^Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk* jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ dh ,d =kSekfld if=kdk
gSA bl if=kdk dk eq[; mís'; gS f'k{kdksa] f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa] 'kSf{kd iz'kkldksa rFkk 'kks/drkZvksa dks
,d eap iznku djuk] f'k{kk ds fofHkUu vk;keksa tSls μf'k{kkn'kZu] f'k{kk euksfoKku] f'k{kk dh
ledkyhu leL;k,a] ikB~;Øe ,oa izfof/ lacaèkh uohu fodkl] varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij f'k{kk dk
Lo:i] fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa f'k{kk dh fLFkfr vkfn ij ekSfyd rFkk vkykspukRed fparu dks izksRlkfgr
djuk vkSj f'k{kk ds lq/kj vkSj fodkl dks c<+kok nsukA ys[kdksa }kjk O;Dr fd, x, fopkj muosQ
vius gSaA vr% ;s fdlh Hkh izdkj ls ifj"kn~ dh uhfr;ksa dks izLrqr ugha djrs blfy, bl laca/ esa
ifj"kn~ dk dksbZ mÙkjnkf;Ro ugha gSA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ izdk'ku foHkkx osQ dk;kZy;
vdknfed laiknd
jktjkuh
vdknfed laikndh; lfefr
jatuk vjksM+k
;ksxs'k oqQekj
fdju okfy;k
vuqie vkgwtk
,e-oh- Jhfuoklu lquhrk oqQekjh ukxj (tsih,iQ)
izdk'ku foHkkx osQ lnL;
foHkkxkè;{k
isÕ;sfV jktkoqQekj
eq[; laiknd
'osrk mIiy
laiknu
vkse izdk'k
mRiknu
lquhy oqQekj
vkoj.k
d.kZ pM~<k
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQil
Jh vjfoan ekxZ
u;h fnYyh 110 016 iQksu % 011&26562708
108, 100 iQhV
jksM
gsyh ,DlVsas'ku] gksLMsosQjs
cuk'kadjh III bLVst
caxyq: 560 085
iQksu % 080&26725740
uothou VªLV Hkou
Mkd?kj uothou
vgenkckn 380 014 iQksu % 079&27541446
lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQil
/udy cl LVkWi osQ lkeus
ifugVh
dksydkrk 700 114 iQksu % 033&25530454
lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDl
ekyhxk¡o
xqokgkVh 781021
ewY;
,d izfr % 50-00 #i,
okf"kZd % 200-00 #i,
iQksu % 0361&2674869
ifj"kn~ dh ^Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk* ,oa ^izkbejh f'k{kd*
=kSekfld if=kdkvksa ds xzkgdksa] ikBdksa rFkk ys[kdksa ls fuossnu
jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ dh mYysf[kr nks =kSekfld if=kdk,a f'k{kk
txr esa jk"Vªh; Lrj rFkk jkT; Lrj ij gks jgs vusd iz;ksxksa] vuqla/kuksa] dk;ZØeksa o
xfrfof/;ksa dks ikBdksa rd igq¡pkus osQ lqxe ekè;e gSaA bu if=kdkvksa dk izdk'ku
fo'ks"k :i ls fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa dk;Zjr f'k{kkfonksa] f'k{kdksa] f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa
rFkk ikB~;Øe fuekZrkvksa dks lefiZr gSA buosQ izR;sd laLdj.k esa ,sls uohure ys[kksa
osQ izdk'ku dks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gS tks 'kSf{kd uhfr;ksa ls lacafèkr gksa] xq.kkRed
lqèkkj dh fn'kk esa mYys[kuh; iz;ksx gkas] vf/xe dks lq#fpiw.kZ rFkk xzkÞ; cukus dh
fn'kk esa futh vuqHko vFkok 'kks/ dk;Z gksa] fofHkUu 'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa osQ fooj.k gksa]
f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k laca/h izHkkoh lkexzh gksA 'kSf{kd mi;ksfxrk ls ;s if=kdk,¡ vR;Ur
egRoiw.kZ gSa rFkk ifj"kn~ bUgsa ewy ykxr ls Hkh cgqr de dher ij ikBdksa dks miyC/
djkrh gSA
bu if=kdkvksa ds fy, mRÑ"V Lrj osQ f'k{kkizn izHkkoh ys[k lg"kZ Lohdkj fd,
tkrs gSa rFkk muosQ izdk'ku osQ mijkar leqfpr ekuns; nsus dh Hkh O;oLFkk gSA ys[k dh
fo"k;oLrq 2500 ls 3000 'kCnksa esa ;k vf/d Vafdr :i esa gksuk okaNuh; gSA ;fn
ys[kd vius ys[kksa osQ lkFk lhMh ;k Ýyksih vkSj Lo;a dk bZ- esy dk irk Hkst losaQ
rks lqfo/k gksxhA Ñi;k vius ys[k fuEu irs ij Hkstsa μ
foHkkxkè;{k (if=kdk izdks"B)] izdk'ku foHkkx
jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~
Jh vjfoUn ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016
vè;{k] izdk'ku foHkkx }kjk jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoUn ekxZ] u;h fnYyh
110 016 ds fy, izdkf'kr rFkk --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- }kjk eqfnzrA
ISSN 0927-5636
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk
o"kZ
30
vad
2
vDrwcj
2009
bl vad esa
laikndh;
3
ikB~;p;kZ cnyko osQ fy, O;oLFkkxr lqèkkj
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-
5
xq#&f'k"; lacaèk — vkèkqfud 'kSf{kd ifjizs{; esa
'kksHkkjkuh lHkzoky
37
le>sa] uk le>sa ij le> dh Hkk"kk dks rks le>sa
vk;q"eku xksLokeh
42
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk osQ izfr csfld f'k{kk
ifj"kn~ }kjk lapkfyr izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa
dk;Zjr f'k{kdksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k dk vè;;u
deys'k oqQekj pkSèkjh
47
mPp f'k{kk dh Hkkjrh; ijaijk — ,d n`f"V
vkuUn izdk'k ik.Ms;
60
eqfLye iqutkZxj.k vkanksyu ,oa eqlyekuksa esa
vkèkqfud f'k{kk dk izlkj
yfyr oqQekj
68
vè;kid f'k{kk — leL;k,¡ ,oa pqukSfr;k¡
lrh'k oqQekj ;kno
79
i;kZoj.k ,oa i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k f'k{kk —
,d izfreku ifjorZu
fueZyk xqIrk ,oa lhek flag
86
ekè;fed f'k{kk dk loZO;kihdj.k — pqukSfr;k¡
,oa laHkkouk,¡
nsosUnz flag
93
mPp f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk vkSj izklafxdrk —
eqís vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro
fuHkZ; flag
egknsoh osQ x| lkfgR; esa 'kSf{kd fufgrkFkZ ,oa
mldh orZeku esa izklafxdrk
lUr oqQekjh xksxuk
106
f'k{kk dk l'kDr ekè;e izokl fo|k
jkèkk HkV~V
112
izkFkfed d{kkvksa esa vkadyu osQ
{ks=k esa mHkjrh u;h lksp
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-
117
99
laikndh;
fiz; ikBdkas] gky gh esa py jgh ijh{kk lacaèkh
ppkZvksa ls vki lc okfdI+kQ gh gksaxsA gekjh
f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj ykus osQ fy, nks egÙoiw.kZ
dne gesa mBkus gaS Ikgyk — ijh{kk iz.kkyh esa
lqèkkj vkSj nwljk f'k{k.k–f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa dk
dk;kdYiA gekjh orZeku d{kk,¡] f'k{kd] f'k{kkFkhZ]
ikB~;iqLrosaQ] ikB~;Øe lHkh ,dek=k y{; ijh{kk
esa liQyrk osQ fy, viuh&viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs
gq, ls izrhr gksrs gSaA laiw.kZ O;fDrRo dk fodkl]
jpukRedrk] dk;ZdkS'ky tSls fopkj èkwfey gksrs
tkrs gSaA e'khu dh rjg dke djrh gqbZ f'k{kk
O;oLFkk ck”kkj cyksa ls izHkkfor gksrh tk jgh gSA
izfrLièkkZ gekjs thou dk vge~ fgLlk gksrh tk
jgh gSA D;k f'k{kk }kjk ge ,slk lkekftd
ifjorZu pkgrs gSa ftlesa MkfoZu osQ fl¼kar 'kr
izfr'kr izfrfcafcr gksa\ ;fn ge f'k{kk dks lekt
dks lgh fn'kk nsus okyh izfØ;k ekurs gSa rks gesa
viuh 'kSf{kd O;oLFkkvksa dks lqn`<+ cukuk gh
gksxkA ;fn ge pkgrs gSa gekjs f'k{kkFkhZ izfrc¼
ukxfjd cusa rks ijh{kk] f'k{kd&f'k{kk] O;kolkf;d
f'k{kk tSlh O;oLFkkvksa esa egÙoiw.kZ lqèkkj ykus
gksaxsA bUgha ljksdkjksa osQ eísu”kj bl vad esa
'kkfey O;oLFkkxr lqèkkjksa osQ mQij foLr`r ppkZ
djrk gqvk vkèkkj i=k — ikB~;p;kZ cnyko osQ
fy, O;oLFkkxr lqèkkj–f'k{kk osQ {ks=k ls lacafèkr
dbZ O;oLFkkvksa osQ dk;Zdyki vkSj muesa yk,
tk ldus okys lqèkkjksa ij izdk'k Mkyrk gSA bl
vad esa ;ksxnku nsus okys dbZ vU; ys[k Hkh
izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls O;oLFkkxr lqèkkjksa
dh ppkZ djrs gSaA buesa 'kkfey gSa — 'kksHkkjkuh
lHkzoky] vk;q"eku xksLokeh] deys'k oqQekj
pkSèkjh] lrh'k oqQekj ;kno] fueZyk xqIrk vkSj
lhek flag] nsosUnz flag] fuHkZ; flag o jkèkk HkV~V
osQ ys[kA
,d vU; ys[k ^izkFkfed d{kkvksa esa vkadyu
osQ {ks=k esa mHkjrh u;h lksp* Hkh ewY;k¡du vkSj
ijh{kkvksa osQ {ks=k esa foLr`r cnyko ykus dh
ppkZ djrk gS A
bl vad esa oqQN ,sls ys[k Hkh 'kkfey fd,
x, gSa tks f'k{kk dks ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa j[krs
gq, egRpiw.kZ RkF; lkeus j[krs gSaA vkuUn izdk'k
ik.Ms;] yfyr oqQekj vkSj lar oqQekjh xksxuk osQ
ys[k blh lewg esa vkrs gSa A ;fn vki Hkh ns'k osQ
cPpksa dh f'k{kk ls ljksdkj j[krs gSa rks bl ppkZ
dks vkxs c<+k,¡ vkSj O;oLFkkxr lqèkkjksa ij vius
fopkj gesa fy[k dj HkstsaA oqQN pqus gq, fopkjksa
dks gekjs fofHkUu vadksa esa 'kkfey djus esa gesa
izlUurk gksxh A
vdknfed laikndh; lfefr
ikB~;p;kZ cnyko osQ fy, O;oLFkkxr lqèkkj*
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-
jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk&2005 osQ fodkl dh izfd;k osQ nkSjku xfBr bDdhl
jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewgksa us LowQyh f'k{kk ls tqMs+ fofoèk eqíksa tSls fd f'k{kk y{;]
ikB~;p;kZ {ks=k] jk"Vªh; fpark,¡ rFkk O;LFkkxr lqèkkj ij foLrkj ls ppkZ djrs gq,
vkèkkj i=k fy[ksA bu vkèkkj i=kksa esa nh xbZ ppkZvksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, jk"Vªh;
ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk rS;kj dh xbZA bl if=kdk osQ fiNys vadksa esa geus oqQN pqus gq,
vkèkkj i=kksa dks 'kkfey fd;k gSA bl vad esa ge ,d cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ ljksdkj
^ikB~;p;kZ cnyko osQ fy, O;LFkkxr lqèkkj* ij cus vkèkkj i=k esa nh xbZ ppkZvksa dks
vkiosQ lkFk ck¡Vsaxs A ;g vkèkkj i=k ekurk gS fd Hkkjrh; O;oLFkk esa cnyko osQ fy,
gesa fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ lkoZHkkSehdj.k dh vliQyrkvksa ij xaHkhjrkiwoZd fopkj
djuk pkfg,A fo|ky;ksa }kjk cfg"dj.k dh lajpukvksa osQ fo#¼ lfØ;rk ls dke
fd, tkus dh ”k#jr gS rkfd fo|ky;ksa esa lHkh cPpksa dh Ikwjh Hkkxhnkjh gks losQA
laiw.kZ f'k{kk O;oLFkk rFkk f'k{kdksa dks ;g le>uk pkfg, fd 'kkldh; O;oLFkk dks
mi;qDr <ax ls cnyus dh vko';drk gS rkfd og gj cPps osQ izfr laosnu'khy gks
losQA izR;sd Lrj Ikj ekStwnk f'k{kk ls tqM+h laLFkkvksa esa yksdra=khdj.k dh izfØ;kvksa
dks e”kcwr djus osQ fy, O;oLFkkRed cnyko t#j fd, tk,¡A 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk esa
Ik;kZIr yphykiu ,oa Lok;Ùkrk gksuh pkfg,A laiw.kZ O;oLFkk dks y{;&pkfyr u gksdj
izfØ;k&pkfyr gksuk pkfg,A ikB~;p;kZ dks lkaLo`Qfrd fofoèkrkvksa dk vknj djuk
pkfg, rFkk ,slh uhfr;k¡ cukbZ tk,¡ tks fdlh dk Hkh cfg"dkj u djsaA izpfyr f'k{kk
O;oLFkk osQ foosQaæhdj.k osQ dke&dkt dh tk¡p djus osQ fy, gesa fu;fer :i ls
'kksèk vè;;u djus pkfg, vkSj lkFk ;g ns[kuk pkfg, fd D;k O;oLFkkxr IkfjorZu gq, gSAa
* jk"Vhª; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk&2005] ikB~;p;kZ cnyko osQ fy, O;oLFkkxr lqèkkj] jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg dk vkèkkj i=k]
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] 2009.
6
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
1- vrhr dk voyksdu vkSj Hkfo";
dh ;kstuk
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ 86osa la'kksèku (2002) us
6 ls 14 o"kZ rd osQ lHkh cPpksa dks f'k{kk dk
vfèkdkj eqg;S k djk;k gSA ;g ,d ns'k osQ }kjk
20 djksM+ cPpksa ls fd, x, ok;ns dk uohuhdj.k
gSA jkT; osQ uhfr funs'kd fl¼kar (Hkkjrh;
lafoèkku dk vuqPNsn 45) cPpksa osQ tUe ls
muosQ LowQy igq¡pus (0-6 lky) rd dh
vofèk esa mudh ns[kHkky vkSj lqj{kk nsus dks
dgrs gaSA bldk vlj ns'k osQ mu 15 djksM+
cPpksa ij iM+rk gS ftudk LokLF; vkSj ns[kHkky
,d ,slk vkns'ki=k gS ftldk lEeku djuk
jkT; dh ckè;rk gSA bl lanHkZ esa vius LowQyksa
dh xq.koÙkk dks c<+kus osQ fy, vkSj Hkkjrh;
f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa cnyko osQ fy, gekjh ;g
”k#jr gks tkrh gS fd ge de&ls&de d{kk
nl rd dh LowQyh f'k{kk osQ lkoZHkkSehdj.k
dh fujarj vliQyrkvksa ij xaHkhjrkiwoZd fopkj
djsa] rkfd ;g Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa vrafuZfgr
lekt osQ n'kZu dks lkdkj djasA
1.1
lh[kus dk Lrj uhpk] LowQy NksM+us dh
nj Å¡ph
vk”kknh osQ lÙkkou lky ckn Hkh] ,d
vuqeku osQ vuqlkj 5 ls 15 o"kZ dh mez
lewg osQ 10-12 djksM+ cPps ;k rks dHkh
LowQy x, gh ugha ;k fiQj mUgksaus LowQy
NksM+ fn;kA ;s vius ns'k osQ cPpksa dh
vkcknh dk yxHkx 50% gSA LowQy osQ
ckgj jg x, cPpksa dk fujarj 'kks"k.k gks
jgk gS rFkk ;s dke osQ cks> rys filrs
pys tk jgs gSaA viuh {kerk dks lkdkj
djus dh laHkkouk,¡ bu cPpksa osQ ikl
dkI+kQh de gSaA voSrfud ?kjsyw dkeksa vkSj
vla?kfVr {ks=kksa (Unorganised Sectors)
esa dke djus okys ;s cPps u rks Jfed
osQ :i esa gekjh psruk dk fgLlk curs gSa]
u gh cPpksa osQ :i esaA LowQy osQ ckgj
jgus okyh yM+fd;k¡ dkI+kQh NksVh mez esa
cky fookg dk f'kdkj gksrh gSa tks muosQ
laiw.kZ fodkl vkSj o`f¼ dks izHkkfor djrk
gSA ekufld vkSj 'kkjhfjd pqukSfr;ksa dk
lkeuk djus okys cPpksa dks iwjh rjg ls gh
u”kjvank”k dj fn;k tkrk gSA mUgsa fdlh
Hkh rjg dh LowQyh&f'k{kk dks gkfly djus
esa Hk;adj ijs'kkfu;k¡ vkrh gSaA
vc ;g ,d LFkkfir lR; gS fd ljdkjh
LowQy eq[;r% xjhcksa osQ fy, gSAa bu LowQyksa esa
i<+us okys ”;knkrj cPps reke vojksèkksa ls xqtj+ rs
gq, bu LowQyksa esa igqp
¡ rs gaAS ;|fi ;g O;oLFkk
nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h f'k{kk O;oLFkkvksa esa ls ,d
gS ij nqHkkZX;o'k ;g csdkj vkSj v{ke gSA ;g ewy
rkSj ij ,d jk"Vªh; ljksdkj dk elyk gS fd
54.6% cPps (56.9% yM+fd;k¡) d{kk vkB
rd dh i<+kbZ iwjh djus osQ iwoZ gh LowQy NksM+ nsrs
gSa vkSj 66% cPps (68-6% yM+fd;k¡) d{kk 10
ls igys gh LowQyksa dks NksM+ nsrs gSAa (Hkkjr ljdkj]
ekuo lalkèku fodkl ea=kky; oQh osclkbV ij
7
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
1
'kS{kf.kd o"kZ 2001-02 dk varfje vk¡dM+k)A 2-1 futh fo|ky;
tutkrh; {ks=kksa rFkk fiNM+s f”kyksa esa vkSj vuqlfw pr
bu lcosQ vykok] ljdkj }kjk ekU;rkizkIr
tkfr;ksa ,oa vuqlfw pr tutkfr;ksa esa LowQy tkus
,sls Hkh LowQy gSa ftudk izcèa ku futh rkSj
okys cPpksa osQ izfr'kr esa Hkkjh deh gSA lkFk gh
ij fd;k tkrk gS] ftuesa ls oqQN ljdkj
ik¡p lky rd fujarj LowQy esa tkus osQ ckotwn
}kjk vuqnku Hkh ikrs gSa vkSj ckdh vU; dks
osQoy 60% cPps gh i<+] fy[k vkSj cqfu;knh
dksbZ vuqnku ugha feyrk (xSj&vuqnku izkIr
x.kuk dj ikrs gaAS ekuks O;oLFkk jph gh ,slh xbZ
LowQy)A ;|fi lewph O;oLFkk esa bu LowQyksa
gks fd og osQoy mu FkksMs+ ls cPpksa dk è;ku j[ks
dk izfr'kr de gS ij budh l¡[;k rs”kh ls
tks d{kk ,d esa izo's k ysrs gSa vkSj d{kk nl rd
c<+ jgh gS vkSj budk ;g foLrkj ljdkjh
igqp
¡ rs gSAa okLro es]a uxj&fuxe LowQy ;k ljdkjh
LowQyksa osQ fy, ”kcjnLr pqukSrh gSA ,sls
xzkeh.k LowQy dh d{kk ,d esa nkf[kyk ysus okyk
futh LowQy Hkh gSa tks fof'k"V ”k#jr okys
dksbZ fo|kFkhZ d{kk nl rd fdlh nq?kZVuk ls gh
cPpksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj pyk, tkrs gSa tSls
igqp
¡ ikrk gS u fd bl O;oLFkk dh jpuk lsA dbZ
cPps tks ns[k ugha ldrs] lqu ugha ldrs ;k
izdkj osQ futh vkSj lkoZtfud LowQyksa osQ izkoèkku
ns'k esa ,d vlaxr vkSj vleku f'k{kk O;oLFkk
èkheh xfr ls lh[kus okys cPpsA ;g nq[kn
osQ fy, f”kEesnkj gSAa
fLFkfr gS fd cM+h l¡[;k esa xSj&ekU;rkizkIr
1
oSdfYid LowQy
vkJe'kkyk
—
vkoklh; LowQy
—
osaQæh; fo|ky;
—
uoksn; fo|ky;
—
—
Ng ?kaVs vkSj pkj ?kaVs pyus okys LowQy vkSj ^py&LowQy*A
vkfnoklh cPpksa osQ fy, vkfnoklh dY;k.k ea=kky; }kjk foÙkh; leFkZu ls
pyk, tkus okys vkSipkfjd vkoklh; fo|ky;A
oafpr lewg tSls vuqlfw pr tkfr osQ fy, vkoklh; LowQy tks oafpr leqnk; osQ
dY;k.k osQ fy, lacfa èkr ea=kky; osQ foÙkh; leFkZu ls pyrs gaAS
osaQnz ljdkj osQ deZpkfj;ksa (l'kL=k lsukvksa lfgr) osQ cPpksa osQ fy,] ftudk
LFkkukarj.k lewps ns'k esa dgha Hkh gks ldrk gSA
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk iwjh rjg ls foÙkh; lefFkZr vkSj izcafèkr rFkk mRÑ"Vrk osQ
fy, pyk, tkus okys vkoklh; LowQyA
izkFkfed Lrj ij LowQy NksM+us dh nj (d{kk 1 ls 5) yM+osQ 38.4%] yM+fd;k¡ 39.9% vkSj oqQy 39%A mPp izkFkfed
Lrj ij LowQy NksM+us dh nj (d{kk 1 ls 8)_ yM+osQ 52.9%] yM+fd;k¡ 56.9% vkSj oqQy 54.6% A d{kk 1 ls 10
rd LowQy NksM+us dh nj — yM+osQ 64.2%] yM+fd;k¡ 68.6% vkSj oqQy 66%.
Ïksr % Mh-vks-bZ-bZ-,y- ekuo lalkèku fodkl ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj dh osclkbV] 'kS{kf.kd o"kZ 2001-02 dk varfje
vk¡dM+k.
8
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
LowQyksa vkSj V~;w'ku osaQnzksa dk fodkl gks jgk 2-3 O;oLFkk lacaèkh ljksdkj
gS tks osQoy mu cPpksa dk è;ku j[krs gSa
orZeku esa LowQy leqnk; vkSj mldh vkfFkZd
tks bldh dher ns ldrs gSa vkSj ;g
fofHkUurk dks n'kkZrs gS]a lkFk gh os bl vyxko
xjhch dh fLFkfr;ksa esa jg jgs cPpksa osQ
dks e”kcwr Hkh dj jgs gksrs gSAa bl iwjh
2
O;oLFkk esa tks eq[; elyk gS og ;g gS fd
fo#¼ pyh xbZ ,d vkSj pky gSA
LowQy dks ,sls j[kk vkSj le>k tk, fd ;g
2-2 fo|ky;ksa esa lqfoèkk,¡
lkekftd cnyko dks ykus okyh ,d laLFkk
cus vkSj ,d ,slk LFkku gks tgk¡ cPpksa osQ
,d vksj tgk¡ LowQyksa osQ dbZ izdkj gSa ogha
vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk gksrh gks rFkk tgk¡ lerk
nwljh vksj ljdkjh O;oLFkk osQ bu LowQyksa
vkSj U;k; dh ogh ladYiuk lkdkj gks tSlk
esa ekS”kwnk cqfu;knh lqfoèkkvksa dh miyCèkrk
lafoèkku esa ifjdfYir fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh;
esa Hkh O;kid varj gSA NksVs xk¡oksa esa ,sls
lanHkZ esa LowQy dks ,d ,slh laLFkk osQ rkSj ij
Hkh LowQy gSa ftuosQ ikl viuk dksbZ Hkou
fy;k tkrk gS tks cPpksa dks dke vkSj etnwjh
ugha gS vkSj ;s LowQy futh] lkeqnkf;d ;k
osQ pDosQ rys filus ls] cky fookg ls]
fdjk, osQ dejksa esa pyrs gaSA ogha nwljh
ySfa xd vlekurk ls] fofHkUu izdkj osQ
vksj cM+s xk¡oksa esa ,sls LowQy gSa ftuosQ ikl
lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd HksnHkkoksa ls cpk;sAa
b±V vkSj iRFkjksa ls fufeZr viuk Hkou gS
LowQy ,slh laLFkk,¡ gSa tgk¡ cPps vkuk ilan
vkSj muosQ ifjlj esa o`{k Hkh yxs gksrs gSaA
djs]a laokn djs]a vkRelEeku vkSj xfjekiwod
Z
egkuxjh; {ks=kksa esa uxj fuxe osQ LowQyksa
lh[ksAa blls Hkh T;knk egRoiw.kZ gS fd LowQy
osQ ikl cgqèkk Hkou gqvk djrs gSa ftudh
,sls LFkku cusa tgk¡ cPpksa osQ f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj
vkjafHkd jpuk rks vPNh gksrh gS ysfdu
dh j{kk gks losQ vkSj ftls os izkIr dj losQa A
fujarj mis{kk dh otg ls dkI+kQh [kjkc
vanj gh cPpksa rd igqp
¡ us esa v{ke ikbZ
gkyr esa gksrs pys tkrs gSaA
tkrh gSA ;g v{kerk xaHkhjrk ls fopkj djus
pw¡fd ljdkjh LowQyksa osQ lanHkZ esa ,slh
dh ek¡x djrh gSA
le> gS fd os vPNh f'k{kk nsus osQ fy,
vuqi;qDr vkSj dkI+kQh de”kksj gSa blfy, mudh
txg rs”kh osQ lkFk futh LowQy ysrs tk jgs gSaA 3- igyh ih<+h osQ f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks fu#Rlkfgr
vkSj viekfur fd;k tkuk
muesa ls vfèkdk¡'k dk ,dek=k fcozQh foKkiu
dbZ f'k{kkFkhZ ,sls gksrs gSa ftudh igyh ih<+h
gksrk gS & ^v¡xzs”kh ekè;e*A
2
izrhph (Hkkjr) VªLV % n izrhph ,tqosQ'ku fjiksVZ] u;h fnYyh&2002] izksc fjiksVZ & ifCyd fjiksVZ vkWu csfld ,tqosQ'ku
bu bafM;k] vkWDlI+kQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl] fnYyh 1999 vkSj jkepanzu] foeyk (laik-)] tsaMj ,aM lks'ky bfDoVh bu izkbejh
,tqosQ'ku & gkbZjkdhZ vkWI+kQ ,Dlsl] lst ifCyosQ'ku] u;h fnYyh&2004.
9
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
f'k{kk gkfly dj jgh gksrh gS blfy, muosQ
vfHkHkkod muosQ LowQyh dke esa fdlh rjg
dh enn dj ikus esa l{ke ugha gksrs gSaA cPpksa
osQ fy, blesa <yuk dkI+kQh eqf'dy gksrk gS]
os ,d èkhjs lh[kus okys cqjs fo|kFkhZ osQ :i
esa fujarj viekfur gksrs gSaA os mÙkh.kZ u gks
ldus okys] u lh[kus okys fo|kFkhZ osQ :i esa
oxhZÑr dj fn, tkrs gSaA os yxkrkj fu#Rlkfgr
fd, tkrs gSa vkSj cgqèkk var esa ijh{kkvksa esa
isQy gks tkrs gSaA os ikB~;iqLrd] fy[kus&i<+us
dk lkeku vkSj iks'kkd u [kjhn ikus vkSj
vkfèkdkfjd rFkk xSj&vkfèkdkfjd ^LowQyh
'kqYd* u ns ikus dh viuh v{kerk dh otg
ls nafMr Hkh fd, tkrs gSaA blosQ vykok dbZ
ckj mUgsa 'kkjhfjd naM Hkh fn;k tkrk gSA
”kkfgj gS fd ,sls esa osQoy ;gh visf{kr gS
fd os vius vkidks LowQyh O;oLFkk ls ckgj
3
èkosQys tkus dh fLFkfr esa ik, tkrs gSA
3-1 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld pqukSfr;ksa okys
cPps
lg;ksxh lsokvksa osQ vHkko rFkk HkkSfrd
lqyHkrk ,oa f'k{k.k 'kkL=kkh; j.kuhfr nksuksa
ek;uksa esa vxE;rk dh otg ls 'kkjhfjd
vkSj ekufld pqukSfr;ksa okys cPps LowQyh&
3
4
f'k{kk ls izHkkoh <ax ls cfg"Ñr dj fn,
tkrs gSaA muosQ lh[kus esa vkSj LowQyh&f'k{kk
dh izfozQ;k esa Hkkx ysus esa vkus okys
vojksèkksa dks eqf'dy gh le>k tkrk gSA
urhtu ;s cPps fcuk ns[kHkky osQ gh LowQy
ls dkI+kQh ihNs jg tkrs gSaA
4- LokLF; vkSj oqQiks"k.k
gkfy;k lk{; ,slk fn[kkrs gSa fd ”;knkrj xjhc
cPps oqQiks"k.k dk f'kdkj gksrs gSAa muosQ ikl lkI+kQ
ikuh] 'kkSp vkSj LokLF; oQh ns[kHkky osQ fy,
lqyHk lkèku ugha gksrs urhtru os fujarj chekj
iM+rs jgrs gSa tSls — laoQz e.k ls xzflr gks tkuk]
xgjh [kk¡lh vkSj lnhZ ;k fiQj nwljh rjg dh
4
fu;fer chekfj;ksa dk gksukA ljdkjh LowQy osQ
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk ,d cM+k fgLlk xjhch dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
ls vkus okys cPpksa dk gksrk gSA [kjkc iks"k.k vkSj
pozQh; chekfj;k¡ (lI+kQkbZ dh oqQ&O;oLFkk vkSj
LokLF; lqfoèkkvksa dh vlqyHkrk osQ pyrs) fu;fer
:i ls LowQy tkus dh cPpksa dh {kerk dks dkI+kQh
izHkkfor djrh gSAa ;|fi LowQy oQh fnup;kZ esa
nksigj dk Hkkstu ,d Lokxr ;ksX; dne gS]
ysfdu dkIk+ Qh oqQN fd;k tkuk vHkh ckdh gS vxj
ge [kjkc iks"k.k vkSj LokLF; osQ f'k{kk ij izHkko
ij è;ku nsus s dh ”k#jr le>aAas
>k vkSj >haxju] ,fyesaVªh ,tqosQ'ku iQkWj n iqvjsLV ,aM vnj fMizkbOM xzqi] lsaVj iQkWj ikWfylh fjlpZ] u;h fnYyh 2002
vkSj jkepanzu] foeyk rFkk bZ-vkj- ;w- Vhe] LusDl ,aM ySMj & iSQDVj baÝyq,uflax lDlsliqQy izkbejh LowQy oaQiyh'ku
iQkWj fpYMªsu bu ikoVhZ daVsDlV] lkmFk ,f'k;u áweu MsoyiesaV lsDVj] fjiksVZ ua- 6] fo'o cSad] u;h fnYyh 2004.
Hkkjr ljdkj] ;kstuk vk;ksx] feM&VeZ fjO;w vkWI+kQ ukbaFk iQkbo bZ;j Iyku] u;h fnYyh 2001, Hkkjr ljdkj] ;kstuk
vk;skx] fjiksVZ vkWI+kQ n ofo±Qx xzqi vkWu pkbYM MsoyiesaV iQkWj n VsaFk iQkbo bZ;j Iyku] 2001 — oYMZ cSad] jhfpax
n pkbYM — ,u baVhfxjsVsM ,izksp Vw pkbYM MsoyiesaV] vkWDlI+kQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl] fnYyh&2004.
10
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
4-3 ijh{kk esa isQy gksuk
4-1 detksj lS¼kafrd <k¡pk
okLro esa xjhch ls Hkh ”;knk ml ^xjhch
xjhc cPpksa osQ ikl dksbZ lg;ksxh O;oLFkk
osQ roZQ* ls fd xjhc cPps LowQy ugha vk
ugha gksrh (tSls V~;w'ku@dksfpax] ?kj vkSj
ldrs D;ksafd mUgsa dekuk gksrk gS] bu
LowQy esa i<+u&s fy[kus dk okrkoj.k bR;kfn)
cPpksa dks LowQy esa ys tkus okyh dksf'k'ksa
rkfd os tfVy ikB~;p;kZ ls viuk rkyesy
grk'k gksrh gSAa ;g roZQ bl dnj grksRlkfgr
fcBk losaQ] [kkl rkSj ls izkjafHkd vkSj
djus okyk gksrk gS fd xjhc cPpksa dks
ekè;fed LowQy Lrj ij] bldk ifj.kke
izfrfnu LowQyh O;oLFkk esa ogk¡ osQ bl
;g gksrk gS fd tks cPps cksMZ ijh{kk nsrs
rjg osQ ekgkSy ls la?k"kZ djuk iM+rk gSA
gaS muesa 50% isQy gks tkrs gSaA ;g
ifj.kke vius izfr ,d rjg osQ fudEesiu
4-2 fu;e vkSj izfØ;kvksa esa :f<+c¼rk
osQ cksèk ls rks Hkjrk gh gS lkFk gh LowQyh
(xSj&yphykiu)
O;oLFkk ls ckgj fudyus dk dkj.k Hkh
LowQy osQ ckgj NwV pqosQ cPpksa dks nqckjk
curk gSA
LowQy ls tqM+us esa dbZ rjg dh ijs'kkfu;k¡
vkrh gSaA O;oLFkk esa ,d rjg dh tM+rk 5- vuqekfur O;;
gksrh gS rFkk mu cPpksa dks LowQy esa nkf[kyk
ugha feyrk tks nkf[kys oQh vafre rkjh[k xjhc cPpksa osQ fy, izfr cPpk okf"kZd vuqekfur
osQ ckn vkrs gSaA blosQ vykok ,slh dksbZ [kpZ 1200 ls 1500 #i, osQ chp esa gSA ;g
rS;kjh Hkh ns[kus dks ugha feyrh fd mu O;oLFkk ;g vis{kk djrh gS fd os cPps ftUgsa
iqjkus cPpksa dks tks dHkh LowQy NksM+ pqosQ LowQy tkus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gS vkSj ftuosQ vfHkHkkod
gksrs gSa vkSj nqckjk LowQy vkuk pkgrs gSa] Lo;a Hkh LowQy ugha x, gS]a brus okf"kZd [kpZ esa
LowQy esa lek;ksftr fd;k tk,A u gh i<+&fy[k losQa xsA ;fn bldh rqyuk eè;e oxZ vkSj
muosQ fy, dksbZ txg feyrh gS ftUgksaus mPp oxZ ls vkus okys cPpksa ij gksus okys [kpZ ls
oqQN o"kZ vkSipkfjd O;oLFkk ls ckgj jg dh tk, rks ;g ml jkf'k osQ nlosa Hkkx ls Hkh de
dj lh[kk gSA ;g mu cPpksa osQ izfr Hkh gksxkA lHkh cPps LowQy esa ugha gSa vkSj u gh lh[k
xSj&laosnu'khyrk fn[kkrh gS tks vkSipkfjd jgs gS]a bl fpark dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, xjhc cPpksa
èkkjk esa fczt dkslZ] rst xfr ls lh[kdj osQ fy, vuqekfur [kpZ dks mi;qDr <ax ls c<+k;k
vkSj fof'k"V d{kkvksa osQ ”kfj, vkrs gSaA tkuk pkfg,A tks vHkh Hkh djuk gS--;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd mijksDr
;g O;oLFkk mUgsa LowQy esa lek;ksftr gksus
osQ fy, vko';d le; vkSj vdknfed reke vojksèk gVk, tk,¡ rkfd LowQy dks LowQy]
lg;ksx u nsdj] mudk cfg"dkj djrh gSA f'k{kd dks f'k{kd cuk;k tk losQ vkSj cPpksa
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
dks cpiu fey losQA vxj ge ikB~;p;kZ dh
:ijs[kk esa O;oLFkkxr cnyko dks izHkkfor djuk
pkgrs gSa rks gesa nksuksa elyksa dk gy fudkyuk
gksxk] igyk fd cPps d{kk nl rd LowQyksa esa
Bgj losQa vkSj nwljk] LowQyh O;oLFkk dks bl ckr
osQ fy, rS;kj djuk gksxk fd og mu reke cPpksa
dks viuk losQ vkSj lg;ksx dj losQ tks fd
LowQy osQ ckgj gaS rkfd os LowQyksa esa vk losQa A
6- f'k{kdksa dks fu.kZ; ysus dh vuqefr
f'k{kd vius is'ksoj gksus dk ntkZ pqukSfr;ksa dh
ml nq:grk ls ikrs gSa ftldk lkeuk os f'k{kk
dh fof'k"V izo`fÙk;ksa ls tw>rs le; djrs gSa ftls
fd mUgas izR;sd cPps dks nsuk gksrk gS rkfd
muosQ f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj dh j{kk gks losQA
”k#jr gS fd muosQ ikl bldk fu.kZ; djus dh
'kfDr gksuh pkfg, fd os D;k i<+k,¡ vkSj cPpksa
dk fdl izdkj ewY;k¡du djsa ;k mudks le>saA
;g f'k{kd gh gksrk gS tks cPpksa osQ }kjk eglwl
fd, tkus okys lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd vkSj Hkk"kk;h
vojksèkksa dh ijs'kkfu;ksa dks lhèks&lhèks eglwl
djrk gSA LowQy osQ ckgj osQ izR;sd cPps dks
fo|kFkhZ osQ :i esa cnyk gh tkuk pkfg,A
5
1950
11
f'k{kdksa dks ;g O;kolkf;d pqukSrh osQ :i esa
”k:j Lohdkjuk gksxkA
f'k{kk osQ lkoZHkkSfedj.k dk y{; rc rd
ugha izkIr fd;k tk ldrk tc rd fd gekjs
ikl ,sls f'k{kd u gksa ftudh fu"Bk lansgksa ls ijs
gks — ftuesa ge iwjh rjg ls fo'okl dj losaQA
6-1 f'k{k.k is'ks esa gks jgs {k; dk lkeuk
f'k{kd og èkqjh gS ftlosQ bnZ&fxnZ
f'k{kk&O;oLFkk ?kwe jgh gSA orZeku lanHkZ esa
rs”kh ls c<+ jgh LowQyh O;oLFkk vkSj foÙkh;
?kkVs ([kkl rkSj ls jkT;ksa esa) okyh fLFkfr
es]a leqfpr l¡[;k esa f'k{kdksa dh vuqiyCèkrk
,d u;s rjg osQ f'k{kdksa osQ vkxeu dh
vksj c<+rh gSA LowQyh f'k{kdksa dh lkekftd
fLFkfr esa rs”kh ls fxjkoV vk jgh gS rFkk
f'k{kd dks ljdkjh LowQy osQ reke oqQiz'kklu
vkSj chekfj;ksa osQ fy, f”kEesnkj Bgjk;k tk
jgk gSA tcfd bldks igpkuk Hkh tk jgk gS
fd f'k{kd dk mÙkjnkf;Ro dkI+kQh egÙoiw.kZ
elyk gS rc ,d is'ks osQ :i esa f'k{kd
osQ is'ksxr pfj=k esa tks ßkl gks jgk gS og
5
fuEu ls vkarfjd rkSj ij tqM+k gSA
osQ ckn ls vkus okyh yxHkx reke egÙoiw.kZ jiVksa esa bl ckr dh egÙkk ij ”kksj fn;k x;k gS fd i;kZIr l¡[;k
esa f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfDr gksuh pkfg,] f'k{kd cuus osQ fy, 'kq#vkrh U;wure ;ksX;rk lqfuf'pr dh tkuh pkfg,] f'k{kdksa
dks var%lsok f'k{kd izf'k{k.k osQ ekè;e ls vdknfed lg;ksx fn;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk f'k{kdksa dh uSfrdrk vkSj izsj.kk
ij egÙoiw.kZ :i ls è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g uhfrxr nLrkos”kksa osQ fy, ,d yxkrkj pyus okyk fo"k; jgk gS tSls
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk vk;ksx 1964] jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1968] 1986 vkSj 1992 A 1986 dh jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr esa ,d
iwjk [kaM gS] ^vè;kid*— ¶fdlh lekt esa vè;kidksa osQ ntsZ ls mldh lkaLÑfrd&lkekftd n`f"V dk irk yxrk
gSA dgk x;k gS fd dksbZ Hkh turk vius vè;kidksa osQ Lrj ls mQij ugha mB ldrhA ljdkj vkSj lekt esa ,slh
ifjfLFkfr;k¡ cuuh pkfg, ftuls vè;kidksa dks fuekZ.k vkSj l`tu dh vksj c<+us dh izsj.kk feysA vè;kidksa dks bl
ckr dh vk”kknh gksuh pkfg, fd os u;s iz;ksx dj losaQ vkSj laizs"k.k dh mi;qDr fofèk;k¡ vkSj vius leqnk; dh leL;kvksa
12
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
6-2 vi;kZIr f'k{kd
ekudksa esa dkI+kQh <hy nsrs gSa&tSls izfr lewg
fo|kFkhZ vkSj f'k{kd dk vuqikr dbZ {ks=kksa esa f'k{kd l¡[;k vkSj mudh 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk esa
visf{kr ekud ls dkI+kQh uhps gS vkSj vfèkdk¡'k HkhA ;g 6muosQ is'ksxr pfj=k esa vkSj ßkl iSnk
'kgjh {ks=kksa osQ LowQyksa esa f'k{kdksa dh cgqyrk djrk gSA
gSA gkfy;k vkadyu ls irk pyrk gS fd lkjs 7- xSj&f'k{kdh; dke
izkFkfed LowQyksa dk 15% (95,588) ,d
dejs esa pyus okys LowQy gSa — tcfd LowQyh f'k{kdksa osQ ikl i<+kus osQ vykok dbZ
xzkeh.k {ks=kksa osQ fgLls esa ,d d{kk okys LowQyksa vkSj rjg osQ dke gksrs gSa tSls xzkeh.k fodkl
dk 95% gSA 17.51% LowQyksa (1,11,635) ;kstukvksa osQ fy, vk¡dM+ksa dks ,d=k djuk]
osQ ikl osQoy ,d f'k{kd gSA ,d f'k{kd jk"Vªh; tux.kuk] pquko osQ dke vkSj vU;
okys 96% LowQy xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa fLFkr gSa (Mh- izpkj dk;Z tks mUgsa f”kyk osQ vfèkdkjhx.k
vkbZ-,l-bZ-] uhik 2005)A bldk eryc ;g djus dks dgrs gSaA buls os d{kk ls nwj gksrs
gksrk gS fd f'k{kdksa osQ ikl cPpksa dks LowQy esa tkrs gSaA ,d rjg ls ;g lc LowQyh f'k{kd
j[kus vkSj mUgsa fl[kkus osQ fy,] tks vko';d osQ xSj&izHkkoh f'k{k.k dks oSèkrk nsus dk dke
gSS mlosQ fy, u rks le; gksrk gS vkSj u gh djrs gSa rFkk lkFk gh mlosQ is'ks dks NksVk
mQtkZA blosQ vykok jkT; f'k{kk osQ fy, cuk, cuk nsrs gSaA
vkSj {kerkvksa osQ vuq:i u;s mik; fudky losaQA vè;kidksa dks HkrhZ djus dh iz.kkyh esa bl izdkj ifjorZu fd;k tk,xk
fd mudk p;u mudh ;ksX;rk osQ vkèkkj ij O;fDr fujis{k :i ls vkSj muosQ dk;Z dh vis{kkvksa osQ vuq:i gks losQA
f'k{kdksa dk osru vkSj lsok dh 'krs± muosQ lkekftd vkSj O;kolkf;d nkf;Ro osQ vuq:i gksa vkSj ,slh gksa ftuls
izfrHkk'kkyh O;fDr f'k{k.k O;olk; dh vksj vkÑ"V gksaA ;g iz;Ru fd;k tk,xk fd iwjs ns'k esa osru esa] lsok@'krks± esa
vkSj f'kdk;rsa nwj djus dh O;oLFkk esa lekurk dk okaNuh; mís'; izkIr fd;k tk losQA vè;kidksa dh rSukrh vkSj
rcknys esa O;fDr&fujis{krk ykus osQ fy, funsZ'kd fl¼kar cuk, tk,¡xsA muosQ ewY;k¡du dh ,d i¼fr r; dh tk,xh
tks Li"V gksxh] vk¡dM+ksa ,oa rF;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gksxh vkSj ftlesa lcdk ;ksxnku gksxkA mQij osQ xzsM esa rjDdh osQ fy,
f'k{kdksa dks mfpr volj fn, tk,¡xsA tokcnsgh osQ ekud r; fd, tk,¡xsA vPNs dk;Z dks izksRlkfgr fd;k tk,xk
vkSj fuf"ozQ;rk dks fu#RlkfgrA 'kSf{kd dk;ZozQeksa osQ cukus vkSj mUgsa fozQ;kfUor djus esa vè;kidksa dh Hkwfedk egÙoiw.kZ
cuh jgsxhA¸ (jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 (1992 osQ la'kksèkuksa lfgr)] ekuo lalkèku fodkl ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj]
Hkkx&9] i`- 43-44).
6
f'k{kdksa dh l¡[;k esa yxkrkj c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gSA izkFkfed Lrj ij 1990 esa budh l¡[;k 16,16,000 Fkh tks 2001
esa 18,96,000 gks xbZ rFkk mPp izkFkfed Lrj ij 1990 esa 10,73,000 Fkh tks 2001 esa 13,26,000 gks xbZA buesa
ls 2,59,099 iSjk&f'k{kd (BsosQ osQ f'k{kd) ftuesa 67.94 iSjk&f'k{kd ns'k Hkj osQ izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa gSa.
Ïksr % v#.k esgrk] Mh-vkbZ-,l-bZ- MkVk
2003-2004]
uhik
2005.
