo:i
dks igpkuus dh 'kfDr iznku djrh gSA fouksck
Hkkos us f'k{kk dk vFkZ crkrs gq, dgk gSµ
¶'kjhj osQ gj vax dk iw.kZ ,oa O;ofLFkr fodkl]
KkusfUnz;ksa dk prqj] piy vkSj dk;ZoqQ'ky cukuk]
eukso`fr;ksa] ckSf¼d 'kfDr;ksa ,oa izkÑfrd izo`fr;ksa
dk lok±xh.kZ fodkl gh f'k{kk gSA¸
fouksck Hkkos dk f'k{kk ls rkRi;Z osQoy bfUnz;
fodkl ls ugha gS] D;ksafd mudh n`f"V esa bfUnz;
fodkl rks i'kqvksa dk Hkh gksrk gSA okLro esa f'k{kk
ls rkRi;Z KkusfUnz;ksa ij fu;U=k.k djuk gSA mUgksaus
lgt f'k{kk dks f=klw=kh; f'k{kk dk uke fn;k gSA
muosQ vuqlkj ¶viuh n`f"V esa f'k{kk osQ eq[;
rhu fo"k; gSaµ ,d gS ;ksx] nwljk gS m|ksx vkSj
rhljk gS lg;ksxA fouksck th dk ;ksx ls rkRi;Z
vklu yxkuk] O;k;ke djuk ugha Fkk oju~ fpÙk
ij vaoqQ'k j[kuk] fpÙksfUnz; cuuk] eu ij dkcw
ikuk] ok.kh ij vaoqQ'k yxkuk vkfn ;ksx osQ lPps
Lo:i gSaA ;ksxh osQ fy, fuHkZ; vkSj lR;kxzgh
gksuk vko';d gSA f'k{kk dk nwljk vFkZ gS&m|ksxA
m|ksx ls rkRi;Z mr~$;ksx¾Å¡pk ;ksx gS vkSj fouksck
th osQ vuqlkj thou esa m|ksx vkSj f'k{kk nksuksa
dk leUo; vko';d gSA f'k{kk dk rhljk lw=k gS
lg;ksxA tks fo'o ekuo dh dYiuk ij vkèkkfjr
gSA ;g Hkkjrh; v[k.Mrk rFkk Lokeh foosdkuUn
Chapter 11.indd 96
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
osQ fo'o cUèkqRo dh Hkkouk dks O;Dr djrk gSA
f'k{kk osQ mís'; ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, fouksck Hkkos
fy[krs gSa&¶f'k{kk }kjk gesa dksbZ Lora=k rRo mRiUu
ugha djuk gSA¸ vfirq ckyd esa fufgr rRoksa dks
tkxzr djuk gSA fouksck th us f'k{kd osQ egRo
ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, fy[kk gS fd ¶jktuhfr ns'k
dks rksM+rh gSA ns'k dks tksM+us okyh nks 'kfDr;ka
ga&S ,d fdlku dh 'kfDr vkSj nwljh fo}kuksa dh
'kfDrA f'k{kd dk dk;Z osQoy LowQy dkWystksa esa
i<+kus rd lhfer ugha jg tkrk gS vfirq mUgsa
lekt ls lEioZQ dj lekt dk ekxZn'kZd ,oa
iFk izn'kZd dk dke Hkh djuk pkfg,A ftlls
f'k{kdksa osQ vewY; Kku Hk.Mkj ls ckyd gh ugha
vfirq lekt Hkh ykHkkfUor gks losQA fouksck Hkkos
rRdkyhu f'k{kk iz.kkyh ls lUrq"V ugha Fks] mudk
dguk Fkk fd ftl izdkj Lora=krk izkfIr osQ rqjUr
ckn ns'k dk >.Mk cny fn;k x;k] mlh izdkj
f'k{kk osQ Lo:i dks cny nsuk pkfg,A ijUrq ,slk
gqvk ughaA fouksck Hkkos dk dguk Fkk fd f'k{kk
esa ØkfUr ykuh gS rks f'k{kk osQ Lo:i dks cnyuk
gh gksxkA f'k{kk dks xzkeksa ls izkjEHk djuk gksxk]
xk¡oksa vkSj nsgkrksa esa Hkh foKku dh f'k{kk dks izkjEHk
djuk gksxkA fo|k£Fk;ksa dks bldk vè;;u dj Kku
'kfDr ,oa xk¡o dh Je 'kfDr dk leUo; djuk
gksxkA blls ns'k ,oa lekt esa f'k{kk dh ,d ubZ
ØkfUr iSnk gksxh] tks lekt dks ,d ubZ fn'kk Hkh
iznku dj losQxhA fouksck us lh[kus dh {kerk dks
Lo;a bu 'kCnksa esa O;Dr fd;k&¶eSa vius thou
esa bu ckrksa dks izèkkurk nsrk gwa] mlesa igyh gS
m|ksx] nwljh ckr ftldh eq>s èkqu gS HkfDr ekxZ]
rhljh ,d ckr dh vkSj eq>s èkqu gS ij lcosQ
dkcw dh og pht ugha gks ldrh gS&og gS lh[kuk
vkSj fl[kkukA¸
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97
fouksck Hkkos & Hkwnku ,oa f'k{kk n'kZu
fouksck Hkkos dk loksZn;
xk¡èkhth us lHkh oxks± osQ dY;k.k gsrq jkejkT;
dh LFkkiuk dh dYiuk dh mlh izdkj fouksck
Hkkos us loksZn; lekt dh LFkkiuk dj xk¡èkhth
dh bl dYiuk dks lkdkj fd;kA xk¡èkhth us
lHkh osQ leku :i ls dY;k.k dk mís'; izLrqr
fd;k Fkk u fd vfèkd ls vfèkd O;fDr;ksa osQ
vfèkdre lq[k dkA muosQ infpUgksa ij pydj
fouksck Hkkos us lsokxzke esa loksZn; lekt dh
LFkkiuk dhA loksZn; ,d laxBu ek=k ugha gS
vfirq ,d ØkfUrdkjh fopkj ls izsfjr gSA loksZn;
'kCn oqQN O;fDr;ksa osQ mn; dk izrhd ugha] ;k
fiQj vfèkd ls vfèkd O;fDr;ksa osQ mn; dk
izrhd ugha gS vfirq blesa xjhc&vehj] Å¡p&uhp
,oa vui<+&cqf¼eku lHkh osQ dY;k.k dh dkeuk
dh xbZ gSA loksZn; lHkh dks ân; ls yxkus dh
mPp fo'o cUèkqrRo dh Hkkouk gSA fouksck th osQ
vuqlkj loksZn; lekt ,d ,slk lekt gS ftlesa
euq"; tkfrHksn] oxZHksn] Åap&uhp bu lHkh osQ
cUèku ls eqDr gksdj vkilh HkkbZpkjs osQ cht
cksrs gSaA
lekt dY;k.k ekuo vkSj ekuo osQ eè;
fgrksa osQ Vdjko ij vkèkkfjr ugha gksuk pkfg,A
O;fDr osQ fopkjksa esa ladh.kZrk ,oa LokFkZiw.kZrk
gks ldrh gS fdUrq lkekftd fpUru esa fgrksa dk
Vdjko ugha gksuk pkfg,A gesa iwath ,oa HkkSfrd
lqfoèkkvksa osQ ihNs ugha nkSM+uk pkfg, vfirq gesa
futh LokFkZ ij vaoqQ'k yxkdj nwljs osQ fgrksa dh
fpUrk djuh pkfg,A ftlls lkekftd ln~Hkkouk
,oa 'kkfUr dks izksRlkgu fey losQ vkSj blh esa
lEiw.kZ lekt dk dY;k.k fufgr gSA loksZn; dk
okLrfod vFkZ gS&lc dk mn;A fouksck th dk
dguk Fkk fd fo'o esa O;kIr fgald] la?k"kZ gesa
Chapter 11.indd 97
loksZn; dh voèkkj.kk ij lkspus dks foo'k djrs
gSaA vkt ekuo tkfr vUr%dyg ls tw> jgh gS
bl dyg dk var fgald minzo ls ugha gksxkA
Hkkjr esa vk;s fnu fgald minzo gksrs jgrs gSa]
fo'ks"kdj d'ehj esaA jktuSfrd n`f"Vdks.k ls lHkh
dks Hkkjrh; ,drk cuk;s j[kus dk iz;kl djuk
pkfg,] blesa oqQN gn rd liQyrk Hkh fey
tkrh gS fdUrq tc rd ekufld n`f"V ls ,drk
dh LFkkiuk ugha gks ik;sxh rc rd jk"Vªh; ,drk
,oa jktuhfrd ,drk dh dYiuk ugha dh tk
ldrhA bu lHkh xEHkhj leL;kvksa dk lekèkku
fouksck th us crk;k gSµ loksZn; lekt dh
LFkkiukA loksZn; gh lekt esa jk"Vªh; jktuSfrd