13
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
f'k{kd f'k{kk osQ fy, flI+kQkfj'k
mPp ekè;fed Lrj osQ fo|kFkhZ dbZ ek;uksa esa fof'k"V gksrs gSa blfy, mudh f'k{kk dh ;g
”k#jr gS fd muosQ f'k{kd ”k#jr osQ vuqlkj izf'kf{kr gksaA
bl le; +2 osQ f'k{kdksa osQ fy, ns'k esa dksbZ Hkh lsokiwoZ f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk dk;ZozQe ugha
gS tSlk fd ,d le; {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa ^,e-,l-lh- ,tqosQ'ku* dk dk;ZozQe gksrk FkkA
,sls dk;ZozQeksa dks cM+s iSekus ij yk;k tkuk pkfg,] vxj mi;qZDr izf'kf{kr f'k{kd bl Lrj ij
ikB~;p;kZ dk izcaèku dj losaQA
lsokiwoZ Lrj osQ f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZoQz eksa esa ^ekxZn'kZu ,oa ijke'kZ* dk ,d ipkZ gksuk pkfg,
ftlls fd mUgsa vius vuq'kklu esa visf{kr vfHkeq[khdj.k gks losQ vkSj izf'k{k.k fey losQA
ekuo 'kfDr dk fu;kstu
ekè;fed Lrj ij izf'kf{kr ekuo 'kfDr dh ek¡x vkSj miyCèkrk esa ,d cM+k varj Li"V rkSj
ij ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
,slk blfy, gksrk gS fd u rks dksbZ ,slh ,tsalh gS] u gh dksbZ fudk;xr ra=k ftlls irk yxs
fd jkT; dks fdl gn rd vfrfjDr ekuo 'kfDr dh miyCèkrk Lohdkj gSA
izf'kf{kr ekuo 'kfDr dk vkfèkD; flI+kZQ csjks”kxkjh dks gh ugha iSnk djrk gS cfYd izcaèku }kjk
;g f'k{kdksa osQ 'kks"k.k dk dkj.k Hkh curk gSA
bl lanHkZ (mijksDr) esa futh vkSj ljdkjh izcaèku esa dksbZ varj ns[kus dks ugha feyrkA
jkT;ksa us rks fu;fer f'k{kdksa dks ,d ^e`r izk;%
inksUufr vkSj fof'k"V dke osQ lanHkZ esa Hkz"Vkpkj oSQMj* eku fy;k gS & vkSj roZQ ;g gS fd BsosQ
(LFkkukarj.k osQ fy, ;k fiQj LFkkukarj.k #dokus ij f'k{kd j[kus ls foÙhk; vkSj iz'kklfud
osQ fy,] f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k laLFkku esa izfrfu;qfDr lgwfy;r jgrh gSA
;k vU; eupkgh fu;qfDr;ksa osQ fy, fj'or)
vkSj U;k;ky; esa nk;j ekeyksa ls f'k{kd leqnk; 9- vuko';d fdLe dk f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k
dk lEeku dkI+kQh ?kVk gSA f'k{kdksa osQ oSQMj vPNh f'k{kk osQ fy, f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k cPps
dk izcaèku jktuhfr ls cqjh rjg ls xzLr gks vkSj mlosQ f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkjksa ls vyx f'k{kk
pqdk gS tks fd dbZ jkT;ksa esa u;s f'k{kdksa dh dh xq.koÙkk dks c<+kus osQ fy, vius&vki esa
fu;qfDr dks xgjs rkSj ls izHkkfor djrk gSA dbZ ,d lkè; gSA f'k{kd fu;fer :i ls oqQN lw=k
8- f'k{kk dk jktuhfrdj.k
14
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
oqQN lq>ko
izkFkfed Lrj ij] LowQy osQ ikB~;ozQe vkSj ikB~;p;kZ dks ysdj iSQyh Hkzkafr dks gVkus osQ fy, dke
djuk pkfg,A bl ij ,d lkoZtfud :i ls tkx:drk gksuh pkfg, fd vfHkHkkod O;oLFkk ls ;g
ek¡x oSèk rjhosQ ls dj ldrs gaS — fd cPps tks oqQN lh[ksa og mlh Hkk"kk vkSj ekgkSy esa lh[ksa tks
muosQ fy, oqQN eryc j[krk gksA xjhc cPpksa ls ftl miyfCèk dks izkIr djus dh mEehn dh tkrh
gS og vU; cPpksa osQ tSlh gh gksuh pkfg,A nwljs 'kCnksa esa ge dg ldrs gaS fd bls igpkus tkus dh
”k#jr gS fd vis{kk dk fuEu Lrj ;k fiQj U;wure vfèkxe Lrj ij ”kksj nsuk bu xjhc cPpksa dks fiQj
ls gkf'k, dh vksj <osQysxkA
xzke iapk;r blosQ fy, rS;kj gks fd og lacfa èkr vfèkdkfj;ks@a izfr"Bkuksa dk è;ku bl vksj fnyk losQ
fd LowQy osQ f'k{kdksa dks LowQy esa f'k{k.k djrs le; fdl&fdl rjg osQ lg;ksx dh ”k#jr gSA
f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk dks lqèkkjus osQ fy, elhgkbZ vank”k] mQij ls uhps] fu;af=kr dk;ZozQe u flI+kZQ
xSj&dk;kZRed gSa cfYd foijhrxkeh Hkh gSaA
okD;ksa dk iz;ksx ukjksa dh rjg djrs gS ^ckyoaQs fnzr
f'k{kk*] ^[kq'kuqek ekgkSy esa lh[kuk*] ^Kku ls
vKku dh vksj* bR;kfn] ftls os f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k
dk;ZozQe osQ nkSjku iwjh rjg ls ,d vyx vkSj
dVs gq, lanHkZ esa lh[krs gaSA pw¡fd ;s ukjs f'k{kd
osQ [kqn osQ dke dh is'ksojkuk fu"Bk tSlh
fdlh thoar izfozQ;k ls fudy dj ugha vkrs
blfy, cgqèkk ;s lrgh vkSj csdkj lkfcr gksrs
gSaA f'k{kd ftu fofoèk izdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
rFkk lanHkks± dk lkeuk djus esa O;Lr jgrk gS]
mlosQ fy, mls funsZ'kksa dk vuqdj.k djus osQ
ctk; fu;eksa dh jpuk djus rFkk mi;ksx esa
ykus lacèa kh ;ksX;rkvksa ls ySl gksus dh vko';drk
gSA mUgsa fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr ls fuiVus osQ fy,
lg;ksx vkSj yphysiu dh ”k#jr gSA izf'k{k.k
dk;ZØe] lg;ksxh rjhosQ vkSj izf'k{kd bu ”k#jrksa
dk lkeuk djus osQ fy, rS;kj ugha gSaA
10- LowQy&O;oLFkk dk ,d fgLlk
Hkkjr esa f'k{kk uhfr foosaQnzhdj.k vkSj vkokl
LFkku Lrj ij cuh ;kstukvksa osQ ukjksa osQ chp gh
O;Dr gksrh jgh gSA uhfr osQ nLrkos”k ;kstukvksa
esa lanHkZ&fo'ks"k dh ”k#jr dks fpfÉr djrs jgs
gSaA LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa tSls LowQy f'k{kk lfefr
(LowQy ,tqoQs 'ku desVh&,l-bZ-lh-)] xzke f'k{kk
lfefr (foyst ,tqoQs 'ku desVh&oh-bZ-lh-)] LowQy
izcèa ku lfefr (LowQy eSut
s eSVa desVh&,l-,e-lh-)
vkSj pqus x, fudk; tSls xzke iapk;r bR;kfn osQ
tfj, leqnk; dh Hkkxhnkjh dks ,d egÙoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk nh xbZA
O;ogkj esa LowQy] O;oLFkk dk vkf[kjh Nksj
gksrk gS tks fd mQij ls vkns'k vkSj funsZ'k ikrk
gSA muls ;g mEehn dh tkrh gS fd os loZf'k{kk
vfHk;ku osQ ”kfj, osaQnz ljdkj }kjk fn, tkus
okys fn'kk&funsZ'kksa dk ikyu djsaA bl lanHkZ esa
15
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
bruk le>uk dkIk+ Qh gksxk fd ftl ek=kk esa iSlk
[kpZ fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ctV osQ fy, tks
izfozQ;k r; dh tkrh gS og LowQy dh ckSf¼d&lÙkk
vkSj mlosQ f'k{kdksa vkSj cPpksa dh ”k#jrksa osQ
fy, cgqr FkksM+h&lh gh Lora=krk NksM+rk gSA
igyh ih<+h osQ f'k{kkFkhZ osQ lh[kus vkSj
LowQyhdj.k dh ek¡x dks iwjk djus dh izfozQ;k esa
,d Bhd&Bkd yphykiu yk, tkus dh ”k#jr
gSA f'k{kk foHkkx }kjk iz'kkldh; lqèkkj vkSj
mlesa cnyko gks rkfd cPps lgt eglwl djas]
;g ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk vkSj vPNh f'k{kk osQ
izkoèkku dh ifjHkk"kk esa gh 'kkfey gSA ”k#jr
bl ckr dh gS fd iz'kkldh; fn'kk&funsZ'k
ikB~;iqLrdksa ls lacfa èkr dkedkt] lkexzh mRiknu]
ijh{kk lapkyu vkSj cPps osQ fujarj ewY;kadu esa
yphysiu dks izksRlkfgr djsaA f'k{kdksa osQ lewg
dks ijh{kk dk dk;ZozQe jpus dh vkSj reke
eè;kofèk gLr{ksiksa osQ chp cPps dk ewY;kadu
djus dh Lora=krk gksuh pkfg, rFkk yacs le;
ls foyafcr dkeksa dks lw{e Lrj ij fozQ;kfUor
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A tgk¡ ij bl dnj LFkkuh;
vkSj lkekftd cgqyrk gks] ml ekgkSy esa mQij
ls uhps dh vksj pyus okys lajf{kr dk;ZozQe osQ
”kfj, ge f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk dh ckr ugha lksp
ldrsA
blfy,] lcls igys vfuok;Z vkSj xSj&
le>kSrkijd dne ;g gksuk pkfg, fd Hkwfedkvksa
dks ysdj Li"Vrk cusA d{kk esa f'k{k.k dh
izÑfr osQ lanHkZ esa fu.kZ; LowQyh f'k{kdksa }kjk
fy, tkus dh ”k#jr gS — f'k{kk dh ukSdj'kkgh
esa tks yksx mQijh Lrj ij gSa mUgsa f'k{kdksa dh
enn djus osQ fy, dke djuk pkfg,A O;oLFkk
esa ikjnf'kZrk gksuh pkfg, vkSj lHkh Hkkxhnkjksa osQ
lkFk leku :i ls O;ogkj gksuk pkfg,A ,sls
rjhosQ LFkkfir fd, tkus pkfg, ftlls lafoèkku
esa fd, x, f'k{kk osQ mís';ksa dk vlerk fy,
gq, fo'ys"k.k vkSj fu;eksa dk LokFkZijd lhfer
rFkk i{kikrh iz;ksx igpkus tk losaQ vkSj mUgsa
liz;kl gVk;k tk losQA blls f'k{kdksa dk
vkRefo'okl c<+uk pkfg, rkfd os cPpksa osQ
laoSèkkfud vfèkdkjksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, u;h
fn'kkvksa dh [kkst dj losaQA jktuhfrd vkSj
ukSdj'kkgh lajpukvksa] O;oLFkkvksa rFkk O;fDr;ksa
esa nwjnf'kZrk y{;ksa vkSj uhfr dh fujarjrk dh
vko';drk gSA cnyko dh izfØ;k,¡ vkSj lqèkkjksa
dh ;kstuk,¡ yach le;kofèk osQ fy, cukbZ tkuh
pkfg,A mUgsa ckj&ckj u izkIr gksus okys vkSj
vlaHkkfor y?kq vofèk osQ ifj.kkeksa dh vis{kkvksa
rd gh lhfer ugha gksuk pkfg,A blesa orZeku
O;oLFkk dh myVh izfØ;k 'kkfey gksxhA
11- LowQy vkSj leqnk;
orZeku ukSdj'kkgh O;oLFkk] tSlk fd og dke
djrh gS] mldh dksf'k'k ;g gksrh gS fd mls
dM+h osQ vkf[kjh ¯cnq LowQy vkSj f'k{kd dks
la;ksftr djus dh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg,A ;g
LowQy osQ vkxs o`gr leqnk; rd ugha igqp
¡ rhA
leqnk; dh leqfpr Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djus osQ
ozQe esa vkSj leqnk; rFkk LowQy osQ chp dh nwjh
ikVus osQ fy, LowQy f'k{kk lfefr] CykWd f'k{kk
lfefr] LowQy izcèa ku lfefr vkSj f'k{kdvfHkHkkod
la?k (isjVas Vhpj ,lksfl,'ku&ih-Vh-,-) vkSj xk¡o]
16
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
CykWd vkSj f”kyk Lrj ij cukbZ xbZ LowQy dyLVj
lfefr;k¡ gSaA O;ogkj esa bl u;h lajpukRed
O;oLFkk dk bLrseky ljdkj }kjk ;kstuk dks
dk;kZfUor djus vkSj ykxw djus osQ fy, gh
fd;k tkrk gSA ;s lfefr;k¡ LowQy Hkou osQ fuekZ.k
vkSj iSjk&f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfDr;ksa esa 'kkfey gksrh
gSaA ;|fi ;s f'k{kdksa vkSj cPpksa dh mifLFkfr
vkSj fu;ferrk bR;kfn osQ fu.kZ;ksa esa 'kkfey
ugha gksrha] u gh mu leL;kvksa esa ftudk lkeuk
cPps LowQyksa esa djrs gSaA mu leL;kvksa ls Hkh
mudk dksbZ ljksdkj ugha gksrk ftudk lkeuk
f'k{kd djrs jgrs gSaA fnu&izfrfnu mBus okyh
leL;kvksa dks ysdj os vfèkdkfj;ksa ls dksbZ
ckrphr ugha djrs vkSj u gh fdlh ,sls fudk;
dk p;u djrs gSa tks mudk è;ku cPpksa vkSj
f'k{kdksa }kjk eglwl dh tkus okyh ijs'kkfu;ksa
tSls ikB~;iqLrdksa dh deh] HkkSfrd lqfoèkkvksa
vkSj lkoZtfud ifjogu bR;kfn dh vksj fnyk,A
;g ”k#jh gS fd ,slh laLFkkvksa dh okLrfod
Hkkxhnkjh] viuk gksus osQ cksèk osQ lkFk] ij ”kksj fn;k
tk,A bl lanHkZ esa foosQa nzhdj.k dk eryc ;g gS
fd LowQy dks leqnk; osQ u”knhd yk;k tk,A
12- foosaQæhÑr f'k{kk O;oLFkk
lafoèkku osQ 73osa la'kksèku
ekè;fed LowQyh f'k{kk dh
fudk;ksa dks gLrkarfjr dh gSA
jkT;ksa osQ chp LowQyh f'k{kk
7
us izkFkfed vkSj
f”kEesnkjh LFkkuh;
mlosQ ckn fofHkUu
dks ysdj LFkkuh;
fudk;ksa osQ fodkl esa fdlh rjg dh dksbZ
le:irk ugha fn[khA ;|fi dbZ jkT;ksa esa izdk;ks±
dk ,d cM+k lewg izR;sd Lrj ij iapk;rh jkt
laLFkkvksa dks fn;k x;k & tcfd O;ogkj esa bu
iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa us] [kkl rkSj ls rkyqd
vkSj xzke iapk;r us] FkksM+s ls gh f'k{kk lacaèkh
dk;Z fd, gSaA osaQnzh; f'k{kk lykgdkj lfefr
(osQc) us 1993 esa foosaQnzhÑr izcaèku ij ,d
lfefr xfBr dh Fkh ftls 73osa la'kksèku osQ
lanHkZ esa f'k{kk osQ foosQa nzhdj.k osQ fy, fn'kk&funs'Z k
7
rS;kj djuk FkkA
mlesa fofHkUu Lrjksa ij dbZ LFkk;h lfefr;ksa
dks cukus dk lq>ko Hkh fn;k Fkk vkSj bu
fudk;ksa dks leqfpr 'kfDr] dk;Z vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro
Hkh fn, x, FksA
;|fi O;ogkj esa osQjy dks NksM+dj dgha
foÙkh;&izkoèkku osQ lanHkZ esa izfozQ;k LFkkukarj.k
ugha fn[krk gSA foosaQnzhdj.k dh bl izfozQ;k esa
leL;k,¡ Hkjh iM+h gSa] i`"B 17 ij fn, x,
pkVZ 1 esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS &
flI+kZQ ;gh ugha fofHkUu Lrj ij dke djus
dks ysdj lafnXèkrk vkSj nqgjko Hkh ns[kus dks
feyrs gSaA dke osQ lanHkZ esa lafnXèkrk vkSj
nqgjko dk urhtk ;g gqvk fd iapk;rh jkt dh
;s laLFkk,¡ ^fu.kZ;drkZ* osQ ctk; ykxw djokus
okyh ,tsafl;k¡ cu xb± rFkk tks deZpkjh muosQ
vèkhu dke djrs gaS os ^drkZ* cu x, gSaA blosQ
vykok xzke iapk;r dks 'kkfey fd, cxSj xzke
ekuoh etwenkj] ^fMlsaVªsykbZts'ku] fjiQkElZ ,aM ifCyd LowQy] , áweu ilZisfDVo*] tuZy vkWI+kQ ,tqosQ'kuy Iykfuax ,aM
,MfefuLVªs'ku] Hkkx&17, ua- 4] vDrwcj 2003] i`- 481-506.
17
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
pkVZ 1
LowQyh f'k{kk % mif”kyk vkSj f”kyk Lrj ij laLFkk;h lajpukvksa dk iSQyko
iapk;rh fudk;
'kSf{kd iz'kklu
Mh-ih-bZ-ih- ifj;kstuk
izcaèku (pqus x, f”kyksa esa)
f”kyk iapk;r dh
LFkk;h lfefr
f”kyk f'k{kk
vfèkdkjh
f”kyk ifj;kstuk
leUo;d
CykWd iapk;r dh
LFkk;h lfefr
CykWd f'k{kk
vfèkdkjh
CykWd lalkèku
osaQnz
xzke iapk;r
lgk;d f'k{kk
vfèkdkjh
DyLVj leUo;d
xzke f'k{kk lfefr
Lrj ij lekukarj lfefr;ksa osQ ”kfj, dke
djokus dh izo`fÙk us yksdrkaf=kkd <ax ls pqus
x, bu fudk;ksa osQ dn dks dkI+kQh NksVk fd;k
gSA urhtru f'k{kk dh ra=kh; O;oLFkk vkSj dk;Z
djus okyksa dh Hkwfedkvksa vkSj dk;ks± esa nksgjko
vkSj vLi"Vrk ikbZ xbZ gSA
iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa esa Hkwfedk osQ c¡Vokjs
dks ysdj dksbZ Li"Vrk ugha gSA
12-1 DyLVj] Cykd vkSj f”kyk Lrj osQ elys
fiNys ,d n'kd esa f”kyk Lrj vkSj
LowQy osQ Ckhp f”kyk izkFkfed f'k{kk
xzke f'k{kk lfefr@
ekr`&f'k{kd ifj"kn~
ifj;kstuk (fMfLVªDV izkbejh ,tqosQ'ku
izkstsDV] Mh-ih-bZ-ih-) osQ ”kfj, LowQy
vkSj ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk dks e”kcwr
djus osQ fy, laLFkk;h lajpukvksa dk
,d iwjk rkuk&ckuk cquk x;k ftlesa DyLVj
lalkèkku osaQnz] Cykd lalkèku osaQnz] f”kyk
f'k{kk vkSj izf'k{k.k laLFkku 'kkfey FksA
izdV :i ls ftudk mís'; foosaQnzhdj.k
osQ }kjk f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kd lewgksa dks
l'kDr djuk Fkk rkfd os lHkh cPpksa osQ
izfr LowQyksa }kjk Hkwfedk fuokZg esa iw.kZ
;ksxnku ns losaQA
18
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
OkkLrfod foosaQnzhdj.k
•
iSlk [kpZ djus dh 'kfDr
•
iSlk tqVkus dh 'kfDr
•
O;; djus dh rkfoZQd 'kfDr
•
LVkiQ dks ysu]s gVkus vkSj fu;af=kr djus dh 'kfDr
•
lhèkk mÙkjnkf;Ro
12-2 DyLVj lalkèku osaQnz
(DyLVj fjlkslZ lSVa j — lh-vkj-lh-)
lh-vkj-lh- f'k{kdksa osQ lewg dks bl
rjg osQ volj nsrk gS rkfd os fu;fer
vkèkkj ij vkil es a feys a vkS j
vdknfed elyksa ij ppkZ djsaA ;s
f'k{kd lalkèku osaQnz ns'k Hkj esa loZf'k{kk
vfHk;ku osQ varxZr dbZ Lrjksa ij ewrZ
:i ls lkdkj fd, tk jgs gSaA budh
lajpukvksa] LVkWI+kQ j[kus osQ rjhdksa vkSj
dkedkt esa dbZ fofHkUurk,¡ gaS vkSj
oqQN jkT;ksa esa bldk izfrfufèkRo DyLVj
leUo;d ;k ml O;fDr osQ }kjk tks
fdlh fo"k; esa izf'kf{kr dj ldrk
gS] gksrk gSA ogk¡ ij vius vki esa
dksbZ osaQnz ugha gksrkA njvly O;ogkj
es a ;g ns [ kk tkrk gS fd ;s os a Q nz
iz'kkldh; lajpuk osQ gh iqPNys gksrs gSa
tks LowQy dks FkksM+k&cgqr ;k fiQj oqQN
csekuh foosaQnzhdj.k
•
;kstuk ls tqMs+ rjhosQ ls [kpZ djus dh
ckè;rk&iSlk [kpZ djus ij dksbZ rkfoZQd vfèkdkj
u gksuk
• izfrfu;qfDr LVkI+kQ ij dksbZ fu;a=k.k u gksuk
•
lalkèkuksa dks tqVkus osQ fy, FkksM+k&lk vfèkdkj
•
lhèks mÙkjnkf;Ro dk u gksuk] fdlh vU; dk
mÙkjnkf;Ro gksuk
•
lhèks mÙkjnkf;Ro dk u gksuk] fdlh vU; dk
mÙkjnkf;Ro gksukA
Hkh lgk;rk ugha nsrsA DyLVj lalkèku
osaQnz osQ yksx LowQy f'k{kdksa ls fjiksVZ]
vk¡dM+s bR;kfn tek djus dk dke
djkrs gSa rFkk lwpuk dks f”kyk Lrj ij
igq¡pkrs gaSA osQoy oqQN {ks=kksa dks NksM+dj
,slk gj txg gksrk gSA
bu osQa nzkas esa cqfu;knh lajpuk vkSj lqfoèkkvksa
(ykbczjs h] oaQI;wVj] NksVh iz;ksx'kkyk] I+kQksVksdkWih
dh lqfoèkk] ehfVax djus dh txg) osQ fodkl
djus dh ”k#jr gS ftlls f'k{kd dh lalkèku
lacèa kh vko';drk,¡ iwjh gksa vkSj osQa nz ,d ,slk
LFkku cuk ik, tgk¡ f'k{kdksa osQ vuqHkoksa dks
bdV~Bk fd;k tk losQ vkSj ikB~;p;kZ lacèa kh
fodYi pquus esa lgk;rk fey losQA
12-3 CykWd lalkèku osaQæ
(CykWd fjlkslZ lsaVj
—
ch-vkj-lh)
,d CykWd esa vkerkSj ls 100 ls 300
rd izkFkfed LowQy gksrs gSa vkSj yxHkx
19
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
dk;ks± esa vLi"Vrk ,oa nksgjko
11oha vuqlwph
xzke iapk;r
rkyqd iapk;r
f”kyk iapk;r
f'k{kk] ftlesa izkFkfed
vkSj ekè;fed LowQy Hkh
gksa
lkoZtfud tkx:drk vkSj
izkFkfed rFkk ekè;fed
f'k{kk esa Hkkxhnkjh dks
c<+kukA izkFkfed LowQyksa
es a iw j k ukek¡ d u vkS j
mifLFkfr dks lqfuf'pr
djuk
izkFkfed vkSj ekè;fed
f'k{kk lacaèkh fuekZ.k dks
izksRlkfgr djuk] izkFkfed
LowQy osQ Hkou dk fuekZ.k]
ejEer vkSj j[k&j[kkoA
;qokvksa osQ Dyc vkSj
efgyk eaMy osQ ”kfj,
lkekftd f'k{kk dks c<+kok
nsuk pkfg,
f”kyksa esa 'kSf{kd
xfrfofèk;ksa dks c<+kuk
ftles a iz k Fkfed vkS j
ekè;fed Low Q yks a dh
LFkkiuk vkSj j[k&j[kko Hkh
'kkfey gSA vkJe LowQyksa
vkS j vukFkky;ks a dh
LFkkiuk vkSj j[k&j[kkoA
'kSf{kd&xfrfofèk;ksa dk
losZ vkSj ewY;k¡du
xz k eh.k nLrdkjh vkS j
O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dks
c<+kuk
xz k eh.k nLrdkjh vkS j
O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k osQa nzkas
dh LFkkiuk vkSj j[k&
j[kkoA xzkeh.k O;kolkf;d
izf'k{k.k osQa nzkas dks izkRs lkfgr
djuk vkSj enn nsuk
izkS<+ lk{kjrk dks ykxw
djuk
izkS<+ lk{kjrk vkSj vukS&
ipkfjd f'k{kk osQ dk;ZoQz e
dh ;kstuk cukuk vkSj
mldks ykxw djuk
rduhdh izf'k{k.k vkSj
O;kolkf;d f'k{kk
izkS<+ vkSj vukSipkfjd
f'k{kk
izkS<+ lk{kjrk dks c<+kuk
50&100 fefMy LowQyA Cykd lalkèku
osaQnz dh ifjdYiuk izkFkfed LowQy Lrj
ij f'k{kd dh {kerk osQ foLrkj osQ fy,
dh xbZ FkhA ysfdu ;g Hkh osQoy vk¡dM+ksa
dks bdêòk djus okyh rFkk iz'kklfud
bdkbZ cudj jg xbZ ctk; ,d vdknfed
bdkbZ gksus osQA ,d lewg osQ :i esa
muosQ vuqHko dks lfozQ; rkSj ij vkil
esa ck¡Vk tkuk pkfg,A LowQyh f'k{kdksa
osQ tehuh vuqHkoksa dks lkeus j[kdj
lh-vkj-lh- vkSj ch-vkj-lh- osQ deZpkjh
dHkh&dHkkj gh LowQyksa dk nkSjk dj mudks
vdknfed lg;ksx miyCèk djk ikrs gSaA
os 'kfDr vkSj lÙkk osQ en esa vdlj
LowQy fujh{kd vkSj ewY;k¡dudrkZ dh
Hkwfedk viukrs gSa u fd ,d voyksdudrkZ
vkSj lg;ksxh dhA mUgaas ,slk gksuk pkfg,
fd os voèkkj.kkRed le> ns losQa A buosQ
}kjk fn;k tkus okyk ;g ekxZn'kZu f'k{kd
}kjk fn, tkus okyh xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj gLr{ksi
20
ij fopkj djrs oDr gksuk pkfg, rkfd
blls cPpksa dks enn feysA
ch-vkj-lh- osQ laxBu dks vkSj mlesa fu;qDr
gksus okys O;fDr;ksa dh Hkh leh{kk djus
dh vko';drk gSA CykWd esa fufgr 200
LowQyksa osQ fy, ,sls lg;ksx dh vko';drk
gS tks ,slh :ijs[kk osQ varxZr gks ftlesa
LowQy vkSj LowQyh f'k{kd osQ fy, thfor
laioZQ cu losQA lh-vkj-lh- dh gh rjg
bls Hkh cqfu;knh lajpuk vkSj lalkèkuksa
dh t+:jr gS ftlls ;g vuqHkoksa osQ
lg;ksx djus osQ fy, ,d vkèkkj ns losQA
f”kyk Lrj ij f”kyk f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.k
la L Fkku rFkk f”kyk f'k{kk vfèkdkjh vkS j
Mh-ih-bZ-ih- osQ ”kfj, ;s reke vuqHko uhfrxr
igyksa vkSj cnykoksa esa fn[kus pkfg,A ;g lc
oqQN 'kSf{kd lalkèku] mudh iwfrZ vkSj rduhdh
rFkk iz'kklfud lg;ksx esa fn[kuk pkfg,A
13- f”kyk f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.k laLFkku (MkbV)
1986 dh jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr osQ ckn vkSj
foosaQnzhdj.k dks viukus osQ ozQe esa izR;sd f”kys
esa ml f”kys fo'ks"k dh izkFkfed f'k{kk dh
”k#jrksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, f”kyk f'k{kk ,oa
izf'k{k.k laLFkku cuk, x, vkSj f'k{kd f'k{kk
egkfo|ky;ksa (lh-Vh-bZ-&dkWyst vkWI+kQ Vhpj
,tqosQ'ku) rFkk mPp vè;;u f'k{kk laLFkkuksa
(vkbZ-,-,l-bZ-&baLVhV~;wV vkWI+kQ ,MokaLM LVMh”k
bu ,twoQs 'ku) dks ekè;fed vkSj mPp ekè;fed
Lrj oQh 'kSf{kd ”k#jrksa osQ fy, cuk;k x;kA
MkbV dh ekxZnf'kZdk (1989)] MkbV osQ mís';ksa
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
dks fuEu rjhosQ ls ifjHkkf"kr djrh gS ¶”kehuh
Lrj ij vkjafHkd (vkSj izkS<+) f'k{kk osQ fy,
pyk, tkus okys fofHkUu dk;ZozQeksa vkSj viukbZ
tkus okyh fofHkUu j.kuhfr;ksa osQ fy, vdknfed
vkSj lalkèkuksa dh lgk;rk iznku djukA¸
LFkkuh;rk ij ”kksj jgk gS rFkk ikB~;ozQe esa
,slh bdkb;k¡ ykus dh ckr gqbZ tSls & LFkkuh;
Hkwxksy] yksdxhr] nardFkk] ijaijk,¡] taxy]
iwQy&iÙks] esys vkSj R;ksgkj] tul¡[;k forj.k
dk fooj.k] HkwxHkZ foKku] [kfut] [ksrh] m|ksx]
ukSdjh is'kk] m|e] yksddyk] gLrf'kYi]
leqnk;ksa vkSj tutkfr;k¡] LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa
ls esy [kkrh laLFkk,¡ rFkk ,slh u;h phtsa
fodflr dh tk,¡ ftUgsa vkjafHkd f'k{kk vkSj
vkjafHkd f'k{kd&f'k{kk izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQeksa esa
dke esa yk;k tk losQA oSls f”kyksa osQ ekeys
esa tgk¡ tutkfr;ksa dh vkcknh ”;knk gS] MkbV
dks d{kk ,d vkSj nks osQ fy, tutkfr;ksa dh
Hkk"kk esa fo'ks"k (izkbej) izosf'kdk Hkh cukuh FkhA
budks vkadyu vkSj ewY;kadu dh ,d O;oLFkk
dk fodkl Hkh djuk FkkA bUgsa ,sls rduhd vkSj
fn'kk&funs'Z k Hkh rS;kj djus Fks ftlls fd fu;fer
vkSj laijw d (summative) :i ls f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dk
ewY;k¡du fd;k tk ldrk gSA blosQ vykok blls
;g Hkh visf{kr Fkk fd ;g LowQyksa dh blesa
enn djsxa s rkfd os ijh{k.k] iz'uksa osQ cSd
a ] jsfVax
LosQy] voyksdu rkfydk] funkukRed ijh{k.k]
izfrHkk igpku dk;ZoQz e dh izfozQ;k bR;kfn dks
rS;kj dj losQa A bUgsa oqQN p;fur fun'kks± (sample)
osQ vkèkkj ij ijh{k.k vk;ksftr dj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa osQ
Lrj dks Hkh vk¡duk FkkA [kklrkSj ls ml uohure
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
Lrj osQ lanHkZ esa tks izkFkfed vkSj mlosQ vkxs osQ
Lrjksa osQ fy, fuèkkZfjr gSa vkSj jk"Vªh; lk{kjrk
fe'ku osQ rgr izk<S + f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, MkbV ls
;g Hkh mEehn Fkh fd os mQij of.kZr dk;ks± rFkk
lh-,e-Mh-bZ- ls tqMs+ var%lsok dk;ZoQz e osQ fy,
dk;Z'kkykvksa dk vk;kstu djsAa
;|fi O;ogkj esa ;s laLFkku u rks vdknfed
lg;ksx miyCèk djk losQ] u gh LFkkuh; lkefxz;ksa
dks gh cuk;kA lalkèkuksa osQ vHkko esa ;g
lh-vkj-lh- vkSj ch-vkj-lh- ls dksbZ tqM+ko ugha
fcBk losQ vkSj u gh lkefxz;ksa osQ fodkl esa
f”kyk Lrj ij dksbZ uokpkj dj losQA iz'kkldh;
leFkZu osQ vHkko esa] bu laLFkkuksa dks dHkh
blosQ fy, izksRlkfgr ugha fd;k x;k fd os
lewps f”kys osQ fy, dk;Z&;kstuk cuk,¡A ”;knkrj
f”kyk f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa LVkI+kQ dh
Hkjrh izfrfu;qfDr osQ vkèkkj ij gksrh gS ftuoQks
'kSf{kd ;kstuk vkSj LowQyksa osQ lg;ksx osQ fy,
fo"k; esa dkI+kQh FkksM+k vuqHko (#>ku) gksrk gSA
bu laLFkkuksa osQ is'ksoj pfj=k dh bl fxjkoV dk
vlj muosQ dke ij Li"V fn[krk gSA
14- jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k
ifj"kn~ (LVsV dkamfly vkWIk+ Q ,tqoQs 'kuy
fjlpZ ,aM Vsªfuax — ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-)
,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- cqfu;knh rkSj ij jkT; ljdkj
dk laLFkku gS ysfdu f'k{kd&f'k{kk dh iqujZpuk
vkSj iquxZBu dh ;kstuk osQ ”kfj, Hkkjr ljdkj
,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dks e”kcwr djus osQ fy, lg;ksx
eqgS;k djkrh gSA mlesa ;g 'krZ ”k:j gksrh gS fd
jkT; ljdkj Hkh oSlh gh jkf'k miyCèk djk,xhA
21
,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh LFkkiuk blfy, dh
xbZ fd og jkT; eas vdknfed usr`Ro djs vkSj
fofHkUu izdkj osQ 'kksèk] uokpkj] izjs .kk] vfHkizjs .kk
bR;kfn dk osaQnz cusA ;s laLFkk,¡ xq.koÙkk dk
izrhd gksa vkSj lekt osQ cnyko osQ fy, nk'kZfud
vkSj lekt'kkL=kh; cksèk eqgS;k djk,¡A
;|fi jkT;&nj&jkT; ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ
mÙkjnkf;Ro fHkUu&fHkUu gSa] ysfdu ”;knkrj jkT;ksa
esa ;s ikB~;ozQe dh jpuk] iqLrdksa dks rS;kj
djus] MkbV dk i;Zos{k.k djus vkSj f'k{kd&
izf'k{k.k dk gh dke djrs gSaA
buosQ dke&dkt esa ,slk ns[kk x;k gS fd
,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- vdknfed yksxksa ls ugha cfYd
ukSdj'kkgh izdkj osQ usr`Ro ls lapkfyr gksrh
gSA ;g lc oqQN ;kstukvksa vkSj fu.kZ;ksa esa iwjh
rjg ls 'kkfey gksrk gSA bUgsa ukeek=k dh
Lora=krk gS vkSj lkFk gh HkkSfrd lqfoèkkvksa osQ
fodkl osQ fy, cgqr de jkf'k gh miyCèk gks
ikrh gSA ;gk¡ rd fd muosQ iqLrdky;ksa dk
j[k&j[kko vkSj izcaèku dkI+kQh [kjkc gSA budk
f”kyk bdkb;ksa vkSj LowQy Lrj dh bdkb;ksa ls
dkI+kQh de”kksj tqM+ko gSA buosQ ikl bruh
mQtkZ ugha gksrh fd ;s fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj
varjkZ"Vªh; eapksa ij gksus okyh fopkjèkkjkRed
vkSj lS¼kafrd cglksa ls rkyesy fcBk losaQA
vkerkSj ij ;g xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa osQ uokpkjksa
ls Hkh vifjfpr gksrs gSaA
;g r; Fkk fd ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ikB~;ozQe
fodkl osQ fy, ,d vxz.kh ¯cnq gksxh vkSj ;g
f'k{kdksa vkSj LowQy ls xgjs rkSj ij tqM+ dj
dk;Z djsxhA ikB~;ozQe fuekZ.k dksbZ ,d ckj
22
fuiVk fn;k tkus okyk dke ugha gS cfYd
fujarj lh[kus vkSj iqufoZpkj djus dh ph”k gS
ftls fd lqfu;ksftr <ax ls vkxs c<+k;k tkrk
gSA osQoy ogh laLFkk ftlesa [kqn ,d mPp Lrj
dh {kerk gks bl dke dks vkxs c<+k ldrh gSA
,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dks e”kcwr djuk rFkk mls vkSj
”;knk is'ksoj cukuk laLFkk;h cnyko osQ fy, ,d
vko';d dke gS ftls rs”kh ls fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ dk;Zdkjh lewg
osQ lq>ko osQ eqrkfcd blesa ,d rjg dh
iz'kklfud] foÙkh; vkSj 'kSf{kd Lora=krk dh
”k#jr gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vhdks lfozQ; :i ls okf"kZd ;kstuk cukus esa
'kkfey gksuk pkfg,A fdlh rjg dk dksbZ vLFkk;h
funsZ'k ugha gksuk pkfg,] pkgs og fdrus gh cM+s
vfèkdkjh dk gks ;k fiQj fdrus gh cM+s rkdroj
jktusrk dkA
,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dks bruk yphyk vkSj Lora=k
gksuk pkfg, fd os fo'ofo|ky;h O;oLFkk ls
fo'ks"kKksa dks cqyk losQ rFkk LowQyh O;oLFkk esa
dke djus okys fparu'khy dkedkft;ksa osQ fy,
,d eap eqgS;k djk losQA blosQ ikl ,d ,slh
laLFkk;h :ijs[kk gksuh pkfg, fd og LoSfPNd
laLFkkvksa dks igpku dj tksM+ losQA blosQ lkFk
gh mu yksxksa dks Hkh igpkus tks ljdkjh O;oLFkk
osQ ckgj gSa ysfdu cPpksa dh f'k{kk osQ mís';
dks iwjk djus osQ fy, dke djrs gSa] tks ljdkjh
LowQyksa esa oqQN liQyrk osQ lkFk gLr{ksi j[krs
gSa rFkk f'k{kdksa osQ l'kDrhdj.k esa ;ksxnku nsrs
gSaA bls visf{kr funsZ'kksa] vkns'kksa vkSj lq>koksa dks
tkjh djuk pkfg, rkfd lHkh cPps LowQy vk
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
losaQA bls vkadyu dh fofHkUu O;oLFkkvksa vkSj
ijh{kkvksa dh O;oLFkk osQ lanHkZ esa ,slh uhfrxr
flI+kQkfj'ksa djuh pkfg, fd ;g fo'ks"k ”k#jr
okys cPpksa ls rkyesy fcBk losQA
vyx&vyx Hkk"kk;h] tkfr] oxZ ;k lainz k;
osQ ?kjksa ls vkus okys cPpksa dh fHkUu i`"BHkwfe;ksa
rFkk vuqHkoksa dks d{kk esa i;kZIr LFkku nsuk pkfg,A
bl le> dks dkedkt dk fgLlk cuk;k tk,A
bl fofHkUurk dks igpkuus vkSj lg;ksx nsus
okys vdknfed vkSj iz'kklfud mik;ksa dks txg
nh tkuh pkfg,A ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-osQ ikl LowQyksa]
lh-vkj-lh-] ch-vkj-lh- vkSj MkbV ls vkus okyh
ek¡xksa dk leqfpr vkSj Rofjr mik; gksuk pkfg,A
,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ dkedkt dks osQoy ,sls
FkksM+s ls #fpean] izsfjr vkSj l`tu'khy yksxksa osQ
Hkjksls ugha NksMk+ tk ldrkA ,slh O;oLFkk LFkkfir
fd, tkus dh ”k#jr gS fd laLFkk osQ Hkhrj vkSj
f'k{kdksa esa l`tu'khyrk dks c<+kok feysA
lkFk&gh&lkFk foÙkh; izkoèkku yacs le; osQ
fy, vkSj fo'oluh; gksus pkfg, rkfd laLFkk esa
LFkkf;Ro vkSj fujarjrk dk cksèk gks losQA
bls mu reke izfozQ;kvksa dks izksRlkgu nsuk
pkfg, tks lh-vkj-lh-] ch-vkj-lh- vkSj MkbV
}kjk ikB~;iqLrd vkSj vU; 'kSf{kd lkefxz;ksa
dks rS;kj djus osQ fy, vko';d gSA bl ozQe
esa ikB~;iqLrd fodkl osQ fy, bls [kqn vuqlèa kku
djokus pkfg, vkSj ”kehuh Lrj ij pyus okys
,sls vuqlaèkkuksa dks izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg, rkfd
,d fo'oLrjh; ekud rS;kj gksA bls mu laLFkk;h
izfozQ;kvksa dk leFkZu Hkh djuk pkfg, ftlls
f'k{kd] ikB~;p;kZ vkSj ikB~;iqLrd osQ fodkl
23
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
dh izfozQ;k ls tqM+ losaQA ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k
tkuk pkfg, fd ”kehuh Lrj ij f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k
vkSj vU; vdknfed dke osQ fy, lHkh lqfoèkk,¡
miyCèk gksaA
bldh rRdky ”k#jr gS fd fu;qfDr dh
izfØ;kvksa dk iqujZ{k.k fd;k tk, rkfd [kkyh
txgksa dks mi;qDr mEehnokjksa ls Hkjk tk losQA
gesa #fp j[kus okys mQtkZoku is'ksojksa dh ”k#jr
gS u fd xSj #fpean yksxksa dh tks ns'k osQ cPpksa
osQ fy, dke djus esa u rks n{k gSa u gh mlesa
mudk #>ku gSA ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- esa vanj gh
lqèkkj dh ”k#jr gSA tc rd fd ;g ugha gks
tkrk rc rd fofHkUu Lrj ij f'k{kdksa dh
{kerk vkSj LowQy dh xq.koÙkk esa c<+ksrjh osQ
fy, rs”k rjkZj vkSj laosnu'hky is'ksojksa dh
Hkkxhnkjh dkI+kQh eqf'dy gSA izkFkfed LowQy dks
etcwrh nsus okys lfozQ; izkFkfed f'k{kdksa dks
MkbV vkSj ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- esa fo'ks"kK (lalkèku
8
O;fDr) osQ rkSj ij n”kkZ feyuk pkfg,A
15- jk"Vªh; Lrj dh laLFkk,¡ vkSj uhfr;k¡
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] us'kuy ;wfuoflZVh vkWI+kQ
,tqosQ'kuy Iykafux ,aM ,MfefuLVªs'ku (U;wik)]
us ' kuy dkma f ly vkW i Q Vhpj ,tq o s Q 'ku
(,u-lh-Vh-bZ-) tSlh jk"Vª Lrjh; laLFkk,¡ bl
mís'; osQ fy, LFkkfir dh xbZ gSa fd ;s jk"Vª esa
LowQyh f'k{kk dh fLFkfr lqèkkjus osQ fy, enn
djsaxhA bUgsas bl :i esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg, fd ;s
jkT; Lrjh; laLFkkvksa dh ikVZuj vkSj lqfoèkkiznk;d
8
gksa u fd [kqn dk;kZUo;u djus okyhA jkT;
Lrj dh orZeku {kerk vkSj muosQ }kjk fd,
tkus okys dke dh izÑfr dks ns[krs gq, ”k#jr
bl ckr dh gS fd ;s laLFkk,¡ leFkZu djus okys
,stsaV vkSj lg;ksxh laLFkkvksa dh rjg dke djsaA
bu laLFkkvksa dks 'kSf{kd fopkj osQ vxz.kh
ekspsZ ij gksuk pkfg, tks ”kehuh gkykr dh
vPNh idM+ j[krs gq, xq.koÙkk okys 'kksèk djk,¡A
mUgsa mu reke fopkjksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk pkfg,
ftudk fujarj l`tu gks jgk gksrk gS vkSj ,sls
rjhosQ lq>k, tkus pkfg, ftlls mi;qDr mPp
xq.koÙkk;qDr f'k{kk dks leFkZu feysA ,d fuèkkZjd
(Pace Setting) laLFkku osQ :i esa muosQ ikl
bldh {kerk vkSj n{krk gksuh pkfg, fd os Lo;a
dh lekykspuk dj losaQA
pwf¡ d mUgsa rkyqd vkSj xzke Lrj dh laLFkkvksa
osQ dkedkt osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gksuk pkfg, blfy,
jk"Vªh; laLFkkuksa dks bu txgksa dh fLFkfr;ksa osQ ckjs
esa irk gksuk pkfg,A ;g tqMk+ o f'k{kk osQ fofHkUu
ifjiz{s ;ksa ls okLrfod laioZQ vkSj tqMk+ o osQ dkj.k
pkfg, u fd vk¡dM+kas vkSj fyf[kr fjiksVks± dh 'krks±
ijA blfy, bu laLFkkuksa dks ,sls dk;ZoQz e dh
vko';drk gS tks mUgsa lhèks&lhèks blesa 'kkfey
djsa vkSj ,slh fofèk;ksa vkSj fopkjksa dks ryk'ksa
ftldk O;kid vkèkkj gks vkSj cM+h l¡[;k esa
LowQyksa vkSj f'k{kd&izf'k{kd laLFkkvksa rd iSQyko
gks losQA izlkj vkSj forj.k dh izfozQ;k leFkZu
djus okyh gks rkfd ;g dbZ rjg osQ lq>ko vkSj
lg;ksx ns losQ u fd flI+kQZ funkukRed ek=kk jgsA
nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ dk;Z lewg us oqQN ,slh lLrqfr;k¡ nh Fkha.
24
jkT; Lrj ij foosQa nzhdj.k vkSj vdknfed
{kerk osQ fuekZ.k osQ ozQe esa ,d laHkkouk cuh gS
vkSj LFkkuh; Lrj ij ;kstuk vkSj dke djuk
laHko gqvk gSA blfy, ”k:jh gS fd O;oLFkk esa
izR;sd Lrj ij {kerk c<+kbZ tk,A vxj lHkh dke
dks osaQnzh; laLFkkuksa }kjk fd;k tkuk gS vkSj
ikB~;iqLrd] 'kksèk&i=k] ikB~;p;kZ vkSj ikB~;ozQe
osQ fn'kk&funs'Z k bR;kfn dks osQoy jk"Vªh; Lrj osQ
fudk;ksa }kjk rS;kj fd;k tkuk gS rks fooaQs nzhdj.k
dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha gSS vkSj u gh ;g izHkkoh
gksxkA gksuk rks ;g pkfg, fd jk"Vªh; laLFkku jkT;
dks bu reke ph”kksa esa mldh {kerk osQ fodkl esa
;ksxnku nsa vkSj ,d eap dh rjg dke djas tgk¡
fofHkUu fopkjksa dk foy;u gksA ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vhdh Hkwfedk ,slh gksuh pkfg, fd og jkT;ksa dks
mudh ikB~;iqLrdksa osQ cukus esa enn djsA bl
laLFkku dh ;g ”k#jr gS fd ;g osQa nzhdj.k dks ?kVk,
vkSj lcdks fn'kk&funs'Z k nsus ls cpsA ”k#jr ;g gS
fd ;g csgrj voèkkj.kkvksa vkSj izfozQ;kvksa dk
fodkl djs ftlosQ ”kfj, jkT; Lrj osQ yksx brus
l{ke gks loaQs fd os vius mÙkjksa dks Lo;a ryk'k
losQa A orZeku O;oLFkk izkRs lkfgr djus osQ ctk;
yksxksa dks grksRlkfgr djrh gS fd os viuh leL;kvksa
dk gy Lo;a <w<¡ +s rFkk muls mEehn ;g gksrh gS fd
os ml mÙkj dk ikyu djsa ftls jk"Vªh; laLFkk,¡
lq>krh gSAa 'kksèk osQ fy, jkT; dh laLFkk,¡ osQoy
vk¡dM+kas dks bdV~Bk djus osQ dke esa vkrh gSa ;k
fiQj ml vè;;u osQ izcèa ku esa ftlosQ mís';ksa dk
irk osQoy jk"Vª Lrj dh laLFkkvksa dks gksrk gSA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ fy, ;g ”k:jh gS fd
og vius fofHkUu ladk;ksa dh u;s fljs ls rS;kjh
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
djok, rFkk Kku dks ,d rS;kj eky dh rjg u
ns[kk tk, ftls inksoQz e esa mQij ls uhps dh vksj
tkuk gSA LowQyh vkSj f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ls
xgjs tqMk+ o osQ vykok bu jk"Vªh; laLFkkvksa osQ
fy, ;g ”k:jh gS fd os ,sls eapksa dk fodkl
djsa tks f'k{kk osQ elys dks vkSj foLrkj nsus dk
dke djsAa bu eapksa esa fo'ofo|ky; osQ yksxks]a
f'k{kk osQ fy, dke djus okyh 'kSf{kd laLFkkvks]a
vU; #fpean yksxksa rFkk LowQy osQ f'k{kdksa dks
'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu eapksa ls ;g mEehn
dh tkuh pkfg, fd os elyksa ij ckrphr osQoy
vius chp esa u djas cfYd os jkT; dh enn osQ
fy, Hkh miyCèk gksa] [kklrkSj ls ikB~;iqLrd
lqèkkj dh dksf'k'kksa vkSj vU; izfozQ;kvksa esaA
”k#jr bldh Hkh gS fd jk"Vª Lrj dh ;s
laLFkk,¡ fu;qfDr;ksa] inksUufr vkSj Hkwfedk osQ
p;u osQ Lo;a osQ rjhdksa dh leh{kk djsaA ;g
leh{kk laxBu esa dke djus okys O;fDr;ksa osQ
rFkk laxBu osQ Lo;a osQ ifjizs{; esa dh tkuh
pkfg,A izos'k osQ fy, ik'oZ (lateral) jkLrksa dks
[kksyk tkuk pkfg, vkSj mu yksxksa dks Hkh ekSdk
feyuk pkfg, ftUgksaus ”kehuh Lrj ij dke
fd;k gS] rkfd os jk"Vªh; laLFkkuksa dks ,d fu;r
le; ns losaQA ;g lc jk"Vªh; laLFkkuksa dks] tks
fd ”kehuh okLrfodrkvksa ls dVs gq, gS]a vfuok;Z
visf{kr mQtkZ nsxkA
bls ozQfed dk;Z'kkykvksa vkSj laxksf"B;ksa osQ
ekè;e ls] O;oLFkkxr lqèkkj vkSj izfozQ;kvksa
lacaèkh vPNs izpyuksa dks lkeus ykuk pkfg,A
bls f'k{kk osQ lfpoksa] LowQyh f'k{kk osQ izeq[kksa
dks lwfpr djuk pkfg,A
25
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
9
lefFkZr ;kstukvksa ,oa ifj;kstukvksa (ftuesa ls
db;ksa dks foÙk ns'k ls ckgj osQ nkrkvksa us fn;k)
dh ,d Ük`a[kyk dk mn; ns[kkA ;g Lok;Ùk
fudk; Fks tks lkslkbVh jftLVªs'ku ,DV osQ rgr
iathÑr Fks rFkk ljdkj osQ fofHkUu dkedkth
<k¡ps }kjk pyk, tk jgs FksA ,slh mEehn Fkh fd
;g <k¡pk@lajpuk esa yphykiu] mnkjrk vkSj
fu"i{krk miyCèk djk,xk rFkk ;g lqfuf'pr
djsxk fd fdlh ifj;kstuk fo'ks"k osQ fy, vk;k
iSlk ^lqjf{kr* jgs vkSj jkT; osQ lkekU; jktdks"kh;
[kkrs }kjk u lks[k fy;k tk,A bls nwjnjk”k osQ
bykdksa esa cPpksa rd v¼Zis'ksoj f'k{kdksa }kjk
igq¡p cukus rFkk yM+fd;ksa dks vfHkizsfjr djus
osQ fy, ,d vko';d ;kaf=kd O;oLFkk osQ :i
esa ns[kk x;kA vke leqnk; dh xfrdh osQ lkFk
rkyesy fcBkus osQ fy, izf'k{k.k ,oa lalkèkuksa
osQ vfrfjDr <k¡pksa dks LFkkfir fd;k x;k D;ksafd
,slk le>k x;k Fkk fd mifLFkr fo|eku foHkkxh;
<k¡ps fu;fer :i ls xgu izf'k{k.k dks vk;ksftr
djus esa v{ke FksA bl lanHkZ esa fofHkUu jkT;
Lrjh; lajpukvksa osQ vuqHko ,d ijs'kku dj
nsus okyh feyhtqyh rlohj is'k djrs gSAa eq[;èkkjk
16- lekukarj lajpuk,¡ ,oa O;oLFkk,¡
osQ f'k{kk foHkkxksa osQ lkFk bu lajpukvksa vFkok
uCcs vkSj vLlh osQ n'kd us lkoZHkkSfedj.k dh <k¡pksa dk tqM+ko deRkj gksrk x;kA ikB~;iqLrdksa
pqukSrh dks lacksfèkr djus osQ fy, osaQnz }kjk dks rS;kj djus] f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k rFkk lw{e Lrjh;
,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- vkSj loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku
dks nwljs vU; txgksa ij fd, tk jgs uokpkjksa
osQ ckjs esa vfuok;Z :i ls tkudkjh nsuh pkfg,
vkSj ,d ^f'k{kk;h&[kcjh* (Education Watch)
okyh laLFkk dh rjg dke djuk pkfg,A
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dks ikB~;p;kZ osQ fofHkUu
igyqvksa ij vè;;u vk;ksftr djkus pkfg, rFkk
bu vè;;uksa dks LowQy Lrj ij izpkfjr vkSj
izlkfjr (disseminate) djuk pkfg,A bls
lkekftd&vkfFkZd dkjd vkSj uhfr;ksa dks ykxw
djus osQ lanHkZ esa xq.koÙkk osQ lwpdkad dks fodflr
djus dk dke Hkh vfuok;Z :i ls djuk pkfg,A
osQa nz Lrj ij f'k{kk ea=kky; dks ;g lqfuf'pr
djuk pkfg, fd vkfFkZd enn igys ls vank”k
yxk, tk ldus okys rjhosQ ls vkSj fcuk
fdlh O;oèkku osQ feys ftlesa ,d nh?kZdkfyd
oknk Hkh 'kkfey gksA bl LFkkuh; igy dk
lEeku djuk pkfg, rFkk èku fdl rjg ls [kpZ
gks blosQ lanHkZ esa foLr`r funsZ'k vkSj ekxZn'kZu
dks jksdk tkuk pkfg,A ;g f'k{kdksa osQ l'kDrhdj.k
vkSj l`tukRedrk osQ fo#¼ tkrk gSA
9
1987
vkSj mlosQ ckn vkSipkfjd iz'kklfud lajpuk osQ ckgj ^lcosQ fy, f'k{kk* (,tqoQs 'ku iQkWj vkWy & bZ-,iQ-,-) dh
ifj;kstuk dks ykxw djus osQ fy, oqQN v¼Zljdkjh fdLe osQ fudk; cuk, x,] ;s fUkEu gSa—
jktLFkku f'k{kkdehZ ifj;kstuk] 1987 (igys lhMk us foÙk eqg;S k djk;k fiQj Mh-,iQ-vkbZ-Mh- us)] fcgkj f'k{kk ifj;kstuk]
1991 (;wfulsiQ }kjk lefFkZr)] jktLFkku yksd&taqfcl ifj;kstuk] 1992 (igys lhMk fiQj Mh-,iQ-vkbZ-Mh- }kjk
lefFkZr)] mÙkj izns'k cqfu;knh f'k{kk ifj;kstuk] 1992 (fo'o cSad }kjk lefFkZr)] f”kyk izkFkfed f'k{kk ifj;kstuk
(Mh-ih-bZ-ih-)] 1993 (dbZ nkrkvksa }kjk lefFkZr ftlesa fo'o cSad] ;wjksfi;u deh'ku] Mh-,iQ-vkbZ-Mh-] uhnjySaM
ljdkj vkSj ;wfulsiQ 'kkfey gSa).
26
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
;kstuk gsrq ifj;kstuk Lrj dh dksf'k'kksa ls ,llh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dks njfdukj dj fn;k x;kA bldk
ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd Lok;Ùk laLFkkvksa }kjk
vuqHkoh is'ksojksa rFkk iz'kkldksa dks ys fy, tkus
osQ dkj.k vkSipkfjd ra=k varr% de”kksj iM+
x;kA
'kSf{kd ;kstuk rFkk uhfr fuekZ.k dh izfozQ;k
dk ,d yack bfrgkl gS tks yacs le; esa ,d
tSfod izfozQ;k osQ :i esa fodflr gqvk gSA bl
izdkj vk;ksxksa rFkk laLFkkvksa osQ vuqeksnuksa ,oa
lq>koksa esa mu uhfr;ksa dks le>k x;k] ftUgksaus
'kSf{kd ;kstukvksa dh fLFkfr dh vkykspuk dh
rFkk le;&le; ij funkukRed dne izLrqr
fd,A 'kSf{kd ;kstuk dk ;g bfrgkl ftlesa
fujarjrk Fkh rFkk tks lkoZtfud@tu cgl rFkk
laLFkk;h fuekZ.k dh tSfod izfozQ;k osQ rkSj ij
fodflr gqvk Fkk] mls osQoy èku ls pyus
okyh lekukarj laLFkkvksa dks LFkkfir djosQ
u”kjvank”k dj Hkax dj fn;k x;kA folaxfr ;g
gS fd bu lekukarj lajpukvksa us u osQoy
vkSipkfjd vkSj eq[;èkkjk oQh lajpukvksa osQ
eukscy ,oa n{krk ij udkjkRed izHkko Mkyk
cfYd ifj;kstukvksa oQks lesV nsus osQ ckn bu
^uokpkjksa* ls lh[kuk Hkh foyqIr gks x;kA
16-1 vYidkfyd ifj;ks t uk,¡ cuke
nh?kZdkfyd n`f"Vdks.k
f'k{kk osQ fy, ;kstuk cukus gsrq dbZ
ihf<+;ksa osQ nh?kZdkfyd n`f"Vdks.k dk
leUo; vko';d gSA xr n'kd esa]
fuf'pr vofèk dh ifj;kstukvksa us
nh?kZ d kfyd uhfrxr ifjn` ' ; vkS j
vYidkfyd ifj;kstukRed j.kuhfr;ksa osQ
eksM+ ij bls izfrLFkkfir fd;kA jkT;
ljdkjksa osQ <k¡pkxr fodkl dks njfdukj
dj fons'kksas ls lefFkZr ifj;kstukvksa us
bu ljdkjksa ij e'khuhÑr <ax ls vius
y{; dks izkIr djus osQ fy, ncko
cuk;kA tks oqQN Hkh gqvk og Fkk flI+kZQ
vLFkk;h [kpZ tks fd ÅtkZoku vfèkdkfj;ks]a
tks ,d lekukarj O;oLFkk osQ izeq[k Fks
;k f'k{kk lfpo osQ }kjkA bldk urh”kk
;g jgk fd laLFkkvkasa dks xSjlaLFkk;h
fu.kZ; izfozQ;kvksa dks viukus osQ fy,
e”kcwj gksuk iM+kA dbZ jkT;ksa us èku&
lalkèku dks LowQyksa] MkbV vkSj ,l-lhbZ-vkj-Vh- esa vè;kidksa dks vuqcafèkr
djus ij O;; fd;k vkSj vuqi;ksxh
mís';iwfrZ osQ fy, bl ewY;oku lalkèku
dk viO;; fd;kA
blus lh-vkj-lh-@ch-vkj-lh-@MkbV vkSj
,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- tSlh laLFkkvksa dh uhjork dks
c<+kok fn;k vkSj bUgsa ek=k ljdkj dk vkns'k
vuqikyu djus okys nÝ+rj'kkgh <k¡pksa esa rCnhy
dj fn;kA Lo&vfHkizsj.k] [kkst] fo'ys"k.k vkSj
uokpkj osQ vHkko esa ;s laLFkk,¡ fdUgha vU;
fu;ksftr dk;ZozQeksa dk fozQ;kUo;u ek=kk djus
yxhaA bl ifjfLFkfr esa ;s laLFkk,¡ Lo;a dks
vè;kidksa vkSj LowQyksa osQ vuq:i ugha <ky ikb±A
oLrqr% ;s laLFkk,¡ vè;kidksa vkSj LowQykas dks
ysdj vius ^varxZr* ,d inkuqozQe vkSj
xSj&yksdrkaf=kd ekgkSy iuikrh jghaA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
bl ifjfLFkfr esa ;g iwNs tkus dh vko';drk
gS — fd dkSu fdlosQ izfr tokcnsg gSA bl
le; lcls cM+h pqukSrh ,d ,slh ^tokcnsg*
O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k djuk gS tks varr% cPpksa
vkSj muosQ ifjokj osQ izfr tokcnsg gks_ mls
izR;sd cPps osQ xq.koÙkk f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj dks
lkdkj djus osQ fy, tokcnsg ekuk tk,A
17- lalkèku vkSj foÙkh; vojksèk
f'k{kk osQ fy, lalkèkuksa dks ysdj xgjs iM+rky dh
”k#jr gSA fdl gn rd iSlk fn;k tk, vkSj f'k{kk
osQ lg;ksx osQ fdrus va'k dks ekuo lalkèku
fodkl ea=kky; }kjk cukbZ xbZ lfefr oQh foLr`r
fjiksVZ @ vkadyu dk fgLlk gksuk pkfg,A foÙkh;
jkf'k osQ fn, tkus osQ rjhdksa vkSj [kpZ djus osQ
rjhdksa dk fujh{k.k vkSj mi;ksx dk ys[kk&tks[kk
bR;kfn ij xgjs rkSj ls fopkj djus dh ”k#jr gSA
orZeku izfØ;kvksa esa fu;e vkSj ekudksa ij ”;knk
cy gS ctk; dke dh xq.koÙkk vkSj izÑfr osQA
O;oLFkk ftl rjg fofHk izdkj dh fLFkfr;ksa esa
dke dj jgh gS ogk¡ ”;knk yphys vkSj laons u'khy
ekudksa dh l[r ”k#jr gSA
bl iQksdl lewg us ;g eglwl fd;k fd
jkT; ljdkj vkSj osaQnz ljdkj osQ chp [kpZ dh
tkus okyh jkf'k osQ c¡Vokjs dh tk¡p dh tkuh
pkfg,A pw¡fd osaQnz }kjk fn;k tkus okyk foÙkh;
lg;ksx igys ls r; osaQnz lefFkZr ;kstukvksa
(lsaVªyh LikalMZ Ldhe&lh-,l-,l) osQ lkFk
c¡èkk gksrk gS blfy, jkT; ljdkj dks lkoZHkkSfed
f'k{kk osQ fy, visf{kr foÙk dks ysdj le>kSrs
djus iM+rs gSa [kklrkSj ls rc tcfd ”;knkrj
27
jkT; ljdkjsa xgjh vkfFkZd raxh ls xq”kj jgh
gksaA bldh otg ls jkT; ljdkj mu xfrfofèk;ksa
dks tkjh ugha j[k ikrh tks le;c¼ ifj;kstukvksa
ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA
bl lewg us foÙkh; izfØ;kvksa esa :f<+c¼rk
osQ elys ij dkI+kQh lkspk&fopkjk] [kkl rkSj ls
,d bdkbZ osQ fy, gksus okys [kpsZ ij vkSj
vFkZiw.kZ xfrfofèk;ksa dks 'kq: djus dh {kerk ij
iM+us okys izHkko ijA Hkkjr ljdkj dh ;kstukvksa
ftlesa loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku Hkh 'kkfey gS] ls
bdkbZ [kpsZ dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ
fy,] 70 :i;s izfr fnu izR;sd f'k{kd osQ
izf'k{k.k osQ fy,] fczt dkslks± dh l¡[;k vkSj
fczt dkslZ esa cPpksa dh l¡[;k] vkoklh; fczt
dkslZ osQ fy, bdkbZ [kpZ vkSj xSj vkoklh; fczt
dkslZ osQ fy, bdkbZ [kpZ] ekWMy DyLVj LowQy
dks ,u-ih-bZ-th-bZ-,y dk;ZØeksa esa (,l-,l-,dk ,d dk;ZØe) vfuok;Z :i ls 'kkfey dj
ysuk] ;g lc oqQN lkjs ns'k esa le:i&lk gS
vkSj izfr bdkbZ r; [kpsZ osQ eqrkfcd gh ;g
jkf'k [kpsZ osQ fy, nh tkrh gSA bdkbZ vkèkkfjr
[kpsZ dh lhekvksa dks le>k tkuk pkfg, rkfd
laLFkk,¡ viuh xfrfofèk;ksa dks izHkko'kkyh <ax ls
pyk losaQA ;g nwjnjkt osQ vkSj tutkrh;
bykdksa esa fofHk leqnk;ksa vkSj lkekftd lewgksa
osQ fy, oqQN fLFkfr;ksa esa [kkl egÙo j[krk gSA
vius tSls fo'kky vkSj fHkÂrk okys ns'k esa
bdkbZ [kpZ le:i ugha gks ldrkA fdlh f'k{kd
dks izf'kf{kr djus osQ [kpsZ ?kV&c<+ ldrs gSa]
tks bl ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd izf'k{k.k dk dke
dgk¡ gks jgk gS rFkk blesa {ks=k fo'ks"k esas vkok&tkgh
28
osQ [kpks± dk varj Hkh 'kkfey gSA lkFk gh fczt
dkslZ dks pykus ;k yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk dh
c<+ksrjh osQ fy, xgu xfrfofèk;ksa dks vk;ksftr
djus dk [kpkZ ns'k osQ vyx&vyx dksuksa esa
,d&lk ugha gks ldrkA bdkbZ [kpsZ }kjk ;kstuk
lapkyu dk izHkko dkI+kQh xgjk gSA loZ f'k{kk
vfHk;ku dh ;kstukvksa dks bl rjg rksM+k&eksM+k
x;k fd og le:i bdkbZ [kpZ esa fiQV gks
losaQA bl vViVh fLFkfr dks ,d O;kogkfjd
Kku ls lqy>k, tkus dh ”k#jr gSA dk;ZØe dh
jpuk esa {ks=k fo'ks"k vkSj fof'k"V leqnk; osQ
f'k{kdksa dh ”k#jr dks vfuok;Z :i ls vkèkkj
cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A
blls Hkh ”;knk egÙoiw.kZ ;g gS fd ^bdkbZ
[kpZ* pykbZ tkus okyh fofHk izdkj dh
xfrfofèk;ksa dks lhekc¼ djrk gSA dk;ZØe osQ
mís'; tSls xq.koÙkk dk fodkl] lkjs cPpksa dks
LowQy esa ykuk bR;kfn esa dbZ lkjh xfrfofèk;k¡
tqM+h gksrh gSaA ;g dkI+kQh eqf'dy gS fd ge mu
reke xfrfofèk;ksa dk vkadyu igys ls gh dj
ysa vkSj muosQ [kpsZ dk fglkc igys gh yxk ysaA
pwf¡ d bdkbZ [kpkZ oqQN xfrfofèk;ksa dks rks ifjHkkf"kr
djrk gS vU; dks ugha blfy, ;g lc oqQN
vU; reke xfrfofèk;ksa dks gh NksM+us dh rjI+kQ
c<+krk gSA ;g dk;ZØe esa uokpkjh vkSj u;h
mHkjrh ”k#jrksa ij igy djus dh {kerk dks
?kVkrk gSA bdkbZ&[kpkZ] ;kstuk dks ;kaf=kd <ax ls
10
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
ykxw djkus dh gh ,d igy yxrh gS ftlesa
cM+h l¡[;k esa ckèkk,¡ vkrh gSa vkSj ftls ”;knk
dYiuk'khy rjhosQ ls lqy>k;k tk ldrk gSA
dbZ ckj ;g roZQ fn;k tkrk gS fd ;s bdkbZ
[kpsZ osQoy ^lkaosQfrd* (indicative) gksrs gSa]
ysfdu gksrk ;g gS fd ;s f”kyk ;kstukvksa vkSj
foÙkh; vkadyu osQ fy, ekunaM dk dke djrs
10
gSaA blfy, ljdkjh vfèkdkjh mu xfrfofèk;ksa
dks LohÑfr osQ le; ojh;rk nsrs gSa ftlosQ
fy, bdkbZ [kpZ dk vkadyu igys ls ekStwn
gksrk gSA mu egÙoiw.kZ xfrfofèk;ksa dh LohÑfr
dks Vky nsuk gh csgrj le>rs gSa ftuosQ fy,
bdkbZ&[kpkZ ugha fn;k gksrk gS ;k ;s [kpsZ vuqi;qDr
gksrs gSa D;ksafd ,slh fLFkfr esa ys[kk&foHkkx dh
vkifÙk;k¡ vk ldrh gSaA ;g Hkh roZZQ fn;k tkrk
gS fd bdkbZ&[kpsZ dh ”k#jr blfy, gS fd
f'k{kk osQ lkoZHkkSfedj.k osQ fy, ”k:jh foÙkh;
izkoèkku dk vkadyu gks losQA cs'kd f'k{kk osQ
lkoZHkkSfedj.k gsrq ”k#jh jkf'k dk vkadyu fofHkÂ
xfrfofèk;ksa osQ bdkbZ&[kpsZ osQ eksVs vuqeku ls
yxk;k tkrk gSA gkyk¡fd bldk eryc ;g ugha
gksuk pkfg, fd bl vkadyu osQ lkFk ykxw djus
lacaèkh ,d lVhd fn'kk&funsZ'k Hkh gksA mnkgj.k
osQ fy,] tc f'k{kk osQ lkoZHkkSfedj.k osQ fy,
f'k{kd osQ osru dh x.kuk dh tkrh gS rks
mldk vkadyu 8000 :i;k izfr ekg izfr
f'k{kd fd;k tkrk gSA gkyk¡fd f'k{kd dk
f”kyk vkSj jkT; osQ loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku dk ;kstukvksa dk] ,M&lhy ,ulhbZvkjVh vkSj U;wik osQ ladk; lnL;ksa }kjk iwjh
rjg ls bdkbZ [kpsZ osQ vkèkkj dk vkadyu fd;k tkrk gSA bls ,d etcwjh dh rjg le>s tkus dh ”k#jr gS vkSj bldh
dksf'k'k dh tkuh pkfg,A bdkbZ [kpsZ ij vkèkkfjr Lohdr osQ ctk; mu izfØ;kvksa dks viuk;k tk, ftlls jkT; ljdkjksa
ij fo'okl fd;k tk; rFkk mUgsa viuh ;kstuk [kqn cukus gsrq&l'kDr fd;k tk, .
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
okLrfod osru dkI+kQh vyx&vyx gksrk gS tks
fd jkT; ljdkj osQ osrueku] ojh;rk vkSj vU;
HkÙkksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA blfy, x.kuk osQ fy,
fodflr fd, x, fu;eksa dks bdkbZ [kpsZ osQ vkèkkj
ij ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;gh roZQ vU;
xfrfofèk;ks]a tSls f'k{kd&izf'k{kd] leqnk; dks
laosnu'khy cukus bR;kfn ij Hkh ykxw gksrk gSA
bdkbZ&[kpsZ dks ojh;rk nsus dk ,d dkj.k
;g Hkh gS fd blls foÙkh; vuq'kklu vkSj
mÙkjnkf;Ro cuk jgrk gSA ;|fi tc ns'k Hkj
osQ fy, bdkbZ&[kpsZ dks r; fd;k tkrk gS rks
bldk izHkko Bhd myVk gksrk gS] vfèkdka'k
LohÑr jkf'k dk bLrseky rc gksrk gS tc
bldh ”k#jr ugha gksrhA xfrfofèk;ksa dh bl
rjg jpuk djuk fd os bdkbZ&[kpsZ esa lek
losaQ njvly foÙkh; lalkèkuksa dh cckZnh gSA
pw¡fd osaQnz lefFkZr vyx&vyx ;kstuk,¡
yxkrkj cu jgh gSa] blosQ lkFk gh ;g ”k:jh gS
fd vyx&vyx rjg dh xfrfofèk;ksa dks viuk;k
tk,A bl dkj.k ;g Hkh ”k:jh gS fd bdkbZ&[kpsZ
dks r; djrs le; bldh èkkj.kk ij iw.kZ fopkj
djsaA ,slk djus osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd foÙkh;
mÙkjnkf;Ro osQ fy, ”;knk yphys mik;ksa dks
lqfuf'pr fd;k tk, vkSj vxj bdkbZ&[kpsZ dk
bLrseky djuk gS rks ”k:jh ;g gS fd bls ,slk
cuk;k tk, fd ;g jkT; Lrj osQ ctk; vkSj
”;knk NksVh bdkb;ksa osQ fy, gksA Mh-ih-bZ-ih- esa
f”kyksa dks bl ckr dh vuqefr Fkh fd os viuh
xfrfofèk fo'ks"k osQ fy, bdkbZ [kpsZ dks r;
djus dk mik; djsaxsA ;g dk;ZØe vk;kstdksa
vkSj fu;kstudrkZvksa dks bldk volj nsrk Fkk
29
fd os fdlh [kkl leL;k ls tw>us osQ fy,
vyx&vyx dbZ izdkj dh j.kuhfr;ksa dk [k;ky
j[ksa ctk; blosQ fd lewps Hkkjr osQ fy, ,d
gh bdkbZ&[kpZ j[kk tk,A
dk;ZØe dks csgrj rjhosQ ls ykxw djus osQ
fy, ;g flI+kQkfj'k djuk ”k:jh gS fd fdlh
Hkh fof'k"V xfrfofèk osQ fy, bdkbZ&[kpZ
dks LFkkuh; Lrj ij rS;kj fd;k tk, ctk;
jk"Vªh; Lrj osQA bl rjg osQ bdkbZ [kpZ dh
N¡Vuh osQ fy, ,slk ra=k LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk
gS tks foÙkh; mÙkjnkf;Ro dks lqfuf'pr djsA
18- f'k{kk lsokvksa dk O;olk;hdj.k (is'ksoj
izo`fÙk dk fodkl)
vkt f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa is'ksoj #[k dh fljs ls
deh gS] [kkldj LowQy osQ vè;kid ls ysdj
mu laLFkkvksa rd esa] tks fd 'kSf{kd vkèkkj
iznku djus osQ mís'; ls cuh FkhaA ;g Hkh
vko';d ugha gS fd LVkI+kQ dk p;u mudh
'kSf{kd #fp ;k izoh.krk osQ vkèkkj ij gh fd;k
tkrk gksA blhfy, ;g vko';d gS fd LVkI+kQ
vkSj vU; deZpkfj;ksa osQ fy, p;u uhfr vkSj
{kerkvksa dks c<+kus ij è;ku fn;k tk,A lkFk gh
izfØ;k osQ lHkh Lrjksa ij vkok&tkgh ikf'Zod
lac¼rk (lateral linkage) gks vkSj jk"Vªh;]
jkT;] f”kyk] Cykd] DyLVjksa esa ikf'Zod vkSj
ÅèoZ nksuksa gh fn'kkvksa esa fopkjksa vkSj vuqHkoksa
dk Øec¼ vknku&iznku gksA blosQ fy, vko';d
gS fd LFkkuh; vfèkdkfj;ksa dks vius mPp
vfèkdkfj;ksa dh rqyuk esa ;Fkk;ksX; yphykiu
vkSj Lok;Ùkrk feys ftlls fd lHkh Hkkxhnkjksa esa
30
leh{kk vkSj iqucZyu dh izfØ;k osQ l`tu ls
tfur ckSf¼d {kerkvksa dk lao¼Zu gks losQA
bl rjg dk cgqLrjh; gLr{ksi LowQyksa osQ
fy, lkeqnkf;d lg;ksx] lHkh Lrjksa osQ iapk;rh
jkT; laLFkkvksa dk eq[kj lg;ksx vkSj f”kyk
vkSj mif”kyk Lrjksa ij rduhdh vkSj 'kSf{kd
leFkZu ij fuHkZj gSA ;g lapkyu esa lqèkkj vkSj
nkosnkjksa ls ijke'kZ djus dh u;h izfØ;kvksa dks
tksM+s tkus dh vis{kk j[krk gSA bldk ifj.kke
fo|ky;h f'k{kk dk lkoZHkkSfedj.k gksuk pkfg,
tks fd rduhdh vkSj 'kSf{kd fo'ks"kKrk ij
fuHkZj gksA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
rkfd cPps viuh iwjh {kerk dks lkdkj
dj losaQA LowQy fuf'pr rkSj ij eqdEey
gksa — muosQ LokLF; dks ysdj] iks"kdrk
osQ Lrj dks ysdj] vkSj muosQ vPNs cuus
dks ysdjA LowQy osQ ljksdkjksa esa ;g Hkh
'kkfey gS fd ;g le>k tk, fd LowQy
vkus ls igys cPpksa osQ lkFk D;k gqvk
gS vkSj LowQy NksM+dj tkus osQ ckn D;k
gksxkA LowQy fofoèkrk dh vfuok;Z :i
ls dnz djsa vkSj lHkh cPpksa (yM+fd;ksa]
dkedkth cPpksa] fo'ks"k vko';drk okys
cPpksa] 'kks"k.k vkSj fgalk osQ f'kdkj) osQ
fy, voljksa esa lekurk lqfuf'pr djsaA
uhfr lacaèkh nLrkos”k vkSj f'k{kk
osQ foe'kks± esa LowQy dk D;k vFkZ gS ;g
le>kus osQ fy, yphys ekud rS;kj
fd, tkus dh ”k#jr gSA ;s ekud 'kSf{kd
fl¼karksa vkSj cPpksa osQ fy, lekurk rFkk
U;k; osQ fl¼karksa ij vkèkkfjr gksus pkfg,A
os bl n`f"V osQ lkFk cuk, tkus pkfg,
ftlessa LowQy osQ fy, ,slh izfØ;k,¡
fuèkkZfjr gksa tks lHkh cPpksa osQ lh[kus esa
lgk;d gksaA
19- bl I+kQksdl lewg dk ifjizs{; — la{ksi
ge u;h laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj iqjkuh laLFkkvksa
dks fxjkus dh ckr ugha j[k jgs gSaA ;g ckr
”k:j gS fd xaHkhjrk vkSj mRlkg ls iz;kl fd,
tk,¡ rkfd—
(1) cfg"dj.k dh lajpukvksa osQ fo#¼
lfØ;rk ls dke fd;k tk, ftlls
fd LowQyksa esa cPpksa dh iwjh Hkkxhnkjh
gks losQA LowQy ;s lqfuf'pr djsa fd
izR;sd cPps dh LowQyh thou rd igq¡p
gksA mUgsa mudks izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,
vkSj lqfoèkk,¡ nsuh pkfg, tks LowQy NksM+ HkkSfrd ifjfLFkfr;k¡
ewy:i ls f'k{kk psru rFkk vpsru tqM+ko
x, gSa ;k fiQj ckgj èkosQy fn, x, gSa
vkSj laokn osQ ekè;e ls lh[kus osQ volj
rkfd os okil vk losaQA os ;g lqfuf'pr
iznku djus dh izfØ;k gSA LowQyksa dks bl
djsa fd cPps de&ls&de d{kk nl
rjg osQ volj lqfuf'pr djkus esa l'kDr
rd fu;fer f'k{kk ik losaQA
gksuk pkfg, rFkk cPps dks volj nsus pkfg,
(2) LowQy fuf'pr rkSj ij cky osaQfær gksa
fd og Lo;a [kkst losQA blh izdkj f'k{kd
vkSj cPps oQh csgrjh osQ fy, dke djsa
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
31
,sls gksus pkfg, ftuosQ ikl le; gks rFkk
oQh xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj dks izHkkfor djuk
tqM+ko osQ fy, èkS;ZA ;g LowQy dk nkf;Ro
pkgrs gSa rks lkjh lg;ksxh O;oLFkkvksa —
gksuk pkfg, fd lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa lHkh
DyLVj ls jkT; Lrj rd] dks vius lg;ksx
cPpksa dks 'kkfey djus osQ fy, mi;qDr
dks f'k{kdksa osQ izfr fo'okl vkSj lEeku
lkekftd HkkoukRed fLFkfr;k¡ lqfuf'pr djaAs
ij vkèkkfjr djuk gksxk ftlesa mls ,d
blosQ fy, O;oLFkk dh vksj ls ”k:jh
mi;qDr Lok;Ùk txg nsuh gksxhA f'k{kdksa
lqfoèkk,¡] ;ksX; ,oa laosnu'khy f'k{kd rFkk
dks bl ckr osQ fy, izksRlkfgr vkSj lg;ksx
lh[kus osQ fy, mi;qDr okrkoj.k fn;k tk,A
fn, tkus dh Hkh ”k#jr gS fd os [kqn
pw¡fd NksVs cPpksa dks ”;knk xgjs tqM+ko vkSj
vius fy, lg;ksxh lewg cuk losaQA
ckrphr dh ”k#jr gS vr% f'k{kd&fo|kFkhZ vuqikr
jkT; dks O;oLFkk osQ Hkhrj BsosQ ij
'kq#vkrh d{kkvksa osQ fy, Js"B gksuk pkfg,A
dke fuiVkus ls cpuk pkfg,A izkFkfed
mnkgj.k osQ fy, ;g ,d lgh leqPp; gks
LowQy osQ f'k{kdksa osQ ikl voljksa dk ,d
ldrk gS_ iwoZ&izkFkfed ls d{kk 2 osQ fy,
fodkl&iFk gksuk pkfg, rkfd os f”kyk
1% 20] d{kk 3 vkSj 4 osQ fy, 1% 30 rFkk
vkSj jkT; Lrj ij ikB~;p;kZ osQ fodkl
ekè;fed fo|ky; osQ fy, 1% 40 A
vkSj fofHk laxBuksa (MkbV vkSj ,l-lh-bZvkjafHkd fo|ky; esa cPpksa dks gkFk ls
vkj-Vh-) osQ {kerk fodkl ls tqM+ losaQ
djosQ lh[kus osQ cgqr lkjs vuqHko nsus vko';d
vkSj muosQ }kjk ;g fodYi ges'kk gksuk
gSa ftu ij os fparu dj losaQA blfy, mfpr
pkfg, fd vxj os pkgsa rks iqu% izkjafHkd
ek=kk esa mi;qDr vfèkxe lkexzh rFkk bls laxzfgr
LowQy f'k{k.k dh vksj ykSV losaQA
djus osQ fy, i;kZIr LFkku dh vko';drk gSA (4) izkFkfed LowQyksa osQ Lrj ij d{kk vkSj
cPpksa dks vius lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk dke djus
LowQyksa esa leqnk; dh Hkkxhnkjh bl
dh ”k#jr gS — lewg dk;Z osQ fy, i;kZIr
ckr dh ek¡x djrh gS fd ikB~;p;kZ
osQ ,d fgLls dks LowQy osQ Lrj ij
LFkku miyCèk djkuk vko';d gSA vPNh rjg
ls <dk gqvk ,oa vPNh izdk'k O;oLFkk osQ lkFk
jpk tk, ;k dk;Z LFky esa LowQyksa osQ
izR;sd cPps osQ fy, 9 oxZ IkQhV dk LFkku ”k:jh
,d lewg osQ chp lh-vkj-lh-] ch-vkjlh- vkSj MkbV esa dke djus okyksa dks
gSA I+kQuhZpj ,slk gksuk pkfg, ftlesa cPps Lo;a
bl izfØ;k esa 'kkfey fd;k tk,A mUgsa
vkil esa vkSj f'kf{kdk ls Hkh ckrphr dj losQa A
LowQyksa vkSj izkFkfed LowQy osQ cPpksa osQ
izR;sd fo|ky; esa cPpksa osQ fy, mi;qDr
lkFk i;kZIr le; fcrkuk pkfg, rFkk
[ksy dk eSnku gksuk pkfg,A
f'k{kdksa osQ lkFk yacs le; rd dke
(3) gekjh fo|ky;h O;oLFkk] fo|ky;h
djosQ lkexzh vkSj fopkjksa dks lkeus ykuk
f'k{kdksa ij Hkjkslk djs vxj ge O;oLFkk
32
pkfg,A izR;sd Lrj ij ekStwnk 'kSf{kd
laLFkkvksa esa yksdra=khdj.k dh izfØ;kvksa
dks etcwr djus osQ fy, O;oLFkkRed
cnyko ”k:j yk;k tk, vkSj bu
izfØ;kvksa dh fLFkfr dks n'kkZus okys
rjhdksa dks Hkh txg feyuh pkfg,A
LowQy ls Åij dh DyLVj] CykWd]
f”kyk] jkT; rFkk jk"Vªh; Lrj dh lHkh
laLFkkvksa dks lg;ksx nsus vkSj l'kDr djus
dh Hkwfedk fuHkkus dh ”k#jr gS u fd
izcksèkd vkSj fujh{kd dhA
(5) cPpksa osQ 'kSf{kd vfèkdkj vkSj cM+h l¡[;k
esa Å¡ph d{kkvksa osQ ncko dks ns[krs gq,
mPp izkFkfed Lrj vkSj ekè;fed Lrj
ij LowQyksa dh l¡[;k c<+kbZ tkuh pkfg,A
pw¡fd bl Lrj ij fo"k;ksa dh fo"k;oLrq
vkSipkfjd rkfoZQd lacaèk cukus vkSj
voèkkj.kkvksa osQ le>us ij vkèkkfjr gksrh
gSa — tks fd ”k:jh ugha gS fd ewrZ
vuqHkoksa ls tqM+s gksa] blfy, LowQyksa dks
pkfg, fd os iz;ksx] losZ] vè;;u vkSj
ikB~;p;kZ osQ <k¡ps osQ Hkhrj vU; O;fDrxr
vkSj lkewfgd dk;ks± dks djus dh laHkkoukvksa
dks ”k:j eqgS;k djk,¡A ;g bldh ek¡x
djrk gS fd ge ,slh izfØ;kvksa vkSj voljksa
dks LFkkfir djsa ftlls LowQy osQ f'k{kdksa
rFkk vU; LowQyksa osQ f'k{kdksa osQ chp
fu;fer :i ls ,d e'kfojk gks rFkk
mudh igqp
¡ lkefxz;ksa vkSj ,d vPNs le`¼
iqLrdky; rd gksA mPp Lrj osQ vfèkdkjh
blesa l{ke gksa fd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k esa
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
uokpkjksa dk leFkZu visf{kr rduhdh
lgk;rk osQ lkFk dj losaQ vkSj mudks
”k:jh lalkèku eqgS;k djk,¡A
igyh ih<+h osQ f'k{kkFkhZ
gesa bl ckr dks ”k:j Lohdkj djuk pkfg, fd
xjhc cPps] [kkldj igyh ih<+h osQ lh[kus okyksa
osQ ikl ?kj esa lh[kus osQ fy, dksbZ lg;ksxh
O;oLFkk ugha gksrh gSA fdlh Hkh cPps dks èkheh
xfr ;k fiQj u le> ikus okyk gksus dh otg ls
mls LowQy ls ckgj ugha èkosQy fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
lai.w kZ f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks ,slk cuk, tkus dh
”k#jr gS ftlls fd og ,sls cPpksa dh ”k#jrksa
dh iwfrZ dj losQa vkSj muosQ lkFk lEeku ,oa
laons u'khyrk osQ lkFk crkZo dj losQa ] rkfd os
gj fnu LowQy esa vkus osQ fy, izkRs lkgu ik losQa A
ijh{kk lqèkkj
cgqr lkjs fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, d{kk nl dk o"kZ
csdkj osQ ruko dk le; gksrk gSA vis{kkÑr
csgrj fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ chp ijh{kk esa isQy gksus dks
,d izeq[k vkink osQ :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA ;gk¡
rd fd i;kZIr mPp vad u ikus ij Hkh xgjh
fpark ,oa vkReXykfu dk Hkko Hkj tkrk gSA
LowQy osQ u”kfj, ls ns[kus ij ;g irk pyrk
gS fd ;g ijh{kk mPPk izkFkfed rd] uhps
mrjrs gq,] LowQy dh fo"k;oLrq rFkk fofèk dks
fuèkkZfjr djrh gSA blfy, vxj ge laiw.kZ
f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa vFkZiw.kZ lqèkkj vodfYir djrs
gSa rks ;g vko';d gS fd ge ijh{kk ,oa mlls
tqM+h gqbZ ikB~;ppkZ] ikB~;ozQe rFkk ikB~;iqLrdksa
ij vkykspukRed u”kj MkysaA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
33
osQ inkuqoQz e (gkb;kdhZ) ij f”kEesokfj;k¡ u
pkgs dksbZ vad ns ;k xzsM] d{kk nl dh
ykns tks mudh fu.kZ; izfozQ;k osQ fy,
ijh{kkvksa dh ikl&isQy dh cqfu;knh fLFkfr
mi;qDr u gksAa 'kSf{kd ra=k esa i;kZIr yphykiu
cnyuh pkfg, vkSj mldk fodYi mHkkjuk
,oa Lok;Ùkrk gksuh pkfg, % uhfr fuekZ.k]
pkfg,A mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks rk&mez ^nloha isQy*
foÙk vkoaVu] iz'kklfud funs'Z kd izkoèkku]
osQ viekutud yscy ls xq”kjus osQ fy,
vdknfed leFkZu dks bl izdkj rS;kj
etcwj ugha gksuk pkfg, tks d{kk nl esa xzsM
fd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd og lcls fupys
ugha cuk loasQA LowQyksa dk ewY;kadu blh vkèkkj
Lrj osQ uhfr&fuekZ.k dh Lok;Ùkrk dks leFkZu
ij fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd fdrus fo|kFkhZ viuh
ns losQa A
i<+kbZ tkjh j[k ik jgs gSaA bl vkèkkj ij
LowQyksa dk ewY;kadu ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg, (7) LFkkuh; fudk; ,oa leqnk; dks e”kcwrh
fd os ijh{kk esa D;k fu"iknu dj jgs gSaA bl
iznku djuk
voLFkk esa cPps iaæg ;k lksyg o"kZ osQ fd'kksj
f'k{kdksa dks izHkkodkjh rjhosQ ls vius
gksrs gSa_ LowQyksa dks bu fd'kksjksa dks fofHkUu {ks=k
nkf;Ro dks iwjk djus osQ fy, l{ke cukus
esa funsZ'ku ,oa ijke'kZ nsrs gq, buosQ lkFk
osQ fy, xzke iapk;rksa dh ”;knk Hkkxhnkjh
vo'; tqM+uk pkfg,A
dh vko';drk gSA rc Hkh foosaQnzhdj.k
,oa LFkkuh; Hkkxhnkjh dh ”k#jr dêðjoknh
(6) foosaQæhdj.k
izÑfr dh ugha gSA lw{e Lrj dh ;kstuk
foosQa æhdj.k osQ lk;kl rjhosQ osQ ”kfj, gh
osQ fy,] cPpksa osQ vuq:i j.kuhfr ,oa
LowQy] foHkkx rFkk 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa dk
LFkkuh; la?k"kks± dks lqy>kus osQ fy, bldh
fooaQs nzhdj.k gks ldrk gSA LFkkuh; iz'kklu
vko';drk gSA lpeqp bldk dksbZ nwljk
ra=k dks LVkI+kQ ,oa ukSdj'kkgh osQ izR;sd
lekèkku ugha gSA leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku
lksikuksa osQ O;fDr;ksa ls Hkkjh leFkZu dh
es a LFkkuh; fudk; lcls ”;knk
”k#jr gks ldrh gSA bl lanHkZ esa tks
la l kèku;q D r gS a A mUgs a bldh vPNh
eq[; eqís gS]a os gSa — LFkkuh;] izkra h;
le> gSA LFkkuh; lanHkZ osQ lkFk laxfr
rFkk jk"Vªh; Lrj ij dke djus okys
cSBkrs gq, ikB~;p;kZ ifjorZu osQ bUgha
cgqLrjh; jktuhfrd foHkkxh; ra=k osQ
lanHkks± esa cgqyrk rFkk lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrk
ifj{ks=k esa :ijs[kk rS;kj djuk vkSj ;g
vfuok;Z gks tkrh gSA
le>uk fd cPpksa osQ f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj
dks leFkZu nsus esa bu Lrjksa dh vifjgk;Z (8) Hkwfedkvksa osQ nqgjko dks njfdukj djuk
Hkwfedkvksa osQ lanHkZ esa Li"Vrk gksuh
Hkwfedk gSA ;g lkoèkkuh vo'; cjrh
pkfg, vkSj lai.w kZ lajpuk dh dk;Zfofèk
tkuh pkfg, fd foosQa nzhdj.k fupys Lrj
34
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
ijLij iwjdrk osQ fl¼kar ij fVdh
gqbZ gksuh pkfg,A ;g f”kEesnkfj;ksa osQ
nqgjko] le; dh cckZnh vkSj lalkèku rFkk
fu;a=k.k osQ foHkze dks nwj djsxkA ^LFkkuh;*
osQ fy, leFkZu dh lajpuk,¡ gksuh pkfg,
u fd osQoy ekWuhVfjax rFkk y{; fuèkkZj.k
dk dk;ZoQz eA lcls vfèkd ;g O;oLFkk
O;olk;hdj.k rFkk inkuqoQz e osQ izR;sd
lksiku osQ vfèkdkjh oQh l?ku Hkkxhnkjh
dh ek¡x djrh gSA
(9) dke dh izxfr dk ;kstukdj.k rFkk
laizs"k.k
f'k{kd] f'k{kkfon ,oa is'ksojksa dh i`"BHkwfe
ls vk, yksxksa dh ek¡x osQ tokc esa
O;ofLFkr rjhosQ ls rduhdh lgk;rk ,oa
fo'ks"kKrk eqgS;k djok losQA viuh okf"kZd
ewY;kadu@jiV esa izR;sd Lrj] elyu lhvkj-lh-] ch-vkj-lh-] MkbV] ,l-lh-bZ-vkjVh-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- rFkk lHkh f'k{kk
foHkkxksa] ijh{kk cksMks± dks leqnk;] f'k{kd
rFkk LowQyksa dh vksj ls vkbZ gqbZ ek¡xksa osQ
lanHkZ esa muosQ }kjk fd, x, uhfrxr
lqèkkjksa] igydnfe;ksa dk fjdkMZ is'k fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
laiw.kZ O;oLFkk dks y{; pkfyr gksus dh (10) lrr ewY;kadu dh vko';drk
txg izfozQ;k pkfyr gksuk pkfg,A ;g
f'k{kk O;oLFkk osQ foosaQæhdj.k dh tk¡p
lhfer vofèk;ksa esa vaoqQfjr gksus okyh
djus osQ fy, gesa le;&le; ij vè;;u
y?kq ifj;kstukvksa dh txg ,d yach
,oa jiV dk vk;kstu djuk pkfg,] ;g
vofèk dh varjihf<+d ;kstukdj.k dh
ns[kus osQ fy, fd D;k O;oLFkkxr rFkk
ek¡x djrk gSA blosQ vykok dk;Ziz.kkyh
laxBukRed ifjorZu gq, gSa vkSj mudk
esa rkSj&rjhosQ ,sls gksa ftls lHkh le>
D;k izHkko jgk gS\
losaQ rFkk Lohdkj dj losaQA lkFk gh ;g
lanHkZ
flDlFk vkWy bafM;k ,tqosQ'kuy losZ] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh] 1998
lsoasFk vkWy bafM;k LowQy ,tqosQ'ku losZ] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh] 2002
vxzoky] ,e-ih-] estjesaV ,aM oaQihVsal vkWI+kQ VhplZ vkWI+kQ izkbejh LowQy~l (eè; izns'k)] lsoaQM losZ
vkWI+kQ fjlpZ bu ,tqosQ'ku] 1972&1978- cM+kSnk % lkslk;Vh iQkWj ,tqosQ'kuy fjlpZ ,aM MsoyiesaV] 1969
v#.k esgrk] iztsaVs'ku vkWu Mh-vkbZ-,l-bZ- MkVk 2003&04] ,u-vkbZ-b-ih-,-(uhik)] u;h fnYyh] 2005
Hkêð oh-Mh- vkSj cokus] ts-] ^, LVMh vkWIk+ Q fMlfØisl
a h fcV~ohu ,Dl~ifs DVM ,aM ,Dpqvy vkmVdEl vkWI+kQ
n izkbejh Vhpj ,tqosQ'ku*] bafM;u ,tqosQ'kuy fjO;w] 32(2)] 155&164] 1997
Hkêð oh-Mh-] vkbMsafVfiQosQ'ku vkWI+kQ ,lsaf'k;y oaQihVsalht~ iQkWj izkbejh VhplZ] fjiksVZ vkWI+kQ n Mh-ih-bZ-ih-
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
,fDVfoVh vkWI+kQ n ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh] vaMjVsdu ,V n jh”kuy baLVhV~;wV vkWI+kQ ,tqosQ'ku]
eSlwj] 1998
pSyt
as vkWIk+ Q ,tqoQs 'ku & , ikWfylh ilZifs DVo] f'k{kk ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] u;h fnYyh] 1985
oaQihVsl
a h csLM ,aM dfeVesVa vksfj;aVMs Vhpj ,tqoQs 'ku iQkWj DokfyVh LowQy ,tqoQs 'ku & bu lfoZl ,tqoQs 'ku]
us'kuy dkWmafly iQkWj Vhpj ,tqosQ'ku] u;h fnYyh] 1998
oaQihVsalh csLM ,aM dfeVesaV vksfj;aVsM Vhpj ,tqosQ'ku iQkWj DokfyVh LowQy ,tqosQ'ku & buhfl,'ku
MkWD;wesaV] us'kuy dkWmafly iQkWj Vhpj ,tqosQ'ku] u;h fnYyh] 1998
oaQihVsalh csLM Vhpj Vsªfuax izksxzke] Mh-ih-bZ-ih-] rfeyukMq bu U;wtysVj Mh-ih-bZ-ih- dkWfyax] vad l¡[;k
17] f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalkèku fodkl ea=kky;] u;h fnYyh] 1996
fMfiQdYVh”k vkWI+kQ csfld LowQy VhplZ] , losZ vkWI+kQ fjlpZ bu ,tqosQ'ku] us'kuy baLVhV~;wV vkWI+kQ csfld
,tqosQ'ku] osQl (lh-,-,l-bZ-)] cM+kSnk] 1960
fMfLVªDV baLVhV~;wVl~ vkWI+kQ ,tqosQ'ku ,aM Vsªfuax (MkbV) & xkbMykbal] f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalkèku
fodkl ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] u;h fnYyh] 1989
Mh-vks-bZ-bZ-,y-] ekuo lalkèku fodkl ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] osclkbV
,tqosQ'ku iQkWj vkWy (bZ-,iQ-,-) % n bafM;u lhu] Hkkjr ljdkj] f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalkèku fodkl
ea=kky;] u;h fnYyh] 1993
,fyesaVªh Vhpj ,tqosQ'ku oWQfjoqQye % xkbMykbal ,aM flysch] us'kuy dkWmafly vkWI+kQ ,tqosQ'kuy fjlpZ
,aM Vsªfuax] u;h fnYyh] 1991
fiQÝFk vkWy bafM;k ,tqosQ'kuy losZ] [kaM&I] us'kuy dkWmafly vkWI+kQ ,tqosQ'kuy fjlpZ ,aM Vsªfuax] u;h
fnYyh] 1992
iQksFkZ losZ vkWI+kQ fjlpZ bu ,tqosQ'ku 1983&88 ([kaM&I)] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh
xks f oa n k] vkj- vkS j oxhZ t ] ,u-oh-] nh DokfyVh vkW I + k Q cs f ld ,tq o s Q 'ku lfoZ l t bu
bafM;k & , osQl LVMh vkWIk+ Q izkbejh LowQfyax bu eè; izn's k] fiQÝFk losZ vkWIk+ Q ,tqoQs 'kuy fjlpZ
(1988&1992) % VsMaª fjiksVZ l
~ ] [kaM&I] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh] 1991
>k vkSj ¯>xju] ,fyesaVªh ,tqosQ'ku iQkWj n iwvjsLV ,aM vnj fMizkbOM xzqIl] lsaVj iQkWj ikWfylh fjlpZ]
u;h fnYyh] 2002
ekuoh etwenkj] fMlsaVªsykbts'ku] fjiQkElZ ,aM ifCyd LowQYl] , g~;weu ilZisfDVo] tuZy vkWI+kQ ,tqosQ'kuy
Iykfuax ,aM ,MfefuLVªs'ku] [kaM&XVII- laa- 4] vDrwcj 2003- i`- 481&506
feM&VeZ fjO;w vkWIk+ Q n ukb±Fk iQkbo b;j Iyku] ;kstuk vk;ksx] Hkkjr ljdkj] u;h fnYyh] 2001
us'kuy dfe'ku vkWu VhplZ&I] 1983&85] nh Vhpj ,aM lkslkbVh] fjiksVZ vkWI+kQ n us'kuy dfe'ku vkWu
VhplZ&I] Hkkjr ljdkj] u;h fnYyh] 1986
us'kuy oWQjhoqQye iQkWj ,fyesVa hª ,aM lsoQas Mjh ,tqoQs 'ku & , isQz eooZQ (la'kksfèkr izfr) ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-]
u;h fnYyh] 1988
35
36
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
us'kuy ikWfylh vkWu ,tqosQ'ku] 1986- (1992 esa fd, x, la'kksèku osQ lkFk)] f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalkèku
fodkl ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] u;h fnYyh] 1992
us'kuy ikWfylh vkWu ,tqosQ'ku (,u-ih-bZ-)] f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalkèku fodkl ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj]
u;h fnYyh] 1986
izkWc fjiksVZ] ifCyd fjiksVZ vkWu csfld ,tqosQ'ku bu bafM;k] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl]
fnYyh] 1999
izksxzke vkWI+kQ ,D'ku (ih-vks-,-)] Hkkjr ljdkj] f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalkèku fodkl ea=kky;] u;h
fnYyh] 1992
jkepaæu] foeyk (laiknd)] tsaMj ,aM lks'ky bfDoVh bu izkbejh ,tqosQ'kuμgkbZjkdhZ vkWI+kQ ,Dlsl] lst
ifCyosQ'kal] u;h fnYyh] 2004
jkepanzu] foeyk vkSj bZ-vkj-;w- Vhe] LusDl ,aM ySMlZ % iSQDVlZ baÝyq,uflax lDlsliqQy izkbejh LowQy
oaQiyh'ku iQkWj fpYMªsu bu ikoVhZ oaQVsDLV] lkmFk ,f'k;u g~;weu MsoyiesaV lsDVj fjiksVZ ua- 6] fo'o
cSad] u;h fnYyh 2004
jh] ch-ih-] 1988&1992- tkWc lsVLiSQD'ku vkWI+kQ izkbejh LowQy VhplZ] fiQÝFk losZ vkWI+kQ ,tqosQ'kuy
fjlpZ % VªsaM fjiksV~lZ] [kaM- 1] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh] 1989
fjiksVZ vkWI+kQ n ,tqosQ'ku dfe'ku (1964&66)] ,tqosQ'ku ,aM us'kuy MsoyiesaV] u;h fnYyh% f'k{kk
ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj 1966
fjiksVZ vkWI+kQ n ofd±x xzqi vkWu pkbYM MsoyiesaV iQkWj n VsaFk iQkbo b;j Iyku] ;kstuk vk;ksx] Hkkjr
ljdkj] u;h fnYyh] 2001
Vhpj MsoyiesaV iQkWj csVj I;wfiy ,fpoesaV] fjiksVZ vkWI+kQ jhtuy VSfDudy ofo±Qx xzqi de Vªsfuax
ooZQ'kki vkWu bu&lfoZl Vªsfuax vkWI+kQ ,tqosQ'kuy ijlksuy] 29 vDrwcj & 16 uoacj 1985
,-ih-bZ-vkbZ-Mh-] ;wusLdks] cSadkd] 1986
n oWQfjoqQye iQkWj n Vsu&b;j LowQy&, izsQeooZQ] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh] 1975
n izrhph ,tqosQ'ku fjiksVZ] izrhph (bafM;k) VªLV] u;h fnYyh] 2002
n izkWc Vhe bu ,lksfl,'ku fon lsaVj iQkWj MsoyiesaV bdksukWfeDl] ifCyd fjiksVZ vkWu csfld ,tqosQ'ku
bu bafM;k (izkWc)] u;h fnYyh % vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl] 1999
n oYMZ cSad fjiksVZ] izkbejh ,tqosQ'ku bu bafM;k] ,yk;M ifCy'klZ] u;h fnYyh] 1997
oxhZt] ,u-oh- vkSj xks¯onk] vkj-] baVj LowQy osfj,'ku bu LVwMsaV~l ,fpoesaV % ,u ,ukyfll vkWI+kQ
izkbejh LowQy bu iQkbo lysDVsM yksosQYl] ilZisfDVo bu ,tqosQ'ku] 9(1)] 15&34] 1993
oxhZt] ,u-oh-] LowQy bisQDV~l vkWu ,fpoesaV% , LVMh vkWI+kQ xoes±V ,aM izkbosV ,MsM LowQYl bu osQjy]
oqQynhi oqQekj (laikfnr)] LowQy bisQfDVousl ,aM yfuZx ,fpoesaV ,V izkbejh LVst% baVjus'kuy
iLkZisfDVOl] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh] u;h fnYyh] 1995
xq#&f'k"; lacèa k μ vkèkqfud 'kSf{kd ifjiz{s ; esa
'kksHkkjkuh lHkzoky *
Ikzkphu dky ls gh Hkkjr o"kZ esa 'kSf{kd izfØ;kvksa esa xq# f'k"; lacaèkksa dks egÙo fn;k
tkrk jgk gS ijarq & orZeku le; esa bu lacaèkksa esa ifjorZu vk jgk gS vkSj ;s lacaèk
de”kksj iM+rs fn[kkbZ ns jgs gSaA vkt dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa ;fn ge xq#&f'k"; lacaèkksa
esa lqèkkj pkgrs gSa rks gesa xq# rFkk f'k"; nksuksa dh euksn'kkvksa dk vè;;u djuk gksxk
rFkk muls tqM+h laosxkRed] ikfjokfjd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd ;k O;fDrxr leL;kvksa
dks lqy>kus osQ iz;Ru djus gksaxsA
Hkkjro"kZ dh iz k phurk] nk'kZ f udrk rFkk
vkè;kfRedrk dks vf[ky fo'o osQ le`¼ jk"Vª
Hkh fuLladksp gksdj Lohdkj djrs gSaA bl ns'k
dh laLÑfr] Hkk"kk dks vusd Hkk"kkvksa dh tuuh
dgk tkrk gSA fons'kksa esa vkt Hkh Hkkjro"kZ dh
Nfo vkè;kfRed xq# osQ :i esa Lohdkj dh
tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa ^xq#* dh egÙkk
rFkk vko';drk osQ lacaèk esa ftruk mYys[k
fd;k x;k gS mruk vU; fdlh ns'k osQ lkfgR;
rFkk laLÑfr esa ugha feyrkA
ekrk&firk osQ i'pkr~ xq# dh ekU;rk dks osn]
mifu"kn rFkk ijorhZ lkfgR; esa ,d er ls Lohdkj
fd;k x;k gSA xq# osQ izfr vikj J¼k O;Dr djus
*izoDrk] f'k{kk foHkkx] iSly ohM dkWyst] nsgjknwu.