,oa ekufld ,drk LFkkfir dj ldrh gSA
fouksck Hkkos dk Hkwnku ;K
fouksck Hkkos us xk¡èkhth osQ fopkjksa dks dk;Z:i esa
ifjf.kr djus dk tks mÙkjnkf;Ro vius n`<+ gkFkksa
esa fy;k Fkk] blosQ fy, mUgksaus vkthou vFkd
iz;kl fd;kA Hkwfeghu gfjtuksa dk m¼kj] rsyaxkuk
Ñ"kdksa dh leL;k dk lekèkku] ubZ rkyhe]
jk"VªHkk"kk] fgUnh dk izpkj&izlkj] dkapu eqfDr]
xzkenku] lEifÙknku] loZlsok la?k ,oa xksoèk fu"ksèk
vkfn xq#Ùkj dk;Z fouksck Hkkos th osQ vFkd
ifjJe ,oa R;kx dk izfriQy gS vkSj blh vFkd
ifjJe ,oa n`<+ bPNk 'kfDr dh vfoLej.kh;
dM+h gSµ Hkwnku ;KA 1951 esa vkUèk izns'k osQ
rsyaxkuk {ks=k esa Hkwnku vkUnksyu izkjEHk fd;kA ml
le; lkE;okfn;ksa dh vlkekftd xfrfofèk;ka
pje lhek ij FkhaA jkr osQ le; os Vksyh cukdj
vehj vknfe;ksa dh lEifÙk] iQly] vukt vkfn
dh ywVekj djrs Fks ftls mUgksaus O;olk; cuk
fy;k FkkA ;g ywVekj djus okys xjhc fdlku
20-03-2015 PM 3:23:54
98
Fks vkSj ywVs tkus okys èkuh yksx] tehankj vFkok
lkgwdkjA
bu yqVjs xjhc fdlkuksa dk dguk Fkk fd
¶gekjs ikl [ksrh osQ fy, tehu ugha gS vkSj
èkuoku yksx gels dke djkdj FkksM+h lh etnwjh
nsrs ga]S blls izk.k j{kk osQ fy, pksjh uk djsa rks
D;k djsaA¸ bl fLFkfr esa tehankj yksx Hk;kØkar
jgus yxs D;ksafd ;s ^jkr osQ jktk* bUgsa dHkh Hkh
ywV ldrs FksA 18 vizy
S 1951 dks fouksck Hkkos
us ;g nnZ Hkjh dgkuh iapeiYyh xk¡o esa tkdj
oqQN Hkwfeghu gfjtuksa osQ eqag ls lquh] bl xk¡o dh
nqn'Z kk dk vuqeku blh ckr ls yxk;k tk ldrk]
fd ;gka rhu gtkj dh vkcknh okyss xk¡o esa ls
fliZQ lkr cPps LowQy i<+us tkrs FksA rkM+h ihus
dk nqO;Zlu iwjs lekt esa O;kIr Fkk] ,sls lekt
dk vkijkfèkd gksuk LokHkkfod FkkA bl tfVy
leL;k dk lekèkku oSQls fd;k tk,\ blosQ fy,
fouksck th us fopkj fd;k fd ,d vthZ fy[kdj
bl leL;k ij ljdkj ls fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k tk,
ijUrq vdLekr~ mUgksaus fopkj fd;k fd D;ksa u bl
fo"k; ij xk¡o okyksa ls ppkZ dh tk, vkSj tSls
gh fouksck th us xk¡o okyksa osQ le{k viuh ckr
j[kh oSls gh HkhM+ esa jkepUnz jsM~Mh uke dk ,d
lTtu [kM+k gksdj cksyk &¶ckck esjs firkth dh
gk£nd bPNk Fkh fd eSa viuh oqQN Hkwfe bu HkkbZ;ksa
esa ck¡V nwa ijUrq os vc ugha jgsA mudh bPNk
iwjh djus osQ fy, eSa vius ikap HkkbZ;ksa dh vksj
ls lkS ,dM+ tehu vki dks HksaV djrk gwaA vki
bu gfjtu HkkbZ;ksa dks bl Hkwfe dks HksaV djus dh
Ñik djsaA bl izdkj ,d fo'kky vkUnksyu dk Jh
x.ks'k gqvkA fouksck Hkkos th us xk¡o&xk¡o ?kwedj
Hkwnku vkUnksyu dk izpkj&izlkj fd;k vkSj blh
dk ifj.kke Fkk fd ioukj ls fnYyh dh 62 fnu
dh ;k=kk esa mUgsa 19 gtkj 436 ,dM+ Hkwfe nku esa