1
v};rkjdksifu"kn~ & 'yksd & 14-16.
osQ fy, rFkk mudk xq.kxku djus osQ fy, ^xq#
iwf.kZek* ^O;kl iwtk* vkfn fofHkUu uke nsdj
fo'ks"k fnol Hkh fuèkkZfjr fd, x, gSAa xq# iwtk
dh ;g izFkk osQoy Hkkjr rd gh lhfer ugha gS
vfirq Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ls vuqikz f.kr FkkbyS.M]
ekWfj'kl tSls ns'kksa esa Hkh bldk izpyu gSA
xq#
xq# 'kCn ^xq* dk vFkZ vaèkdkj rFkk ^#* dk vFkZ
gS jksdus okykA vUèkdkj dks jksdus vFkkZr nwj
djus ls gh xq# 'kCn fufeZr gqvk gSA
1
^v};rkjdksifu"kn* esa xq# 'kCn osQ vFkZ
dks bl izdkj O;Dr fd;k x;k gS & osnkfn ls
38
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
iw.kZr;k xq# dh 'kj.k esa lefiZr gks tk, og
f'k"; gSA ^lR;kFkZ&izdk'k* esa f'k"; ogh gS tks
lR;] f'k{kk vkSj fo|k dks xzg.k djus ;ksX;
èkekZRek] fo|kxzg.k dh bPNk j[kus okyk rFkk
4
vkpk;Z dk fiz; gksrk gSA
f'k"; 'kCn vius esa iw.kZ gS tks okLrfod
:i ls xq# f'k"; lacaèk dks mn~?kkfVr djrk gSA
tks f'k"; xq# dh vkKk dk ikyu djosQ muosQ
vk'khokZnkRed ok.kh dks xzg.k djrk gqvk muosQ
ân; esa lekfo"V gks tkrk gS ogh lPpk f'k";
gSA ^ukjn iqjk.k* esa f'k"; dh rYyhurk osQ
fo"k; esa dgk x;k gS fd & ^^tks fo|k dh
pkguk j[kus okyk gS vkSj fo|k izkIr djuk gh
ftlosQ thou dk ,dek=k iz;kstu gksrk gS og
,d x#M+ i{kh gal osQ leku leqnz esa Hkh pyk
5
tkrk gS**A rkRi;Z ;gh gS fd fo|k dk vFkhZ
lqnwj vkSj nqxZe LFkkuksa esa Hkh ig¡qp tkrk gS
D;ksafd mldk rks ,dek=k y{; fo|k dh izkfIr
djuk gh gksrk gSA tks fo|kFkhZ viuk jgu&lgu
lhèkk&lknk vkSj lnkpkjiw.kZ j[krk gS ogh fo|k
dh izkfIr djrk gSA
^^Hkkjrh; Kku lkèkuk osQ {ks=k esa Kkrk] Ks;]
f'k";
Kku vkSj 'kCn dk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA Kkrk gksrk
3
^f'k";Lrs¿ga 'kfèk eka Roka iziUue~A*
gS & xq# ,oa f'k";] Ks; czã rFkk Kku dks izkIr
6
vFkkZr eSa vkidk f'k"; gw¡ vr% vkidh 'kj.k esa djkus dk lkèku gSA Lokeh n;kuUn Hkh nk'kZfud
vk, gq, eq>dks f'k{kk nhft,A okLro esa tks FksA mudk er gS fd Kkrk osQ vfrfjDr Ks; dk
laiUu vkpk;Z] fo".kq HkDr] eRljrkjfgr ;ksX;
Kkrk] ;ksx fu"Bk okyk] ;ksX;kRek] ifo=k] xq#
HkDr] ijekRek esa fo'ks"k :i ls yhu bu y{k.kksa
ls ;qDr O;fDr gh xq# dgk tkrk gS vFkkZr xq#
'kCn esa loZxq.k laiUurk O;kIr gSA xq# esa xq#rk]
egÙo] ifo=k vkRek] vlkèkkj.k ;ksX;rk lHkh
2
oqQN n`"VO; gksrk gSA ^dknEcjh* esa xq# osQ xq.kksa
dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA ½f"k tkcky osQ xq.kksa
dk mYys[k bl izdkj fd;k gS ¶;g eqfu rstksa esa
vxz.kh] d#.k jl dk izokg] lalkj :ih leqnz ls
ikj tkus osQ fy, oqQYgkM+h] larks"k dk lkxj]
flf¼ ekxZ esa f'k{kd] v'kqHk xzgksa dks 'kkardÙkkZ]
iztk dk pØ] èkeZ dh èotk] vklfDr :ih
iYyoksa osQ fy, nkokuy] Øksèk jfgr] uoZQ }kjksa
osQ caèku] 'kfDr osQ vkJ; vfHkeku jfgr rFkk
lq[kksa ls ijkxeq[k gSaA¸ ekuo thou dk dksbZ Hkh
{ks=k gks mlesa LokfeRo izkIr djus osQ fy, fdlh
,sls O;fDr dh [kkst djuh iM+rh gS tks bl {ks=k
esa iw.kZ Kku j[krk gksA ;g iw.kZ Kkuh osQoy xq#
gksrk gSA xq# gh lkèkkj.k O;fDr;ksa dks vKkukUèkdkj
ls izdk'k dh vksj ys tkrk gSA
2
dknEcjh i`- Hkkx tkckfyo.kZue~ i`- 166 ls 168.
Hkxon~xhrk & 'kadkjek.; 217] i`- 83.
4
egf"kZ n;kuUn ljLorh & lR;kFkZ izdk'k& i`- 564.
5
ukjniqjk.k f}rh; [k.M & 'yksd & 230] i`- 255.
6
MkW osn izdk'k xqzi & n;kuUn n'kZu & i`- 217.
3
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
Hkh i`Fkd vfLrRo gS vU;Fkk Kku fdldk\ xq#
dk Kku fcuk f'k"; osQ vfLrRo osQ lqjf{kr rFkk
gLrkarfjr ugha gks ldrk vFkkZr xq# 'kCn osQ
lkFk&lkFk f'k"; 'kCn Lor% gh vk tkrk gSA
xq# f'k"; lacaèk
oSfnd xzUFkksa] egkdkO;ksa] ukVdksa] uhfrdkO;ksa
rFkk gekjs lkfgR; vkfn esa xq# f'k"; ijaijk
dk mYys[k feyrk gSA laLÑr osQ 'kCndks"k
7
dYinnzqe osQ }kjk f'k"; dh mRifÙk bl
izdkj dh x;h gSA 'kkl~ $ D;i~A 'kkl~ 'kCn
D;i~ izR;; feydj f'k"; 'kCn dh mRifÙk
ekuh x;h gSA 'kkl~ dk vFkZ gksrk gS — 'kklu
djuk] vkKk nsuk] vk'khokZn nsuk] mins'k nsuk]
lekfn"V djuk vkfnA mijksDr lHkh izfØ;k,¡ xq#
}kjk f'k"; osQ izfr dh tkrh gSaA gekjh Hkkjrh;
oSfnd laLÑfr osQ vuqlkj xq# firk@ekrk rqY;
rFkk f'k"; iq=k@iq=kh rqY; O;ogkj djrk gSA
xq# f'k"; lacaèk
(fparu)
—
vkèkqfud ifjizs{; esa
vkt dh vkèkqfud f'k{kk osQ ifjizs{; esa ;fn
ge xq#&f'k"; lacaèkksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsa rks
bldh Nfo oqQN foÑr fn[kk;h nsrh gSA ik'pkR;
lH;rk osQ izHkko esa vkdj vkèkqfud cuus dh
gksM+ esa ;qok oxZ vius xq#tuksa rFkk izfrf"Br
O;fDr dh vkKk dk mYya?ku vkSj mudh mis{kk
djus esa xkSjo dk vuqHko djrs gSaA ;qok oxZ esa
tks fujk'kk] HkXuk'kk] vogsyuk] dÙkZO; dh mis{kk]
7
'kCndks"k] dYinnzqe rFkk laLÑr fganh dks"k.
39
vgadkj vkfn n`f"Vxkspj gksrs gSa okLro esa ;s
lHkh voxq.k gekjh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr osQ vuq:i
dnkfi ugha gSaA vU; ns'kksa dh laLÑfr;ksa osQ
feJ.k ls] fons'kksa esa oqQN dky jgus rFkk iqu%
vius ns'k ykSVus ls yksdra=kh; Hkkjr esa Lokèkhurk
dk vFkZ Bhd u le>us ls rFkk izR;sd laLFkku]
laLFkk vkSj O;fDr esa jktuhfr dk izos'k gks tkus
ls vkt Hkkjrh; ;qokoxZ foaQdÙkZO;foew<+ lk cu
x;k gSA og iFkHkz"V gksdj Kku 'kwU;] funsZ'ku
jfgr rFkk vaèkdkj esa foyhu gks jgk gSA izR;sd
f'k"; esa izse] R;kx] lsok] vgadkj 'kwU;rk vkfn
xq.kksa dk gksuk vko';d gS tks vkt osQ f'k";
esa ugha gSA
vkèkqfudrk osQ ifjisz{; esa f'k{kd Hkh
vius dÙkZO; ls foeq[k gksrs fn[krs gSaA og Hkh
dbZ ckj vius dks bl vkèkqfud lekt dh
Hkkxrh f”kanxh dk ,d fgLlk cukus esa yxs gSaA
vkt dk f'k{kd vR;kèkqfud thou 'kSyh esa
dne ls dne feykdj pyus dh vkikèkkih
esa og Hkh fdlh gn rd foaQdÙkZO;foew<+ lk
gks x;k gSA dbZ ckj lekpkji=kksa rFkk ehfM;k
}kjk lquus dks feyrk gS fd dbZ ckj f'k";ksa
}kjk rFkk dbZ ckj f'k{kdksa }kjk vius dÙkZO;ksa
rFkk vfèkdkjksa dk guu fd;k x;kA bl ij
ge lkspus ij etcwj gks tkrs gSa fd gekjh
vkt dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa xq# f'k"; lacaèkksa
esa ifjorZu D;ksa vk jgs gSaA blosQ fy, gesa
xq# rFkk f'k"; nksuksa dh leL;kvksa] ekufld
euksn'kkvksa dk vè;;u djuk ”k:jh gks tkrk
40
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
gSA vkèkqfud f'k{kk osQ ifjizs{; esa xq# f'k"; • ekrk&firk rFkk f'k{kdksa dks ,d ekg esa de
lacaèkksa osQ Toyar'khy fo"k; osQ :i esa lkeus
ls de ,d ;k nks ckj cPps ls lacafèkr
vkus yxk gSA blosQ fo"k; esa gedks FkksM+k
leL;kvksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ djuk pkfg,
laosnu'khy gksus dh vko';drk gSA
ftlls ckyd dh 'kSf{kd] laosxkRed]
ikfjokfjd ;k O;fDrxr leL;kvksa dk lekèkku
lq>ko
gks losQA
lar ok.kh laxzg esa xq# f'k"; lacaèkksa dks bl • ekrk&firk }kjk cPPkksa ij viuh vfr
egÙokdka{kkvksa dk cks> yknuk Hkh cPpksa osQ
izdkj n'kkZ;k x;k gS & ^izR;sd O;fDr dks
ekufld LokLF; rFkk muosQ vuq'kklu dks
fdlh u fdlh lgkjs dh vko';drk iM+rh
izHkkfor djrk gSA dHkh&dHkh cPpk bl
gSA og fdlh vuqHko;qDr Kkuh O;fDr dh
egÙokdka{kk esa nc tkrk gS rFkk mn~naM gks
v¡xqyh idM+dj viuk ekxZ r; djuk pkgrk
tkrk gSA blosQ fy, le;&le; ij ,sls
gSA bl lalkj esa liZ dks nwèk fiykus okys rks
lsfeukjksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tk, ftlesa
cgqr gSa ysfdu muosQ fo"k dks Lo;a nwj djus
ekrk&firk rFkk f'k{kd leku :i ls Hkkx
okys vfr vYi gh fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA og fliZQ xq#
8
ys losQaA
gh gksrk gSA
vkt dh vfr vkèkqfud f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa • d{kkvksa esa oS;fDrd Hksnksa dk è;ku j[kdj
'kSf{kd O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A
;fn ge xq# f'k"; lacaèkksa esa lqèkkj pkgrs gSa rks
gesa fuEu igyqvksa dh vksj lekt dk è;ku f'k{kd osQ lacaèk eas
vkÑ"V djuk gksxkA gesa xq# rFkk f'k"; nksuksa dh
• nkl- ,e- ts- (1989) us f'k{kdksa osQ ekufld
euksn'kkvksa dk vè;;u djuk gksxkA
LokLF; ij dke dj ik;k — fd f'k{kdksa
ij dkiQh dke dk cks> Fkk rFkk muosQ
Nk=kksa ls lacafèkr
vius vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ lkFk lacaèk vPNs ugha
FksA mUgksaus lq>ko fn;k fd f'k{kdksa dks dke
Nk=kksa dh leL;kvksa ls lacafèkr izR;sd fo|ky;
esa [kq'kh rFkk iqjLdkj muosQ ekufld LokLF;
esa mfpr ^funsZ'ku ,oa ijke'kZ* izksxzke j[kk tk,
9
osQ fy, vfr vko';d gSA
rkfd mudh oqQN laosxkRed ;k lkekftd ;k
ikfjokfjd leL;kvksa dks le>dj gy djus dh • vè;kid dks fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk;qDr gksus osQ
fy, izf'kf{kr gksuk pkfg, blosQ fy, mls
dksf'k'k dh tk,A
8
dchjnkl & lUrok.kh laxzg & 25@41.
9
fiQÝFk losZ vkWiQ ,twosQ'kuy fjlpZ & i`- 114.
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
41
vusd iwokZxzgksa ls eqDr gksuk iM+sxk vkSj
• f'k{kd dks Nk=kksa osQ izfr ldkjkRed
LorU=k fparu djuk gksxkA Nk=kksa dks ekU;
n`f"Vdks.k j[kuk pkfg,A
eu ls foijhr er izdV djus dh NwV nsuk
• f'k{kd dh ekufld&n'kk rFkk ekufld
vè;kid dk dÙkOZ; gS foaQrq pan vè;kid
LokLF; osQ fy, le;&le; ij 'kSf{kd
gh ,slk djrs gSaA iQy ;g gksrk gS fd Nk=kksa
iz'kklfud vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk lsfeukjksa dh
esa Lora=k er j[kus vkSj 'kksèk dh izo`fÙk
O;oLFkk dh tk, ftlesa f'k{kd mUgsa
tkxzr gksus osQ ctk; osQoy iqjk.kiaFkhiu gh
leL;kvksa osQ ckjs esa voxr djk losaQ
10
vk ikrk gSA
rFkk bu leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku dh
• f'k{kk iz'kklu esa vè;kid dh Hkwfedk dh
O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A
mis{kk ugha gksuh pkfg,A f'k{kk&ra=k blfy,
• mijksDr lHkh lq>koksa osQ lkFk gesa
vk;ksftr gS rkfd Nk=k&vè;;u dj losaQ
uSfrd&f'k{kk dks fo'ks"k egÙo nsuk gksxkA
vkSj vè;;u&vè;kiu esa oqQ'ky f'k{kd dk
le;&le; ij ,slh uSfrd f'k{kk ls lacfa èkr
cM+k egÙo gS ijarq Hkkjh&Hkjde f'k{kk&ra=k
lsfeukjksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tk, ftlesa
dh ;g cgqr cM+h deh gS fd mlosQ vfèkdrj
Nk=k&f'k{kd rFkk fo'ks"kK lfEefyr gks
f'k{kk&iz'kkld vè;kid ugha gksrs vr% mUgsa
ftlls xq# f'k"; lacèa kksa esa lqèkkj gks losQA
11
ckydksa osQ vè;kiu dk vuqHko ugha gksrkA
• ;fn ge xq# f'k"; lacaèkksa esa I;kj rFkk
f'k{kdksa dh vkfFkZd leL;kvksa ij ljdkj
lEeku dk Hkko pkgrs gSa rks gesa uSfrd
}kjk fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k tk, ftlls os eqDr :i
f'k{kk dh vksj fo'ks"k è;ku nsuk gksxk
ftlls gekjk ;qokoxZ vkxs pydj gekjs
ls vius dÙkZO;ksa dk fuoZgu dj losaQA
• orZeku esa f'k{kdksa dks d{kk esa gj n`f"V ls
ns'k osQ fy, xkSjo dh felky cu losQA
ltx jgus dh ,oa izc¼
q vkSj tkudkjh
• oVªs.M jlsy osQ vuqlkj & ^f'k{kd dks
fo'ks"kK osQ :i eas vius dks izLrqr djus
jk"Vª rFkk ppZ dh vis{kk vius f'k";
dh lkeF;Z vius vanj iSnk djuh gksxhA
osQ izfr izse gksuk pkfg,A ;fn ,slk ugha
13
bl lkeF;Z osQ dkj.k gh og ,d
gS rks og vkn'kZ f'k{kd ugha gSA
fo'oluh; lanHkZnkrk] ekxZn'kZd vkSj ijke'khZ ^dchj tc ge xkors] rc tkuk xq# ukfgaA
12
14
dh Hkwfedk fuoZgu dj ldrk gSA
vc xq# fny esa nsf[k;k] xkou dks dNq ukfgaA*
10
oVsª.M jlsy % f'k{kk vkSj lekt O;oLFkk] jktdey izdk'ku & 1968] i`- 116.
oVªs.M jlsy% f'k{kk vkSj lekt O;oLFkk] jktdey izdk'ku & 1968] i`- 166.
12
'kSf{kd funsZ'ku ,oa ijke'kZ & egkohj izlkn xqIrk] i`- 30.
13
oVªs.M jlsy & f'k{kk dh :ijs[kk & jktdey izdk'ku &1963] i`- 42.
14
dchjnkl & lUrok.kh laxzg & 44@101.
11
le>s]a uk le>sa ij le> dh Hkk"kk dks rks le>sa
vk;q"eku xksLokeh*
Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e ls lh[kus&lh[kkus ;k Hkk"kk dks lh[kus&lh[kkus dh ckr djrs gh fparu
osQ leqnz esa iz'uksa vkSj ftKklkvksa dh vuxfur ygjsa mBus yxrh gSaA ij cPpksa osQ
Medium of Instruction dh ckr djuk vkSj og Hkh fli+ZQ ,d vaxzs”kh osQ lgkjs
mUgsa yM+[kM+kdj ;su&osQu izdkjs.k pyrs ns[kuk] bls u rks cPpksa osQ Hkfo"; dks lgh
fn'kk esa c<+uk dgk tk,xk u gh lh[kus&le>us dh vk”kknhA le> dh Hkk"kk ges'kk
cPpksa esa vius ifjos'k ls gh vkrh gS vkSj ml Hkk"kk dks tc f'k{k.k ls tksM+rs gq,
cPpksa osQ vuqHko ;k thou dks d{kk esa fdrkcksa vkSj fØ;kdykiksa }kjk izLrqr gksus dk
volj fn;k tkrk gS] rks lh[kuk ;k le>uk vkSj le>kuk ;g lc thoar cu tkrk
gSA izLrqr ys[k esa geus fganh Hkk"kh jkT; jktLFkku osQ vtesj ftys osQ oqQN fganh ekè;e
vkSj vaxzs”kh ekè;e osQ LowQyksa esa izkFkfed Lrj ij f'k{k.k osQ ekè;e vkSj Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k
lacaèkh oqQN thoar vuqHko izkIr fd, vkSj mUgha dks vkèkkj cukdj ;gk¡ oqQN lkspus
vkSj dgus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
f'k{kk txr~ dh lkjh xfrfofèk;ksa ;k fØ;kdykiksa
dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k tk, rks ;g dguk
T;knk eqf'dy ugha gS fd ge dgha&u&dgha
le>us vkSj le>kus osQ isQj esa yxs gq, gSaA
'kSf{kd vuqalèkkuksa dh fn'kk vkSj lkaizfrd n'kk
Hkh blh ^le>* osQ isQj dks le>us esa yxh gSA
cPpk D;k le>rk gS] oSQls le>rk gS] mlosQ
*izoDrk
f'k{kk] {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku] vtesj&305004.
le>us dk rjhdk D;k gS bR;kfn iz'uksa dk tokc
nsus osQ fy, ge dHkh 'kSf{kd euksfoKku osQ
vrhr vkSj orZeku dks VVksyus dh dksf'k'k djrs
gSa] rks dHkh f'k{kk osQ nk'kZfud vkèkkjksa dks
ryk'kus yxrs gSaA lekt'kkL=k Hkh bl ryk'k ls
vyx rks gS ugha blfy, mls Hkh ?klhVdj ykus
dk Hkjld iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA Hkk"kk osQ fo}ku]
43
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
le> osQ BsosQnkj] ikB~;Øe osQ egk;ks¼k]
f'k{kk'kkL=k osQ èkqjaèkj egkjFkh vkSj u tkus ,sls gh
fdrus ukeksa ls lEekfur egkuqHkko vius&vius
gkFkksa esa vyx&vyx 'kksèk i¼fr;ksa dk HkaM+kj
fy, rFkk cqf¼ esa oSpkfjd laizR;;ksa dh cgqyrk*
fy, bl f'k{kk :ih oqQ#{ks=k esa ,d egklej dh
rS;kjh esa tqVs gSaA ,d i{k okegLFk dh vksj >qdk
gS rks nwljk nf{k.k gLFk osQ uhps [kM+k gS] ,d
le>us&le>kus dk iwoZi{k gS rks nwljk mldk
mÙkj i{k] ,d dks Kkrk&Kku&Ks; eas jpukokn
dh lud yxh gS rks nwljk oLrqokn dks NksM+uk
gh ugha pkgrkA bu lHkh egkjfFk;ksa osQ chp i¡Qlk
gS rks uknku] lgt vkSj g¡leq[k cPpk ftlosQ
ikl u rks le> dks le>us dksbZ rjhdk gS] u gh
Kku osQ iwokZxgz dh dksbZ NfoA og ,d fuMj
uk;d dh rjg vius vuqHko vkSj fparu osQ iFk
ij fufoZgu c<+us dks rRij gSA mls D;k lh[kuk
gS] dc lh[kukA oSQls lh[kuk gS] fdlls vkSj
D;ksa lh[kuk gS] bl ckr dh fpark ugha gS D;ksafd
bu iz'uksa ls rks os egkjFkh f?kjs gSa tks mlosQ pkjksa
vksj [kMs+ gSaA cPpk rks flI+kZQ lh[kus vkSj mlh osQ
vuqlkj vkxs c<+kus esa fo'okl j[krk gSA
dne&nj&dne c<+uk mls vkrk gS] mu dneksa
dh pki Hkh og lqurk gS vkSj lqudj viuh gh
cukbZ fdlh y; esa eneLr gksdj vkxs c<+ tkrk
gS] fcuk bl Hk; osQ fd og fxj Hkh ldrk gSA
lh[kus osQ ftl jkLrs ij og c<+us yxrk gS ml
ij j[kk x;k gj dne mls vxys dne dks
fo'okl osQ lkFk c<+kus dh izsj.kk nsrk gS vkSj
vliQyrk ;k ukdkeh dh Bksdj Hkh mls cgqr
oqQN fl[kk tkrh gSA
Åij osQ gekjs fparu dks cPps dh Hkk"kk
lacaèkh le> vkSj Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e ls mls le>kus
osQ ifjisz{; eas ns[kk tk, rks oqQN vk'p;Z vo';
gksrk gSA gj cPps dk tUe fdlh ,d Hkk"kk;h
ifjos'k eas gksrk gSA ;gk¡ ge Hkk"kk vkSj cksyh dk
og 'kkL=kh; Hksn ugha dj jgs gSa ftlls fo}kuksa
dk ljksdkj gS vfirq Hkk"kk dks cPps osQ thou ls
tqMk ,d vifjgk;Z rRo eku jgs gSaA cPps osQ
ifjos'k dh Hkk"kk cgqr oqQN mldh ekrk ls
feyrh gSA ek¡ dh rjg og Hkh mls g¡lkrh]
f[kykrh vkSj le>krh gSA u rks og cPps dks
#ykrh gS u gh jksrk ns[k ldrh gSA cPps osQ
lkeus mldk gj deZ ek¡ osQ leku lgt vkSj
fiz; gksrk gSA tSls dksbZ ek¡ dHkh Hkh ekr`Ro dh
'kkL=kh; ifjHkk"kk esa caèkdj cPps dks Lusg ugha
djrh mlh izdkj cPps osQ ifjos'k dh Hkk"kk
fdlh 'kkL=kh; O;kdj.k ;k mlosQ fu;eksa esa ugha
caèkrh gSA blhfy, NksVs cPps Hkk"kk osQ iz;ksx dks
ysdj cM+ksa dh vis{kk dgha vfèkd ljy vkSj
lgt gksrs gSa tSls ge dgsax—
s
1234-
vkius ikuh ih fy;k
vkidks ?kj tkuk gS
vkils xyrh gqbZ
vkidk HkkbZ vk;k
&
&
&
&
geus ikuh ih fy;k
gedks ?kj tkuk gS
gels xyrh gqbZ
gekjk HkkbZ vk;k
vc nsf[k, ”kjk cPpk D;k dgrk gSA 'kq:
osQ rhu dne pydj ftl fo'okl ls og pkSFks
dne ij vkrk gS] gels dgha vfèkd rkfoZQd
vkSj cqf¼eku gksrk gSA og dgrk gS &
¶vkidk HkkbZ vk;k & gedk HkkbZ vk;kA**
44
;gk¡ cPpk roZQ djrk gS fd tc vkius ls
geus cuk] vkidks ls gedks cuk vkSj vkils ls
gels cuk] rks vkidk ls gedk D;ksa ugha cusxk]
D;ksa mlosQ fy, gekjk cksyuk ”k:jh gSA 'kk;n
bldk tokc u rks O;kdj.k osQ ikl ml rjg ls
gS] ftl rjg ls cPpk lksprk gS vkSj u gh mu
egkjfFk;ksa osQ ikl tks mls i<+kus ;k fl[kkus osQ
uke ij ?ksjs gq, gSaA
vc vxj cPps dh vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dh
ckr djsa vkSj izkFkfed Lrj ij f'k{k.k ;k
f'k{k.k osQ ekè;e ij fopkj djsa rks fparu u;h
fn'kk,¡ ysrk izrhr gksxkA fdlh Hkh cPps dk
vkSipkfjd izkFkfed f'k{k.k vkSj Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e
ls f'k{k.k ges'kk mldh ekr`Hkk"kk ;Fkk:i
mPpkj.k] rnuqlkj mrkj&p<+ko vkSj mlosQ le>us
osQ vius fujkys <+ax ij fuHkZj djrk gSA blosQ
lkFk gh f'k{kd] tks fd Lo;a fdlh ifjos'k dh
mit gS] Hkh cPps dh le> osQ fuekZ.k esa
vge~ Hkwfedk vnk djrk gSA ;fn f'k{kd dh
Hkk"kk cPps osQ ifjos'k dh Hkk"kk ls vutkuh gS
rks cPpk lh[kus & fl[kkus dh iz f Ø;k es a
vutku&lk cuk jgrk gSA ;fn fLFkfr blosQ
foijhr gS rks d{kk eas i<+krs le; f'k{kd osQ
fy, mu 'kCnkas dk iz;ksx djuk lgt gksrk gS
tks cPps dh jks”kejkZ dh f”kanxh dk fgLlk cu
pqosQ gSaA vc tc ,sls f'k{kd pkgs Hkk"kk i<+k,¡
;k Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e ls xf.kr] foKku] lkekftd
foKku vkfn dh ckr djsa] cPps muosQ lkFk
,d yxko eglwl djrs gSa D;ksafd f'k{kd dh
cksyh mu 'kCnksa ls lth gS ftudk Lokn cPps
gj lk¡l esa ysrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
ge izFke n`"V;k ;g eku ldrs gSa fd ftls
ge cPps dh ikfjosf'kd Hkk"kk dg jgs gSa og
mldh ekr`Hkk"kk Hkh gS tks mlosQ fy, nwljh
Hkk"kkvksa rd tkus esa ,d lsrq dk dke Hkh djrh
gSA lkFk gh] vxj ge ;g ekurs gSa fd LFkkuh;
mPpkj.k ;k ekr`Hkk"kk dk izHkko fdlh fo"k; dks
i<+us ;k le>us esa ckèkd ugha cfYd lgk;d gSa
rks d{kk esa vki fnuksa esa ?kVus okyh oqQN NksVh&NksVh
?kVuk,¡ gekjk è;ku vo'; [khapsxhA
,d cPpk dgrk gS & ¶lj! ;s ckr rks
vkius iSys Hkh crkbZ FkhA¸
(;g osQ LFkku ij ;s vkSj igys dh txg
iSys dk iz;ksx djukA)
nwljk cPpk dg jgk gS & ¶;s oSQls irk
yxsxk fd fdÙkh&fdÙkh ykbZusa dgk¡ cukuh gSaA¸
(fdrus ;k fdruh dh txg fdÙkh dguk lkFk
gh v¡xsz”kh osQ cgqopu ykbUl dks fganh dk
cgqopu cukuk & ykbZusa)
rhljk cPpk iwNrk gS & ¶lj! Fkzh osQ mIij
iQksj vk;sxk D;k gSA¸ (Åij dh txg mIij
cksyuk] feyh&tqyh fganh&v¡xsz”kh cksyuk)
vc nsf[k,] f'k{kd D;k dg jgs gSa &
¶Twenty esa viu us fdruk tksM+k fd
forty gks x;k\¸
(geus fdruk tksM+k osQ LFkku ij viu us
fdRrk tksM+k dguk)
vkxs c<rs gq, og f'k{kd fiQj iwNrs gSa &
¶Fifty esa fdruk add fd;k fd Fifty
six gks x;kA¸
(;gk¡ fdruk 'kCn cksyk x;k vkSj lkFk gh
tksM+ osQ LFkku ij add dks add dj fn;k x;kA)
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
vc rd osQ mnkgj.k fdlh Hkk"kk dh d{kk
osQ ugha gaS] ij Hkk"kk f'k{k.k Hkh bl tehuh
lPpkbZ ls Hkkx ugha ldrk D;ksafd Hkk"kk thou
ls Hkkxus dk uke ugha gS cfYd thou osQ
vuqHkoksa dks lesVus dh ,d dyk gSA bl dyk
dh lkèkuk gj Hkk"kk f'k{kd djrk gSA rjhosQ oqQN
vyx ;k brj gks ldrs gSaA ns[krs gSa] vaxzs”kh dh
d{kk eas D;k gks jgk gS &
Teacher asks, “Why was the sultan
in hurry?”
cPpksa ls oqQN iwNk x;k vkSj iyV dj cPps
iwN jgs gS ^^Hurry dk eryc\ bl eryc dk
eryc cM+k fofp=k gSA eryc le> esa vk tk,
rks vFkZ Hkh le> eas vk tk,xk vkSj lh[kus&fl[kkus
dh lkFkZdrk HkhA 'kk;n f'k{kd us bls le>
fy;k vkSj dgk&
¶Hurry eryc tYnh es]a lqYrku tYnh eas
D;ksa FkkA¸ fiQj vkxs c<+s Why did the Barber
take so long to shave the Sultan ? bldk
eryc gqvk fd 'kso djus esa mlus T;knk le;
D;ksa fy;k] mldks T;knk Time D;ksa yxk\ vc
nsf[k,] f'k{kd dks irk gS fd cPpksa dk ifjos'k
ml Hkk"kk dks le> ldrk gS] tks ogha iSnk gqbZ gS
vkSj [ksyh&owQnh gSA og Hkk"kk bruh lgt gS fd
le; dh txg Time dgus esa viukiu eglwl
dj jgh gSA f'k{kd vkxs c<+rs gq, fiQj dgrs gSAa
The Barber took so long to shave
the Sultan so that he could get food for
his friends easily, eryc mldks vius nksLrksa
osQ fy, [kkuk ysuk Fkk] oks food ysuk pkgrk
FkkA rHkh ,d cPpk iwN cSBrk gS & lj! “Barber”
eryc] f'k{kd dgrs gSa ^^ukbZ gksrk gSA**
45
cPpk ;g eryc igys Hkh iwN ldrk Fkk]
ij ugha iwN ldkA ;k rks mldk è;ku gh ugha
Fkk ;k ftl Hkk"kk esa f'k{kd iwN jgs Fks] og
mlls oqQN vtuch FkhA tSls gh f'k{kd us
rFkkdfFkr English teaching through
english; ;k English as medium of
instruction dh f”kn NksM+ nh] cPps us Hkh u
iwNus dk Hk; R;kx fn;kA ,d le>nkj f'k{kd
vkSj dj Hkh D;k ldrk gSA og fu;eksa dh
tathjksa esa tdM+k ugha gS cfYd le> ikus vkSj
le>k ikus dh fu"Bkvksa ls caèkk gSA Hkk"kk dks
i<+k;k tk, ;k Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e ls i<+k;k tk,]
nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa ^le> dh Hkk"kk* egÙoiw.kZ
LFkku j[krh gSA
le> dh Hkk"kk] cPpksa osQ fy, fdlh
vkSipkfjd izkFkfed] f}rh; ;k r`rh; Hkk"kk ls
dgha igys lh[kus&le>us osQ jkLrs [kksy pqdh
gksrh gSA cM+h mez osQ cM+s yksx le> dh tks
Hkk"kk tkurs gSa og fdlh ekud fganh ;k
Standard English osQ dkI+kQh lehi gksrh gS
vkSj mleas os yksx oqQN vkxs Hkh c<+ pqosQ gksrs
gSa] 'kk;n blhfy, cPPks osQ izkFkfed Lrj ij
f'k{k.k osQ ekè;e dh ckr Hkh os mlh Hkk"kk esa
djuk pkgrs gSa] ij cPpk rks cPpk gS Hkyk
viuh le> dh Hkk"kk dks oSQls vkSj D;kas NksM+ ns]
og rks lkiQ lqFkjh ckr tkurk gS & tks le>
ldrk gw¡ og gS vkSj tks ugha le> ldrk gw¡ ml
ij D;k d:¡ ;k dgw¡A cM+s yksxksa osQ roZQ dkiQh
nwj rd tkrs gSA English is now, a language
of power, wisdom and rule, English is
an International Language. ij cPpk]
46
viuh vkSdkr vkSj lhek,¡ nksuksa tkurk gSA mlosQ
vius vanj dk lalkj dgha vfèkd lgt vkSj
lqanj gS] mls fdlh ij Rule ugha djuk gS] u
gh dksbZ ,slh Power vftZr djuh gSA u tkus
vkxs D;k gks vkSj ;fn Power ;k Rule ugha
dj ik, rks oqaQfBr gksuk iM+sxkA cPpk ;gk¡ ij
iz;kstuoknh fopkjèkkjk osQ u”knhd gksrk gS] vFkkZr~
igys ls f'k{kk osQ y{; vkSj mís'; fuèkkZfjr
djosQ pyuk mls ugha vkrk ;k dgsa mlosQ
vuqHko ls esy ugha [kkrkA viuh le> ls vkxs
c<+ losQ] oqQN dj losQ vkSj thou dk gj iy
vkuan ls th losaQ] 'kk;n ;g cPps dk
vkfRed&vkarfjd xarO; gksrk gSA ;g ,d ,slk
xarO; gS ftl rd igq¡pus osQ jkLrs vusd gSa]
vkSj eafty] u tkus dgk¡ vkSj oSQlh gSA
izkFkfed Lrj ij cPpksa osQ lkFk ftl
Medium of Instruction dh ckr ge le>
ik jgs gSa] og f'k{kd dk cPpksa osQ lkFk ,d
thoar] lkFkZd] lPpk vkSj u;h fn'kk ysus okyk
laokn gS] ftlesa laokn dh Hkk"kk English
Medium dk LowQy gksrs gq, Hkh oSlh English
ugha gS tks Åij ls cks> dh rjg ykn nh xbZ gks
;k tks fganh ;k LFkkuh; Hkk"kk ls oqQN 'kCnksa dks
ysus esa ladksp djrh gksA ;g 'kq¼] 'kkL=kh; fganh
ls Hkh oqQN nwj ,slh Hkk"kk gS ftleas ¶ikpu ra=k¸
dks gktek ;k ¶xq#Rokd"kZ.k¸ dks [khapus dh
rkdr dg dj le>k tkrk gSA
;g Hkk"kk] ftls lgh vFkZ es a Real
Classroom Transaction dgk tk,xk] ,d
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
,slh Hkk"kk gS tks cPpksa dks] mlosQ ifjos'k] lalkj
vkSj laLdkj (Hkk"kk dk ?kjsyw okrkoj.k) osQ lkFk
Lohdkj djrh gSA vkxs pydj ;g English
Medium ;k fganh ekè;e dk ,d Lrjh; :i
ys ys] ;g ,d vyx ckr gSA ij] bruk dgk tk
ldrk gS fd vHkh tks oqQN izkFkfed Lrj ij
Classroom Transaction ;k Medium of
Instruction osQ uke ij gks jgk gS] og cgqHkk"kh
Learning Environment dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
tgk¡ Hkk"kk,¡ ,d nwljs dh izfr}anh ugha gSa vfirq
lgxkeh ;k lg;ksxh gSaA
tgk¡ rd Pure English medium dh
ckr gS ;k Classroom Transaction in
English dh ckr gS] og u rks iwjh rjg ls laHko
gS u gh visf{kr gS D;ksafd d{kk eas cPps tc iz'u
iwNrs gSa ;k iwNs x, iz'uksa dk tokc nsrs gS]a rks
mudh Hkk"kk bl rFkkdfFkr Pure English ;k
'kq¼ fganh ls dkslksa nwj gksrh gSA ;fn cPpksa dks
lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfØ;k ls tksMu+ k gS vkSj mUgsa
vius vuqHkoksa ls vkxs c<+us osQ fy, izfs jr djuk
gS rks ge d{kk;h f'k{k.k dk ekè;e ,slh Hkk"kk dks
cuk,¡ tks dbZ Hkk"kkvksa dk ,d fefJr :i gS vkSj
ftlesa ekr`Hkk"kk fdlh ekud Hkk"kk rd igqp
¡ us esa
l'kDr lsrq dk dke djrh gSA
bl fn'kk es a jk"Vª h ; ikB~ ; pZ ; k dh
:ijs[kk&2005 esa Hkk"kk f'k{k.k vkSj Hkk"kk osQ
ekè;e ls f'k{k.k lacaèkh tks lq>ko fn, x, gSa
mUgsa le>us vkSj rnuqlkj iz;ksx esa ykus dh
egrh vko';drk gSA
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk osQ izfr csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn~
}kjk lapkfyr izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr
f'k{kdksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k dk vè;;u
deys'k oqQekj pkSèkjh*
lkoZHkkSfed izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ y{; dh izkfIr gsrq feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk ,d vR;ar
egÙoiw.kZ dne gS] foaQrq ftl rjg ls bl ;kstuk osQ lacaèk esa nSfud lekpkj i=kksa esa
laikndh; ,oa lekpkj i<+us dks feyrs gSa mlls bl ;kstuk dh O;oLFkk ,oa
fØ;kUo;u lacaèkh dfe;k¡ mtkxj gksrh gSaA izLrqr vè;;u ,oa iz;kl gS ;g tkuus dk
fd csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn~] mÙkj izns'k }kjk lapkfyr fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr iq#"k ,oa
efgyk f'k{k.k bl ;kstuk osQ fo"k; esa D;k n`f"Vdks.k j[krs gSaA
Hkkjr ,d iztkrkaf=kd ns'k gSA fdlh Hkh jk"Vª esa
iztkra=k dh liQyrk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS
fd ml jk"Vª osQ ukxfjd fdrus tkx:d gSaA
ukxfjdksa dh tkx:drk] jk"Vª osQ lk{kjrk&izfr'kr
,oa f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA blhfy,
f'k{kk vk;ksx (1964&66) us dgk gS fd ^^Hkkjr
osQ HkkX; dk fuekZ.k bl le; mldh d{kkvksa esa
gks jgk gSA--- gekjs LowQy vkSj dkWystksa ls fudyus
okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ;ksX;rk ,oa l¡[;k ij gh
jk"Vªh; iqufuZek.k osQ ml egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z dh
liQyrk fuHkZj djsxh] ftldk izeq[k y{; gekjs
jgu&lgu dk Lrj m¡Qpk mBkuk gSA** c?ksyk]
ekgs'ojh ,oa Hkkstd (1985) osQ vuqlkj f'k{kk
dh egÙkk dks ns[krs gq, gh ¶lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn
45 esa fufo"V funsZ'kd rRo dh iwfrZ osQ lacaèk esa
dgk x;k gS fd jkT; dks 14 o"kZ rd osQ cPpksa
dh fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk
djus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,A** Hkkjr (2005)
esa mfYyf[kr gS fd ^^86oka lafoèkku la'kksèku
foèks;d 13 fnlacj] 2003 dks vfèklwfpr gqvk FkkA
*mikpk;Z] f'k{kk foHkkx] ,e-ts-ih- #gsy[k.M fo'ofo|ky;] cjsyh (m-iz-).
48
blesa 6 ls 14 o"kZ rd osQ lHkh cPpksa dks
ekSfyd vfèkdkj osQ :i esa izkFkfed f'k{kk nsus
dk izkoèkku gSA** ;g laoèS kkfud O;oLFkk blhfy,
dh x;h] ftlls dksbZ Hkh ckyd f'k{kk izkIr
djus osQ volj ls oafpr u jg tk,A
fuLlansg ekuo osQ O;fDrRo osQ fodkl ,oa
jk"Vª dh izxfr esa f'k{kk dh egÙkk dks vLohdkj
ugha fd;k tk ldrkA f'k{kk ls vis{kk dh tkrh
gS fd blosQ ekè;e ls lq;ksX; ,oa jpuk'khy
Je'kfDr ;qDr ekuo dk l`tu gksxk] tks jk"Vªh;
,oa varZjk"Vªh; leL;kvksa dks le>us rFkk muosQ
lekèkku esa ;ksxnku nsus esa l{ke gksaxsA ijarq lu~
2001 dh tux.kuk (lanHkZ & HkV~V ,oa HkkxZo
2005) osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr dh lk{kjrk ek=k
65-38 izfr'kr gSA vr% Li"V gS fd ns'k osQ
vk”kkn gksus osQ yxHkx 60 o"kZ ckn Hkh ge
'kr&izfr'kr lk{kjrk osQ y{; ls dkiQh nwj gSaA
;|fi izkFkfed f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsus ,oa mlesa
xq.kkRed lqèkkj gsrq ljdkj }kjk le;&le; ij
vusd ;kstuk,a lapkfyr dh xbZ gS]a ;Fkk fujkSipkfjd
f'k{kk] f'k{kk xkajVh ;kstuk] vkijs'ku CySd cksMZ]
loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku] ehfM;k izpkj ;kstuk] f”kyk
izkFkfed f'k{kk dk;ZØe rFkk orZeku esa lapkfyr
,d vfr egÙokdka{kh feM&Ms ehy ;kstukA
eè;kÉ Hkkstu ;kstuk lanf'kZdk (2006) esa
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk osQ lapkyu osQ ihNs ;g
roZQ fn;k x;k gS fd ^^mÙkj izns'k osQ ifj"knh;
izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa fuEu vk;oxhZ; vfHkHkkodksa
osQ vfèkdka'k cPps f'k{kk xzg.k dj jgs gSaA ,d
losZ osQ vuqlkj vkfFkZd :i ls de”kksj 60
izfr'kr cPps izkr%dky fcuk Hkkstu fd, fo|ky;ksa
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
esa i<+us vkrs gSaA buesa ls 15-3 izfr'kr cPps
LowQyh f'k{kk iw.kZ djus ls iwoZ fo|ky; NksM+ nsrs
gSaA** jkT; ljdkj bl fo"ke leL;k osQ lekèkku
gsrq vkfFkZd :i ls foiUu cPpksa dks u osQoy
Nk=ko`fÙk nsrh gS] vfirq ifj"knh; fo|ky;ksa esa
vè;;ujr~ lHkh cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd ikB~;iqLrosQa
Hkh miyCèk djkrh gS lkFk gh ckfydkvksa dh
f'k{kk dks lqn`<+ djus dh n`f"V ls mUgsa Mªsl fn,
tkus dk Hkh izkfoèkku gSA mDr lqfoèkk,¡ iznku
fd, tkus osQ i'pkr Hkh ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd
;fn cPps oqQiks"k.k dk f'kdkj gSa] rks mudh
f'k{kk xzg.k djus dh {kerk ij izfrowQy izHkko
iM+rk gSA ,sls cPps fu;fer :i ls fo|ky; ugha
vkrs gSa] i<+kbZ ij è;ku osaQfnzr u dj ikus osQ
dkj.k fiNM+ tkrs gSa] ijh{kk esa [kjkc ifj.kke
iznf'kZr djrs gSa rFkk i<+kbZ iwjh djus ls iwoZ gh
fo|ky; NksM+ nsrs gSaA
vr% LoLFk ,oa fodflr lekt dh ladYiuk
dks lkdkj djus gsrq izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa
eè;kÉ Hkkstu ;kstuk] fuLlansg ,d vR;ar
egÙokdka{kh ;kstuk gSA ;g ;kstuk 1995 esa
izkjaHk gqbZ FkhA ml le; bl ;kstuk osQ varxZr
izR;sd Nk=k dks izfrekg rhu fdyksxkz e xsgw¡ ;k
pkoy fn;k tkrk FkkA cPpksa osQ LokLF; ,oa
mudh d{kk esa mifLFkfr ij visf{kr izHkko u
iM+us osQ dkj.k gh ekuuh; loksZPp U;k;ky; us
;kfpdk l¡[;k 196@2001 ihiqYl ;wfu;u iQkWj
flfoy fycVhZt cuke ;wfu;u vkWiQ bafM;k ,oa
vU; osQ lacaèk esa] idk&idk;k Hkkstu fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dks miyCèk djkus dk funsZ'k fn;kA ekuuh;
loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ funsZ'k osQ vuqikyu esa gh
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
mÙkj izns'k esa 1 flracj] 2004 ls idk&idk;k
Hkkstu miyCèk djkus dh O;oLFkk 'kq: gqbZA bl
;kstuk ls f'k{kk osQ lkoZHkkSehdj.k osQ fuEu
y{;ksa dh izkfIr dh vk'kk dh xbZ&
• izkFkfed d{kkvksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ ukekadu
esa o`f¼A
• fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks LowQy esa iwjs le; jksosQ
j[kus rFkk fo|ky; NksMu+ s (Mªki&vkmV)
dh izo`fÙk esa dehA
• fucZy vk;&oxZ osQ cPpksa esa f'k{kk xzg.k
djus dh {kerk fodflr djukA
• fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ikSf"Vd vkgkj iznku
djukA
• fo|ky; esa lHkh tkfr ,oa èkeZ osQ
Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa dks ,d LFkku ij Hkkstu
miyCèk djkdj muosQ eè; lkekftd
lkSgknZ] ,drk ,oa ijLij HkkbZ&pkjs dh
Hkkouk tkx`r djukA
fuLlangs lkoZHkkSfed izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ y{;
dh izkfIr gsrq feM Ms&ehy ;kstuk ,d vR;ar
egÙoiw.kZ dne gS] foaQrq ftl rjg ls bl ;kstuk
osQ lacaèk esa nSfud lekpkji=kksa esa laikndh; ,oa
lekpkj i<+us dks feyrs gSa mlls bl ;kstuk dh
O;oLFkk ,oa fØ;kUo;u lacaèkh dfe;k¡ mtkxj
gksrh gSa ;Fkk &
^^LowQyh cPpksa dks ugha fey jgk feM&Ms
ehy] tk¡p fjiksVZ esa [kqyklk] 16 xzke izèkkuksa dks
uksfVl** (nSfud tkxj.k] cjsyh laLdj.k] 13
vxLr] 2008] i`- 7)A**
^^cPpksa dks ugha ckaVk nksigj dk Hkkstu** (nSfud
tkxj.k] cjsyh laLdj.k] 13 ebZ] 2008] i`- 8)A
49
^^feM&Ms ehy u nsus dk vkjksi** (vej
mtkyk] cjsyh laLdj.k] 2 ebZ] 2008] i`- 10)A
^^ekè;kÉ Hkkstu ;kstuk — ,d vPNs edln
dk cqjk gJ** (nSfud tkxj.k] cjsyh laLdj.k]
10 fnlacj 2006] i`- laikndh;)A
oqQ'kokgk (2006) ^cPps fiQj Hkw[ks* flag
(2007)A
^^Hkw[ks x.kjkT; esa t'u oSQlk\ — dksbZ
cPpk fcuk rkyhe osQ u jgs] dksbZ fganqLrkuh
Hkw[kk I;klk u ejs** unhe (2006) ^^eqn~nk@
izkFkfed f'k{kk] dc gksaxs dke;kc**
^^dfczLrku esa LowQy — feM&Ms ehy dh
xq.koÙkk Hkh lqèkjus dk uke ugha ys jgh** (nSfud
tkxj.k] cjsyh laLdj.k] 23 vizy
S ] 2008 i`- 10)A
^^f'k{kd vkSj xzke izèkkuksa dh feyhA Hkxr
osQ dkj.k izns'k osQ 11 eaMyksa esa cPpksa dks [kkuk
ehuw osQ vuqlkj ugha fn;k tk jgk gSA** (vej
mtkyk] cjsyh laLdj.k] 29 uoacj] 2006)A
^^fo|ky;ksa esa feM&Ms ehy Bi** (nSfud
tkxj.k] cjsyh laLdj.k] 29 uoacj] 2006)A
^^ehuw osQ vuqlkj feM&Ms ehy u cuus dh
f'kdk;r dh xbZ** (vej mtkyk] cjsyh laLdj.k]
8 fnlacj] 2006)A
^^gSMekLVj xk;c] feM&Ms ehy esa èkkaèkyh**
(nSfud tkxj.k] vkxjk laLdj.k] 29 ebZ] 2007)A
bu lekpkjksa dks ns[kus ls ,slk izrhr gksrk
gS fd bl egÙokdka{kh ;kstuk osQ fØ;kUo;u esa
dgha&u&dgha oqQN [kkfe;ka gSaA vr% izkFkfed
f'k{kk dh izfØ;k osQ egÙoiw.kZ vax f'k{kd] tks
bUgha fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr gSa] mudk bl ;kstuk
osQ fofHkUu igyqvksa ij n`f"Vdks.k oSQlk gS\
50
D;k iq#"k ,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k esa
varj gS vFkok ugha\ ;g tkuus dh ftKklk
mRiUu gqbZA blh ftKklk dh larqf"V gsrq izLrqr
vè;;u fd;k tk jgk gSA
vè;;u fofèk & izLrqr vè;;u esa 'kksèk
dh o.kZukRed fofèk dks viuk;k x;k gSA bl
vè;;u gsrq U;kn'kZ osQ :i esa csfld f'k{kk
ifj"kn~ mÙkj izns'k }kjk lapkfyr vEcsMdj uxj
,oa cjsyh tuin osQ izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa l=k
2007&08 esa dk;Zjr oqQy 358 f'k{kdksa dk
p;u lkís'; U;kn'kZu fofèk }kjk fd;k x;k gSA
buesa 211 iq#"k ,oa 147 efgyk f'k{kd gSaA nÙk
ladyu gsrq 'kksèkdrkZ }kjk fufeZr ^feM&Ms ehy
;kstuk&n`f"Vdks.k ekiuh* dks iz;ksx esa yk;k x;k
gSA bl ekiuh esa oqQy 31 dFku gSA bu dFkuksa
dk mÙkj muosQ lEeq[k lger@vlger osQ uhps
cus [kkuksa esa lgh ( ) dk fpg~u yxk dj nsuk
FkkA iznrksa ls fu"d"kZ fudkyus gsrq izfr'kr ,oa
χ 2 dh x.kuk dh xbZ gSA χ 2 dh x.kuk izR;sd
dFku ij lger@vlger f'k{kdksa dh l¡[;k
osQ vkèkkj ij dh xbZ gSA
vè;;u osQ mís';
(d) feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk dh O;oLFkk osQ
izfr csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn~] mÙkj izns'k
}kjk lapkfyr izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr
f'k{kdksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k dh tkudkjh izkIr
djukA
([k) feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk dh O;oLFkk osQ lacaèk
esa csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn~] mÙkj izns'k }kjk
lapkfyr izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
iq#"k ,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k dk
vè;;u djukA
(x) feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk dh izHkko'khyrk osQ
lacaèk esa csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn~] mÙkj izns'k
}kjk lapkfyr izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr
f'k{kdksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k dh tkudkjh izkIr
djukA
(?k) feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk dh izHkko'khyrk osQ
izfr csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn~] mÙkj izns'k }kjk
lapkfyr izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr
iq#"k ,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k dk
vè;;u djukA
ifjdYiuk
(1) feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk dh O;oLFkk osQ lacaèk
esa csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn~] mÙkj izns'k }kjk
lapkfyr izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr
iq#"k ,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k esa
varj ugha gSA
(2) feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk dh izHkko'khyrk osQ
lacèa k esa csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn] mÙkj izn's k
}kjk lapkfyr izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr
iq#"k ,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k esa
varj ugha gSA
rkfydk 1 osQ voyksdu ls fofnr gksrk gS
fd 18 dFkuksa esa ls ek=k 2 dFkuksa] dFku
l¡[;k 17 feM&Ms ehy idkus o ihus gsrq
LoPN ikuh miyCèk gS ,oa dFku l¡[;k 15
Hkkstu idkus osQ LFkku ij lkI+kQ&lI+kQkbZ dk
è;ku j[kk tkrk gS] ij 80» ls vfèkd f'k{kd
lger ik, x,A 18 dFkuksa esa ls ek=k rhu
51
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
rkfydk 1
csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn~] mÙkj izns'k }kjk lapkfyr izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr f'k{kdksa dk
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk dh O;oLFkk osQ izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk fooj.k
f'k{kdksa dh l¡[;k (358)
ozQ-ladFku
lger
%
vlger %
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ikSf"Vd
Hkkstu miyCèk djk;k tk jgk gSA
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk esa miyCèk djk;k tk jgk
[kk|kUu mPp xq.koÙkk dk gSA
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk osQ varxZr Hkkstu ehuw osQ
vuq:i miyCèk djk;k tk jgk gSA
izfr fo|kFkhZ 2 #i, dUotZu dkLV esa ikSf"Vd Hkkstu
miyCèk djk;k tkuk laHko gSA
feM&Ms ehy gsrq iznÙk èkujkf'k dk nq#i;ksx xzke f'k{kk
lfefr@okMZ f'k{kk lfefr }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
feM&Ms ehy gsrq jlksb;k SC/ST ;k fucZy oxZ dk gSA
feM&Ms ehy osQ crZuksa dks fo|ky; esa lqjf{kr j[kuk
dfBu gSA
feM&Ms ehy cukus esa vfHkHkkod Hkh gLr{ksi djrs gSaA
vfèkdka'k cPps feM&Ms ehy osQ le; gh fo|ky;
vkrs gSaA
feM&Ms ehy esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks i;kZIr Hkkstu
fey ik jgk gSA
feM&Ms ehy fu;fer :i ls miyCèk djk;k tkrk gSA
feM&Ms ehy gsrq 'kklu }kjk fu;fer :i ls èkujkf'k
miyCèk djkbZ tkrh gSA
ckyd LoPNrk osQ lkFk feM&Ms ehy xzg.k djrs gSaA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks le; ij feM&Ms ehy miyCèk djokuk
Vs<+h [khj gSA
Hkkstu cukus osQ LFkku ij liQkbZ dk è;ku j[kk tkrk gSA
Hkkstu idkus gsrq mfpr LFkku miyCèk gSA
feM&Ms ehy idkus o ihus gsrq LoPN ikuh miyCèk gSA
Hkkstu idkus osQ LFkku ij lqj{kk ekudksa dk ikyu fd;k
tkrk gSA
227
63.41
131
36.59
187
52.23
171
47.77
278
77.65
80
23.35
193
53.91
165
46.09
183
51.12
175
48.88
211
58.94
147
41.06
223
62.29
135
31.37
123
34.36
235
65.64
148
41.34
210
58.66
233
65.08
125
34.92
274
76.54
84
23.46
239
66.76
119
33.24
228
63.69
130
36.31
145
40.51
213
59.49
287
80.17
71
19.83
271
75.70
87
24.30
311
86.87
47
13.13
230
64.25
128
35.75
52
rkfydk 2 esa feM&Ms ehy dh O;oLFkk ls
lacafèkr dFkuksa ij csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn~ mÙkj
izns'k }kjk lapkfyr izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr
iq#"k ,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k dks
iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA rkfydk dk voyksdu
djus ij fofnr gksrk gS fd dFku l¡[;k 9 o
10 osQ vfrfjDr vU; fdlh Hkh dFku ij
iq#"k ,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k esa
lkFkZd varj ugha FkkA dFku l¡[;k 9 vfèkdka'k
cPps feM&Ms ehy osQ le; gh fo|ky; vkrs
gSa] ls 77 (36-49») iq#"k f'k{kd rFkk 71
(48-30») efgyk f'k{kd lger FksA bl dFku
2
ij iq#"k ,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa osQ eè; Kkr χ
dk eku 4-98 ik;k x;kA dFku l¡[;k 10
feM&Ms ehy esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks i;kZIr Hkkstu
fey ik jgk gS] ls 128 (60-66») iq:"k
f'k{kd rFkk 105 (71-43») efgyk f'k{kd
2
lger ikbZ xbZA bl dFku ij Kkr χ eku 42
dFku] dFku l¡[;k&3] 11 ,oa 16 Øe'k%
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk osQ varxZr Hkkstu ehuw osQ
vuqlkj miyCèk djk;k tkrk gS] feM&Ms ehy
fu;fer :i ls miyCèk djk;k tkrk gS rFkk
Hkkstu idkus gsrq mfpr LFkku miyCèk gS] ls
yxHkx rhu&pkSFkkbZ f'k{kd lger ik, x,A
dFku l¡[;k & 1] 7] 10] 12] 13 ,oa 18
Øe'k% fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ikSf"Vd Hkkstu miyCèk
djk;k tk jgk gS] feM&Ms ehy osQ crZuksa dks
fo|ky; esa lqjf{kr j[kuk dfBu gS] fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dks i;kZIr Hkkstu fey ik jgk gS] feM&Ms ehy
gsrq 'kklu }kjk fu;fer :i ls èkujkf'k miyCèk
djk;k tkrk gS] ckyd LoPNrk osQ lkFk feM&Ms
ehy xzg.k djrs gSa rFkk Hkkstu idkus osQ LFkku
ij lqj{kk ekudksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ij
60 ls 70 izfr'kr osQ eè; f'k{kd lger ik,
x,A dFku l¡[;k — 2] 4] 5 ,oa 6 Øe'k%
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk esa miyCèk djk;k tk jgk
Hkkstu mPp xq.koÙkk dk gS] izfr Nk=k 2 #i;k
dUotZu dkLV esa ikSf"Vd Hkkstu miyCèk djk;k
tkuk laHko gS] feM&Ms ehy gsrq iznÙk èkujkf'k
dk nq#i;ksx xzke f'k{kk lfefr@okMZ lfefr }kjk
fd;k tkrk gS rFkk feM&Ms ehy gsrq jlksb;k
SCèkST ;k fucZy oxZ dk gS] ij 50 ls 60»
f'k{kd gh lger ik, x,A dFku l¡[;k 9
vfèkdk¡'k cPps feM&Ms ehy osQ le; gh
fo|ky; vkrs gSa rFkk dFku l¡[;k 14] fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dks le; ij feM&Ms ehy miyCèk djkuk Vs<+h
[khj gS] ls yxHkx 40» f'k{kd lger FksA
yxHkx 35» f'k{kdksa us ;g ekuk fd feM&Ms
ehy cukus esa vfHkHkkod gLr{ksi djrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
42 ik;k x;kA bu nksuksa dFkuksa ij Kkr χ
eku 1 df ij 0-05 Lrj ij lkFkZd gSA vr%
18 dFkuksa esa ls ek=k bu nks dFkuksa osQ lacaèk
esa 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohdkj dh xbZA blls
;g fu"d"kZ fudyk fd bu nksuksa dFkuksa ij
iq#"k ,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k esa
lkFkZd varj gSA iq#"k f'k{kdksa dh rqyuk esa
lkFkZd :i ls vfèkd efgyk f'k{kd bl ckr
ls lger ikbZ xbZ fd vfèkdka'k cPps feM&Ms
ehy osQ le; fo|ky; vkrs gSa rFkk feM&Ms
ehy esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks i;kZIr Hkkstu fey ik
jgk gSA
feM&Ms ehy osQ crZuksa dks fo|ky; esa
lqjf{kr j[kuk dfBu gSA
feM&Ms ehy cukus esa vfHkHkkod Hkh
gLr{ksi djrs gSAa
vfèkdk¡'k cPps feM&Ms ehy osQ le; gh fo|ky;
vkrs gSaA
8.
9.
feM&Ms ehy gsrq iznÙk èkujkf'k dk nq#i;ksx xzke
f'k{kk lfefr@okMZ f'k{kk lfefr }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
5.
7.
izfr fo|kFkhZ 2 #i;s dUotZu dkLV esa ikSf"Vd
Hkkstu miyCèk djk;k tkuk laHko gSA
4.
108
106
168
102
128
77
69
135
fucZy oxZ dk gSA 122
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk osQ varxZr Hkkstu ehuw osQ
vuq:i miyCèk djk;k tk jgk gSA
3.
SCèkST ;k
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk esa miyCèk djk;k tk jgk
[kk|kUu mPp xq.koÙkk dk gSA
2.
feM&Ms ehy gsrq jlksb;k
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ikSf"Vd
Hkkstu miyCèk djk;k tk jgk gSA
1.
36.49
32.70
63.98
57.82
51.18
50.24
79.62
48.34
60.66
39.34 99
36.02 88
134 63.51 71
142 63.30 54
76
42.18 89
103 48.82 75
89
57.82
67.35
48.30
36.73
59.86
60.54
51.02
59.18
20.38 110 74.83
105 49.76 87
43
109 51.66 85
83
76
93
59
58
72
60
37
62
48
χ
51.70 4.98*
63.27 0.63
41.14 0.63
39.46 0.87
48.98 0.02
40.82 2.80
25.17 1.15
42.18 2.58
32.65 1.66
efgyk&f'k{kd (147)
iq#"k&f'k{kd (211)
lger izfr'kr vlger izfr'kr lger izfr'kr vlger izfr'kr
2
6.
dFku
ozQ-la-
rkfydk 2
csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn~] mÙkj izns'k }kjk lapkfyr izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr iq#"k ,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa dk feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk
dh O;oLFkk osQ izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk fooj.k
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
53
*
18.
17.
16.
15.
14.
13.
12.
11.
10.
2
72.99
66.82
63.51
37.44
80.09
75.83
85.78
63.98
154
141
134
79
169
160
181
135
feM&Ms ehy fu;fer :i ls miyCèk djk;k tkrk gSA
feM&Ms ehy gsrq 'kklu }kjk fu;fer :i
ls èkujkf'k miyCèk djkbZ tkrh gSA
ckyd LoPNrk osQ lkFk feM&Ms ehy
xzg.k djrs gSaA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks le; ij feM&Ms ehy miyCèk
djokuk Vs<+h [khj gSA
Hkkstu cukus osQ LFkku ij lI+kQkbZ dk è;ku
j[kk tkrk gSA
Hkkstu idkus gsrq mfpr LFkku miyCèk gSA
feM&Ms ehy idkus o ihus gsrq LoPN
ikuh miyCèk gSA
Hkkstu idkus osQ LFkku ij lqj{kk ekudksa dk
ikyu fd;k tkrk gSA
χ eku 0.05 Lrj ij lkFkZdA
60.66
128
feM&Ms ehy esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks i;kZIr Hkkstu
fey ik jgk gSA
36.49 94
33.18 98
76
30
51
42
36.01 95
64.63
14.22 130 88.44
24.17 111 75.51
19.91 118 80.27
44.90
63.95
66.67
27.01 120 81.63
39.34 105 71.43
132 62.56 66
77
70
57
83
52
17
36
29
81
53
49
27
42
35.37 0.02
11.56 0.53
24.49 0.01
19.73 0.01
55.10 1.98
36.05 0.01
33.33 0.08
18.37 3.61
28.57 4.42*
54
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
55
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
rkfydk 3
csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn~] mÙkj izns'k }kjk lapkfyr izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr f'k{kdksa dk feM&Ms
ehy ;kstuk dh O;oLFkk osQ izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk fooj.k
f'k{kdksa dh l¡[;k (358)
ozQ-ladFku
lger
%
vlger %
1.
feM&Ms ehy ls fo|ky;ksa esa
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh mifLFkfr c<+h gSA
298
83.24
60
16.76
2.
feM&Ms ehy ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ
LokLF; esa lqèkkj gqvk gSA
184
51.40
174
48.60
3.
feM&Ms ehy ls viO;; dh leL;k dk
lekèkku gqvk gSA
163
45.53
195
54.47
4.
feM&Ms ehy ls izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa izos'k
gsrq tkx:drk c<+h gSA
261
72.90
97
27.10
5.
feM&Ms ehy ls cPpksa osQ oqQiks"k.k esa
deh vkbZ gSA
175
48.88
183
51.12
6.
;g ;kstuk ykxw gksus ls izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa ukekadu
c<+k gSA
256
71.51
102
28.49
7.
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ 'kSf{kd Lrj dks
mQ¡pk mBkus esa liQy gqbZ gSA
137
38.27
221
61.73
8.
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk fucZy vk; oxZ osQ cPpksa dks
f'k{kk xzg.k djus gsrq izsfjr djus esa liQy jgh gSA
289
80.73
69
19.27
9.
feM&Ms ehy nsus ls fo|kFkhZ eu yxkdj f'k{kk xzg.k
djrs gSaA
179
50.00
179
50.00
10.
feM&Ms ehy osQ dkj.k vè;kiu dk;Z esa ckèkk
mRiUu gksrh gSA
232
64.80
126
35.20
11.
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa lkekftd lkSgknZ
dh Hkkouk fodflr dj ik jgh gSA
237
66.20
121
33.80
12.
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk f'k{kdksa osQ fy, ,d Hkkfjr
;kstuk gSA
207
57.82
151
42.18
13.
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk dks vkSj O;ofLFkr cukdj
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vkdf"kZr djuk pkfg,A
290
81.01
68
18.99
56
rkfydk 3 esa feM&Ms ehy dh izHkko'kkfyrk
osQ lacaèk esa f'k{kdksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k dks iznf'kZr
fd;k x;k gSA bl rkfydk ij n`f"Vikr djus ls
fofnr gksrk gS fd dFku l¡[;k 1] 8 ,oa 13
Øe'k% feM&Ms ehy ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh mifLFkfr
c<+h gS] feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk fucZy vk; oxZ osQ
cPpksa dks f'k{kk xzg.k djus gsrq izsfjr djus esa
liQy jgh gS rFkk feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk dks vkSj
O;ofLFkr cukdj] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vkdf"kZr djuk
pkfg, ls] bu fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr yxHkx 80»
f'k{kdksa us viuh lgefr trk;h gSA feM&Ms
ehy ls izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa izo's k gsrq tkx:drk
c<+h gS (dFku&4) rFkk feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk osQ
ykxw gksus ls izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa ukekadu c<+k
gS (dFku&6) ls 70% ls vfèkd f'k{kd lger
ik, x,A feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa
lkekftd lkSgknZ dh Hkkouk fodflr dj ik jgh
gS (dFku&11)] ls yxHkx 66% f'k{kd lger
ik, x,A feM&Ms ehy ls vè;kiu dk;Z esa ckèkk
mRiUu gksrh gS (dFku&10) rFkk feM&Ms ehy
;kstuk f'k{kdksa osQ fy, ,d Hkkfjr ;kstuk gS
(dFku&12) ls yxHkx 60% f'k{kd lger
ik, x, rFkk ek=k 38% f'k{kdksa us gh ;g
Lohdkj fd;k fd feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk fo|kfFkZ;ksa
osQ 'kSf{kd Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkus esa liQy jgh gSA
f'k{kdksa dk ;g n`f"Vdks.k bl ;kstuk osQ fy,
'kqHk ugha dgk tk ldrkA feM&Ms ehy nsus ls
fo|kFkhZ eu yxkdj f'k{kk xzg.k djrs gSa
(dFku&9) ij yxHkx 50% f'k{kdksa us gh
viuh lgefr O;Dr dh gSA feM&Ms ehy ls
cPpksa osQ oqQiks"k.k esa deh vkbZ gS (dFku&5)
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
rFkk feM&Ms ehy ls viO;; dh leL;k dk
lekèkku gqvk gS (dFku&3) ls] 50% ls de
f'k{kd lger ik, x,A
rkfydk 4 esa feM&Ms ehy dh izHkko'kkfyrk
lacaèkh vk;ke osQ fofHkUu dFkuksa ij csfld
f'k{kk ifj"kn~] mÙkj izns'k }kjk lapkfyr izkFkfed
fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr iq#"k ,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa osQ
n`f"Vdks.k dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl rkfydk ij
n`f"Vikr djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd dFku
l¡[;k &3] feM&Ms ehy ls viO;; dh leL;k
dk lekèkku gqvk gS] ls 211 iq#"k f'k{kdksa esa ls
86 (40.76%) f'k{kd rFkk 147 efgyk f'k{kdksa
esa 77 (52.38%) f'kf{kdk,¡ lger FkhaA bu
nksuksa lewgksa osQ eè; χ 2 eku 4-72 ik;k x;kA
;g eku 1 df ij 0-05 Lrj ij lkFkZd ik;k
x;kA vU; dFkuksa ij izkIr χ 2 eku 0-05 Lrj
ij lkFkZd ugha FksA vr% ek=k bl dFku osQ
lacaèk esa 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohdkj dj nh xbZA
blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyk fd bl dFku ij iq#"k
,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k eas varj FkkA
efgyk f'k{kdksa dk n`f"Vdks.k] iq#"k f'k{kdksa dh
vis{kk bl dFku osQ lacaèk esa vfèkd ldkjkRed
ik;k x;kA
fu"d"kZ
•
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk osQ O;oLFkk lacaèkh
vk;ke osQ 18 dFkuksa esa ls ek=k 5
dFku ij gh lokZfèkd rhu&pkSFkkbZ f'k{kd
lger ik, x,A
• jlksb;k osQ SCèkST vFkok fucZy oxZ
feM&Ms ehy ls izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa izos'k
gsrq tkx:drk c<+h gSA
feM&Ms ehy ls cPpksa osQ oqQiks"k.k esa deh vkbZ gSA
;g ;kstuk ykxw gksus ls izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa ukek¡du c<+k gSA
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ 'kSf{kd Lrj dks
mQ¡pk mBkus esa liQy gqbZ gSA
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk fucZy vk; oxZ osQ cPpksa dks
f'k{kk xzg.k djus gsrq izsfjr djus esa liQy jgh gSA
feM&Ms ehy nsus ls fo|kFkhZ eu yxkdj i<+rs gSaA
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
58 39.46
34 16.11 113 76.87
177 83.89
*
2
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk dks vkSj O;ofLFkr cukdj
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vkdf"kZr djuk pkfg,A
χ eku 0.05 Lrj ij lkFkZd
13.
83 39.34
128 60.66
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk f'k{kdksa osQ fy, ,d Hkkfjr ;kstuk gSA
12.
79 53.74
74 35.07 100 68.03
137 64.93
feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa lkekftd lkSgknZ
dh Hkkouk fodflr dj ik jgh gSA
11.
97 65.99
76 36.01
135 63.99
feM&Ms ehy osQ dkj.k vè;kiu dk;Z esa ckèkk mRiUu gksrh gSA
10.
82 55.78
46 21.80 124 84.35
97 45.97 114 54.03
165 78.20
78 53.06
61 28.91 106 72.11
79 33.44 132 62.56
150 71.09
97 45.97 114 54.03
56 26.54 106 72.11
77 52.38
86 40.76 125 59.24
feM&Ms ehy ls viO;; dh leL;k dk lekèkku gqvk gSA
3.
155 73.46
83 56.46
101 47.87 110 52.13
feM&Ms ehy ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ LokLF; esa lqèkkj gqvk gSA
2.
39 18.48 126 85.71
172 81.52
χ
34 23.13 2.77
68 46.26 1.70
47 31.97 0.36
50 34.01 0.15
65 44.22 3.32
23 15.65 2.11
89 60.54 0.14
41 27.89 0.04
69 46.94 1.74
41 27.89 0.16
70 47.62 4.72*
64 43.54 2.30
21 14.29 1.03
efgyk&f'k{kd (147)
iq#"k&f'k{kd (211)
%
%
vlger
lger % vlger %
lger
feM&Ms ehy ls fo|ky;ksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh mifLFkfr c<+h gSA
dFku
2
1.
ozQla-
rkfydk 4
csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn~] mÙkj izns'k }kjk lapkfyr izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr iq#"k ,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa dk feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk
dh izHkko'khyrk osQ izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk fooj.k
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
57
58
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
•
•
•
•
•
osQ gksus dk mYys[k eè;kÉ Hkkstu lanf'kZdk
esa fd;k x;k gS] bu f'k{kdksa osQ fo|ky;
esa jlksb;k mDr oxZ ls gS] bl egÙoiw.kZ
dFku ij Hkh yxHkx 60% f'k{kdksa us
gh viuh lgefr O;Dr dhA
2 #i;s izfr Nk=k dUotZu dkLV esa
ikSf"Vd Hkkstu miyCèk djk, tkus ls
Hkh yxHkx vkèks f'k{kd gh lger FksA
feM&Ms ehy gsrq iznÙk èkujkf'k dk xzke
f'k{kk lfefr@okMZ lfefr }kjk nq#i;ksx
fd, tkus dh ckr ls yxHkx vkèks
f'k{kdksa us lgefr O;Dr dhA
yxHkx 40% f'k{kdksa us ;g Lohdkj
fd;k fd vfèkdka'k cPps feM&Ms ehy
osQ le; gh fo|ky; vkrs gSa vkSj
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks le; ls Hkkstu miyCèk
djkuk Vs<+h [khj gSA
feM&Ms ehy ls fo|ky;ksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh mifLFkfr c<+h gS] ukekadu c<+k gS
rFkk fucZy oxZ osQ cPps f'k{kk xzg.k
djus gsrq izsfjr gq, gSa] ls yxHkx 80%
f'k{kd lger FksA
feM&Ms ehy nsus ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ
eu yxkdj i<+us] buosQ oqQiks"k.k esa
deh] LokLF; esa lqèkkj gksus ,oa 'kSf{kd
Lrj m¡Qpk mBkus esa liQyrk rFkk
viO;; dh leL;k osQ lekèkku lacaèkh
dFku ls yxHkx vkèks f'k{kd gh lger
ik, x,A
oqQy 31 dFkuksa esa ls ek=k rhu dFku
ij gh iq#"k ,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa osQ
n`f"Vdks.k esa lkFkZd varj ik;k x;kA bu
dFkuksa tSl&s vfèkdka'k cPps feM&Ms ehy
osQ le; gh fo|ky; vkrs gSa] feM&Ms
ehy eas fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks i;kZIr Hkkstu
fey ik jgk gS rFkk feM&Ms ehy ls
viO;; dh leL;k dk lekèkku gqvk
gS] ij iq#"k f'k{kdksa dh vis{kk efgyk
f'k{kd lkFkZd :i ls vfèkd lger
ikb± xb±A
lq>ko
vè;;u ls izkIr fu"d"kks± ij n`f"Vikr djus ls
fofnr gksrk gS fd feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk dh
O;oLFkk ,oa izHkko'kkfyrk osQ lacaèk esa csfld
f'k{kk ifj"kn] mÙkj izns'k }kjk lapkfyr izkFkfed
fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr iq#"k ,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa
osQ n`f"Vdks.k esa varj ugha FkkA ;g ;kstuk] iwjh
rjg ls bu f'k{kdksa dh vkdka{kk osQ vuq:i
lapkfyr ugha gks ik jgh gS] rFkkfi 80» ls
vfèkd f'k{kdksa us bl ckr ls viuh lgefr
O;Dr dh fd feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk ls fo|ky;ksa
esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh mifLFkfr c<+h gS] feM&Ms
ehy ;kstuk fucZy vk; oxZ osQ cPpksa dks
f'k{kk xzg.k djus gsrq izsfjr djus esa liQy jgh
gS rFkk feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk dks vkSj vfèkd
O;ofLFkr cukdj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{kk xzg.k
djus gs r q vkdf"kZ r djuk pkfg,A vr%
ljdkj@'kklu ra=k ls tqM+s yksxksa dks bu izkFkfed
fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr f'k{kdksa ls bl ;kstuk dh
O;oLFkk ,oa liQy lapkyu esa vkus okyh
dfBukb;ksa osQ lacaèk esa ckr djuh pkfg, rFkk
59
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
muosQ lq>koksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, bl ;kstuk
dks vkSj izHkkoh cukus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,A
lkFk gh bu f'k{kdksa dks ifjppkZ@laxks"Bh bR;kfn
osQ ekè;e ls bl egÙokdk¡{kh ;kstuk osQ
lkekftd ,oa 'kSf{kd ljksdkj ls ifjfpr djkus
,oa bl ;kstuk esa mudh egrh Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkus
gsrq ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k osQ fodkl dk iz;kl
fd;k tkuk Hkh okaNuh; izrhr gksrk gSA rHkh bu
;kstuk osQ liQy lapkyu esa bu f'k{kdksa dk
eu ls lg;ksx izkIr gks losQxk rFkk ;kstuk osQ
egÙokdk¡{kh y{; dh izkfIr iwjh rjg ls
laHko gks losQxhA
lanHkZ
c?ksyk] ,p-,l-] ih- ,u- ekgs'ojh] ,.M ch-,y- Hkkstd 1985- f'k{kk rFkk Hkkjrh; lekt] gj izlkn HkkxZo]
vkxjk] i`- 40
Hkkjr ljdkj] izdk'ku foHkkx] lwpuk ,oa izlkj.k ea=kky;] 2005- u;h fnYyh i`- 208
Hkêð] ,l- lh- ,UM HkkxoZ] th- osQ- 2005- ySUM ,UM ihiy] dYik”k ifCYosQ'ku] fnYyh] i`- 36
oqQ'kokgk] lqHkk"k pUnz] 2006 cPps fiQj Hkw[ksa gSa]* vej mtkyk] esjB laLdj.k] 20 fnlacj] i`- laikndh;
mÙkj izns'k] csfld f'k{kk foHkkx] 2006- eè;kÉ Hkkstu lanf'kZdk i`- 6
unhe] ^eqn~nk@izkFkfed f'k{kk] dc gksxa s dke;kc*] 2006 nSfud tkxj.k] cjsyh laLdj.k] 6 vxLr] i`- 9
flag] pUnz'ks[kj] 2007- Hkw[ks x.kjkT; esa t'u oSQlk\ vej mtkyk] esjB laLdj.k] i`- 16
Hkkjr ljdkj] f'k{kk vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ] 1966- f'k{kk ea=kky;] u;h fnYyh] i`- 1
gkWt] osQ- ,oa ts- ts- fDyu] vU; 1997- ykbZiQ bosUV~l voWQfjax bu iQSfefyt vkWiQ fpYMªsUk fon fjoWQjsaV
,scMkWfeuy isu] tjuy vkWiQ lkboQkskesfVªd fjlpZ] vad 28] i`- 185&188
fLeFk] ,y- ,oa osQ- bZ- fladys;j] 1998- LVªsl ,aM yfuZax bu fn gk;j LowQy lfVZfiQosQVA fjfVªOM vkWu
06@06@2008 izQkWe MCY;w- MCY;w- MCY;w- ,tqosQ'ku-fud-bu
mPp f'k{kk dh Hkkjrh; ijaijk – ,d n`f"V
vkuUn izdk'k ik.Ms;*
izkphudky ls gh Hkkjro"kZ esa mPp f'k{kk dh ,d lqn`<+ O;oLFkk jgh gS ijarq mlosQ
Lo:i esa le; osQ lkFk cnyko vkrs jgs gSaA oSfnd dky esa xq#oqQy] ifj"knsa~] vkSj
riksHkwfe mPp f'k{kk osQ osaQnz Fks tgk¡ vehj vkSj xjhc ,d lkFk f'k{kk izkIr djrs FksA
mPp f'k{kk dk izlkj ckS¼ ;qx esa Hkh cuk jgkA xq#oqQy vkSj vkJe O;oLFkk osQ
lkFk&lkFk ml dky esa eBksa] fogkjksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk tgk¡ ns'k
fons'kksa ls g”kkjksa fo|kFkhZ f'k{kk xzg.k djus vkrs FksA lkroha vkSj vkBoha 'krkCnh esa
Hkh dbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA ;g Øe vkxs Hkh tkjh jgkA v¡xzs”kksa osQ
vkxeu osQ ckn v¡xzs”k 'kkldksa }kjk dbZ mPPk f'k{kk laLFkku [kksys x,A ijarq èkhjs&èkhjs
bu laLFkkuksa esa Hkkjrh;rk yqIr gksus yxh vkSj f'k{kk dk ekè;e v¡xszth gksrk x;kA
vktknh osQ ckn fo'ofo|ky;ksa o mPp&f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa cgqr o`f¼ gqbZ gS ijarq mudh
xq.koÙkk ij iz'ufpÉ yxk gqvk gSA mPp f'k{kk osQ ikB~;Øe] mi;ksfxrk o miyCèkrk
dks ysdj Hkh loky mBrs jgs gSaA vkt Hkkjro"kZ esa izpfyr mPpf'k{kk O;oLFkk ij
xaHkhjrk ls fopkj djus dh vko';drk gSA
Ekkuo lH;rk vkSj lkekftd fodkl] ekuoh;
cqf¼ ls xgjs ls tqM+k gSA gj euq"; esa
oqQN&u&oqQN cqf¼ gksrh gSA f'k{kk }kjk euq";
dh izÑfr] mldh lkeF;Z] mldh laHkkoukvksa]
mldh cqf¼ vkSj foosd dks csgrj cuk;k tk
ldrk gSA f'k{kk oLrqr% izÑfr iznÙk Lo:i esa
*lgk;d funs'kd (m-f'k-)] m-iz- bykgkckn.