Chapter 11.indd 98
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
feyhA blosQ i'pkr~ mUgas mÙkj izns'k esa 2]95]018
,dM+ Hkwfe] fcgkj esa 22]32]474 ,dM+ Hkwfe]
mMh+lk esas 2]57]277 ,dM+ Hkwfe] vkaèk izns'k esa
50754 ,dM+ Hkwfe] osQjy esa] 1]571 ,dM+ Hkwfe]
rfeyukMq esa 47]092 ,dM+ Hkwfe] rFkk dUkkZVd
esa 1]109 ,dM+ Hkwfe] in~;k=kk djrs gq, Hkwnku
esa izkIr gqbZA Hkwnku esa izkIr Hkwfe dks fouksck Hkkos
xjhc] gfjtuksa ,oa fuèkZu fdlkuksa dks HksaV Lo:i
iznku djrs FksA fouksck Hkkos dk roZQ Fkk fd ¶eSa
tehu ek¡xrk ugha gw¡ D;ksafd eSa Hkh[k ugha ek¡xrkA
vfirq ;g Hkwfe mu xjhcksa dk gd gS ftls eSa
mUgsa ykSVk jgk gw¡A¸ okLro esa ek¡xus esa] nku xzg.k
djus esa ghurk dh Hkkouk iSnk gks tkrh gS vkSj
blls ekuo dh ekuork dks Hkh èkDdk yxrk gSA
bl izdkj fouksck th Hkwfeghuksa osQ vkRelEeku
dks mPp cuk;s j[kuk pkgrs Fks ;gh dkj.k gS fd
mUgksaus ¶nku ugha xjhcksa dk gd¸ dk ukjk Hkwnku
vkUnksyu esa fn;kA ftlls fd xjhcksa dh Hkkoukvksa
dks vk?kkr u igqapsA
fouksck Hkkos us Hkwnku vkUnksyu ls vufxur
xjhcksa dks Hkwfe nku esa nh] ijUrq #i;k&iSlk]
èku&nkSyr ugha] Hkwnku osQ ihNs fouksck Hkkos th
dk Hkko Fkk fd xjhc etnwj bl Hkwfe ij essgur
djosQ viuk Hkj.k&iks"k.k dj ldrs gSaA ftlls
os esgurh ,oa deZB cusaxsA blosQ foijhr iSlk]
èku&nkSyr vkfn euq"; dks nqO;Zluh ,oa vkylh
cuk ldrk gSA
xk¡o dh y{eh xk¡o esa
xk¡oksa dh nqnZ'kk ns[kdj fouksCkk th nq%[kh gksrs
Fks] mUgksaus xk¡oksa esa Hkze.k dj xk¡o dh turk dks
u'kk ,oa nqO;Zlu ls eqDr jgus dh f'k{kk nh vkSj
vkilh >xM+ksa dks feVkdj ,d lw=k esa laxfBr
20-03-2015 PM 3:23:54
fouksck Hkkos & Hkwnku ,oa f'k{kk n'kZu
gksus dh izsj.kk nhA fouksck th us dgk fd ¶xk¡oksa
dk fodkl gks ldrk gS ijUrq tc og xk¡o dh
y{eh xk¡o esa jgus ns¸A iyk;u vkSj xk¡o dh
lEifÙk dks xk¡o esa jksdus dk fouksck th us iaplw=k
dk fopkj fn;kµ 'kknh C;kg] cktkj] O;lu]
lkgqdkj vkSj ljdkjA
fouksck th dgrs Fks fd xk¡o okys 'kknh C;kg
esa gSfl;r ls T;knk [kpZ djrs gSa] ;gka rd fd
dtkZ fudkydj [kpZ fd;k tkrk gS vkSj 'kknh
osQ ckn dtZ okil djrs&djrs mudh vk£Fkd
fLFkfr uktqd gks tkrh gS] bl viO;; dks jksdk
tkuk pkfg,A bldk csgrj mik; ;g gS fd 'kknh
C;kg dk [kpkZ lEiw.kZ xk¡o okys feydj ogu
djsa] blls 'kknh dk cks> O;fDr fo'ks"k ij vfèkd
ugha iM+sxk] bldk ,d ykHk ;g gksxk fd xk¡o esa
'kkfUr] lkSgknZ ,oa vkilh HkkbZpkjs dh tM+sa vkSj
etcwr gksaxhA
ge [ksrksa esa dikl] xUuk] fry] ewaxiQyh]
ljlksa vkfn iSnk djrs gSa ijUrq nqHkkZX;o'k xqM+]
diM+k cktkj ls [kjhnrs gSa] cl vc bruk gh
ckdh jg pqdk gS fd vukt Hkstdj cktkj ls
jksVh [kjhnukA xzkeokfl;ksa osQ fuèkZu gksus dk lcls
cM+k dkj.k gS viuk mRikn cktkj dks csprs gSaA
;|fi vkStkj ckgj ls eaxokus iM+s ijUrq ;g
lkexzh xk¡o esa gh fu£er gksuh pkfg,A 'kgj dh
oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k xk¡o esa djks vkSj xk¡o dh gh
[kjhnksA
gj xk¡o dh O;oLFkk bl izdkj fu£er gks
fd og gjk&Hkjk xksoqQy utj vk;sA Xoky&ckys
g"V&iq"V ranq#Lr gksa] esgurh gksa] lc ,d&nwljs
ls I;kj djrs gksaA b±[k dk dksYgw py jgk gks]
pj[kk dr jgk gks] èkqfu;k èkqu jgk gks] rsy dk
dksYgq pwa&pwa cksy jgk gks] oqQa, ij eksV py jgh
gks] Xokyk ca'kh ctkrs gq, xk;sa pjk jgk gks] ,slk
Chapter 11.indd 99
99
xk¡o cuus nks] ;gh esjs liuksa dk xksoqQy vkSj xk¡o
osQ fodflr Lo:i dk lw=k gSA
fouksck Hkkos th us xk¡o esa nqO;Zluksa dks
lekIr dj mueas vkilh lkSgknZ c<+kus ij cy
fn;k vkSj bu lHkh lw=kksa ij ;fn xk¡o okys
fopkj dj xk¡o dh y{eh dks ckgj u tkus nsa
rks ljdkj Lor% gh tkx tk;sxhA ifj.kkeLo:i
xk¡o [kq'kgky le`¼ ,oa fodflr gksrs pysaxsA
okLrfod :i esa fouksck th us xk¡o o xk¡o okyksa
dks lgh vFkZ esa le>us dk iz;kl fd;kA lPps
vFkZ esa y{eh xk¡o esa gh jgrh gS&ygygkrs gq,
[ksrksa esa] >qdh gqbZ isM+ dh Mkfy;ksa esa] nwèk nqgkrs
Xokyksa dh xkS'kkykvksa esa] vkSj [ksrksa eas dke djrs
fdlku dh [kqjfi;ksa esa] okLrfod :i esa Hkkjr
dh y{eh vkSj 'kfDr ;gha jgrh gSA
Hkwnku osQ vfrfjDr fouksck th us xzkenku]
lEifÙknku] Jenku vkfn vkUnksyuksa dks tuekul
ls tksM+us dk iz;kl fd;k vkSj blesa os liQy Hkh
jgsA buosQ oqQ'ky usr`Ro {kerk dk gh izfriQy gS
fd ;s lHkh vkUnksyu bfrgkl osQ iUuksa ij vfeV
Nki NksM+us esa liQy jgsA fouksck Hkkos pkgrs Fks
fd yksdra=k dh 'kfDr turk osQ gkFk esa gks vkSj
lÙkk dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx tufgr esa ,oa iztk
dks lcy ,oa LokoyEch cukus esa fd;k tk,A os
turk dks LokyEch cukdj mu esa viuh 'kfDr
dks igpkuus dh 'kfDr fodflr djuk pkgrs FksA
m|ksx&O;olk; lHkh lkoZtfud gksa ,oa
mu ij turk dk vkfèkiR; gksA os izR;sd dks
mldh ;ksX;rk ,oa Je osQ vuqlkj osru nsus dh
O;oLFkk dks O;FkZ ekurs FksA mudk dguk Fkk
fd fdlh jksxh dh rUe;rk ls lsok djus okys
MkWDVj] fu"i{k Hkko ls U;k; djus okys U;k;èkh'k]
oqQ'kyrk ls f'k{k.k djus okys izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd
vkfn dh lsok,¡ tks vewY; gaS] dk osru fuèkkZj.k
20-03-2015 PM 3:23:54
100
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk µ tqykbZ 2014
djuk U;k;fpr ugha gSA osru fuèkkZj.k dh ckr
fd;s fcuk fouksck th dk dguk Fkk fd O;fDr