ifjorZu ykus dk gh uke gSA blfy, f'k{kk u
osQoy oS;fDrd] lkekftd vkSj jk"Vªh; izxfr
osQ fy, vko';d gS vfirq lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr
osQ fodkl osQ fy, Hkh vfuok;Z gSA ftu ns'kksa
us vius ;gk¡ csgrj f'k{kk O;oLFkk cukbZ gS mu
ns'kksa esa dkiQh m¡Qps njts dk fodkl gks jgk gSA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
izkphu Hkkjr esa f'k{kk] xq# ijaijk osQ :i esa
ekU; FkhA f'k"; xq# osQ lkfuèk; esa jgdj
f'k{kk xzg.k djrk FkkA f'k{kk O;oLFkk iw.kZr;k
Lora=k FkhA fdlh 'kklu osQ ifjra=k ugha FkhA
oSfnd ½f"k;ksa osQ vkJe f'k{kk osQ eq[; osaQnz
FksA izR;sd vkJe ,d fo'ofo|ky; dh Hkk¡fr
dk;Z djrk FkkA vkJe dh thou i¼fr ½r~
(uSfrd dk;Z) ls lapkfyr gksrh FkhA fo|kFkhZ
miu;u laLdkj osQ i'pkr vkJeksa esa izos'k
ysrs Fks vkSj mUgsa f}t dgk tkrk FkkA f'k"; xq#
osQ ?kj ;k vkJe esa fuokl djrs FksA xq#&f'k";
dk lacaèk firk&iq=k lk FkkA lkekU;r% fo|k
vofèk 12 o"kZ FkhA foaQrq oqQN f'k"; lR; dh
[kkst esa vkthou vè;;ujr jgrs Fks ftUgsa uSf"Bd
czãpkjh dgk tkrk FkkA izf'k{k.k] Jo.k] euu
vkSj fufnè;klu osQ ekè;e ls fn;k tkrk FkkA
f'k{kk dk eq[; mís'; vkReKku FkkA foaQrq blosQ
vfrfjDr rhu vU; mís'; Hkh Fks &(1) èkeZ&
dÙkZO;ksa dk ikyu (2) vFkZ&HkkSfrd laiUUrk dh
izkfIr (3) dke&fofèk lEer lq[kA
Ikzkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ijaijk dh ,d vU;
izeq[k fo'ks"krk ;g Fkh fd mlesa xq# osQ izfr
izpqj J¼k vkSj HkfDr FkhA xq# dk LFkku loksZPp
FkkA lekt esa mls vR;fèkd vknj izkIr FkkA
'kkfCnd n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkh xq# mls dgk tkrk gS
tks xkSjo vkSj lEeku osQ ;ksX; gksA ,d vU;
O;k[;k osQ vuqlkj ^xq* dk vFkZ gS vaèkdkj vkSj
^#* dk vFkZ gS vaèkdkj dks nwj djus okykA bl
izdkj xq# dk vFkZ gqvk vKkurk osQ vaèkdkj dks
nwj djukA xq# gh vaèkdkj ls izdk'k rd dk
ekxZn'kZu djrk gSA izkphu xzaFkksa ls Kkr gksrk gS
61
fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ f'k{k.k dky esa bZ'oj osQ rhuksa
Lo:i mUgsa xq# osQ uke:i esa fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA
xq# gh ijeczã gSA xq# esa gh og 'kfDr gS tks
f'k"; osQ HkkX; dks cny ldrk gSA
xq#czZãk xq#foZ".kq% xq#nsZoks egs'oj% A
xq#% lk{kkr~ ij czã] rLeS Jh xqjos ue% AA
oSfnd dky esa rhu izdkj osQ f'k{kk osaQnz
dk;Z dj jgs Fks — (1) xq#oqQy & ;g vkèkqfud
fo'ofo|ky; dh Hkk¡fr dk;Z djrk FkkA (2)ifj"kn~—
blesa izfrf"Br O;fDr;ksa ,oa fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa }kjk
izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk FkkA (3) riksHkwfe— bu
LFkyksa ij mPp dksfV osQ fo}kuksa }kjk xksf"B;k¡
vk;ksftr dh tkrh FkhaA ftlesa èkkfeZd ,oa nk'kZfud
leL;kvksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k tkrk Fkk A rr~
le; uSfe"kkj.; riksHkwfe lcls vfèkd izfrf"Br
FkkA xq#oqQy&vkJeksa osQ izèkku dks oqQyifr dgk
tkrk FkkA jkek;.kdky esa lcls egÙoiw.kZ oqQyifr
½f"k of'k"B gq, ftuosQ vkJe esa nl gtkj
Nk=k vè;;u djrs FksA iz;kx osQ ½f"k Hkkj}kt
dk vkJe Hkh ml le; f'k{kk dk izeq[k osaQnz
FkkA egkHkkjrdky esa Hkh vkJe fo|k osQ izeq[k
osaQnz FksA ½f"k d.o osQ vkJe dh [;kfr nwj&nwj
rd iQSyh FkhA d.o] vkJe osQ oqQyifr FksA
½f"k O;kl dk vkJe Hkh cgqr o`gr Fkk vkSj
yxHkx 10 g”kkj fo|kFkhZ ogk¡ vè;;u djrs FksA
;g xaxk unh osQ ikj fgeky; dh rygVh esa fLFkr
FkkA ij'kqjke dk vkJe egsUnz ioZr ij FkkA
voarh esa fLFkr lanhiu dk vkJe Hkh rr~
le; dk izeq[k osaQnz FkkA JhÑ".k] cyjke vkSj
lqnkek ogk¡ osQ Nk=k FksA blh le; usfe"kkj.; Hkh
62
Kku dk izeq[k osaQnz Fkk ftlosQ oqQyifr 'kkSud
FksA LdUniqjk.k osQ vuqlkj ;gk¡ ij N% gtkj
½f"k ,oa dbZ g”kkj fo|kFkhZ fuokl djrs FksA bu
xq#oqQyksa osQ vfrfjDr Hkh cgqr ls NksVs&NksVs
xq#oqQy Fks] ftuesa vkpk;Z f'k";ksa dks vius fuokl
LFkku ij i<+k;k djrs FksA vehjksa vkSj xjhcksa osQ
fy, KkuktZu dk ekxZ lnSo [kqyk FkkA lanhiu osQ
vkJe esa lqnkek tSls fuèkZu vkSj JhÑ".k tSls
,s'o;ZlaiUu O;fDr f'k{kk xzg.k djrs Fks rFkk
eqfu Hkkj}kt osQ vkJe esa nzks.k tSls fuèkZu czkã.k
vkSj nqzin tSls ,s'o;Z;qDr jktoqQekj f'k{kk izkIr
djrs FksA f'k{kk dk ewy mís'; Kku dh izkfIr
vkSj vKku dh fuo`fÙk FkkA Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kksa esa
dgk x;k gS fd nq"Vtuksa dh fo|k fookn osQ fy,
gksrh gSA mudk èku en] foykflrk vkSj LokFkZifw rZ
osQ fy, gksrk gS rFkk mudh 'kfDr 'kks"k.k ,oa
mRihM+u osQ fy, gksrh gSA ijarq lkèkq iq#"kksa dh
fo|k Kku osQ fy,] èku nku osQ fy, vkSj 'kfDr
vkrZ izkf.k;ksa dh j{kk djus osQ fy, gksrh gSA
fo|k fooknk; èkua enk;]
'kfDr ijs"kka ifjihMuk; A
[kyL; lkèkks f oZ i jhres r n~
Kkuk; nkuk; p j{k.kk; A
(xq.kjRu&7)
f'k{kk dk izlkj ckS¼ ;qx esa Hkh cuk jgkA
xq#oqQy vkSj vkJe O;oLFkk osQ lkFk&lkFk bl
;qx esa eBksa] fogkjksa] m|kuksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa
dk fuekZ.k gqvk FkkA fogkjksa esa os.kqou] tsrou]
;kfLrou] lhrou] iwokZjke] eqgkou] vkezou]
U;wxzksèkkjke] xks"Bhjke vkfn izeq[k Fks tgk¡ ij
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
uSfrd rFkk vkè;kfRed f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA
vè;kiu dk;Z ekSf[kd gqvk djrk FkkA f'k{kdksa
esas lkfjiqÙk] egkHkksxyku] egkdPpk;u] mikfy]
vkuan vkSj jkgqy vfr izfrf"Br FksA bl ;qx esa
cM+s&cM+s fo'ofo|ky; cus ftuesa r{kf'kyk]
ukyank] cYyHkh vkSj foØef'kyk fo'ofo|ky;
fo'oHkj esa izfl¼ FksA
r{kf'kyk Hkkjr dk lcls izkphu fo'ofo|ky;
FkkA ;g czkã.k fo|kvksa dk osaQnz Fkk A ;gk¡ ij
osn=k;h] v"Vkn'k] f'kYi] O;kdj.k vkSj n'kZu'kkL=k
esa vè;;u djus osQ fy, fons'kksa ls ftKklq vkrs
FksA lezkV v'kksd osQ le; rd ;g fo|k osQanz
f'k[kj ij FkkA ira×tfy vkSj thod ;gk¡ osQ
fo|kFkhZ ,oa vè;kid FksA O;kdj.k osQ egku
iafMr ikf.kuh r{kf'kyk esa f'k{kd FksA iz[;kr
'kY; fpfdRld oqQekjtho r{kf'kyk osQ gh fo|kFkhZ
FksA MkW- jketh mikè;k; dk er gS fd f'kYiksa dk
izFke lqizfl¼ fo'ofo|ky; r{kf'kyk FkkA ;gk¡
18 f'kYi i<+k, tkrs FksA 64 dykvksa dk fofèkor
vè;;u gksrk FkkA fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ thou vkSj
vkpkj ij fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k tkrk FkkA ukyank
fo'ofo|ky; exèk osQ jktk 'kqØkfnR; us cuk;k
FkkA bldk vkdkj cgqr fo'kky Fkk blosQ vfèkdkj
esa 200 xk¡o FksA ;gk¡ 10]000 fo|kFkhZ vkSj 1500
vè;kid jgrs FksA vè;kidksa esa vkpk;Z ukxktqZu]
vk;Znso] pUnziky] èkeZiky] Hknzlsu] fnXukx]
KkupUnz] 'kkafrjf{kr olcaèkq] xq.kefr] fLFkjefr]
izHkkdj fe=k vkfn izeq[k FksA bldh dhfrZ leLr
,f'k;k esa iSQyh FkhA phu] tkiku] frCcr] dksfj;k]
Vks[kjk vkSj eaxksfy;k rd osQ fo|kFkhZ ;gk¡ f'k{kk
xzg.k djus vkrs FksA phuh ;k=kh àsulkax vkSj
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
bZfRlax us ;gk¡ vè;;u fd;k FkkA ukyank esa
oSfnd vkSj ckS¼ nksuksa èkeks± osQ xzFa kksa dk iBu&ikBu
gksrk FkkA bu xzaFkksa osQ eq[; fo"k; & O;kdj.k]
U;k;] fpfdRlk foKku] n'kZu vkSj vè;kRe'kkL=k
FksA U;k;'kkL=k osQ fy, ;g fo'ofo|ky; fo[;kr
FkkA bl izdkj 11oha lnh rd ;g varjkZ"Vªh;
fo'ofo|ky; jgkA ckjgoha lnh esa rqdksaZ osQ
vkØe.k ls ;g fo'ofo|ky; u"V gks x;kA
lkroha 'krkCnh esa cYyHkh fo'ofo|ky;
f'k{kk dk izeq[k osaQnz FkkA ;gk¡ èkeZ'kkL=k]
fpfdRlk'kkL=k] uhfr'kkL=k] vFkZ'kkL=k tSls ykSfdd
vkSj O;kogkfjd fo"k;ksa dk vè;kiu gksrk FkkA
àsulkax osQ vuqlkj ;gk¡ lSadM+ksa la?kkjke Fks rFkk
yxHkx 6000 ckS¼ fHk{kq fuokl djrs FksA
vkBoha 'krkCnh esa ikyoa'k osQ ujs'kksa us fcgkj
esa Hkkxyiqj ls pkSchl ehy nwj iRFkj ?kkVk LFkku
ij foØef'kyk fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dhA
pkj 'krkfCn;ksa rd ;g Hkkjr dk ize[q k f'k{kk osQa nz
FkkA ;gk¡ osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ Hkkstu] fuokl] oL=k vkfn
dh O;oLFkk fo'ofo|ky; dh vksj ls gksrh FkhA
fo'ofo|ky; esa jRuotz] Ñ".k lej otz] yhyk
otz] xrjf{kr] nhiadj] JhKku] cksfèkHknz] deyjf{kr
vkSj ujs"k JhKku tSls èkqjèa kj vkpk;Z FksA bl
fo'ofo|ky; esa èkeZ] lkfgR;] O;kdj.k] U;k;n'kZu
rFkk ra=kea=k 'kkL=k dk fo'ks"k vè;;u gksrk FkkA
lu~ 1203 esa eqgEen fcu of[r;kj f[kyth us bl
fo'ofo|ky; dks foèoal dj fn;kA
mi;qDZ r of.kZr f'k{kk osQa nzkas osQ vfrfjDr nf{k.k
Hkkjr esa dk¡ph] vksnariqjh] okjk.klh] uo}hi]
èkkjk] dUukSt] mTtSu vkfn uxj f'k{kk osQ izeq[k
osaQnz FksA
63
izkphu dky dh f'k{k.k fofèk cgqr mÙke
FkhA bfRlax us vius xzaFk esa izkphu f'k{k.k Øe
dk mYys[k fd;k gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lcls igys
O;kdj.k dk vè;;u djuk iM+rk FkkA nl o"kZ
i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ x| vkSj i| dh jpuk izkjaHk
djrs Fks vkSj gsrqfo|k rFkk vfHkèkeZ dks"k esa yx
tkrs FksA ^U;k; }kj rkjd 'kkL=k* ls vuqeku
'kfDr vkSj ^tkrdekyk* ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh xzg.k
'kfDr dks fodflr fd;k tkrk FkkA blosQ ckn
fookn djus dh f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA rRi'pkr~
HkrZ̀gfj dh egkHkk"; Vhdk vkSj ^okD; iznhi*
i<+k;k tkrk FkkA O;kdj.k vkSj gsrfq o|k osQ vè;;u
osQ ckn T;ksfr"k] oS|d U;k;'kkL=k dh f'k{kk nh
tkrh Fkh vkSj lcls var esa vkè;kRefo|k i<+kbZ
tkrk FkkA f'k{kk dk ;g Øe vusd o"kks± rd
FkksM+s cgqr ifjorZu osQ lkFk pyrk jgkA eqfLyeksa
osQ vkxeu osQ ckn ;g O;oLFkk vLr&O;Lr gks
xbZA eqfLyeksa dh viuh f'k{kk laLFkk,¡ Fkha ftUgsa
nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS &
(1) edrc vkSj enjlkA edrc izkFkfed f'k{kk
osQ osaQnz Fks tks lkekU;r% efLtnksa ls layXu gksrs
FksA budk lapkyu ljdkjh vFkok xSj ljdkjh
laLFkkvksa }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA buesa vjch&iQkjlh
dk Kku djkus osQ lkFk oqQjku dks daBLFk djk;k
tkrk FkkA oqQN edrc [kkuxkjksa (lwI+kQh larksa osQ
vkJe) ls layXu gksrs Fks] ogk¡ ij lwI+kQh èkeZ ,oa
thou ls cPpksa dks voxr djk;k tkrk FkkA
enjls mPp f'k{kk osQ osaQnz FksA edrc dh f'k{kk
lekIr djus osQ ckn gh dksbZ Nk=k enjls esa
izfo"V gks ldrk FkkA izeq[k enjlksa esa fnYyh]
vkxjk] ykgkSj] tkSuiqj] jkeiqj] chnj] d'ehj]
64
xqtjkr] chtkiqj] ekyok vkSj eqYrku FksA f'k{kk
dk eq[; ikB~;Øe èkeZxzaFkksa dh Vhdk] gnhl
(ijaijk,a)] fiQd (U;k;'kkL=k)] O;kdj.k]
roZQ'kkL=k] T;ksfr"k 'kkL=k] fpfdRlk 'kkL=k] lkfgR;]
rRoehekalk vkfn FksA f'k{kk dk ekè;e vjch
Hkk"kk FkhA ml le; osQ izeq[k fo}kuksa esa vcqy
I+kQty] iSQ”kh] miQhZ] uthjh] dehe] oqQnlh glu
fu”kkeh] vehj glu nsgyoh] vehj [kqljks] vCnqy
jghe [kku[kkuk] nkjkf'kdksg] vCnqy dnhj cnkouh]
jkekuqt] t;nso] tho xksLokeh] HkkLdjkpk;Z]
dYg.k] lk;.k] okpLifr feJ vkSj gsepUnz FksA
eqxyksa dh f'k{kk i¼fr osQ foLrkj osQ ckotwn
fganw f'k{kk osQ oqQN osaQnz fujarj pyrs jgsA ftuesa
cukjl vkSj fefFkyk iz[;kr FksA 17oha vkSj 18oha
'krkCnh osQ chp eqxyksa }kjk LFkkfir cgqr ls
enjls yqIr gks x,A
15oha 'krkCnh osQ var esa ;wjksfi;uksa dk vkxeu
gqvkA loZizFke iqrZxkyh xksok vk,A muosQ ckn
v¡xzs”k] Mp vkSj izQk¡lhfl;ksa dk vkxeu gqvkA
bu yksxksa us ik'pkR; Kku iznku djus osQ n`f"Vdks.k
ls vusdksa f'k{k.k laLFkk,¡ [kksyhaA 31 fnlacj
1600 dks bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dk 15 o"kks± osQ
fy, Hkkjr esa izos'k gqvkA 1772 esa fczfV'k
ikfyZ;kesaV us bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dks Hkkjr esa
'kklu djus dk vfèkdkj iznku dj fn;kA okjsu
gsfLVaXl us lcls igys Hkkjrh;ksa dh f'k{kk dh
vksj è;ku fn;kA mUgksua s 1780 esa dydÙkk enjlk
dh LFkkiuk dhA nwljk egÙoiw.kZ f'k{k.k laLFkku
^cukjl laLÑr dkWyt
s * cukjl osQ jsthMsVa tksukFku
Madu osQ iz;kl ls 1791 esa LFkkfir gqvkA bl
izdkj izkjaHk esa v¡xzs”k 'kkldksa }kjk Hkkjrh;ksa dh
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
f'k{kk osQ fy, mUgha dh Hkk"kk esa iz;Ru IkzkjaHk
fd;k x;kA osn ,oa vU; èkkfeZd xzaFkksa osQ
IkBu&IkkBu dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA IkjUrq dkykarj
esa oqQN bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa }kjk ;g dgus ij fd
bZlkbZ ljdkj }kjk xSj bZlkbZ èkeksaZ dks izksRlkfgr
fd;k tk jgk gS] osQ iQyLo:i mDr laLFkkvksa esa
Hkkjrh; èkkfeZd f'k{kk can dj nh xbZA blh Øe
esa 1800 bZ- esa ,d vU; izeq[k f'k{k.k laLFkku
^iQksVZ fofy;e dkWyst* dh LFkkiuk caxky esa dh
xbZA ftldk mís'; daiuh osQ fy, dfu"B ljdkjh
lsod rS;kj djuk FkkA èkhjs&èkhjs bZLV bafM;k
oaQiuh }kjk f'k{kk uhfr esa cnyko yk;k x;kA
Hkkjrh; izkphu f'k{kk esa vfo'okl izdV fd;k
x;k rFkk if'peh f'k{kk dks Js"B crk;k x;kA
ykMZ eSdkys us vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk dks f'k{kk dk ekè;e
cukus dk izcy leFkZu fd;kA 1836 bZ- esa
vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk f'k{kk dk ekè;e cu xbZA oLrqr%
eSdkys dk mís'; ,sls O;fDr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djuk
Fkk tks jax vkSj jDr ls rks Hkkjrh; gksa ijarq
izÑfr] fopkj] uSfrdrk vkSj cqf¼ ls v¡xzs”k gksaA
1835 esa xouZj tujy ykMZ fofy;e csf.Vd
dh lfefr us ;g er fn;k fd v¡xsz”k ljdkj dk
eq[; mís'; Hkkjrh;ksa esa ;wjksih; lkfgR; vkSj
foKku dk izpkj gksuk pkfg, rFkk f'k{kk osQ
leLr èku dk iz;ksx vaxzs”kh dh f'k{kk ij fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A ljdkjh èku dk iz;ksx izkP; fo|k
dh NikbZ ij ugha djuk pkfg,A ljdkj osQ mDr
izLrko dk vusd izfrf"Br Hkkjrh;ksa us leFkZu
fd;kA ftuesa jktkjke eksgu jk; vkSj jkèkkdkUr
nso izeq[k FksA mnkjoknh v¡xzs”kksa us mldk leFkZu
bl vkèkkj ij fd;k fd blls Lora=krk vkSj
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
lekurk osQ fopkjksa dks iSQykus dk volj feysxk
rFkk Hkkjrh; Lo;a 'kklu djus osQ ;ksX; cu
tk,¡xsA f'k{kk osQ foLrkj osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls fczfV'k
ljdkj us 24 tuojh] 1857 dks ya n u
fo'ofo|ky; osQ izfreku ij dydÙkk] ckEcs
vkSj enzkl fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dh rFkk
izR;sd fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa dyk ladk;] foKku
ladk;] fpfdRlk foKku ladk; vkSj vfHk;kaf=kdh
foHkkx dk f'k{k.k dk;Z izkjaHk fd;kA bu
fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa f'k{kk dk ekè;e ,oa dk;kZy;
dh Hkk"kk vaxzs”kh FkhA o"kZ 1872 esa fczfV'k ljdkj
us bykgkckn esa E;ksj lsaVªy dkyst dh LFkkiuk
dh rFkk 1887 esa mls bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky;
dk ntkZ iznku dj fn;k x;kA ml le; bldh
ifjfèk esa la;qDr izkar] osaQnzh; izkar] osaQnzh; Hkkjr
,oa jktiwrkuk 'kkfey FkkA vk”kknh dh yM+kbZ osQ
nkSjku Hkkjrh;ksa esa eSdkys dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks
[kRe djosQ ns'k dh turk dh ”k#jrksa osQ vuq:i
,d u;h iz.kkyh [kM+h djus dk liuk ns[kk x;k
FkkA egkRek xk¡èkh osQ usr`Ro esa u;h rkyhe dh
,d Økafrdkjh dYiuk Hkh is'k dh xbZ FkhA ijarq
vk”kkn Hkkjr osQ 'kkld oxZ dks ;g ea”kwj ugha
FkkA mlus eSdkys dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks u osQoy
tkjh j[kk cfYd mls vkSj e”kcwrh iznku dh xbZA
vkt ns'k esa 11]80]000 LowQy] 17]625 dkWyst]
328 fo'ofo|ky; ,oa 122 MhEM fo'ofo|ky;
gSaA ijarq nqfu;k osQ mPp dksfV osQ lkS osaQnzksa esa
gekjs fdlh f'k{kk osaQnz dh fxurh ugha gSA
o"kZ 1991 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us ns'k dh
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ njok”ks oSf'od iw¡th vkSj eqDr
ck”kkj osQ fy, [kksy fn,A f'k{kk ij varjkZ"Vªh;
65
eqnkz dks"k vkSj fo'o cSad dh uhfr;k¡ gkoh gksus
yxhaA eqDr ck”kkjokn dk fl¼kar ykxw fd;k
x;kA ;g fu;e f'k{kk ij iwjk fu;a=k.k fd, cxSj
vkxs ugha c<+ ldrk FkkA blosQ fy, ;g ”k:jh
gks x;k fd ulZjh ls ysdj bathfu;fjax] esfMdy
f'k{kk rd tks i<+k;k tk, og miHkksDrkoknh
eqDr ck”kkj dh xqykeh djus okyk tuekul
rS;kj djsA blosQ vfrfjDr mrus gh yksxksa dks
mQ¡ph xq.koÙkkewyd f'k{kk nh tk, ftrus dh
”k:jr oSf'od iwa¡th dks vius dkjksckj osQ fy,
gSA 'ks"k yksxksa dks ;k rks eg”k lk{kjrk rd gh
lhfer dj fn;k tk, ;k fiQj mUgsa ,sls dkS'ky
fn, tk,¡ ftuls os ck”kkj osQ fy, vko';d
fuEu Lrjh; dke dj losaQA vkt ;gh f'k{kk
iz.kkyh fodflr gks pqdh gSA orZeku esa gekjs
fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh fLFkfr cgqr Bhd ugha gSA
jk"Vªh; vkSj varZjk"Vªh; Lrj osQ 'kksèk vc fxurh
osQ fo'ofo|ky;ksa rd lhfer gks x, gSaA i<+kbZ
djkdj Nk=kksa dks Kku ls le`¼ djus osQ ctk;
fo'ofo|ky; fMxzh miyCèk djkus rd lhfer
gks x, gSaA xq#&f'k"; ijaijk yxHkx lekIr&izk;
gSA fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh bl cngkyh dk ,d
dkj.k f'k{kk dks futh gkFkksa osQ lqiqnZ djuk gSA
futh {ks=k tc dgha nkf[ky gksrk gS rks og pSfjVh
osQ fy, ugha cfYd dkjksckj osQ fy, gksrk gSA
futh {ks=k osQ ”;knkrj f'k{kk osaQnz xq.koÙkk vkSj
”k:jh lalkèkuksa osQ vHkko ls xzLr gSA budk
ekunaM Lrj lkoZtfud LowQy iz.kkyh ls de gSaA
nqfu;k osQ lcls rkdroj vkSj fodflr vkB
eqYdksa (vesfjdk] fczVsu] dukMk] tkiku] izQkal]
teZuh] :l o bVyh) ftUgsa th&8 dgk tkrk gS]
66
esa ls osQoy fczVsu dks NksM+dj vU; lHkh esa
ljdkjh èku ls pyus okyh mEnk xq.koÙkk ewyd
etcwr lkoZtfud LowQy iz.kkyh gSA vesfjdk esa
Ms<+ lkS lkyksa ls lkoZtfud LowQy iz.kkyh gSA
tgk¡ vehj&xjhc vkSj fofHkUUk uLyksa] e”kgcksa o
Hkk"kkvksa dh i`"BHkwfe osQ cPps ,d lkFk i<+rs gSaA
futh LowQy ukeek=k osQ gSaA izR;sd LowQy iM+kSlh
LowQy (neighbourhood school) gksrk gS ;kfu
vkiosQ iM+ksl esa tks Hkh LowQy gS mlosQ vykok
vki vius cPps dks vkSj dgha ugha i<+k ldrs
gSaA blfy, ogk¡ gj ,d LowQy dk mEnk gksuk
vfuok;Z gSA Hkkjr esa Hkh lHkh dks mPp dksfV
dh f'k{kk izkIr gks blosQ fy, lkoZtfud leku
LowQy iz.kkyh dk usVooZQ rS;kj djuk gksxkA
blosQ vfrfjDr dksbZ vkSj fodYi ugha gSA
f'k{kk vkt osQ HkweaMyh; lekt osQ lanHkZ esa
fof'k"V le`f¼ vFkok izfr"Bk dk fpÉek=k ugha
jg xbZ gSA gekjs thou esa u;h ygj] mRlkg vkSj
laxBu vorfjr gks jgs gSaA ,d cM+s iSekus ij uo
f'kf{kr oxZ dk mn; gqvk gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa
bu ifjorZuksa osQ vuq:i D;k f'k{kk dh iz.kkyh
,oa mís';ksa esa ifjorZu gqvk gS bl ij Li"V :i
ls oqQN ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA lkèkkj.kr;k Nk=k
vkReykHk vkSj Kku osQ izfr ije leiZ.k dh
Hkkouk ls vuqpkfyr ugha gks jgk gSA f'k{kk]
fo|kFkhZ ,oa fo|k osaQnz lhèks ck”kkj ij osQafnzr gks
x, gSaA f'k{kk'kkfL=k;ksa dks vc f'k{kk dh iz.kkyh]
vkn'kZ ,oa y{; buosQ vuq:i cukus iM+saxsA
f'k{kk lkekftd vuq'kklu ,oa O;kolkf;d
laxBu osQ Lrj ij lÙkk] 'kklu ,oa vFkZ osQ
fy, lnk lrr cnyrs lkekftd 'kfDr;ksa osQ
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
larqyu osQ ihNs Hkkxrh jghA lkear;qxhu lekt
esa f'k{kk laHkzkar oxZ osQ ,s'o;Z ,oa #fp osQ
vuqowQy Hkafxek,¡ x<+us esa lfØ; jghA fczfV'k
'kklu osQ njE;ku og v¡xzs”kksa osQ fgrksa dh iwfrZ
djrh jghA ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh
ijaijk èkwy èkwlfjr gks xbZA laLÑr Hkk"kk vkSj
mlesa ladfyr foiqy&Kku] lkfgR; vkSj vFkZ
bl ;qx esa ge [kks cSBsA tks laLÑr Hkk"kk 17oha
'krkCnh rd fo'o dh fljekSj jgh mls oqQN
ijaijk ,oa oqQyhurk osQ leFkZd osnikBh czkg~e.k
gh f”kank j[k losQ gSaA mldh lkFkZdrk ,oa
jkxkRed xfrfofèk;k¡ lSd
a M+kas lky igys gh foyqIr
gks xbZ gSaA ftl izdkj iBkuksa vkSj eqxyksa osQ
'kkludky esa Hkkjrh; laHkzkar oxZ izk;% iQkjlh
osQ izfr vkdf"kZr Fkk oSlk gh oaQiuh cgknqj osQ
'kkludky ls vkt rd og vaxzs”kh osQ izfr
vkdf"kZr gSA
è;krO; gS fd vax”sz kh Hkk"kk] f'k{kk ,oa i¼fr
vkt osQoy Lokeh dh gh Hkk"kk ugha gS cfYd og
uohu LièkkZ] vkS|ksfxd fodkl] uxjhdj.k ,oa
vkèkqfudrk dk i;kZ; ekuh tkus yxh gSA bruk lc
gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjrh; vax”sz khnk¡ vkt rd vax”sz kh osQ
lkFk og fufyZIr] voqQa fBr vkSj lgt fj'rk ugha
tksM+ ldk ftlosQ gksus osQ ckn gh ekuo psruk]
laLÑfr esa mifLFkr vkSj pfjrkFkZ ewY;ksa dks vkRelkr
djosQ f'k{kk dh NwN
a h dljr ls mQij mBkrh gSA
eSdkys ls ysdj lSe fi=kkSnk rd vax”sz kh dks
Hkkjrh; f'k{kk osQ fy, vfuok;Z ekurs gSAa ;g ,d
oqQa fBrghurk dk gh izHkko gSA f'k{kd] f'k{kk'kkL=kh
vkSj f'k{kk vk;ksx bl vcw>h yhd dks jVrs gq,
vius vkylh] ifjJe fojkxh o`fÙk ,oa ;Fkk
67
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
fLFkfroknh izeksn dks gh mn~?kkfVr djrs gSAa ;g
cgqr cM+h deh gSA blosQ jgrs Kku ,oa ewY;ijd
f'k{kk dh xqt
a kb'k U;wure gh jgsxhA
;gk¡ ij ,d iz'u ;g Hkh izklafxd gS fd
D;k Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk dksbZ lkoZnsf'kd y{;]
;kstuk ;k vkn'kZ gS\ vkSj ;fn ,slk dksbZ y{; gS
rks D;k gekjh f'k{k.k laLFkk,¡ mlosQ vuq:i py
jgh gSa\ tgk¡ rd esjk ekuuk gS fd vkt rd
f'k{kk dk dksbZ Li"V y{; gekjs thou osQ le{k
mHkjdj ugha vk;kA Hkkjr esa oxZ] tkfr] èkeZ]
ijaijk] Hkk"kk vkSj LokFkZ dh yhosQ bruh xgjh gSa
fd mldk vlj f'k{kk osQ ikB~;Øeksa ij Hkh
iM+rk gSA vkèkqfudhdj.k osQ uke ij ;qok ih<+h
dks tkfrokn] lkearokn ,oa ik'pkR; lH;rk dh
jaxhu >wBh vfrjatuk esa yypkdj oqaQfBr fd;k
tk jgk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i ;qokvksa esa ve;kZfnr]
v'kksHkuh;] vekuoh;] vlkekftd] voljoknh
,oa izfrfØ;koknh LoHkko izdV gksus yxk gSA
vkt feYVu tSlk dfo] IysVks tSlk nk'kZfud]
MkfoZu vkSj U;wVu tSlk oSKkfud 'ksDlfi;j vkSj
dkyhnkl tSls lkfgR;dkj] xsVs tSlk fopkjd]
fy;ksuknksZ dh rjg bathfu;j vkSj fp=kdkj ugha
cuk, tk ldrs gSaA blosQ fy, geas izpfyr
f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh dfe;ksa ls cpuk gksxk vkSj
,d ledkyhu lefUor laLÑfr osQ ;ksX; f'k{kk
O;oLFkk cukuh gksxhA
lanHkZ
'kekZ] 'kadj n;ky] 1995- izkis Qs'kuy dkEihVsUlh bu gk;j ,tqoQs 'ku bu bf.M;u Vsfª M'ku] ,tqoQs 'ku ckbZ ,uosQ- vkscjs k; (laiknd)] lh-ih-Mh-,p-bZ-] ;wuhoflZVh vkWiQ fnYyh] 1995] i`"B&8
ywfu;k] ch-,- Hkkjrh; lH;rk rFkk laLÑfr dk fodkl (l=kgok¡ laLdj.k)] y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky] gkfLiVy
jksM] vkxjk
'kadj XkkSjh] ghjkpan vks>k] 1951- Ekè;dkyhu Hkkjrh; laLÑfr] fgUnqLrkuh ,osQMeh] bykgkckn m-izlkaoQ` R;k;u] jkgqy] 1974- iqjkrRo fucaèkkoyh] bf.M;u izl
s izkbosV fy- bykgkckn] m-izmikè;k;] jketh] 1985- Hkkjrh; èkeZ vkSj laLÑfr] yksd Hkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkckn] m-iznj] ,l-,y- ,oa ,l- lksekldkUunu] 2009- ewY; ijd f'k{kk % pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa lEHkkouk,¡] bu bf.M;u
,tqosQ'ku & , fgLVkfjdy los]Z jktf"kZ V.Mu eqDr fo- fo- bykgkckn] i`- 17&41
ln~xksiky] vfuy] 2009- f'k{kk vfèkdkj foèks;d ij loky] lkef;d okrkZ vkdk'kok.kh] u;h fnYyh
eqfLye iqutkZxj.k vkanksyu ,oa
eqlyekuksa esa vkèkqfud f'k{kk dk izlkj
yfyr oqQekj*
Hkkjr esa gqvk mUuhloha lnh dk èkkfeZd&lkekftd vkanksyu vusdkusd n`f"V ls
egÙoiw.kZ FkkA blus Hkkjr osQ jktuSfrd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd ,oa 'kSf{kd igyqvksa
dks xaHkhjrk ls izHkkfor fd;kA vkèkqfud f'k{kk dk izlkj bl vkanksyu dh ,d
egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk FkhA jktk jkeeksgu jk;] egf"kZ nsosUnzukFk VSxksj] osQ'kopUnz lsu]
jkukMs] n;kuan ljLorh] jkeÑ".k ijegal] foosdkuan ljh[ks lekt lqèkkjdksa osQ iz;kl
ls fganqvksa us vkèkqfud f'k{kk dks 'kq: esa xzg.k djuk 'kq: dj fn;k] foaQrq vke
eqlyekuksa osQ fojksèk osQ dkj.k eqfLye lekt dkI+kQh le; ckn vkèkqfud f'k{kk dks
vkRelkr~ djus osQ fy, rS;kj gks ldkA Hkkjr esa izkphu vkSj eè;dky esa Hkh f'k{kk
Fkh ijarq ml eè;dky f'k{kk dk vkèkkj izkphu xzaFkksa dk vè;;u Fkk vkSj og cgqr
oqQN fo'okl ij vkèkkfjr FkkA vkèkqfud f'k{kk dh lcls cM+h nsu rkfoZQd cqf¼ dk
fodkl gSA izkphu fopkjksa] fl¼karksa vkSj ijaijkvksa dks roZQ osQ vkèkkj ij ns[kuk]
Hkkjrh;ksa us bl f'k{kk osQ izHkko ls vkjaHk fd;kA eqfLye lekt osQ fodkl osQ fy,
Hkh vkèkqfud f'k{kk dh ”k:jr dks lj lS;n vgen [kk¡] lS;n vgen] vCnqy
yrhI+kQ] xqyke vgen] eksgEen vyh] MkW- ”kkfdj gqlSu ljh[ks yksxksa us eglwl fd;k
vkSj bu egkuqHkkoksa osQ vFkd iz;kl osQ iQyLo:i vke Hkkjrh; eqlyeku vkèkqfud
f'k{kk dks izkIr dj rRdkyhu 'kklu O;oLFkk ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu dh eq[;èkkjk ls
vius dks tksM+ ldkA
Hkkjrh; iqu#Z¼kj vFkok iqutkZxj.k vkanksyu laLÑfr us ftl uohu fopkjèkkjk dks tUe fn;k]
mUuhloha lnh osQ Hkkjr dh ,d egku fo'ks"krk ftl izdkj èkeZ vkSj lekt esa ifjorZu djus dk
gSA if'peh laLÑfr osQ izHkko ls Hk;Hkhr Hkkjrh; iz;kl fd;k vkSj ftl izdkj Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªh;
*lhfu;j iSQdYVh esEcj] efgyk izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;] iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk] mÙkjh xk¡èkh eSnku] iVuk&80000.
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
thou osQ lHkh {ks=kksa esa ,d uohu psruk vkjaHk
gqb]Z ml psruk] Hkkouk vkSj mlls izHkkfor fofHkUu
iz;Ruksa dks ge iqutkZxj.k vkanksyu osQ uke ls
iqdkjrs gSAa bl jk"Vªh; vkanksyu us if'peh laLÑfr
ls roZQ] lekurk vkSj Lora=krk dh Hkkouk dks
izkIr djosQ Hkkjr osQ izkphu xkSjo dks LFkkfir
djus dk iz;Ru fd;k vkSj lkFk&gh&lkFk izkphu
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr osQ nks"kksa dks nwj djrs gq, mls
izxfr osQ fy, uohu vkèkkj iznku fd;kA vkjaHk
esa iqutkZxj.k ,d ckSf¼d ifjorZu Fkk] ckn esa
og vusd lkekftd vkSj èkkfeZd lqèkkjksa dk
vkèkkj cuk vkSj var esa mlus Hkkjr osQ jktuhfrd
vkanksyu dks thou iznku djus esa lg;ksx fn;kA
Hkkjrh; thou dk dksbZ Hkh {ks=k ckdh u jgk
ftl ij bl jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dk izHkko ugha
1
iM+kA flUgk] txnh'k ukjk;.k (1998) us èkkfeZd
,oa lkekftd lqèkkj vkanksyuksa osQ ckjs esa Bhd
gh fy[kk gS]
¶mUuhloha 'krkCnh osQ èkkfeZd ,oa lkekftd
lqèkkj vkanksyu dk Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl esa fo'ks"k
LFkku gSA blosQ cgqeq[kh Lo:i vkSj O;kidrk
dh n`f"V ls bl vkanksyu dks la?k"kZi.w kZ vkèkqfud
bfrgkl esa gh ,d egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk ekuk tk
ldrk gSA bl vkanksyu us Hkkjr dh rkRdkfyd
tM+rk dks lekIr fd;k vkSj ns'k osQ tu&thou
dks >d>ksj fn;kA blus tgk¡ ,d vksj èkkfeZd
rFkk lkekftd lqèkkjksa dk vkg~oku fd;k ogha
1
2
69
nwljh vksj blus Hkkjr osQ vrhr dks mtkxj
dj Hkkjrokfl;ksa osQ eu esa vkRelEeku vkSj
vkRexkSjo dh Hkkouk txkus dh dksf'k'k dhA
èkkfeZd mins'kksa osQ lkFk&lkFk vkanksyu osQ
usrkvksa us Lora=krk vkSj lekurk dk Hkh
mins'k fn;kA Hkkjr osQ lelkef;d ,sfrgkfld
ifjizs{; esa bl Lora=krk dk vFkZ ek=k ckSf¼d
fparu dh Lora=krk ls gh ugha] cfYd vlekurk]
'kks"k.k vkSj vR;kpkj ls eqfDr Hkh FkkA¸
iqutkZxj.k dk izHkko Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa ij
Hkh vk;k] ;|fi muosQ vkanksyuksa dk lw=kikr
oqQN foyac ls gqvkA mUuhloha 'krkCnh osQ izkjaHk
esa eqfLye lekt Øfed voufr rFkk ßkl osQ
pØ esa iQ¡l pqdk FkkA eqlyekuksa osQ efLr"d esa
fujk'kk rFkk jks"k dh Hkkouk O;kIr FkhA ns'k esa
viuh nh?kZdkyhu jktuSfrd izHkqrk ls oafpr gks
tkus osQ dkj.k] os uSjk'; rFkk ijkt; dh Hkkouk
ls Hkjs gq, FksA muosQ vkjafHkd vkanksyuksa dk
eq[; mís'; v¡xzs”kksa dks Hkkjr ls ckgj fudkydj
'kklu lÙkk dks izkIr djuk FkkA muosQ vkanksyu
èkkfeZd dêðjrk ij vkèkkfjr FksA os vaxzs”kh dh
f'k{kk vkSj if'peh laLÑfr osQ laioZQ osQ fojksèk
2
esa FksA nso ,oa nso (1989) us bl fojksèk osQ
iQyLo:i eqlyekuksa dks gqbZ gkfu dh ppkZ
djrs gq, fy[kk gS]
^^Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa ij ik'pkR; fopkjksa vkSj
vkèkqfud f'k{kk dk izHkko nsj ls iM+kA mUuhloha
flUgk] txnh'k ukjk;.k (1998)] ^èkkfeZd ,oa lkekftd lqèkkj vkanksyu % dk;Z{ks=k] Lo:i vkSj izHkko*] vkèkqfud Hkkjr
dk bfrgkl] laiknd& jkey[ku 'kqDy] fganh ekè;e dk;kZUo;u funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh] i`"B&342&377.
nso] vtqZu ,oa nso bafnjk vtqZu (1989) ^eqfLye lqèkkj&vkanksyu*] vkèkqfud Hkkjr] d{kk vkB osQ fy, bfrgkl dh
ikB~;iqLrd] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh] i`- 149&151.
70
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
lnh osQ iwokZèkZ esa dydÙkk vkSj fnYyh osQ
;gh Hkkouk Hkkjrh; iqutkZxj.k vkanksyu dks
FkksM+s ls eqlyekuksa us gh vaxzs”kh f'k{kk izkIr
vkjaHk djus okyh Fkh vkSj ;gh Hkkouk fofHkUu
dh FkhA mysek (bLykeh f'k{kk osQ iafMr) osQ
lkekftd] èkkfeZd] jktuSfrd] oSKkfud vkfn
fojksèk osQ dkj.k vfèkdka'k eqlyeku Hkh fczfV'k
thou osQ lHkh {ks=kksa esa ifjorZu dk dkj.k
'kklu dks iwQVh vk¡[kksa ns[krs FksA v¡xzs”kksa us
cuhA ;g Hkkouk Hkkjrh;ksa osQ ckSf¼d fodkl
mysek vkSj mPpoxhZ; eqlyekuksa dks èkhjs&èkhjs
dk vkèkkj cuh ftlls mUuhloha rFkk chloha
izHkkoghu vkSj 'kfDrghu cuk fn;k FkkA vaxzs”kh
lnh osQ vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk fuekZ.k gqvkA**
f'k{kk vkSj mlosQ lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd ykHkksa
fganw vaxzs”kh f'k{kk dks izkIr djosQ u osQoy
ls oafpr jgus osQ dkj.k Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa esa viuh lkekftd] èkkfeZd vkSj vkfFkZd mUufr
yacs le; rd eè; oxZ dk mn; ugha gks dj jgs Fks cfYd ljdkjh lsokvksa esa LFkku izkIr
ldkA**
djosQ 'kklu esa Hkh Hkkx ys jgs Fks] foaQrq eqlyeku
bu lHkh ykHkksa ls oafpr FksA bl fLFkfr esa
eqlyekuksa }kjk vkèkqfud f'k{kk dk cfg"dkj ifjorZu djus dk Js; ¶vyhx<+&vkanksyu¸ dks
Hkkjrh; eqlyeku ml le; cgqr fiNM+h gqbZ gS ftldk vkjaHk lj lS;n vgen [kk¡ us fd;kA
q ksa osQ fy,
fLFkfr esa Fks vkSj mldk eq[; dkj.k Fkk mudk oqQN yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd tks dk;Z fganv
vaxzs”kh dh f'k{kk vkSj if'peh laLÑfr ls vyx jktk jkeeksgu jk; us fd;k] ogh dk;Z lj lS;n
3
jgukA oqQekj] yfyr (1992) us vkèkqfud f'k{kk vgen [kk¡ us Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa osQ fy, fd;kA
4
nso ,oa nso (1989) us lj lS;n vgen
dh nsu ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, fy[kk gS]
^^Hkkjr esa fganw vkSj eqfLye dky esa Hkh f'k{kk [kk¡ osQ dk;ksZ± dh leh{kk djrs gq, fy[kk gS]
^^eqlyekuksa esa vkèkqfud f'k{kk osQ izlkj vkSj
Fkh ijarq ml f'k{kk dk vkèkkj izkphu xzaFkksa dk
lkekftd lqèkkj osQ fy, lcls egÙoiw.kZ
vè;;u Fkk vkSj og cgqr oqQN fo'okl ij
vkanksyu lj lS;n vgen [kk¡ us 'kq: fd;kA
vkèkkfjr FkhA vkèkqfud f'k{kk dh lcls cM+h
------------------------A èkkfeZd vkSj 'kS{kf.kd lqèkkjksa
nsu rkfoZQd cqf¼ dk fodkl gSA Hkkjrh;ksa us
dh leL;k cM+h dfBu FkhA mUgksaus eqlyekuksa
izkphu fopkjksa] fl¼karksa vkSj ijaijkvksa dks roZQ
ls bLyke dh ewy ekU;rkvksa ij vkèkkfjr
osQ vkèkkj ij ns[kuk] bl f'k{kk osQ izHkko osQ
'kq¼rk rFkk ljyrk ls thou dks viukus dh
iQyLo:i vkjaHk fd;kA D;k vPNk gS vkSj
vihy dhA Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa osQ iqu#RFkku
D;k cqjk gS] bldk fu.kZ; fo'okl ij ugha
osQ fy, mUgksaus vaxsz”kh f'k{kk viukus ij tksj
cfYd roZQ osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k tkus yxkA
3
oqQekj] yfyr (1992)] ^vkèkqfud f'k{kk dk ;ksxnku* nSfud fgUnqLrku] 8 ebZ.
4
nso] vtqZu ,oa bafnjk vtqZu (1989) & lanHkZ&2 esa of.kZr.
71
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
fn;kA ------------ 1864 bZú esa mUgksaus vuqokn
lfefr dh LFkkiuk dh ftls ckn esa oSKkfud
lfefr dk uke fn;k x;kA bl lfefr dk
dk;kZy; vyhx<+ esa FkkA blus foKku rFkk
vU; fo"k;ksa dh vax”sz kh iqLrdksa osQ mnwZ vuqokn
izdkf'kr fd, vkSj lekt lqèkkj ls lacafèkr
mnkj fopkjksa osQ izlkj osQ fy, ,d vax”sz kh&mnwZ
if=kdk Hkh fudkyhA mudh lcls cM+h miyfCèk
1875 bZú esa vyhx<+ esa ¶eksgEeMu
,aXyks&vkasfj;aVy dkWyst¸ dh LFkkiuk FkhA
vkxs pydj ;g dkWyst Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa
dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ f'k{kk&laLFkku cu x;kA¸
tgk¡ rd u;h f'k{kk] tks ns'k esa v¡xzs”kksa
}kjk yk;h xbZ Fkh] osQ izfr eqlyekuksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k
dk iz'u gS] os bls rfud Hkh ilan ugha djrs
FksA mUgksaus if'pe dh u;h f'k{kk ls vius dks
nwj j[kus dk iz;Ru fd;k vkSj vius edrcksa rFkk
enjlksa esa nh tkus okyh ijaijkxr eqfLye f'k{kk
dks viuh LokHkkfod n`<+rk ls viuk, j[kkA u;h
f'k{kk osQ izfr viuh mnklhurk dks mfpr crkus
osQ fy, eqlyekuksa us dbZ dkj.k izLrqr fd,A
MCY;w- MCY;w- gUVj us muesa ls oqQN dk o.kZu
bl izdkj fd;k gS izFke] v¡xzs”k fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa
}kjk f'k{kk nsrs gSa tks ,d ,slh Hkk"kk gS ftlls
f'kf{kr eqlyeku ?k`.kk djrs gSa] nwljk xzkeh.k
fo|ky; ,d eqlyekukas dks ,slh Hkk"kk lh[kus
dk volj ugha nsrs tks thou esa mÙkjnkf;Ùoiw.kZ
LFkku xzg.k djus ;k vius èkkfeZd dÙkZO;ksa dks
iwjk djus osQ fy, vko';d gS] rhljs] f'k{kk
i¼fr esa eqlyeku uo;qodksa osQ fy, èkkfeZd
f'k{kk dk dksbZ izkoèkku ugha gSA
vax”sz kh ljdkj us Hkh viuh vksj ls eqlyekuksa
dks lar"q V djus dk u rks dksbZ iz;kl fd;k vkSj u
gh bl lanHkZ esa dksbZ fopkj O;Dr fd;kA v¡x”sz k
inkfèkdkjh ekurs Fks fd eqlyeku] ftuls mUgksua s
jktuSfrd lÙkk Nhu yh gS] muosQ izfr #"Vrk dk
euksHkko j[krs gSa vkSj os vc Hkh viuh iwoZ
jktuSfrd izHkqrk dks izkIr djus dk LoIu ns[krs gSAa
ykMZ ,fMucjk us 1843 bZú esa dgk Fkk&
¶eSa bl èkkj.kk dh vksj ls viuh vk¡[ksa can
ugha dj ldrk fd og tkfr (eqlyeku)
gekjs izfr izèkkur% 'k=kqrk dk Hkko j[krh gS vkSj
gekjh okLrfod uhfr fganv
q ksa dks lar"q V djuk gSA¸
1857 bZú osQ fonzkgs osQ i'pkr~ eqlyeku vkSj
v¡x”sz kksa osQ lacèa k vkSj Hkh fcxM+ x,A bl fonzkgs osQ
ifj.kkeLo:i eqlyekuksa dh 'kSf{kd vko';drk
osQ izfr v¡x”sz k inkfèkdkfj;ksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k esa vkSj
vfèkd izfrowQy cnyko vk;kA mUgksua s eqlyekuksa
osQ 'kSf{kd n`f"Vdks.k ,oa euksHkkoksa dks tkuus
vFkok mu ij fopkj djus dk dksbZ iz;Ru ugha
fd;kA mUgksua s vax”sz kh f'k{kk dks tks laj{k.k iznku
fd;k mlls vjch vkSj iQkjlh osQ vè;;u dk]
ftls eqfLye 'kklu esa loksiZ fj LFkku izkIr Fkk]
egÙo vkSj Hkh de gks x;kA blls eqlyekuksa dks
fo'okl gks x;k fd v¡x”sz kksa dh 'kSf{kd uhfr
fu'p; gh muosQ fo#¼ gSA vr% os vax”sz kh LowQyksa
ls nwj jgs vkSj vius cPpksa dks iqjkus edrcksa rFkk
enjlksa esa Hkstrs jgsA
u;h f'k{kk osQ izfr eqlyekuksa osQ
n`f"Vdks.k esa cnyko
le; osQ O;rhr gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk eqlyekuksa
72
osQ efLr"d dh og dVqrk] tks 'kkldh;
vfèkdkfj;ksa dh muosQ izfr Hksn&Hkko rFkk
izfr'kksèkiw.kZ uhfr osQ dkj.k mRiUu gqbZ Fkh] ?kVus
yxhA os bl ckr dks vfèkdkfèkd le>us yxs
fd u;h f'k{kk ls nwj jgus ls mUgha dh gkfu gks
jgh gSA uohu ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ izfr Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa
osQ n`f"Vdks.k esa tks ;g ifjorZu gqvk og muosQ
izxfr'khy vkanksyuksa ls Li"V gSA bu vkanksyuksa
dk izeq[k mís'; eqfLye fopkjksa vkSj laLÑfr dks
if'pe dh u;h] mnkj rFkk foosdiw.kZ fopkjèkkjk
osQ vuqlkj ifjofÙkZr djuk FkkA flUgk] txnh'k
5
ukjk;.k (1998) fy[krs gSa—
^^vBkjgoha 'krkCnh dh 'kq#vkr osQ lkFk gh
eqxy lkezkT; iru osQ jkLrs ij vxzlj gks
x;k FkkA bl 'krkCnh osQ nkSjku eqfLye lekt
esa Hkh iru dh izfØ;k Li"V gksus yxhA ,slh
gh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jk;cjsyh osQ lS;n vgen
us 'ks[k vgen ljfganh (1562&1624) dh
rjg gh eqlyekuksa dh HkykbZ osQ okLrs bLyke
dks ckgjh rRoksa ls eqDr djus dk dke 'kq:
fd;kA oqQjku dks vPNh rjg le>us osQ fy,
mUgksaus I+kQkjlh esa mldk vuqokn fd;kA ------------------ jk;cjsyh osQ lS;n vgen osQ vkanksyu
dk lcls cM+k ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd mUgksaus
eqlyekuksa dh fcxM+rh n'kk dh vksj mudk
è;ku vkÑ"V dj fn;kA lS;n vgen dks
viuh dksf'k'kkasa esa ftudk lg;ksx feyk muesa
'kkg eksgEen vkSj ekSykuk vCnqy gbZ osQ uke
mYys[kuh; gSaA
5
flUgk] txnh'k ukjk;.k (1998) & lanHkZ&1 esa of.kZr.
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
dbZ NksV&s NksVs nyksa us eqlyekuksa dh lkekftd]
jktuhfrd ,oa 'kSf{kd fLFkfr dks lqèkkjus dk
iz;kl fd;kA 'kkg oyh mYykg osQ ny dk Hkh
eq[; mís'; Hkkjrh; bLyke dks ckgjh rRoksa ls
eqDr djkuk FkkA iwohZ Hkkjr esa blosQ eq[; usrk
djker vyh vkSj gkth 'kjh;r mYykg FksA
ogkch vkanksyu vkSj dbZ NksVs&NksVs nyksa us
eqlyekuksa dh lksp esa ldkjkRed lqèkkj dh dbZ
dksf'k'ksa dh] foaQrq eqlyekuksa osQ 'kSf{kd lqèkkj esa
fd, x, lqèkkjksa esa lcls l'kDr jgs vyhx<+
vkanksyu vkSj tkfe;k fefYy;k bLykfe;k vkanksyuA
uokc vCnqy yrhiQ dk eqfLye lkfgR; eqlyekuksa
esa vkèkqfud psruk dk lapkj dj mnkjoknh
fopkjèkkjk dks tUe nsus esa dkiQh gn rd liQy
jgk vkSj iQyLo:i eqlyeku vkèkqfud f'k{kk
dh rjiQ eq[kkfrc gks losQA ftl izdkj lj lS;n
vgen us mUuhloha 'krkCnh esa eqlyekuksa osQ
èkkfeZd rFkk jktuhfrd fparu ij izHkko Mkyk
mlh izdkj chloha 'krkCnh esa eqgEen bdcky us
Hkh eqlyekuksa dh lksp dks izHkkfor fd;kA mUgksaus
,d ,sls lfØ; vkSj xfr'khy n`f"Vdks.k viukus
dh vihy dh ftlls fo'o dks cnyk tk losQA
eqfLye lkfgfR;d lekt ,oa vkèkqfud f'k{kk
dk izlkj
eqlyekuksa esa vkèkqfud psruk osQ izlkj gsrq
vkjafHkd iz;kl djus dk Js; uokc vCnqy
yrhiQ dks gS] tks bl vkanksyu osQ izorZd FksA
os ,d ,sls O;fDr Fks ftUgksaus Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
dh ik'pkR; laLÑfr rFkk f'k{kk ls nwj jgus
rFkk eè;dkyhu fopkjksa esa fyIr jgus dh uhfr
dh HkRlZuk dh] D;ksafd mUgsa fo'okl Fkk fd
vaxzs”kh 'kklu bruk n`<+ Fkk fd mldk fojksèk
ugha fd;k tk ldrk vkSj og bruk mi;ksxh Fkk
fd mldh mis{kk ugha dh tk ldrhA bl fopkj
dks dk;kZfUor djus osQ fy, uokc vCnqy yrhiQ
us 1863 bZ- esa eqfLye lkfgfR;d lekt dh
LFkkiuk dhA dydÙkk osQ mPp oxZ osQ eqlyeku
blosQ lnL; Fks vkSj os bl lekt osQ lfpoA
lekt us muosQ usr`Ro esa ;wjksih; laLÑfr rFkk
f'k{kk osQ izfr cM+k vknj O;Dr fd;kA blosQ
lnL; ,d=k gksdj lkekftd] jktuSfrd vkSj
èkkfeZd fo"k;ksa ij vkèkqfud] mnkj rFkk foosdiw.kZ
fopkjèkkjk dh n`f"V ls ppkZ djrs FksA
;g lekt eqlyekuksa }kjk vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk osQ
vè;;u ij fo'ks"k ”kksj nsrk Fkk] D;ksafd blosQ
fcuk os if'pe osQ lkfgR; vkSj foKku ls
ifjfpr ugha gks ldrs FksA bl lekt osQ iz;Ru
O;FkZ ugha gq, D;ksafd 'kh?kz gh ykMZ gsfLVaX~l
}kjk LFkkfir dydÙkk enjlk esa vaxzs”kh lkfgR;
vkSj Hkk"kk dh i<+kbZ vkjaHk dj nh xbZA caxky
esa eqlyekuksa osQ fy, tks vU; u;s dkWyst
[kksys x, muesa Hkh blh uhfr dk vuqlj.k
fd;k x;kA vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk osQ izfr eqlyekuksa dh
6
lksp osQ lanHkZ esa flag] vkjúihú (2005) us
fy[kk gS fd izkjaHk esa eqlyekuksa us vaxzs”kh
f'k{kk osQ egÙo dks ughas le>k vkSj blosQ
vè;;u dk fojksèk Hkh fd;kA ckn esa vaxzs”kh
6
73
dh f'k{kk osQ izfr Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk bl rjg iz;kl
fd;k x;k fd oaQiuh dh lgk;rk ls pyus
okyh laLFkkvksa esa vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e ls
f'k{kk nsus dh vfuok;Zrk osQ fy, fd, tsEl
fey] pkYlZ xzakV ;k fiQj eSdkys osQ iz;kl dh
dksbZ ”k#jr gh ugha FkhA
vgefn;k vkanksyu rFkk eqlyekuksa
dh u;h f'k{kk
;g vkanksyu tks fetkZ xqyke vgen }kjk 1889
bZú esa vkjaHk fd;k x;k Fkk] vkèkqfud fopkjèkkjk
rFkk vkn'kksZ± ls izsfjr FkkA bldk eq[; mís';
,sls lqèkkjksa dks dk;kZfUor djosQ] tks if'pe
dh mnkjoknh fopkjèkkjk osQ vuqowQy gksa] eqfLye
lekt esa iqutkZxj.k mRiUu djuk FkkA ;g
vkanksyu eqlyekuksa osQ fy, mlh mís'; dh
iwfrZ djuk pkgrk Fkk tks czãlekt us fganqvksa
osQ fy, fd;k FkkA bl vkanksyu osQ laLFkkid us
bl ckr dk vuqHko fd;k fd fganqvksa us ik'pkR;
mnkjokn vkSj f'k{kk dks viukdj cqf¼ekuh dk
dk;Z fd;k gSA mudk fopkj Fkk fd eqlyekuksa
dks Hkh ,slk gh djuk pkfg,A viuh èkkfeZd
fopkjèkkjk esa Hkh bl vkanksyu us czãlekt dh
gh Hkk¡fr i;kZIr O;kidrk fn[kkbZ] D;ksafd ;g Hkh
iwjh ekuo tkfr osQ fy, tkfr] o.kZ vkSj èkeZ osQ
HksnHkko osQ fcuk ,d lkoZHkkSfed èkeZ esa fo'okl
djrk FkkA ;s lc ckrsa eqfLye lekt dh iqjkuh
:f<+oknh rFkk ladh.kZ lkaiznkf;d fopkjèkkjk ls
fcyoqQy fHkUu FkhaA
flag] vkj- ih- (2005)] ^ySaXost ikSfylh M~;wfjax oaQiuh :y*] bafM;u ,tqosQ'kuy fjO;w] okWY;we&41] uoacj&2] tqykbZ]
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh] i`- 3&33.