viuh lEiw.kZ 'kfDr ,oa ;ksX;rk ls lekt dh
lsok djs vkSj lekt ml O;fDr osQ Hkj.k iks"k.k
dk mÙkjnkf;Ro fuogZu djsA bl izdkj fouksck th
lekt esa lkewfgd mÙkjnkf;Ro] vfgalk vkSj fo'o
cUèkqRo dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djuk pkgrs FksA
xk¡èkhth osQ vafglk osQ fl¼kUr osQ fouksck th
cM+s mikld Fks xk¡èkhth us ?k`.kk] Øksèk] vlR; vkfn
dks thrus osQ fy, izes 'kkfUr ,oa lR; osQ ekxZ dk
vuqlj.k djus dk mins'k fn;k vkSj blh fopkjèkkjk
dks fouksck Hkkos us vkthou vkRelkr~ djus dk
iz;kl fd;kA mudk dguk Fkk fd fo'o osQ ns'k
vkil esa ftrus lehi vk jgs gS]a muesa vfo'okl
mruk gh vfèkd iSnk gks jgk gSA foKku osQ Kku us
lEiw.kZ fo'o dks ,d HkkSxksfyd bZdkbZ osQ :i esa
fu:fir dj fn;k gS] ijUrq foKku us gekjh lH;rk
,oa laLÑfr osQ fouk'k dk ekxZ Hkh iz'kLr dj fn;k
gSAa fgalk] ?k`.kk ,oa ,d&nwljs osQ izfr vfo'okl esa
o`f¼ gks jgh gS] tks ,d fnu lEiw.kZ ekuo tkfr
dks fuxy tk;sxk vkSj bl fouk'k dks jksdus dk
ekxZ gS&izes ,oa vafglkA fouksck th egkRek cq¼ osQ
mins'kksa ij vey djus dks dgrs FksA mudk dguk
Fkk fd xhrk esa Hkh izk.kh ek=k ls ?k`.kk u djus dk
lan's k gSA ;gh ,dek=k ekxZ gS&ekuo dY;k.k ,oa
'kkfUr dkA
fouksck Hkkos osQ vuqlkj ^fgalk dk fl¼kar*
ew[kZ ,oa ccZj O;fDr;ksa }kjk viuk;k tkus okyk
,d ?kkrd gfFk;kj gS] ftlls ekuo dk fouk'k
fuf'pr gSA bfrgkl bl ckr dk lk{kh gS fd
fgalk ij vkèkkfjr cM+s ls cM+s lkezkT; ,d osQ
ckn ,d fgalk dh vkèkh esa jsr osQ Vhyksa dh
rjg fc[kj x;sA fgalk ij vkèkkfjr lkezkT; liQy
,oa fpjLFkk;h ugha gksrk fiQj Hkh yksx fgalk dk
ekxZ viukdj mldh liQyrk osQ fy, vk'kkfUor
jgrs gSaA fgalk fujUrj c<+us okys u'ks dh rjg
gS vkSj fgalk osQ mÙkj esa izfrfgalk ;q¼ osQ eSnku
rd igaqpk nsrh gSA tgka ikuh dh ugha jDr dh
ufn;ka èkjrh dks lhaprh gaSA tcfd vfgalk nwljs
dks lekIr ugha djrh vfirq ,d&nwljs osQ fny
esa lek tkrh gSA ,d dh liQyrk esa nwljs dh
liQyrk ns[kus dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrh gSA vafglk
ls ifjiw.kZ thou] R;kx vkSj cfynku es vkuUn
dk vuqHko djrk gS] bl vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr
v'kksd tSls egku lezkV dks jktegy esa ugha
vfirq dfyax ;q¼ esa gq, fo'kky ujlagkj osQ ckn
gqbZ] tc v'kksd us vafglk dk ekxZ viukdj
tulsok osQ fy, viuk lkezkT; le£ir dj fn;k
Fkk vFkkZr~ vafglk esa og 'kfDr ,oa vkuUn gS
tks ekuo tkfr dks jktegy esa Hkh izkIr ugha gks
ldrhA
fouksck th us viuk iwjk thou ns'k ,oa
lekt dks v£ir dj fn;k Fkk mudk Lej.k gj
Hkkjrh; dks xkSjo ls djuk gh muosQ fy, lPph
J¼katyh gksxhA