74
eqfLye lekt esa okafNr lkaLÑfrd iqutkZxj.k
ykus osQ fy, bl vkanksyu us eqlyekuksa osQ chp
u;h f'k{kk osQ izlkj dk leFkZu fd;kA vr% blus
cgqr lh f'k{kk&laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk djuk izkjaHk
fd;k ftuesa iqjkuh eqfLye Hkk"kkvksa — vjch
vkSj I+kQkjlh — vkSj muosQ lkfgR; osQ vè;;u
osQ vfrfjDr vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk vkSj ik'pkR; foKkuksa
osQ vè;;u ij i;kZIr ”kksj fn;k tkrk FkkA
l'kDr 'kSf{kd] lkekftd ,oa lqèkkjoknh
vkanksyu — vyhx<+ vkanksyu
tgk¡ rd eqlyekuksa esa vkèkqfud psruk osQ izlkj
dk iz'u gS] vyhx<+ vkanksyu] tks Hkkjrh;
eqlyekuksa osQ lcls cM+s usrkvksa esa ls ,d lj
lS;n vgen [kk¡ osQ }kjk pyk;k x;k Fkk] fu'p;
gh lcls vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ vkanksyu FkkA eqlyekuksa
vkSj ljdkj osQ chp okafNr iquesZy LFkkfir
djus osQ fy, lj lS;n vgen [kk¡ us ,d
'kfDr'kkyh vkanksyu izkjaHk fd;kA blosQ fy,]
mUgksaus ,d vksj rks 'kkldksa dks eqlyekuksa dh
LokfeHkfDr dk fo'okl fnykus dh dksf'k'k dh
vkSj nwljh vksj v¡xzs”kksa osQ izfr oI+kQknkj jgus ls
gksus okys ykHkksa ls eqlyekuksa dks ifjfpr djkus
dk iz;Ru fd;kA eqlyekuksa dh mUufr osQ fy,
lj lS;n vgen [kk¡ us nks eq[; y{; fuèkkZfjr
fd, & (1) vaxzs”kh ljdkj vkSj eqlyekuksa osQ
lacaèk dks Bhd djuk] vkSj (2) eqlyekuksa esa
vkèkqfud f'k{kk dk izpkj djukA
v¡xzs”kksa vkSj eqlyekuksa osQ lacaèk dks Bhd
djus dk iz;Ru lj lS;n vgen [kk¡ us cgqr gh
mi;qDr volj ij vkjaHk fd;k FkkA fganw if'peh
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
laLÑfr ls izHkkfor gksdj u osQoy ;ksX; curs
tk jgs Fks cfYd jktuhfrd Hkkoukvksa dh Hkh
izxfr dj jgs Fks tks fd v¡xzs”kksa dh n`f"V ls
Økafrdkjh vkSj v¡xzs”kksa osQ fo#¼ gksrh tk jgh
FkhA bl dkj.k] v¡xzs”kksa us Hkh eqlyekuksa dh
oiQknkjh dks izkIr djus dh dksf'k'k dh D;ksafd
eqlyekuksa esa dksbZ izHkko'kkyh jktuhfrd izxfr
ml le; rd ugha gqbZ Fkh vkSj eqlyekuksa dk
iz;ksx fganqvksa dh c<+rh gqbZ jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk
osQ fo#¼ fd;k tk ldrk FkkA
lj lS;n vgen [kk¡ vius nwljs mís'; ls
mnklhu u FksA mUgksaus eqlyekuksa dh f'k{kk vkSj
lkekftd izxfr osQ fy, Hkh fujarj iz;Ru fd;k
vkSj blosQ fy, os eqlyekuksa dks vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk
dh f'k{kk nsuk vko';d ekurs FksA mUgksaus crk;k
fd oqQjku esa ,slh dksbZ ckr ugha gS tks eqlyekuksa
dks vaxzs”kh f'k{kk izkIr djus ;k if'peh laLÑfr
osQ laioZQ esa vkus ls jksosQA vius mís'; osQ izpkj]
izlkj rFkk iwfrZ osQ fy, 1864 bZú esa mUgksaus
xk”khiqj esa] vius Hkkjrh; rFkk ;wjksih; fe=kksa dh
lgk;rk ls] ,d vuqokn lekt LFkkfir fd;kA
eqlyekuksa dks viuh ekr`Hkk"kk }kjk ik'pkR;
dyk,¡ rFkk foKku lh[kus esa bl lekt us]
vaxzs”kh esa fy[kh gqbZ bfrgkl] vFkZ'kkL=k] foKku
vkSj vU; fo"k;ksa dh cgqr lkjh iqLrdksa dk mnwZ
esa vuqokn djosQ cM+h lgk;rk nhA ckn esa bls
^vyhx<+ dk oSKkfud lekt* osQ :i esa ifjofrZr
dj fn;k x;kA bl lekt us vaxzs”kh iqLrdksa dk
mnwZ esa vuqokn djus osQ lkFk&lkFk mnwZ vkSj vax”sz kh
esa ,d if=kdk dks Hkh vkjaHk fd;k ftldk mís';
eqlyekuksa esa lkekftd lqèkkj djuk FkkA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
1869 bZ- esa lS;n vgen [kk¡ baXySaM x, vkSj
mUgsa Lo;a if'peh laLÑfr osQ laioZQ esa vkus dk
volj feykA 1870 bZ- esa og Hkkjr okil vk
x, vkSj rc ls mUgksaus vaxsz”kh dh f'k{kk dk
izpkj vkSj Hkh vfèkd mRlkg ls vkjaHk fd;kA
1875 bZú esa mUgksaus ,saXyks&vksfj;.Vy dkWyst
dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj ;gha dkWyst vkxs pydj
eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; esa ifjofÙkZr gqvkA bl
dkWyst us eqlyekuksa osQ vkèkqfudhdj.k esa mlh
izdkj Hkkx fy;k ftl izdkj fganqvksa osQ
vkèkqfudhdj.k esa dydÙkk osQ fganw dkWyst us
Hkkx fy;k FkkA bl dkWyst esa dyk vkSj foKku
dh f'k{kk dk izcaèk if'peh f'k{kk&i¼fr osQ
vkèkkj ij fd;k x;k vkSj blus ukStoku eqlyekuksa
dks mnkj f'k{kk vkSj izxfr'khy fopkjksa osQ fuekZ.k
esa cgqr lgk;rk iznku dhA lj lS;n vgen [kk¡
us eqlyekuksa esa vkèkqfud fopkjksa dks iQSykus osQ
fy, ,d ^eqfLye f'k{kk lHkk* dh LFkkiuk Hkh
dh vkSj vusd ,sls O;fDr;ksa dks vius pkjksa
rjiQ ,d=k fd;k tks muosQ fopkjksa dks iQSykus
osQ fy, iz;Ru'khy cusaA ftl yxu osQ lkFk
lj lS;n vgen us viuk 'kSf{kd dk;Z izkjaHk
fd;k] mldk ljdkjh inkfèkdkfj;ksa ij cM+k
izHkko iM+k vkSj rRdkyhu xouZj tujy ykMZ
ykjsal us mUgsa ,d Lo.kZ&ind }kjk foHkwf"kr
fd;k vkSj ykMZ eSdkWys dh iqLrdksa dk ,d iwjk
ladyu mUgsa iznku fd;kA blls lj lS;n vgen
[kk¡ dh [;kfr cgqr c<+ xbZ vkSj eqfLye f'k{kk
osQ {ks=k esa ,d vxz.kh; usrk osQ :i esa muosQ
7
75
izHkko esa i;kZIr o`f¼ gqbZA lj lS;n vgen [kk¡
us bl er dk Hkh izpkj fd;k fd bLyke èkeZ
dh ekU;rk,¡ foDVksfj;u èkkfeZd vkSj lkekftd
ekU;rkvksa dh fojksèkh ugha gSa vkSj blfy, eqlyeku
yksx ik'pkR; f'k{kk vkSj laLÑfr dks viuh
ijaijkxr ekU;rkvksa vkSj thou i¼fr dks fdlh
izdkj dh gkfu igq¡pk, fcuk xzg.k dj ldrs gSaA
eqfLye f'k{kk] lekt lqèkkj vkSj tkx`fr osQ
fy, tks dk;Z lj lS;n vgen [kk¡ us fd;k] og
ml le; rd fdlh Hkh Hkkjrh; eqlyeku us
ugha fd;k FkkA mUgksaus eqfLye lekt vkSj èkeZ esa
lqèkkj djosQ mUgsa vkèkqfud ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqoQw y
cukus dk iz;Ru fd;k vkSj mUgksaus gh izHkko'kkyh
<ax ls loZizFke eqlyekuksa dks ;g crykus dk
lkgl fd;k fd vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk dh f'k{kk vkSj
if'peh lH;rk osQ laioZQ esa vk, fcuk mudh
izxfr laHko ugha gSA bu fopkjksa dks eqfLye
lekt esa iQSykus esa mUgsa :f<+oknh eqlyekuksa osQ
dêðj fojksèk dk lkeuk djuk iM+k foaQrq mUgksaus
bl dk;Z dks fd;k vkSj blesa liQyrk ikbZA lj
lS;n vgen osQ iz;kl dh ljkguk djrs gq,
7
pUnz] foihu (1996) fy[krs gSa]
^^lS;n vgen [kku dk fo'okl Fkk fd
eqlyekuksa dk èkkfeZd vkSj lkekftd thou
vkèkqfud] ik'pkR;] oSKkfud Kku vkSj laLÑfr
dks viukdj gh lqèkj ldrk gS A blfy,
vkèkqfud f'k{kk dk izpkj thou&i;ZUr mudk
izFke è;s; jgkA ,d vfèkdkjh osQ :i esa
mUgksaus vusd uxjksa esa fo|ky; LFkkfir fd,
pUnz] foihu (1996)] ^u;s Hkkjr dk mn;*] vkèkqfud Hkkjr] d{kk 12 osQ fy, ikB~;iqLrd] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-]
u;h fnYyh] i`- 151&165.
76
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
Fks vkSj if'peh xzaFkksa dk mnwZ esa vuqokn j[kk x;k vkSj ftlosQ izFke vkpk;Z eksgEen
djk;k FkkA**
vyh gq,A
tkfe;k fefYy;k] ftldh LFkkiuk izxk<+
tkfe;k fefYy;k bLykfe;k osQ :i esa
jk"Vªh;rk osQ vlhe LoIuksa rFkk mRlkgiw.kZ fopkjksa
vkèkqfud jk"Vªh; f'k{kk dk mn;
osQ fnuksa esa gqbZ] Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa dh loksZPp
chloha 'krkCnh osQ f}rh; n'kd esa Hkkjrh; 'kSf{kd vkdk¡{kkvksa dk izrhd gSA ;g f'k{kk dks
eqlyekuksa esa jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dk mn; gksuk ,d fons'kh izHkko ls Lora=k j[kdj vius gkFkksa esa
egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk Fkh] D;ksafd blus mudk laiw.kZ j[kus dh mudh bPNk dk Li"V izek.k gSA eqlyekuksa
lkekftd rFkk jktuSfrd n`f"Vdks.k gh cny osQ efLr"d dks ladh.kZ lkaiznkf;drk osQ ?ksjs ls
fn;k vkSj mudh Hkkoh izxfr ij xgjk izHkko fudkydj jk"Vªh;rk osQ foLr`r rFkk izxfr'khy
MkykA 'kh?kz gh mudh jktuSfrd jk"Vªh;rk ,d iFk ij vxzlj djus dk ;g mudk vafre vkSj
loZO;kih rÙo cu xbZ ftlesa f'k{kk dk {ks=k Hkh dnkfpr~ loksZÙke iz;kl FkkA
vkjaHk esa tkfe;k dks dkiQh dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa
lfEefyr Fkk A lj lSS;n vgen [kk¡ }kjk LFkkfir
vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; osQ vax”sz kh n`f"Vdks.k dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA tkfe;k osQ fy, og
osQ fo#¼ ,d izfrfØ;k vkjaHk gks xbZ A ;g le; lcls vfèkd dfBu Fkk tc f[kykI+kQr
eqlyekuksa dh ml jk"Vªoknh bPNk dk LokHkkfod vkSj vlg;ksx vkanksyu osQ mRlkg dh ygj]
ifj.kke Fkk ftlosQ vuqlkj os viuh f'k{kk dks ftldh i`"BHkwfe esa bldk tUe gqvk] ean iM+
fons'kh izHkko ls eqDr djosQ] vius gkFkksa esa xbZA ^lhèkh dk;Zokgh* dks 1922 bZ- esa lekIr
dj nsus osQ i'pkr~ jk"Vªh; dk;ZdrkZvksa osQ efLr"d
j[kuk pkgrs FksA
f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa dh esa fujk'kk vkSj ijkt; dh Hkkouk O;kIr gks xbZ
egÙokdk¡{kk viuh pje lhek dks rc igq¡ph Fkh] ;gk¡ rd fd oqQN yksxksa us bl laLFkk dks can
tc vlg;ksx vkanksyu osQ tks'k esa jk"Vªoknh djus dk Hkh fopkj O;Dr fd;kA oqQN vè;kidksa
eqlyeku eksgEen vyh osQ usr`Ro esa f[kykI+kQr us pqipki vU; dke [kkst fy, vkSj cgqr ls
vkanksyu pyk jgs Fks] bl vkanksyu osQ varZxr Nk=kksa us bls NksM+dj nwljs laLFkkuksa esa izos'k ys
eqfLye Nk=k 'kkldh; fo|ky;ksa ls vyx gks fy;kA ,slh foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tkfe;k us
x,A ljdkj }kjk fu;af=kr rFkk lgk;rk&izkIr vius dks fdlh Hkk¡fr thfor j[kk] D;ksfa d Hkfo";
fo|ky;ksa ls vyx gksdj fo|kfFkZ;ksa vkSj esa bls f'k{kk vkSj laLÑfr dk ,d egku jk"Vªh;
vè;kidksa us viuk vlg;ksx O;Dr fd;k vkSj osQa nz cuuk FkkA 1952 bZ- esa bls fnYyh LFkkukUrfjr
lkFk gh mUgksaus vDrwcj 1920 bZ- esa oqQN dj fn;k x;k vkSj rc ls blosQ bfrgkl esa ,d
rEcqvksa osQ uhps ,d izfr}anh laLFkk dh LFkkiuk uohu vè;k; izkjaHk gqvkA izfl¼ f'k{kk&'kkL=kh MkWdh ftldk uke tkfe;k fefYy;k bLykfe;k tkfdj gqluS dk tkfe;k vfèkd ½.kh gSA mUgksua s
77
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
8
flUgk txnh'k ukjk;.k (1998) us eqfLye
izkpk;Z osQ :i esa bl laLFkk dh cM+h lsok dh vkSj
mUgha osQ ekxZn'kZu esa ;gk¡ cqfu;knh f'k{kk dh egku jk"Vªh; vkanksyu osQ lkFk&lkFk vU; vkanksyuksa osQ
;kstuk ij iz;ksx fd;k x;k] tks vkxs pydj ckjs esa fy[kk gS]
gekjh jk"Vªh; f'k{kk dh vkèkkjf'kyk cuhA
¶pwfa d ;s lHkh vkanksyu eq[; :i ls ^mnkjoknh*
Fks vr% if'pe osQ mnkjoknh rRoksa ls budk
milagkj
fojksèk ugha FkkA fczfV'k lkezkT;okn osQ Hkkjr
esa LFkkf;Ro osQ fy, ;g fLFkfr ykHknk;d
Hkkjrh; iqu#¼kj vkanksyu dh ,d bdkbZ osQ :i
FkhA vr% v¡xzs”kksa us bu lqèkkjksa ,oa lqèkkjdksa
esa eqfLye jk"Vªh; vkanksyu us rRdkyhu Hkkjrh;
dk vius fgr esa mi;ksx fd;kA vkanksyuksa osQ
lekt dks lkekftd] èkkfeZd] jktuSfrd rFkk
ifj.kkeLo:i vax”sz kh f'k{kk vkSj if'peh fopkjksa
'kSf{kd {ks=k esa xaHkhjrk ls izHkkfor fd;kA vyhx<+
dk Hkkjr esa dkiQh izlkj gqvkA bl dke esa
eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; vkSj tkfe;k fefYy;k
v¡xzs”kksa us vaxzs”kh iz'kkldksa] if'peh fo}kuksa
bLykfe;k tSlh l'kDr] cgqvk;keh vkSj izHkko'kkyh
rFkk bZlkbZ iknfj;ksa osQ vykok Hkkjrh; lqèkkjdksa
f'k{kk laLFkkuksa osQ vfrfjDr dbZ vU; ns'kh laLFkkvksa
osQ lg;ksx ,oa leFkZu dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;kA
dh LFkkiuk Hkh bl egÙoiw.kZ jk"Vªh; vkanksyu osQ
------------------------- lqèkkj vkanksyu dh 'kk;n
nkSjku gqbZ±A rkfoZQd n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl]
lcls cM+h miyfCèk ;g Fkh fd blus Hkkjrh;ksa
èkeZ&lqèkkj] vPNss lkfgR; dk fuekZ.k rFkk fofHkUu
dks lekurk] Lora=krk ,oa tkxj.k dk lans'k
Hkk"kkvksa osQ lkfgR; dk fodkl] vuqlaèkku rFkk
,d ,sls le; ij fn;k tc ns'k xqykeh dh
oSKkfud Hkkouk dk fodkl] vkS|ksxhdj.k dh
csfM+;ksa esa tdM+k gqvk Fkk vkSj leLr tu&thou
Hkkouk dk fodkl] yfyr dykvksa dh mRifÙk]
vaèkfo'okl] :f<+okfnrk ,oa vKku osQ vaèkdkj
eè;e oxZ dh mRifÙk] Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh;rk dk
esa HkVd jgk FkkA**
fuekZ.k vkSj jktuSfrd vkanksyu dk vkjaHk] fons'kh
vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk dh f'k{kk ,oa vkèkqfud f'k{kk
rFkk if'peh fo}kuksa ls laioZQ rFkk lekpkj&i=k]
if=kdk,¡ rFkk Nkik[kkuksa dh LFkkiuk tSlh dbZ dk izlkj v¡xzs”kksa dh izkjafHkd 'kSf{kd uhfr dk
egÙoiw.kZ miyfCèk;ksa dk Js; bl vkanksyu dks fgLlk ugha FkkA os vaxzs”kh f'k{kk izkIr ,sls yksxksa
tkrk gS vkSj bu miyfCèk;ksa ls izHkkfor gksdj dh ryk'k esa Fks ftudh enn ls os jkt&dkt
rFkk bu miyfCèk;ksa ij viuk izHkko NksM+rh gqbZ pyk losaQ vkSj tks Lora=krk dh ckr u djosQ
f'k{kk viuk Lo:i jk"Vªh;] lkekftd rFkk èkkfeZd muosQ b'kkjs ij muosQ fgr osQ fy, dke djrs
”k:jrksa osQ vuqlkj fuèkkZfjr dj ldus dk iz;kl jgsaA ;fn iqutkZxj.k osQ ekè;e ls fofHkUu
lkekftd laxBu vius&vius èkeksZ± osQ yksxksa
djrh jgh vkSj cgqr gn rd dj ldh A
8
flUgk] txnh'k ukjk;.k (1998)] lanHkZ&1 esa of.kZr.
78
dks vkèkqfud f'k{kk nsus dk iz;kl ugha djrs rks
'kk;n Hkkjr esa vaxzs”kh ,oa foKku dh f'k{kk dk
izlkj bruh rsth ls ughas gks ikrkA vaxzs”kh f'k{kk
nsus ;k u nsus dh v¡xzs”kksa dh vleatl dh
9
fLFkfr dh ppkZ yky] lqUnj 1982A oqQN bl
izdkj djrs gSa]
¶lu~ 1757 ls ysdj 1854 rd djhc 100
lky osQ vuqHko vkSj lykg e'kfojs osQ ckn
bafXyLrku osQ uhfrKksa dks bl ckr dk fo'okl
gqvk fd FkksMs+ ls Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks vaxt
sz h f'k{kk
9
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
nsuk bl ns'k esa vaxt
zs h lkezkT; dks dk;e j[kus
osQ fy, vko';d gSA foaQrq bl ij Hkh ;s yksx
brus cM+s iz;ksx osQ fy, ,dk,d lkgl u dj
losQA Vªsosfy;u us vius ys[k vkSj c;ku] nksuksa
ls mUgsa lkiQ vkxg dj fn;k Fkk fd vf'kf{kr
;k vaxzs”kh f'k{kk ls oafpr Hkkjrokfl;ksa osQ
fnyksa esa viuh ijkèkhurk osQ fo#¼ xgjk
vlarks"k Hkhrj gh Hkhrj HkM+drk jgrk Fkk]
ftldk fons'kh 'kkldksa dks irk rd ugha py
ldrk FkkA¸
yky] lqUnj (1982)] ^Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk loZuk'k*] Hkkjr esa vaxzs”kh jkt (f}rh; [kaM)] izdk'ku foHkkx] lwpuk vkSj
izlkj.k ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] u;h fnYyh] i`- 682&703.
79
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
vè;kid f'k{kk — leL;k,¡ ,oa pqukSfr;k¡
lrh'k oqQekj ;kno*
fo|ky;h f'k{kk esa xq.kkRed lqèkkj ykus osQ fy, xq.koÙkkiw.kZ vè;kid f'k{kk dh
vko';drk ij fofHkUu vk;ksxksa] lehfr;ksa] vkSj f'k{kk uhfr;ksa us le;&le; ij ”kksj
fn;k gSA fo'ks"k :i ls jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) us vè;kid f'k{kk esa vkewy&pwy
ifjorZu fd, tkus dk lq>ko fn;kA ,u-lh-Vh-bZ-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- o vU;
laLFkkvksa@laxBuksa }kjk Hkh vè;kid f'k{kk esa cnyko osQ iz;Ru fd, tkrs jgs gSaA blosQ
ckotwn vè;kid f'k{kk esa visf{kr ifjorZu ugha gks ik;k gSA izLrqr ys[k esa vè;kid
f'k{kk ls tqM+h oqQN leL;kvksa ,oa pqukSfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gS vkSj muosQ
lekèkku Hkh lq>k, x, gSa rkfd vè;kid f'k{kk dks l'kDr o fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ
vuqowQy cuk;k tk losQA
vè;kid f'k{kk o fo|ky;h f'k{kk ,d nwljs osQ
iwjd gSaA vè;kid f'k{kk ls gh fo|ky;h f'k{kk
esa lqèkkj yk;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd vè;kid
f'k{kk }kjk vè;kidksa dks rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS
vkSj mudks bl nkSjku vko';d Kku o dkS'ky
fn;k tkrk gSA
vè;kid f'k{kk gekjs ns'k esa vkt+knh ls
igys Hkh Fkh ijarq Hkkjr ljdkj us vè;kid
f'k{kk dh eq[; Hkwfedk osQ ckjs esa fopkj dh
vko';drk cgqr le; ckn eglwl dh] fo'ks"kdj
vk”kknh osQ ckn vkSj blesa lqèkkj ykus osQ dkI+kQh
Ikz;kl fd, A lu~ 1947&48 esa ekè;fed Lrj ij
osQoy 51 laLFkku Fks tks fd lu~ 2009 esa c<+dj
8000 ls Hkh ”;knk gks x, gSa A vè;kid f'k{kk esa
lqèkkj ykus osQ fy, bl nkSjku dbZ desfV;ks]a
deh'ku o vk;ksxksa dk xBu fd;k x;kA
fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx (1948) us iwoZ
vè;kid f'k{kk esa fl¼kar o O;ogkj dks lekfgr
djus dk lq>ko fn;k vkSj crk;k fd lS¼kafrd
IkkB~;Øeksa esa yphykiu gksuk pkfg, vkSj
*izksI+ksQlj] vè;kid f'k{kk ,oa foLrkj foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh.
80
lsokdkyhu dk;ZØeksa osQ }kjk f'k{kdksa esa tkx:drk
ykbZ tkuh pkfg,A bUgha lq>koksa osQ varxZr cM+kSnk
esa lu~ 1950 esa vè;kid f'k{kk ij jk"Vªh; Lrj
osQ vè;kid izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa osQ izkpk;ksaZ dk
lEesyu gqvkA blesa vk, lq>koksa osQ eísu”kj dbZ
fo'ofo|ky;ksa us vè;kid f'k{kk osQ ikB~;Øeksa
dks cnykA
ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx (1952&53) us
vè;kid f'k{kk esa ewY;kadu dh u;h rduhdksa
osQ iz;ksx dk lq>ko fn;k Fkk o lkFk gh ;ksX; o
oqQ'ky O;fDr;ksa dks f'k{k.k O;olk; esa ykus osQ
fy, Hkh lq>ko fn;k FkkA bl vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ
osQ vuqlkj izf'k{k.k nks rjg osQ gksus pkfg,A
igyk] LowQyh f'k{kk osQ ckn nks lky dk izf'k{k.k
vkSj nwljk Lukrd osQ ckn ,d lky dk izf'k{k.kA
lu~ 1960 osQ nkSjku ,d eq[; cnyko vk;kA
jk"Vªh; Lrj osQ dbZ laLFkkuksa dks feykdj jk"Vªh;
'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ dks cuk;k
x;kA bl laLFkku esa vè;kid f'k{kk foHkkx Hkh
cuk;k x;k vkSj pkj {ks=kh; 'kSf{kd laLFkku]
vtesj] Hkqous'oj] Hkksiky o eSlwj esa cuk, x,A
bu laLFkkvksa esa ekè;fed Lrj osQ ch-,M- Ikzf'k{k.k
osQ varZxr vPNs vè;kid rS;kj fd, x,
vkSj ,d uohu dk;ZØe Hkh 'kq: fd;k x;k]
ftlesa gk;j lSosaQMjh osQ ckn pkj o"kZ dk
ch-,l-lh- ch-,M dk IkkB~;Øe Ik<+k;k tkus yxkA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- us lsokiwoZ osQ lkFk lsokdkyhu
dk;ZØe Hkh 'kq: fd,A blosQ lkFk 1964 esa
fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa jkT; 'kSf{kd laLFkku [kksys x,A
blls vè;kidksa dks jkT; Lrj ij lsokdkyhu
izf'k{k.k fn, x,A
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
f'k{kk vk;ksx (1964&66) us vè;kid f'k{kk
dh xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj ykus ij cy fn;kA bl
vk;ksx us lq>k;k fd vè;kid f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa
LowQyh f'k{kk] O;kogkfjd thou] o fo'ofo|ky;ksa
osQ vdknfed thou osQ chp lkeatL; cuk;k
tk, vkSj vkil dh nwfj;ksa dks de fd;k tk,A
fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx vè;kid f'k{kk esa
lqèkkj ykus osQ fy, izkIr èku miyCèk djk,A
lsok osQ nkSjku f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k dk vk;kstu
fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj f'k{kd laxBuksa }kjk fd;k
tk, vkSj gj ik¡p lky esa bl rjg osQ dk;ZØe
esa gj f'k{kd dks nks&rhu eghus fcrkuk vfuokZ;
gks_ bl rjg dk;ZØe vkadM+ksa osQ vkèkkj ij r;
gksus pkfg, vkSj izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dks lky Hkj
lsfeukj] dk;Z'kkyk,¡] fjizQs'kj dkslZ] xzh"edkyhu
baLVhV~;wV vk;ksftr djkus pkfg, A
lu~ 1973 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us jk"Vªh; vè;kid
f'k{kk ifj"kn~ (us'kyu dkamfly vkWiQ Vhpj
,tqosQ'ku] ,u-lh-Vh-bZ-) dk xBu fd;k tks fd
vè;kid f'k{kk esa jk"Vªh; Lrj Ikj ,d lykgdkj
lfefr osQ :Ik esa dk;Z djs vkSj vè;kid f'k{kk
osQ dk;ZØeksa dh le;&le; Ikj ekinaMksa osQ
vuqlkj leh{kk djsA bldk eq[;ky; vè;kid
f'k{kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- u;h fnYyh esa
cuk;k x;kA lu~ 1976 esa ,u-lh-Vh-bZ us pkj
lq>ko fn,A Ikgyk] vYidkyhu lsokdkyhu
izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dks fo'ofo|ky; LohÑfr nsA
nwljk] LowQy vè;kidksa dks foLrkj lsokvksa ls
tksM+k tk,A rhljk] gj f”kys esa ekuo lalkèku o
IkBu&IkkBu lkexzh osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, vè;kid
osQa nz [kksys tk,¡ vkSj pkSFkk] Ik=kkpkj }kjk lsokdkyhu
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
izf'k{k.k 'kq: fd, tk,¡ vkSj muesa vkèkqfud
IkzkS|ksfxdh dk Ikz;ksx fd;k tk,A ,u-lh-Vh-bZ- us
1978 o 1988 esa jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ikB~;Øe
dh :ijs[kk cukbZ o izdkf'kr dhA
pV~Vksikè;k; lfefr (1983&85) dh ;g
flI+kQkfj'k Fkh fd ckjgoha d{kk osQ ckn ekè;fed
Lrj osQ f'k{kdksa osQ Ikzf'k{k.k dh vofèk ik¡p o"kZ
gksuh pkfg, rkfd mUgsa lkekU; o O;olkf;d
f'k{kk lkFk&lkFk nh tk losaQA 'kq# esa pkj o"kZ dk
,dhÑr dkslZ pyk;k tk,A blesa ;g Hkh lq>ko
fn;k x;k Fkk fd foKku vkSj dyk lacèa kh dkWyt
s ksa
esa ,d f'k{kk foHkkx dh Hkh LFkkiuk gksuh pkfg,
rkfd fo|kFkhZ f'k{kd&f'k{kk osQ fo"k; esa i<+
losaQA blosQ lkFk f'k{kd osaQnzksa dk fopkj Hkh
lkeus j[kk x;k Fkk ftls ,d feyu eap dh
rjg fy;k tk,] tgk¡ yksx bdV~Bs gksa vkSj vius
vius vuqHkoksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ djsaA bldk
lq>ko Fkk fd f'k{kd f'k{kkodk'k esa Kku osQ
osaQnzksa dh ;k=kk ij tk ldrs gSa A
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) us vè;kid f'k{kk
dks iw.kZ :i ls cnyus o bldh leh{kk dk lq>ko
fn;k vkSj vkxs rhu vkSj lq>ko fn, &
(1) vè;kid f'k{kk ,d fujarj IkzfØ;k gSA lsokiwoZ
o lsokjr vè;kid f'k{kk ,d nwljs ls tqMs+ gSa vkSj
budks vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA (2) vè;kid
f'k{kk osQ u;s dk;ZØe jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr osQ eq[;
fcanv
q ksa osQ vuqlkj gksAa (3) jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr osQ
vuqlkj gh vè;kid f'k{kk osQ u;s Ikzf'k{k.k laLFkku
gksa vkSj mlh osQ vuqlkj laLFkkuksa dks e”kcwrh Ikznku
dh tk,A ;g Hkh lq>ko fn;k x;k fd osQa nz dh
lgk;rk ls vè;kid f'k{kk osQ IkquxZBu o IkqufuZekZ.k
81
dh ;kstuk cukbZ tk, ftlesa vè;kidksa osQ fy,
vfHkeq[khdj.k o Ikzf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vk;ksftr djus
dk izkoèkku gks vkSj vè;kidksa osQ lrr~ Kku]
;ksX;rk o dkS'ky esa o`f¼ osQ fy, vPNs laLFkku]
vdknfed o VSDuhdy lalkèku miyCèk djk,
tk,¡A jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) us lsokiwoZ vkSj
lsokdkyhu f'k{kd f'k{kk dks ,d lrr~ izfØ;k esa
tksM+ fn;kA blus gj f”kys esa f”kyk f'k{kk vkSj
izf'k{k.k laLFkku (MkbZV) dh dYiuk dhA 250
f'k{kk egkfo|ky;ksa dk ntkZ c<+kdj mUgsa
f'k{kd&f'k{kk egkfo|ky; (dkWyt
s vkWiQ Vhpj
,tqoQs 'ku) cukus osQ fy, flI+kQkfj'k dhA lkFk gh
50 mPp f'k{kk vè;;u laLFkku (baLV~hV~;Vw vkWiQ
,MokaLM LVMh bu ,tqoQs 'ku) LFkkfir djus osQ
fy, dgk vkSj jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqlèa kku vkSj izf'k{k.k
ifj"kn~kas dks e”kcwr fd, tkus dh ckr Hkh dghA
vkpk;Z jkeewfrZ leh{kk lfefr (1990) us
fjizsQ'kj dkslZ vkfn dks f'k{kdksa dh fo'ks"k
vko';drkvksa ls tksM+s tkus dh laLrqfr dh vkSj
lq>ko fn;k fd ewY;kadu vkSj mlosQ ckn IkQkWyksvi
dh xfrfofèk;k¡ Hkh bl ;kstuk dk fgLlk cuk nh
tk,¡A lsokdkyhu dk;ZØeksa osQ fy, nwjLFk f'k{kk
O;oLFkk cukbZ tk, ftlesa nwjn'kZu] jsfM;ks] fizaV
ehfM;k dk iz;ksx fd;k tk, vkSj isQl&Vw&isQl
dk;ZØeksa dk Hkh izkoèkku gksA Ikjarq lfefr us ;g
Hkh lq>k;k fd vè;kid f'k{kk dh igyh fMxzh
Ik=kkpkj }kjk ugha nsuh pkfg,A
;'kiky lfefr dh fjiksVZ (1993) ¶f'k{kk
fcuk cks> osQ esa fy[kk gS fd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k
dk;ZØe dh deh osQ dkj.k LowQyksa esa f'k{k.k
dh xq.koÙkk vlarks"ktud jgh gSA¸ bu izf'k{k.k
82
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
dk;ZØeksa dk ikB~;Øe LowQy dh cnyrh
104 f'k{kd f'k{kk egkfo|ky; o 31 mPp
ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqoQw y gksuk pkfg, A bu dk;ZØeksa
f'k{kk vè;;u laLFkku LFkkfir fd, gSAa jk"Vªh;
esa bl ckr Ikj cy nsuk pkfg, fd Ikzf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksas
f'k{kk uhfr (1986) osQ vuqlkj ;s laLFkku
esa Lo&vfèkxe vkSj Lora=k&fparu dh ;ksX;rk
vè;kid&f'k{kk esa xq.kkRed lqèkkj ykus esa
dk fodkl gks losQ A
lgk;d fl¼ gksxa s vkSj vè;kidksa dks lsokiwoZ
lu~ 1993 esa jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~
o lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k fujarj :Ik ls iznku
laoèS kkfud :i esa ikfyZ;kesVa osQ ,DV ls LFkkfir
djsaxsA ijarq ;s laLFkku ftu mís';ksa osQ fy,
dh xbZA rkfd ns'k esa vè;kid f'k{kk osQ ekinaMk+ as
cus Fks os iwjk ugha dj Ikk jgs gSaA buesa ls
o ekudksa dk fuèkkZj.k o j[kj[kko fd;k tk losQA
”;knkrj laLFkku rks osQoy lsokiwoZ vè;kid
lu~ 1998 esa ,u-lh-Vh-bZ us vè;kid&f'k{kk ikB~;Øe
izf'k{k.k gh dj jgs gSa vkSj mUgksaus osQoy
dh :ijs[kk rS;kj dh ftlesa fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ
vius laLFkkuksa dk uke gh cnyk gSA bu
fofHkUu Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ ikB~;Øeksa dh
laLFkkuksa esa 'kksèk dk dk;Z u osQ cjkcj gSA
ppkZ dh xbZ gSA blus ch-,M- dk;ZØe dh vofèk
bl ;kstuk osQ rgr jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku
,d o"kZ ls nks o"kZ djus dk lq>ko fn;k gSA
vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"knksa dks Hkh foÙkh; lgk;rk
fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx us Hkh 1990 rFkk
nh xbZ ijarq bu laLFkkuksa esa Hkh dksbZ [kkl
2001 esa ekWMy vè;kid f'k{kk dk ikB~;Øe
lqèkkj ugha gqvkA bl ;kstuk dh leh{kk o
cuk;k rFkk lu~ 2006 esa ,u-lh-Vh-bZ o ,u-lh-bZiqufoZpkj dh vko';drk gS rkfd lHkh
vkj-Vh- osQ lg;ksx ls vè;kid f'k{kk dk ikB~;Øe
laLFkku fuèkkZfjr mís';ksa osQ varxZr dk;Z dj
cuk gS ftldks vafre :i nsus ls igys fofHkUu
losQa vkSj vè;kid f'k{kk esa lqèkkj yk losaQA
laLFkkuksa ls lq>ko fy, tk jgs gSAa
• gekjs ns'k esa ekè;fed Lrj ij vè;kid
bu lHkh iz;klksa osQ ckotwn vè;kid f'k{kk
f'k{kk esa pkj ekWMy gSaA igyk ekWMy pkj
esa visf{kr xq.kkRed fodkl ugha gks ldk gS vkSj
o"kZ dk ,dhÑr ch-,M- (foKku vkSj dyk
dbZ leL;k,¡ o pqukSfr;k¡ blls tqM+h gSa ftudh
esa Lukrd osQ lkFk esa) vkSj nwljk nks o"kZ dk
bl ys[k esa ppkZ dh xbZ gSA budk lekèkku fd,
ch-,M- dkslZ gSA ;g nksuksa dkslZ ,u-lh-bZfcuk vè;kid f'k{kk esa lqèkkj ykuk dfBu gSA
vkj-Vh- osQ {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku vtesj]
Hkksiky] Hkqous'oj o eSlwj esa py jgs gSaA
vè;kid&f'k{kk dh pqfuank leL;k,¡ ,oa
rhljk] ,d o"kZ dk ch-,M- ckdh ns'k osQ
pqukSfr;k¡
lHkh fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa py jgk gSA pkSFkk]
nks o"kZ dk ch-,M- bafnjk xk¡èkh jk"Vªh; eqDr
• Hkkjr ljdkj us osQa nz dh lgk;rk ls vè;kid
fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyh esa nwjLFk f'k{kk
f'k{kk ;kstuk osQ varxZr lHkh jkT;ksa esa yxHkx
osQ rgr py jgk gSA bu lHkh izk:ikaas esa
580 f”kyk f'k{kk o izf'k{k.k laLFkku]
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
83
fl¼kar vkSj vH;kl (theory and practice)
ftlls lHkh LowQy] dkWyt
s ] fo'ofo|ky;
,dhÑr ugha gSA blosQ lkFk fo"k;oLrq o
bR;kfn dk vkil esa rkyesy gks vkSj ,slh
f'k{kk'kkL=k (content and pedagogy) dk
lqfoèkk gks fd vè;kid f'k{kk ls lacfa èkr
lHkh vkadM+s ,d txg miyCèk gks vkSj
Hkh ,dhdj.k ugha gSA lHkh rjg osQ ekWMyksa
usVooZQ rFkk laioZQ O;oLFkk cukbZ tk,A
dh le;kofèk vyx&vyx gSA ikB~;Øe esa
lwpuk rFkk lapkj IkzkS|ksfxdh (vkbZ-lh-Vh-)
vè;kid f'k{kk esa bl O;oLFkk osQ vkèkkj Ikj
le; le; Ikj u;s dk;ZØe rS;kj fd, tk,¡A
dk iz;ksx ugha osQ cjkcj gSA bu lHkh eqíksa
dk vuqlaèkku o 'kksèk osQ ekè;e ls gy • vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ ikB~;Øe dh :ijs[kk
<w¡<+uk pkfg, rkfd ch-,M- dk;ZØe ls
jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ,u-lh-Vh-bZ
euu'khy f'k{kd (reflective teacher) rS;kj
o fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx rhu laLFkkuksa
gks losaQA
}kjk rS;kj dh tkrh gSA bu rhuksa laLFkkvksa
• vè;kid f'k{kk o fo|ky;h f'k{kk dk vkil
dk vkil esa rkyesy ugha gSA bu rhuksa
esa rkyesy ugha gSA lsokiwoZ vè;kid f'k{kk
laLFkkuksa dk vkil esa rkyesy c<+k, tkus
osQ ikB~;Øe esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa o vè;kidksa dh
dh vko';drk gS rkfd vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ
vko';drkvksa osQ ckjs esa cgqr de ppkZ
ikB~;Øe dh :ijs[kk lgh fn'kk esa cus vkSj
dh xbZ gSA lsokiwoZ vè;kid f'k{kk osQ
vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ eq[; fcanqvksa dks lHkh
ikB~ ; Øe dks jk"Vª h ; IkkB~ ; p;kZ dh
ikB~;Øe izk:iksa esa n'kkZ;k tk losQA
:Ikjs[kk&2005 osQ vuqlkj cnyk tk, rkfd • gekjs ns'k esa ch-,M- dh lkekU; fMxzh nh
nksuksa ikB~;Øeksa esa lkeatL; gks losQ vkSj
tkrh gS ftlls Hkkoh f'k{kd izkbejh ls
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vko';drkuqlkj vè;kid f'k{kk
ysdj mPprj ekè;fed Lrj rd LowQyksa esa
dks ,d u;k n`f"Vdks.k fn;k tk losQA
f'k{k.k dk;Z dj ldrk gSA izR;sd Lrj ij
• vè;kid f'k{kk osQ vk¡dM+ksa osQ fy, dksbZ
fo'ks"k izdkj osQ Kku o dkS'kyksa dh
iq[rk izcaèk O;oLFkk ugha gSA blosQ fcuk
vko';drk gksrh gSA bl ch-,M- lkekU; dh
vè;kidksa dh l¡[;k] ikB~;Øe dh fLFkfr]
txg ch-,M- fMxzh gj Lrj ij vyx&vyx
IkBu IkkBu dh fofHkUu fofèk;k¡] ewY;k¡du
gksuh pkfg, vkSj mlh Lrj osQ vuqlkj vè;kid
fofèk;k¡ o vU; egÙoiw.kZ eqn~nksa osQ ckjs esa
rS;kj fd, tkus pkfg,A blh rjg LokLF; ,oa
tkudkjh dgha ,d txg miyCèk ugha gSA
'kkjhfjd f'k{kk] dyk f'k{kk esa Hkh vyx ls
fcuk vk¡dM+kas osQ] vko';drkuqlkj vè;kid&
vè;kid rS;kj fd, tkus pkfg,A
f'k{kk esa dk;ZØe rS;kj djus esa dfBukbZ • mPp f'k{kk esa vè;kiu osQ fy, vè;kid&
eglwl dh tkrh gSA vkèkqfud rduhdh osQ
f'k{kk ugha nh tkrhA fdlh Hkh fo"k; esa
iz;ksx }kjk lwpukFkZ O;oLFkk rS;kj dh tk,
ekLVj fMxzh osQ ckn mPp f'k{kk esa izoDrk
84
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
cuk tk ldrk gS vkSj viuk fof'k"V fo"k;
Hkh ugha gksxh vkSj lHkh osaQnzksa ij ,d tSlk
i<+k;k tk ldrk gSA ijarq gj fo"k; dks
izf'k{k.k fn;k tk losQxkA bl ekè;e osQ
fy, VsyhdkaiQSz flax fofM;ksd
a kaiQsz flax dk Ikz;ksx
i<+kus dk ,d fo'ks"k f'k{kk'kkL=k gksrk gSA gj
fd;k tk ldrk gS A ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- us
fo"k; dk Kku o dkS'ky Hkh fHkUu gksrk gSA
bl ekè;e ls fofHkUu jkT;ksa osQ vè;kidksa
mPp f'k{kk esa Hkh vè;kid f'k{kk dks 'kq:
o izkè;kidksa osQ fy, lu~ 1996 ls vc
fd;k tk, rkfd izoDrk vius fo"k; dks
rd dbZ izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vk;ksftr fd,
is'ksoj <ax ls i<+kus osQ fy, rS;kj gks losQA
gSaA nwljs laLFkku Hkh bu rduhdksa dk iz;ksx
• lsokdkyhu f'k{kdksa osQ Ikzf'k{k.k osQ fy,
dj jgs gSaA ijarq bl Ikz.kkyh dk iz;ksx
dksbZ LFkk;h ;kstuk ugha gS ftlls fd vè;kidksa
O;kid :i ls lHkh laLFkkuksa }kjk fd;k
dks izf'k{k.k yxkrkj lqpk: :i ls fn;k tk
tkuk pkfg,A
losQA ”;knkrj izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe rnFkZ :i
ls vk;ksftr fd, tkrs gSaA blls lHkh • jk"Vªh; o jkT; Lrj osQ laLFkkuksa esa cgqr
vè;kidksa dks vko';drkuqlkj izf'k{k.k ugha
izdkj dh izf'k{k.k lkexzh miyCèk gSA ijarq
fn;k tkrkA lsokjr vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k
;g lkexzh bu laLFkkuksa rd gh jg tkrh gS
vkSj ;g mu LowQyksa o laLFkkuksa rd ugha
osQ fy, ,d ;kstuk cukbZ tk, ftlosQ rgr
lHkh izkè;kidksa dks lqpk: o lqlaxfBr :i
igq¡p ikrh tks ns'k osQ nqxZe LFkkuksa esa fLFkr
ls le;&le; ij izf'k{k.k fn;k tk losQ
gSaA bl izdkj dh lkexzh dks ns'k osQ nwj&nwj
rkfd os izksisQ'kuyh ;ksX; cu losaQA
rd cls lHkh laLFkkuksa esa Hkstk tk, vkSj
• vfèkdrj iz f 'k{k.k dk;Z Ø eks a es a iz k ;%
,d ,slh ;kstuk cukbZ tk, tks lqpk: :i
vkeus&lkeus (face-to-face) izfØ;k dk
ls dk;Z djs rkfd lHkh laLFkkuksa dks f'k{k.k
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa ,d le; esa
o izf'k{k.k lkexzh miyCèk gks losQA
cgqr de vè;kidksa dks izf'k{k.k fey • izk;% vè;kid&f'k{kk esa vuqlaèkku o u;s
ikrk gSA lkFk gh bl rjg osQ Ikzf'k{k.k dbZ
iz;ksxksa dk ;kstukc¼ rjhosQ ls izpyu ugha
Lrjksa Ikj vk;ksftr fd, tkrs gSaA Ikjarq dbZ
gS vkSj mUgsa izksRlkgu Hkh ugha fn;k tk jgk
Lrjksa Ikj Ikzf'k{k.k esa lwpuk,¡ o Kku dbZ
gSA vè;kid&f'k{kk esa u;s&u;s iz;ksx fd,
ckj xyr <ax ls IkzLrqr gks tkrh gSaA blfy,
tkus pkfg, rkfd f'k{kk txr ls tqM+h
vè;kid izf'k{k.k esa nwjLFk fofèk dk Hkh
leL;kvksa dk lekèkku gks losQ vkSj
iz;ksx djuk pkfg, rkfd bl fofèk }kjk
le;&le; ij 'kSf{kd izfØ;k esa lqèkkj Hkh
”;knk l¡[;k esa vè;kidksa o izkè;kidksa dks
yk;k tk losQA blosQ lkFk gh vè;kid&f'k{kk
izf'k{k.k fn;k tk losQA blosQ lkFk gh
dk;ZØeksa osQ lrr~ ewY;k¡ du dh Hkh
fofHkUUk Lrjksa ij izf'k{k.kksa dh vko';drk
vko';drk gS rkfd lsokiwoZ o lsokdkyhu
85
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
izf'k{k.kksa esa yxkrkj lqèkkj izfØ;k tkjh jgsA
lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k osQ ckn izf'k{k.kksa osQ
IkzHkko dk vè;;u fd;k tk, vkSj ns[kk
tk, fd izf'k{k.k ls LowQy izfØ;k esa oqQN
lqèkkj gqvk ;k ughaA
f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØe dks bl rjg ls
iqufuZfer fd, tkus dh vko';drk gS fd os
LowQy ikB~;p;kZ uohdj.k dh IkzfØ;k vkSj vius
{ks=k fo'ks"k osQ lanHkZ esa Ikzklafxd gks losQa
(,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- 2009)A
fu"d"kZ osQ :i esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS
fd fofHkUu vk;ksxksa o lehfr;ksa ftudh ppkZ
bl isij esa dh gS] osQ lq>koksa dks n`<+rkiwoZd
fØ;kfUor fd;k tk, rks vè;kid f'k{kk dh
pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk fd;k tk losQxkA blosQ
lkFk gh mi;qZDr fofHkUu lq>koksa dks fØ;kUo;u
djus osQ fy, ;kstukc¼ dk;ZØe cuk, tk,¡
rkfd vè;kid f'k{kk dh leL;kvksa o pqukSfr;ksa
dk gy fudy losQ vkSj buesa lqèkkj Hkh yk;k
tk losQA
lanHkZ
fefuLVªh vkWiQ ,tqosQ'ku] 1948- fjiksVZ vkiQ nh ;wfuoflZVh ,tqosQ'ku deh'ku] xouZesUV vkiQ bf.M;k]
u;h fnYyh
1952- fjiksVZ vkWiQ nh lSosaQMªh ,tqosQ'ku deh'ku] xouZesUV vkiQ bf.M;k] u;h fnYyh
1964- ,tqosQ'u ,.M us'kuy MsoyiesaV] fjiksVZ vkWiQ nh ,tqosQ'ku deh'ku (1964&66) xouZesaV vkWiQ
bf.M;k] u;h fnYyh
ekuo lalkèku fodkl ea=kky;] 1986] 1992- jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] Hkkjr ljdkj] u;h fnYyh
1990- VwoMZ+l ,u ,uykVSUM ,.M g~;wesu lkslk;Vh] vkpk;Z jkeewfrZ fjO;w desVh] Hkkjr ljdkj]
u;h fnYyh
1993- f'k{kk fcuk cks> osQ] ;'kiky desVh fjiksVZ] Hkkjr ljdkj] u;h fnYyh
1995- nh Vhpj ,.M lkslkbZVh] pV~Vksikè;k; desVh fjiksVZ] Hkkjr ljdkj] u;h fnYyh
us'kuy dkmafly vkWiQ Vhpj ,tqosQ'ku] 1998- dfjowQye izsQeooZQ iQkWj DokfyVh Vhpj ,tqosQ'ku] ,u-lhVh-bZ-] u;h fnYyh
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] 2005- jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005)] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-]u;h fnYyh
2009- jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) ikB~;p;kZ uohdj.k osQ fy, f'k{kd&f'k{kk jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg
dk vkèkkj i=k] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh
;kno] ,l-osQ-] 2003- DokfyVh bEizwoesaV vkWiQ Vhpj ,tqosQ'ku] ;wfuoflZVh U;wt] okWY;we 41] ua- 40]
vDrwcj (06&12)
2008- bukso's ku bu ,yhesUVªh Vhpj ,tqoQs 'ku] ;wfuoflZVh U;wt] okWY;we 46] ua- 45] uoacj (10&16)
2009- , LVMh vkWiQ izh lfoZl Vhpj ,tqosQ'ku izksxzke ,V] lSosaQMªh LVst bu fMiQjsUV LVsVl vkWiQ bf.M;k]
vuifCy'M fjiksVZ] Mh-Vh-bZ-bZ-] ,u-lh-bZ vkj-Vh] u;h fnYyh
i;kZoj.k ,oa i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k f'k{kk — ,d izfreku ifjorZu
fueZyk xqIrk*
lhek flag**
i;kZoj.k ek=k ,d 'kkfCnd ,oa lS¼kafrd voèkkj.kk u gksdj ,d oSf'od ,oa
lkoZHkkSfed ekuoh; leL;k gS tks ekuo thou dh xq.koÙkk dks izHkkfor dj jgk gS]
ftlesa lkjs fo'o dh fpark lekfgr gS D;ksafd i;kZoj.k dh le`f¼ gh lalkj dh