lanHkZ
ukxj] iq#"kksÙke] 2003] vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd fpUru] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj flag] ';ke] 2009] f'k{kk n'kZu] vksesxk ifCyosQ'kUl] u;h fnYyh 'kekZ] i- Jhjke] 2009] lar fouksck Hkkos] ;qx fuekZ.k ;kstuk foLrkj VªLV] eFkqjk www.vinobabhave.org.
www.bhoodhanmovement.com.
Chapter 11.indd 100
20-03-2015 PM 3:23:54
ifj"kn~ dh ^Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk* ,oa ^izkFkfed f'k{kd*
=kSekfld if=kdkvksa ds xzkgdksa] ikBdksa rFkk ys[kdksa ls fuossnu
jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ dh mijksDr nks =kSekfld if=kdk,a
f'k{kk txr esa jk"Vªh; Lrj rFkk jkT; Lrj ij gks jgs vusd iz;ksxksa] vuqlaèkkuksa]
dk;ZØeksa o xfrfofèk;ksa dks ikBdksa rd igq¡pkus osQ lqxe ekè;e gSaA bu if=kdkvksa
dk izdk'ku fo'ks"k :i ls fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa dk;Zjr f'k{kkfonksa] f'k{kdksa]
f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa rFkk ikB~;Øe fuekZrkvksa dks lefiZr gSA buosQ izR;sd laLdj.k
esa ,sls uohure ys[kksa osQ izdk'ku dks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gS tks 'kSf{kd uhfr;ksa
ls lacafèkr gksa] xq.kkRed lqèkkj dh fn'kk esa mYys[kuh; iz;ksx gkas] vfèkxe dks
lq#fpiw.kZ rFkk xzkg~; cukus dh fn'kk esa futh vuqHko vFkok 'kksèk dk;Z gksa] fofHkUu
'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa osQ fooj.k gksa] f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k lacaèkh izHkkoh lkexzh gksA 'kSf{kd
mi;ksfxrk ls ;s if=kdk,¡ vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSa rFkk ifj"kn~ bUgsa ewy ykxr ls Hkh cgqr
de dher ij ikBdksa dks miyCèk djkrh gSA
bu if=kdkvksa ds fy, mRÑ"V Lrj osQ f'k{kkizn izHkkoh ys[k lg"kZ Lohdkj fd,
tkrs gSa rFkk muosQ izdk'ku osQ mijkar leqfpr ekuns; nsus dh Hkh O;oLFkk gSA ys[k
dh fo"k;oLrq 2500 ls 3000 'kCnksa esa ;k vfèkd Vafdr :i esa gksuk okaNuh; gSA
;fn ys[kd vius ys[kksa osQ lkFk lhMh vkSj Lo;a dk bZ- esy dk irk Hkst losaQ rks
lqfoèkk gksxhA Ñi;k vius ys[k fuEu irs ij Hkstsa µ
foHkkxkè;{k (if=kdk izdks"B)] izdk'ku izHkkx
jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~
Jh vjfoUn ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016
vè;{k] izdk'ku izHkkx }kjk jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoUn ekxZ] u;h fnYyh
110 016 osQ fy, izdkf'kr rFkk Jh o`ankou xzkfiQDl izk- fy-] bZ&34] lSDVj&7] uks,Mk 201301 (m- iz-)
}kjk eqfnzrA
Cover 2nd & 3rd.indd 3
20-03-2015 PM 12:56:38