le`f¼ gSA vr% 'kks"k.k vkSj fo"kerk ftruh de gksxh i;kZoj.k mruk gh le`¼ gksxkA
viuh Hkkoh ih<+h dks thou dh laiUurk rHkh lkSaih tk ldrh gS tc orZeku ih<+h
i;kZoj.k laj{k.k osQ fy, iw.kZ tkx:d o dfVc¼ gksA i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k osQ dkj.k
ekuo thou dh xq.koÙkk izHkkfor gks jgh gS ftldk izeq[k vkèkkj Hkh euksoSKkfud]
oSpkfjd] uSfrd ,oa vkè;kfRed gSA vr% ,d u;s izdkj dk iznw"k.k oSpkfjd iznw"k.k
tks laiw.kZ iznw"k.k dh tM+ gS ij fu;a=k.k dj fy;k tk, rks ekuo thou dh xq.koÙkk
dks cuk, j[kk tk ldrk gSA bl fn'kk esa ^i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k f'k{kk* (Environmental
Ethics Education) ,d egÙoiw.kZ vkèkkjLrEHk gks ldrk gSA i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k osQ
ekè;e ls gh O;fDr esa i;kZoj.k osQ izfr oSpkfjd Lrj ij iznw"k.k osQ fopkj dks nwj
fd;k tk ldrk gSA i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k bl ckr ij cy nsrk gS fd O;fDr i;kZoj.k
dks uqdlku ig¡qpkus okyh gj oLrq dks tSls& IykfLVd] xksyk&ck:n bR;kfn dk
;FkklaHko iw.kZ R;kx djsA O;fDr Lofoosd ls laiw.kZ l`f"V osQ izfr fgrdkjh izo`fÙk;k¡
viuk,¡A i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k osQ izfr vius dÙkZO; ,oa mÙkjnkf;Ro dk cksèk flI+kZQ
i;kZoj.k vè;;u ls laHko ugha gS cfYd euq"; osQ vanj bl izdkj dk n`f"Vdks.k
fodflr fd;k tk, fd mlosQ eu ,oa efLr"d esa i;kZoj.k osQ izfr oSpkfjd Lrj ij
Hkh iznw"k.k dk fopkj u vk,A bl fn'kk esa i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k f'k{kk izklafxd gks
ldrh gSA
*'kksèk Nk=kk] f'k{kk ladk;] lrh'kpUnz dkyst] cfy;k] (m-iz-)
**'kksèk Nk=kk] f'k{kk ladk;] jktk gjiky flag egkfo|ky;] flxjkemQ] tkSuiqj] (m-iz-)
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
i;kZoj.k vlarqyu vkt osQ fo'o leqnk; osQ
fy, ,d Toyar leL;k gS] ftldk tud Lo;a
ekuo gSA ok;q] ty] èofu] e`nk iznw"k.k] vks”kksu
ijr esa Nsn] ?kVrk tyLrj] c<+rk rkieku] floqQM+rs
Xysf'k;j] c<+rh e#Hkwfe] yqIr gksrs oU; tho]
vfro`f"V] Hkw&L[kyu] ufn;ksa dk c<+rk tyLrj
vkfn izkÑfrd izdksi vkt osQ lH;rkoknh ;qx
osQ fy, cgqr cM+h pqukSrh cus gq, gSaA oSKkfud
rjDdh osQ mUekn ls xzLr ekuo izÑfr dk fueZe
nksgu djus esa viuh Js"Brk le> jgk gSA isM+ksa
dh dVkbZ] voSèk [kuu] vfèkd ek=kk esa ty dk
nksgu] iqjkus okguksa ls fudyrk èkq¡vk] feyksa dh
ukfy;ksa esa cgrh xanxh] lM+d ij nkSM+rs vla[;
okguksa ls fudyrk èkq¡vk gekjs ekul iVy dks
nwf"kr dj jgk gSA flag (2004)A
la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dh ^tyok;q ifjorZu ,oa
ekuo LokLF; ij [krjk vkSj lekèkku* uked
fjiksVZ esa bl ckr dk [kqyklk fd;k x;k gS fd
ok;q iznw"k.k osQ dkj.k ,d vksj tgk¡ vusd
?kkrd chekfj;k¡ mRiUu gks jgh gSa ogha nwljh
ok;q esa c<+rh gqbZ fo"kSyh xSlksa osQ izHkko ls
i`Foh osQ rkieku esa o`f¼ (Xykscy okfeZax) dk
[krjk c<+rk tk jgk gS tks tyok;q ifjorZu dk
izeq[k dkj.k gSA bl fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj Xykscy
okfeZax osQ nq"izHkkoksa osQ pyrs fo'oHkj esa Ms<+
yk[k yksx lu~ 2000 esa dky dofyr gq,A
fo'o LokLF; laxBu dk dguk gS fd chloha
'krkCnh dk uok¡ n'kd lcls xeZ jgkA ;gh ugha
fiNys o"kZ xehZ esa 20 gtkj yksx yw dh
vfèkdrk osQ pyrs ekjs x,A bl fjiksVZ osQ
vuqlkj blh rjg CO2 dh ek=kk c<+rh xbZ rks
87
vxyh 'krkCnh esa i`Foh dh lrg osQ rkieku esa
1-4 ls 5-8° lsfYl;l rd c<+us dh Hkfo";ok.kh
dh xbZ gSA bl dkj.k rkieku esa gksus okyh
U;wure o`f¼ ls ekuo thou ij iM+us okys
nq"izHkkoksa dks jksd ikuk vlaHko gksxkA vkbZ-ihlh-lh- vFkkZr~ ^baVjxouZesaVy iSuy vku DykbesV
psat* dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj 1990 dh rqyuk esa
leqnz dk tyh; Lrj 10 ls 20 lseh- rd c<+k
gSA igkM+ksa osQ fgeunksa dh ciQZ yxkrkj fi?ky
jgh gSA oSKkfudksa osQ vuqlkj foxr 50 o"kks± esa
i`Foh dk rkieku 1° lsfYl;l c<+k gSA vc
;fn 3-6° fMxzh lsfYl;l rkiØe vkSj c<+rk gS
rks vaVkoZQfVdk osQ fo'kky fge[kaM fi?ky tk,¡xs
(ykek] 1995)A
la;qDr jk"Vª us èkjrh dks uqdlku ig¡pkus
okyh xzhu gkml xSlksa osQ mRltZu esa dVkSrh osQ
mik;ksa ij lHkh ns'kksa osQ chp fopkjksa osQ
vknku&iznku dks lqxe cukus osQ y{; ls ^DykbesV
U;wVªy usVooZQ* 'kh"kZd ls ,d vkWuykbu lsok
izkjaHk dh gSA la;qDr jk"Vª i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe
United Nations Environment Programme
(U.N.E.P.) osQ rgr~ xzhu gkml xSlksa dh dVkSrh
osQ fo"k; ij 21 tuojh 2008 dks eksukdks esa
vk;ksftr varjkZ"Vªh; lEesyu osQ ekSosQ ij la;qDr
jk"Vª dk;ZØe osQ vè;{k vkfpe LVsuj us bl
lsok dk 'kqHkkjaHk fd;kA xr o"kZ fnlacj 2007 esa
tyok;q ifjorZu ij vk;ksftr lEesyu osQ ckn
eksukdks dk ;g lEesyu i;kZoj.k osQ eqn~nksa ij
nwljk lcls cM+k lEesyu Fkk ftlesa nqfu;k osQ
rdjhcu 154 ns'kksa vkSj lSdM+ksa i;kZoj.k fo'ks"kKksa
us Hkkx fy;kA
88
bl izdkj i;kZoj.k esa ifjorZu u osQoy
eu&efLr"d cfYd gekjh thou 'kSyh ,oa
dk;Z{kerk dks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gSA tula[;k
o`f¼ ,oa oS'ohdj.k ls tgk¡ ,d rjiQ i;kZoj.k
iznwf"kr gks jgk gS ogha nwljh vksj oSf'od Lrj ij
vfu;af=kr xjhch] csjks”kxkjh ,oa vf'k{kk dh
leL;k,¡ mRiUu gks jgh gSaA miHkksDrkoknh ,oa
ik'pkR; laLÑfr osQ izHkko osQ dkj.k euq";
vius HkkSfrd lq[k lkèkuksa osQ fy, izÑfr dk
vfu;af=kr 'kks"k.k dj jgk gS ftlls laiw.kZ
ikfjfLFkfrdh ij udkjkRed izHkko iM+ jgk gS
vkSj vusd izdkj dh u;h&u;h leL;k,¡ rFkk
?kkrd chekfj;k¡ mRiUu gks jgh gSaA blh rjg ;fn
i;kZoj.k dh leL;k,¡ c<+rh jgha rks ,d fnu
i`Foh ij thou dk vfLrRo gh [krjs esa iM+
tk,xkA ,sls esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k osQ mik;ksa ij
fopkj djus ,oa O;fDrxr LokFkksaZ ls mQij mBdj
i;kZoj.k osQ mQij tu psruk ykus dh furkar
vko';drk gSA rHkh ,d LoLFk] LoPN ,oa
lH; lekt dk fuekZ.k laHko gSA vr% orZeku
ifjos'k esa i;kZoj.k f'k{kk dks izHkkoh cukus osQ
fy, izfreku ifjorZu dh vko';drk gS ftlosQ
fy, i;kZoj.k uhfr 'kkL=k dh f'k{kk vR;ar izklafxd
gks ldrh gS (flag ,aM xqIrk] 2008)A
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
djrh gSA yfyriqj (usiky) osQ Hkksykizlkn yksgkuh
us i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq,
fy[kk gS fd ¶i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk dk vfHkizk;
ekuoh; ikfjfLFkfrdh ,oa ekuoh;rk dk izÑfr
osQ lkFk lacaèk LFkkiu dh tkx:drk fodflr
djus ls gSA¸
varjkZ"Vªh; izÑfr ,oa izkÑfrd lzksr laj{k.k
ifj"kn osQ usoknk lEesyu esa i;kZoj.k f'k{kk dh
O;k[;k djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd—
¶i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk og f'k{kk izfØ;k gS ftlosQ
}kjk ekuo viuh lalÑfr rFkk tSo HkkSfrd
ifjos'k osQ chp ikjLifjd lacaèkksa dh le>
rFkk 'yk?kk dk fodkl] lEizR;ksa dk Li"Vhdj.k]
oqQ'kyrkvksa vkSj vfHko`fÙk;ksa dk fodkl djrk
gSA ;g f'k{kk O;fDr dh fu.kZ; izfØ;k ,oa O;ogkj
lafgrk esa Hkh visf{kr ifjorZu ykrh gSA¸
U;wthySaM osQ jsapSieSu osQ vuqlkj—
^^i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk dk vfHkizk; ln~ukxfjdrk
fodflr djus osQ fy, laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe dks
i;kZoj.kh; ewY;ksa ,oa leL;kvksa ij osQafnzr
djuk gS rkfd ln~ukxfjdrk dk fodkl gks
losQ rFkk vfèkxedrkZ i;kZoj.k osQ lacaèk esa
fHkK] izsfjr rFkk mÙkjnk;h gks losQA**
lrr~ ;k iks"k.kh; fodkl dh f'k{kk
i;kZoj.k f'k{kk
i;kZoj.k f'k{kk og f'k{kk gS tks i;kZoj.kh; ?kVdksa
dk foLr`r Kku] i;kZoj.k rFkk ekuo osQ eè;
varl±caèkksa ,oa ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk dk Kku vkSj
i;kZoj.k osQ izfr laprs uk dk fodkl dj i;kZoj.k
laj{k.k dh vfHko`f¼ o dkS'ky dk fodkl
lrr~ ;k iks"k.kh; fodkl dh voèkkj.kk dk
mYys[k loZizFke 1987 esa i;kZoj.k ,oa fodkl
ij xfBr oSf'od vk;ksx us vius izfrosnu ^vkoj
dkWeu ;wpj* osQ varxZr fd;k gSA bl xfBr
oSf'od vk;ksx osQ vè;{k ukosZ osQ rRdkyhu
izèkkuea=kh xzks gkysZe czUVySaM cuk, x, FksA blh
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
izfrosnu dh lkoZHkkSfedrk osQ lanHkZ esa la;qDr
jk"Vª us fnlacj 2002 esa lkekU; lHkk ls ikfjr vius
izLrko esa 2005 ls 2014 osQ n'kd dks lrr~
fodkl osQ fy, f'k{kk n'kd ?kksf"kr fd;k gSA
lrr~ fodkl osQ fy, f'k{kk dk laizR;;
i;kZoj.k f'k{kk dh voèkkj.kk ls loZFkk fHkUu gS
tgk¡ tkx:drk ,oa vocksèk ls izfreku ifjorZu
layXurk] lgHkkfxrk ,oa leL;k lekèkku osQ
rjiQ gksrk gSA bl izdkj lrr~ fodkl dh voèkkj.kk
i;kZoj.k f'k{kk ls vfèkd O;kid n`f"Vdks.k fy,
gq, gSA vr% lrr~ fodkl osQ vèkksfyf[kr mís';
izLrkfor fd, tk ldrs gSa&
(d) ikfjfLFkfrdh; mís'; — blosQ varxZr
bdks ra=k ,d:irk] tSo fofoèkrk] {kerk
fuoZgu ,oa oSf'od eqís lfEefyr gSaA
([k) lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd mís'; — blosQ
varxZr l'kfDrdj.k] lgHkkfxrk] lkekftd
xfr'khyrk] lkekftd lejlrk] lkaLÑfrd
igpku ,oa laLFkkxr fodkl vkrs gSaA
(x) vkfFkZd mís'; — blosQ varxZr vkfFkZd
le`f¼] vkfFkZd lekurk ,oa vkfFkZd
oqQ'kyrk lekfgr gS (czkmu ysLVj] 1981)A
i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k f'k{kk
vkt tc taaxyh thou dk fouk'k gks jgk gS]
euq";&euq"; osQ [kwu dk I;klk gSA izÑfr dk
vaèkkèkaèq k 'kks"k.k fd;k tk jgk gS rks vkt uhfr'kkL=k
vkSj mldh voèkkj.kkvksa dh ”k:jr lcls vfèkd
gSA i'kq oèk iki gS] gjs isM+ dks dkVuk iki gS]
fdlh Hkh tho dks lrkuk iki gSA iki vkSj iq.;
dh lhek js[kkvksa dks le>s fcuk ge i;kZoj.k osQ
89
lR; dks ugha le> ldrsA bls le>uk gS rks
i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k dk vè;;u vko';d gS
D;ksafd i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k i;kZoj.k osQ izfr
lkoZHkkSfed uSfrd dÙkZO;ksa ,oa ewY;ksa dk foKku
gSA ;g foKku vkn'kZ ekuoh; pfj=k dks js[kkafdr
djrk gS ftldh ifj.kfr vkn'kZ ekuoh; xq.kksa osQ
:i esa gksrh gS (C;kl] 1996)A
i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k i;kZoj.k f'k{kk dk ,d
egÙoiw.kZ vax gSA i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k ls rkRi;Z
i;kZoj.k;qDr O;ogkj] ewY; ,oa ekunaMksa ls
gSA ;g ,d izdkj ls i;kZoj.k f'k{kk dk uhfr'kkL=kh;
mikxe gSA tgk¡ i;kZoj.k f'k{kk dks iks"k.kh;
fodkl osQ fy, f'k{kk osQ :i esa fo'ysf"kr fd;k
tkrk gS ogh iks"k.kh;rk (sustainability) dks
,d uSfrd ,oa uhfr'kkL=kh; vfuok;Zrk@ vko';drk
osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS ftlosQ
vkèkkjHkwr rRo lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrk ,oa ijaijkxr
Kku gSa ftUgsa lEeku nsuk vko';d gks x;k gSA
i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k f'k{kk dks vkRelkr djus
osQ fy, 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe esa ,dhÑr fparu
(Collaborative thinking) dks lfEefyr djuk
gksxkA izks- b;wthu gkjxzkso dk ekuuk gS fd
vesfjdk osQ ifCyd LowQyksa esa ;fn i;kZoj.k
uhfr'kkL=k f'k{kk dks ykxw fd;k tk,xk rks
fl¼karfoghurk dk Hk; mRiUu gksxk D;ksafd
ik'pkR; lanHkZ esa uhfr'kkL=k dks èkeZ ls lkgp;Z
fd;k tkrk gS ftlosQ dkj.k yksxksa dk er gS fd
ifCyd LowQy tSlh iaFkfujis{k f'k{k.k laLFkk esa
uhfr'kkL=k dh f'k{kk ugha nsuh pkfg,A blosQ fy,
mi;qDr LFkku ?kj vkSj ppZ gh gSA ;g ik'pkR;
fparu dk ;FkkfLFkfroknh n`f"Vdks.k gSA
90
nwljh vksj izfl¼ fpard usyufMaXl Hkh ifCyd
LowQy esa uSfrd o uhfr'kkL=kh; f'k{kk ij vkifÙk
djrh gS fd Secular Framework esa bldh
f'k{kk ugha nh tk ldrh ogha izkbejh ,oa ekè;fed
LowQy Lrj ij ikB~;Øe esa 1958 ls gh tkiku
esa uSfrd f'k{kk ,d egÙoiw.kZ vax gS ysfdu
tkiku esa Hkh uhfr'kkL=kh; ewY;ksa dh fl¼kar&
foghurk xEHkhj leL;k gSA gkjxzkso osQ vuqlkj
uhfr'kkL=kh; ewY;ksa dh fl¼kar&foghurk dks jksdus
gsrq i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k f'k{kk ls i;kZoj.k ukxfjdrk
dh f'k{kk osQ izfreku ifjorZu gksuk pkfg,A
gkjxzkso osQ vuqlkj uhfr'kkL=k f'k{kk ,d dyad
dk èkCck gS mldks lkekftd uhfr'kkL=k osQ :i
esa lfEefyr dj nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA vko';drk
bl ckr dh gS fd uSfrdrk ;k uhfr'kkL=k f'k{kk dh
txg ukxfjdrk dh f'k{kk (Teaching of
Citizenship) nh tk, D;ksafd ukxfjdrk 'kCn
leqnk;&mUeq[k gSA ;g ekuo leqnk; esa O;fDr
dh Hkwfedk dks foosfpr djrk gSA
i;kZoj.k ukxfjdrk dh f'k{kk dk fopkj fo'ks"k
:i ls la;Dq r jkT; esa vFkZi.w kZ gS tgk¡ yksx
uhfr'kkL=k dks èkkfeZd vaèkfo'okl osQ :i esa ysrs
gSAa i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k f'k{kk tgk¡ ifCyd LowQy
esa dfBu gS ogha nwljh rjiQ i;kZoj.k ukxfjdrk
dh f'k{kk mi;qDr gS D;ksfa d ;g uSfrd f'k{kk dh
udkjkRed Nfo ls nwj gSA i;kZoj.k ukxfjdrk dh
f'k{kk dk n`f"Vdks.k laoQq fpr gS tcfd i;kZoj.k
uhfr'kkL=k f'k{kk dk n`f"Vdks.k O;kid gSA
fl¼kar&foghurk dh leL;k dks nwj djus osQ fy,
f'k{kd dks O;fDrxr ewY; fu.kZ; dk R;kx djuk
gksxk rFkk fu"i{krk ij cy nsuk gksxk ,oa f'k{k.k
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
ls Li"Vhdj.k osQ izfreku ifjorZu djuk gksxkA
bls vèkksfyf[kr :i esa Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA
EEE
ECE
i;kZoj.k
uhfr'kkL=k f'k{kk
i;kZoj.k
ukxfjdrk f'k{kk
f'k{k.k
Li"Vhdj.k
izfreku ifjorZu (gkjxzkso] 1989)
i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k f'k{kk dks lkoZHkkSfed
:i ls iznku djus esa fl¼kar&foghurk dk Hk;
,oa ewY; lkis{krkokn dk [krjk izeq[k gS ftls
Lok;Ùkrk ls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd
i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k f'k{kk esa Lok;Ùkrk ,d
vge rRo gSA bldk mís'; nSfud thou esa
i;kZoj.kh; mÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZ O;ogkj djus dh
bPNk j[kuk gSA fu"d"kZr% Hkkjrh; fparu i¼fr
ik'pkR; fparu i¼fr ls vfuok;Zr% O;kid
n`f"Vdks.k j[krh gSA blfy, 'kSf{kd izfØ;k esa
fparu ;ksX;rk osQ mUu;u dks misf{kr fd;k
x;k rks f'k{kk ek=k izf'k{k.k dh voèkkj.kk rd
gh lhfer jg tk,xhA blosQ fy, tkiku tSls
ns ' k es a iks " k.kh; fodkl (Sustainable
Development) osQ fy, funsZ'k fn;k x;k gS
fd i;kZoj.kh; mÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZ O;ogkj gsrq f'k{kk
esa iz.kkyh@iw.kZ fparu] vkykspukRed fparu]
fo'ys"k.kkRed roZQ ,oa lapkj ;ksX;rk dks lefUor
fd;k tk,A D;ksafd i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k f'k{kk
ek=k lS¼kafrd voèkkj.kk u gksdj lkaLÑfrd
fofoèkrk] ijaijkxr Kku ,oa thou i¼fr gSA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k osQ mís';
(d) i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k dks le>us gsrq Nk=kksa
esa ldkjkRed vfHko`f¼ dk fodkl djukA
([k) Nk=kksa osQ vanj i;kZoj.k osQ izfr psruk
mRiUu djukA
(x) i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k dks le>us gsrq
ldkjkRed okrkoj.k l`ftr djukA
(?k) Nk=kaksa esa i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dh Hk;kogrk osQ
izfr uSfrd ewY; fodflr djukA
(Ä) Nk=kksa esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k osQ fy, Kku]
dkS'ky] vfHko`f¼;ksa rFkk ewY;ksa dks fodflr
djukA
(p) i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa esa
ijaijkxr Kku ,oa lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrk
osQ izfr lEeku dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djukA
(N) i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k osQ }kjk Nk=kksa dks
nSfud thou esa i;kZoj.kh; mÙkjnkf;Ro
iw.kZ O;ogkj djus ;ksX; cukukA
(t) Nk=kksa dks i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k osQ ckjs esa
voèkkj.kkRed ,oa oSpkfjd Kku osQ fy,
vfHkizsfjr djukA
(>) i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k osQ ekè;e ls O;fDr;ksa
osQ thou dh xq.koÙkk dks mPp Lrj ij
cuk, j[kukA
i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k dh mikns;rk
i;kZoj.k ek=k ,d 'kkfCnd ,oa lS¼kafrd voèkkj.kk
u gksdj ,d oSf'od ,oa lkoZHkkSfed ekuoh;
leL;k gS tks ekuo thou dh xq.koÙkk dks izHkkfor
dj jgk gS] ftlesa lkjs fo'o dh fpark lekfgr gS
D;ksfa d i;kZoj.k dh le`f¼ gh lalkj dh le`f¼
91
gSA vr% 'kks"k.k vkSj fo"kerk ftruh de gksxh
i;kZoj.k mruk gh le`¼ gksxkA viuh Hkkoh ih<+h
dks thou dh laiUurk rHkh lkSia h tk ldrh gS
tc orZeku ih<+h i;kZoj.k laj{k.k osQ fy, iw.kZ
tkx:d o dfVc¼ gksA vkt gekjs lkeus izn"w k.k
ls Hkh Hk;kud leL;k if'pe dh HkkSfrdoknh
lH;rk osQ iQyLo:i gksus okys nq"ifj.kkeksa dh gS
ftUgsa viukdj geus Hkkjrh; ewY;ks]a ijaijkvksa ,oa
laLÑfr osQ ewyHkwr vk;keksa ij pksV igqp
¡ kbZA O;fDr
esa èkeZ o laLÑfr dh txg iSls dk egÙo c<+
x;k gSA O;fDr esa Hkkoukvksa dk izokg mYVk py
jgk gS] og vfgalk rFkk vifjxzg dk egÙo Hkwy
x;k gSA ns'k esa tkfr] èkeZ] {ks=k vkfFkZd o lkekftd
vlekurk ls i;kZoj.k vlarqfyr gks jgk gS rFkk
fofHkUu izdkj osQ vijkèkksa esa o`f¼ gks jgh gSA
vkt gesa viuh izkphu laLÑfr ,oa ewY;ksa dh
vksj ykSVuk gksxk rFkk LokFkZo`fÙk dks R;kxuk
gksxkA izR;sd O;fDr dks LokFkZ ls mQij R;kx dh
Hkkouk viukdj vkRe fu;a=k.k djrs gq,
lkekftdrk dh Hkkouk dks egÙo nsuk gksxk rHkh
gekjk HkkSxksfyd ,oa lkekftd i;kZoj.k larqfyr
jg losQxk (lpnsok] 2005)A
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd gekjh ykijokgh
rFkk thou ewY;ksa ,oa uSfrdrk dh mis{kk us gh
i;kZoj.k dks cgqr uqdlku igq¡pk;k gSA i;kZoj.k
izn"w k.k osQ dkj.k ekuo thou dh xq.koÙkk izHkkfor
gks jgh gS ftldk izeq[k vkèkkj Hkh euksoSKkfud]
oSpkfjd] uSfrd ,oa vkè;kfRed gSA vr% ,d
u;s izdkj dk iznw"k.k] oSpkfjd iznw"k.k tks laiw.kZ
iznw"k.k dh tM+ gS ij fu;a=k.k dj fy;k tk, rks
ekuo thou dh xq.koÙkk dks cuk;s j[kk tk
92
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
ldrk gSA bl fn'kk esa ^i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k f'k{kk*
(Environmental Ethics Education) ,d
egÙoiw.kZ vkèkkj&LraHk gks ldrk gSA i;kZoj.k
uhfr'kkL=k osQ ekè;e ls gh O;fDr esa i;kZoj.k osQ
izfr oSpkfjd Lrj ij izn"w k.k osQ fopkj dks nwj
fd;k tk ldrk gSA i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k bl ckr
ij cy nsrk gS fd O;fDr i;kZoj.k dks uqdlku
ig¡p
q kus okyh gj oLrq dks tSls & IykfLVd] xksyk
ck:n bR;kfn dk ;FkklaHko iw.kZ R;kx djsaA
thou esa Hkksx dh txg R;kx] izo`fÙkokn dh
txg fuo`fÙkokn] vla;e dh txg la;e]
HkkSfrdrk dh txg vkè;kfRedrk dks viuk,¡A
ik'pkR; laLÑfr dk vaèkkèkqaèk vuqdj.k NksMs+a
rFkk Lofoosd ls laiw.kZ l`f"V osQ izfr fgrdkjh
izo`fÙk;k¡ viuk,¡A i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k osQ izfr vius
dÙkZO; ,oa mÙkjnkf;Ro dk cksèk fliQZ i;kZoj.k
vè;;u ls laHko ugha gS cfYd euq"; osQ vanj
bl izdkj dk n`f"Vdks.k fodflr fd;k tk,
fd mlosQ eu ,oa efLr"d esa i;kZoj.k osQ izfr
oSpkfjd Lrj ij Hkh iznw"k.k dk fopkj u vk,A
bl fn'kk esa i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=k f'k{kk izklafxd
gks ldrh gS vU;Fkk iks"k.k fodkl (Sustainable
Development) ,d fl¼kar ,oa dYiuk dh
pht cudj jg tk,xk ftlls cgqr le; rd
i`Foh ij ekuo thou ,oa ekuo thou dh
xq.koÙkk dks cuk, j[kuk laHko ugha gksxkA
lanHkZ
usyufMaXl] 2002- ^,tqosQfVax ekWjy ihiqy*] , osQ;fjax bu vYVjusfVo Vw djsDVj ,tqosQ'ku] VhplZ dkyst
izsl] U;w;koZQ] i`- 7
ykek] egsUnz ih-] 1995- ^buokjesUVy dUluZ bu lkmFk ,f'k;k*] esuLVªhe] 4 uoacj
ysLVj] ch] 1981- ^fcfYMax , lLVuscqy lkslk;Vh*] U;w;koZQ % ukVZu ,.M oaQiuh
O;kl] gfj'pUnz] 1996] ^fofHkUu fo"k;ksa osQ ekè;e ls i;kZoj.k f'k{kk*] ifjis{z ; U;wik] u;h fnYyh] o"kZ 3] vad
1] viSzy
lpnsok] ,u- oqQekj] 2005- ^cnyrs ifjos'k esa i;kZoj.k f'k{kk dh vko';drk*] ifjizs{; U;wik] u;h fnYyh]
o"kZ 12] vad 3] fnlacj
flag] nsosUnz] 2004- ^i;kZoj.k] i;kZoj.k f'k{kk ,oa lapkj ekè;e*] eqDr f'k{kk] jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h
laLFkku] u;h fnYyh] twu
flag] nsoUs nz ,.M fueZyk xqIrk] 2008- ^lrr~ fodkl osQ ifjis{z ; esa i;kZoj.k uhfr'kkL=kk dh mikns;rk*] VªMs l
~
,aM FkkWV bu ,tqosQ'ku] bykgkckn] izdk'kukFkZ LohÑr
gkjxzkos ] b;wthu lh-] 1989- ^iQkmaM's ku vkWiQ buokjesUVy bfFkDl*] MsUVe % bUokjesUVy bfFkDl cqDl] i`- 2
gkjxzkso] b;wthu lh-] 1996- ^fn jksy vkWiQ lks'kyh bokYoM vkbfM;Yl bu baokjesaVy bfFkDl ,tqosQ'ku*]
bu dukMk ,aM n ;wdksu % , gksfyfLVd ,izkp
s buokfYoax n ;weuhVht] okY;qe 14] okbV gklZ ;wdksu dkyst]
i`- 20
ekè;fed f'k{kk dk loZO;kihdj.k
pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa laHkkouk,¡
nsosUnz flag*
Lora=krk izkfIr osQ ckn f'k{kk uhfr;ksa laoèS kkfud izkoèkku ljdkjh o xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa
osQ iz;klksa dh otg ls vkt ge izkjafHkd f'k{kk osQ lkoZtuhdj.k osQ y{; dks izkIr djus
osQ djhc gSAa vkSj vc Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ loZO;kihdj.k dks
izkFkfedrk nh tk jgh gS rFkk blosQ fy, loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku dh rtZ ij ekè;fed f'k{kk
vfHk;ku pykus dk izLrko j[kk tk jgk gSA ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ loZO;kihdj.k ls
lacfa èkr ize[q k pqukSfr;k¡ dkSu lh gSa rFkk mudk lek;kstu oSQls fd;k tk ldrk gS rkfd
ekè;fed f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk dks cuk, j[kk tk losQA bl izdkj bl i=k esa ekè;fed
f'k{kk ls tqM+s loZO;kihdj.k eqíksa ij izdk'k Mkyk tk jgk gSA
ifjorZu ,oa lao¼Zu ,d vfuok;Z izkÑfrd
ifj?kVuk gSA bl n`f"Vdks.k ls jk"Vª fo'ks"k dh
izxfr ,oa le`f+¼ bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS
fd mlosQ ukxfjd viuh laHkkoukvksa dh
loksZPprk osQ fdrus fudV gSaA ukxfjdksa dh
viuh laHkkoukvksa dh loksZPprk ij izfrf"Br
djuk xq.kkRed f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk dk;Z gS D;ksafd
lcdk lao¼Zu ,oa fodkl euq"; djrk gS
ysfdu euq"; osQ varxZr ekuoh; xq.kksa dk
fodkl f'k{kk djrh gS D;ksafd f'k{kk vkarfjd
,oa ifjHkk"kkRed :i ls ewY;ksUeq[kh gSA ;g
O;fDr dks fof'k"V fn'kk dh rjiQ vxzlj djrh
*jhMj] f'k{kk ladk;] lrh'k pUnz dkWyst] cfy;k (m-iz-).
gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd izR;sd jk"Vª vius jk"Vªh;
n'kZu osQ vuq:i jk"Vªh; y{;kas ,oa vko';drkvksa
dh iwfrZ gsrq ,d jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd ra=k l`ftr
djrk gSA jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd ra=k ftruk gh lqn`<+
,oa vkèkqfudre iz.kkyh mikxeksa ij vkèkkfjr
gksxk mruk gh og jk"Vªh; y{;ksa dks izkIr djus
esa lgk;d gksxkA f'k{kk }kjk gh O;fDr fofHkUu
laLdkjksa osQ ekè;e ls vius 'kjhj] eu vkSj
vkRek osQ rhuksa i{kksa dk lefUor fodkl dj
lekt ,oa jk"Vª dk mi;ksxh ukxfjd curk gSA
blhfy, f'k{kk dks thou dh iz;ksx'kkyk ekuk
x;k gS (ehfM;k ehekalk&2008)A
94
f'k{kk dk ewy mís'; gksrk gS jk"Vª fuekZ.k
gsrq lH; ,oa lqlaLÑr pfj=koku ukxfjdksa dk
fuekZ.k djukA f'k{kk Nk=kksa esa ftKklk iSnk djs
vkSj iz'u djuk fl[kk,A ysfdu vkt dh f'k{kk
O;oLFkk esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, iz'u dk dksbZ
LFkku gh ugha gSA orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh jk"Vª
fuekZ.k ls nwj gksrh tk jgh gS ,oa vis{kkÑr
lS¼kafrd o lwpukRed gksrh tk jgh gSA mldk
lekt o mldh leL;kvksa ls lacaèk&foPNsn lk
gks x;k gSA f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa lexzrk dk vHkko
gSA bls dbZ [kaMksa esa foHkkftr dj fn;k x;k gSA
izkFkfed] ekè;fed ,oa mPp f'k{kk tSls dbZ
Lrj cu x, gSaA ,d rjiQ ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ
izfr ljdkj dk n`f"Vdks.k rVLFk gS] ogha nwljh
rjiQ izkFkfed f'k{kk dk lkoZHkkSfedj.k gks jgk
gS ,oa mPp f'k{kk dk oS'ohdj.k gks jgk gSA
fu"d"kZr% ekè;fed f'k{kk dh dher ij izkFkfed
,oa mPp f'k{kk dk foLrkj gks jgk gS ,oa
ekè;fed f'k{kk] izkFkfed ,oa mPp f'k{kk osQ
chp l'kDr ekè;e u gksdj eè;e Js.kh dh
Hkwfedk fuokZg dj jgh gSA bu lanHkksZa esa ekè;fed
f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk gsrq vfuok;Zr% loZO;kihdj.k
ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k gks ldrk gSA
ekè;fed f'k{kk dk loZO;kihdj.k
izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ loZO;kihdj.k osQ ifj.kke ls
mRlkfgr gksdj osaQæ ljdkj ,oa ekuo lalkèku
fodkl ea=kky; loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku osQ ekWMy
ij ekè;fed f'k{kk dh xq.kkRedrk gsrq ekè;fed
f'k{kk osQ loZO;kihdj.k (Universalisation of
Secondary Education) osQ fy, jk"Vªh;
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
ekè;fed f'k{kk vfHk;ku (RMSA) gsrq fl¼karr%
lger gks x, gSaA lkoZtfud O;; ,oa foÙk
lfefr (Expenditure Finance Committee)
us loZO;kihdj.k gsrq fe'kujh n`f"Vdks.k osQ lkFk
izLrko dh iqf"V dj nh gSA jk"Vªh; ekè;fed
f'k{kk vfHk;ku osQ izLrko dh ewy fo'ks"krk,¡
vèkksfyf[kr gSa—
(d) 15 ,oa 16 o"kZ rd osQ lHkh ckydksa dks
2017 rd ekè;fed f'k{kk dks miyCèk]
izkI; ,oa nsuk lqfuf'pr djukA
([k) 2020 rd 15 ,oa 16 o"kZ rd osQ lHkh
ckydksa dk lkoZHkkSfed Bgjko lqfuf'pr
djukA
(x) jk"Vªh; ekè;fed f'k{kk vfHk;ku dh
vuqekfur ykxr #- 42705 djksM+ :i;s
gksxh] ftlesa ls 34164 djksM+ :i;s osaQæ
ljdkj ogu djsxhA
(?k) 2020 rd lkoZHkkSfed Bgjko lqfuf'pr
djus gsrq oqQy ykxr #- 54000 djksM+
vuqekfur gSA
(M-) 11oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ nkSjku 5 fdehosQ vanj ,d ekè;fed fo|ky; LFkkfir
djukA
(p) jk"Vªh; ekè;fed f'k{kk vfHk;ku osQ varxZr
ckfydkvksa] vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr]
vYil¡[;dksa ,oa vU; oafpr oxksaZ dh
f'k{kk gsrq fo'ks"k izkoèkku gksukA
(N) loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku dh rtZ ij ekè;fed
f'k{kk ls lacafèkr lHkh ;kstukvksa dk jk"Vªh;
ekè;fed f'k{kk vfHk;ku es a foy;
(fn fgUnw&2008)A
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
95
jk"Vªh; ekè;fed f'k{kk vfHk;ku gsrq 2 yk[k
f'k{kk ij 13» gh [kpZ fd;k tk jgk gS
vfrfjDr f'k{kd vko';d gksxa As orZeku esa 1% 32
(fryd] 2004)A
osQ f'k{kd&Nk=k vuqikr ls oqQy 10-82 yk[k (x) dksBkjh vk;ksx (1964&66) us Li"V lq>ko
f'k{kd ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr gSaA ysfdu
fn;k Fkk fd f'k{kk ij vkoaVu dk 2@3
osaQæh; f'k{kk lykgdkj cksMZ (osQc) }kjk 1% 30
fo|ky;h f'k{kk ij ,oa 1@3 mPp f'k{kk
f'k{kd&Nk=k vuqikr osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls 72000
ij [kpZ djuk pkfg,A bl n`f"Vdks.k ls
f'k{kdksa osQ p;u djus gksaxsA blosQ vfrfjDr
jk"Vªh; ekè;fed f'k{kk vfHk;ku dh lkanfHkZd
53-10 yk[k vfrfjDr ukekadu gsrq 1-77 yk[k
mikns;rk c<+ tkrh gSA
vfrfjDr f'k{kd okafNr gksaxsA 2005&06 osQ (?k) ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx (1952&53) us
fy, 58-86» ekè;fed fo|ky; futh {ks=k }kjk
loZizFke ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ vèkksfyf[kr
lapkfyr gSa ftlesa ls 31-08» futh foÙkfoghu
rkRdkfyd dfe;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k Fkk&
fo|ky; gSaA bl izdkj jk"Vªh; ekè;fed f'k{kk
– ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa dk ikB~;Øe Nk=kksa
vfHk;ku fe'kujh n`f"Vdks.k osQ lkFk ,d
dh vko';drkvksa ,oa vfHk#fp;ksa osQ
ldkjkRed dne gS tks ekè;fed f'k{kk dh
vuq:i ugha gSA blfy, Nk=kksa dk
xq.kkRedrk ls izR;{kr% lacafèkr gSA
lokZaxh.k fodkl ugha gks ikrk gSA
– f'k{k.k fofèk;ks a ,oa ikB~ ; Øe
pqukSfr;k¡
osQ izk:i osQ dkj.k Nk=kksa esa lg;ksx
dh Hkkouk] vkRe lEeku] vkRefo'okl]
ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ loZO;kihdj.k ls lacafèkr
vuq'kklu rFkk vkKkdkfjrk tSls xq.kksa
izeq[k pqukSfr;k¡ vèkksfyf[kr gSa—
dk fodkl Nk=kksa esa ugha gksrk gSA
(d) izkFkfed] ekè;fed ,oa mPp f'k{kk esa
– ekè;fed f'k{kk dh ijh{kk iz.kkyh oSèk
ckydksa osQ ldy ukekadu nj esa dkI+kQh
,oa fo'oluh; ugha gS blfy, Nk=kksa
fo"kerk gSA tgk¡ izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ fy,
dh ;ksX;rkvks]a l`tukRedrk ,oa ftKklk
;g nj 95» gS] mPp f'k{kk osQ fy,
dk leqfpr ewY;k¡du ugha gks ikrk gSA
10-3» gS ogha ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ fy,
– ekè;fed f'k{kk iz.kkyh iqLrdh; Kku
;g nj 36» gS vFkkZr~ 60» ls vfèkd
osaQfær gSA blesa thou lacèa kh dk;Zi.z kkyh
Nk=k ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa esa ukekafdr ugha
rFkk leL;kvksa dk cksèk ugha djk;k
gSa (ow] dkSy ,aM 'kadj] 2005)A
tkrk gSA
([k) f'k{kk osQ fofHkUu Lrjksa ij vkoafVr ctV
– ekè;fed f'k{kk esa f'k{kd&Nk=k lacaèk
izkoèkku foHksndkjh gSA tgk¡ f'k{kk osQ varxZr
,oa var%fØ;k dk vHkko gksrk gSA blls
izkFkfed f'k{kk ij 50» [kpZ fd;k tk jgk
f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk izHkkfor gksrh gSA
gS ogha ekè;fed f'k{kk ij 30» ,oa mPp
96
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
– d{kkvksa esa f'k{kd&Nk=k vuqikr (K) ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa esa foÙkfoghu f'k{kk iz.kkyh
vO;kogkfjd gksrk gSA f'k{kd vius
Nk=kksa dks igpku ugha ikrk gS A
– f'k{k.k o`fÙk vkd"kZd ugha gS
('kekZ] 2006)A
(Ä) ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa osQ vè;kiu dh f'k{k.k
fofèk ijaijkxr gSA osQoy iqLrd iz.kkyh
vFkok O;k[;ku i¼fr dk gh izpyu gS
vFkkZr~ ekè;fed f'k{kk iz.kkyh ^pkd ,oa
Vkd* fofèk rd gh lhfer gSA
(p) ijh{kk osaQfær ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ dkj.k
vuqfpr lkèkuksa dk iz;ksx ,d thou i¼fr
cu x;k gS blfy, ;g f'k{kdksa dks p;ukRed
vè;kiu ,oa Nk=kksa dks p;ukRed vè;;u
dh rjiQ vfHkizfs jr djrh gSA lwpuk ,oa
mikfèk dks gh f'k{kk osQ ewy mís'; dk
i;kZ; le>k tkus yxk gSA
(N) ijh{kk osaQfær ,oa lwpuk osaQfær gksus osQ
dkj.k ekè;fed f'k{kk esa l`tukRedrk ,oa
ftKklk dk iw.kZr% vHkko gSA
(t) osaQæh; ekè;fed f'k{kk cksMZ ,oa vU;
jkT;ksa }kjk vk;ksftr cksMZ }kjk ijh{kk
i¼fr ,oa ewY;kadu i¼fr esa fo"kerk dk
lekos'k gksukA
(>) f'k{kk dh voèkkj.kk esa ifjorZu dk gksukA
orZeku lwpuk lapkj ;qx esa f'k{kk dks ,d
^oLrq* ekuk tk jgk gS] ifj.kker% uSfrd
ewY;ksa osQ vHkko esa ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ
varxZr pfj=k fuekZ.k dk LFkku èkuktZu us
ys fy;k gSA ftlls iwjs ekè;fed f'k{kk ra=k
dk voewY;u gqvk gSA
osQ dk;Z laLÑfr osQ izHkkoh gksus osQ dkj.k Hkh
ekè;fed f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa vizR;kf'kr
:i ls lai.w kZ 'kSf{kd ikfjfLFkfrdh eas voewY;u
gqvk gS D;ksfa d f'k{k.k laLFkk,¡ LFkkfir djuk
O;olk; dk i;kZ; cu x;k gSA
(V) ekè;fed f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa izpfyr ijh{kk
iz.kkyh ,oa ewY;kadu iz.kkyh fliQZ Nk=kksa osQ
laKkukRed i{k rd gh lhfer gS] HkkokRed
,oa fØ;kRed i{k iw.kZr% misf{kr gSAa blfy,
Nk=kksa esa fu.kZ; 'kfDr] roZQ 'kfDr] dYiuk
'kfDr ,oa vkykspukRed ewY;kadu vkfn i{kksa
dk fodkl ugha gks ikrk gSA
(B) ekè;fed f'k{kk iz . kkyh es a iz p fyr
f'k{k.k&vfèkxe izfØ;k Le`fr osQ f'k{k.k
rd gh lhfer gSA vocksèk] ijkorZu]
fo'ys"k.k ,oa la'ys"k.k dk iw.kZr% foyksi
gS vr% Nk=kksa dks jVus ij cy feyrk gSA
(M) f'k{kd ,oa Nk=kksa esa vè;kiu ,oa vè;;u
osQ izfr mnklhu n`f"Vdks.kA blosQ fy,
f'k{kd dk f'k{k.k laLFkk ls vuqifLFkr
gksuk ,oa Nk=kksa dk fliQZ ukekadu ,oa
ijh{kk dks gh f'k{kk dk i;kZ; ekuukA
mnkgj.kkFkZ] 10oha d{kk esa f'k{k.k laLFkk
esa izos'k rks 1000 Nk=kksa dk lS¼kafrd :i
ls gS ysfdu d{kk f'k{k.k esa oqQy mifLFkfr
yxHkx 200 gSA
vkykspukRed ewY;kadu
ekè;fed f'k{kk dh xq . koÙkk cuk, j[kus
gs r q ekè;fed f'k{kk dk loZ O ;kihdj.k ,d
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
97
d{kk&f'k{k.k osQ izfr ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k
ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k gSA loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku
dh rtZ ij jk"Vªh; ekè;fed f'k{kk vfHk;ku
,oa dk;Z laLÑfr fodflr dh tk,A
dh vuqiz;ksxkRed mikns;rk ls bUkdkj ugha (p) jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ izk:i&2005 osQ vkyksd
esa vèkksfyf[kr laLrqfr;ksa dk izHkkoh
fd;k tk ldrkA ekè;fed f'k{kk dh pqukSfr;ksa
fØ;kUo;u lqfuf'pr fd;k tk,—
dk vèkks f yf[kr lekèkku iz L rkfor dj
ekè;fed f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk dks cuk, j[kk
– ekax osQ vuq:i ijh{kk dk vk;kstuA
tk ldrk gSA
– ikl&isQy fy[kus dh txg iquiZjh{kk
okaNuh;A
(d) ekè;fed f'k{kk esa vuqfpr lkèku iz;ksx
ijh{kk iwoZ] ijh{kkdkyhu ,oa ijh{kk i'pkr~
– fo|ky; esa lgk;rk ,oa ijke'kZ lsok
udyc¼ dh lkoZHkkSfed izo`fÙk dks
miyCèk djkukA
vfHkHkkod] Nk=k] f'k{kd ,oa leqnk; osQ
– ikB&vkèkkfjr ijh{kk dh txg leL;k
ldkjkRed ,oa lfØ; lg;ks x ls
lekèkku vkSj {kerk vkèkkfjr ewY;k¡duA
grksRlkfgr fd;k tk, ,oa laiw.kZ 'kSf{kd
– lwpuk dks Kku le>us dh izof` Ùk ij fu;a=k.kA
ikfjfLFkfrdh esa dk;Z laLÑfr fodflr
– f'k{kdksa osQ O;kolkf;d n{krk esa lqèkkj
fd;k tk,A
ls lacafèkr rF; lsokiwoZ ,oa lsokjr~
([k) f'k{k.k&vfèkxe izfØ;k dks Le`fr Lrj (jVus
izf'k{k.k ls lacafèkr uhfr;ksa esa lekfgr
ij ”kksj) osQ f'k{k.k ls vocksèk Lrj osQ
gks (,u-lh-,iQ] 2005)A
f'k{k.k osQ rjiQ mUeq[k fd;k tk,A
(N) ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa dh ijh{kk ifr esa
(x) ekè;fed f'k{kk dh f'k{k.k i¼fr dks
vkewy&pwy ifjorZu djosQ 25&40» iz'u
fliZQ ^pkd ,oa Vkd* ls lwpuk ,oa lapkj
y?kqmÙkjh; izdkj osQ ,oa 'ks"k cgqfodYih;
rduhd (bZ&,tqosQ'ku] Vhfpax ,oa yfuZax)
iz'uksa dks lekfgr dj Nk=kksa esa ruko dks
dh rjiQ izfreku ifjorZu fd;k tk,A
de fd;k tk,A
(?k) ekè;fed f'k{kk dks fliQZ lwpukRed] (t) ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ fy, èku dk vkoaVu
lS¼kafrd ,oa laKkukRed u cukdj bls
izkFkfed f'k{kk dh Hkk¡fr lqfuf'pr fd;k
HkkokRed ,oa fØ;kRed i{kksa osQ lefUor
tk, D;ksafd loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku dh Hkk¡fr
fodkl gsrq izksRlkfgr fd;k tk,A
jk"Vªh; ekè;fed f'k{kk vfHk;ku Hkh
(Ä) ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa ls V~;w'ku ,oa dksfpax
ekè;fed f'k{kk dh xq.kkRedrk ls izR;{kr%
dks iw.kZr% izfrcafèkr dj f'k{kd&Nk=kksa esa
lacafèkr gSA
98
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
lanHkZ
,u-lh-,iQ-] 2005- ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] Jh vjfoUn ekxZ] u;h fnYyh
fryd] ts-ch-th-] 2004- ifCyd lcflMht bu ,tqosQ'ku bu bafM;k] bdksukWfed ,aM iksfyfVdy fodyh
fn fgUnw & ewo Vw ;wfuolZykbt lSosQaMjh ,twosQ'ku] 7 tqykbZ 2008
ehfM;k ehekalk & fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ cnyrs ifjlj] ek[ku yky prqonZs h i=kdkfjrk ,oa lapkj fo'ofo|ky;]
Hkksiky] o"kZ 2] vad&1] tqykbZ&flracj 2008
ow] fdu fcax] fouhrk dkSy] ,aM nhik 'kadj] 2005- gkÅ bf.M;k bt ,fpfoax ;wfuolZy byhesUVªh ,tqoQs 'ku]
iQkbusal ,aM MsoyiesaV] , DokVjyh eSx”khu vkWiQ vkbZ- ,e-,iQ-] ok- 42] ua-&2
'kekZ] vkj-,-] 2006- Hkkjrh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk fodkl] esjB] vkj- yky cqd fMiks
mPp f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk vkSj izklafxdrk
eqís vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro
fuHkZ; flag*
mPprj f'k{kk dks fodkl dh m¡Qph nj vkSj fodkl osQ ykHk dks tu&tu rd igq¡pkus
dk ekè;e ekurs gq, ;g ys[k bldh xq.koÙkk vkSj izklafxdrk ls tqM+s oqQN eqíksa dh
vksj gekjk è;ku vkdf"kZr djrk gS vkSj bl ckr ij ”kksj nsrk gS fd gesa bl {ks=k esa
xq.koÙkk ykus dk gjlaHko iz;Ru djuk pkfg,A
f'k{kk fo'ks"kdj mPprj f'k{kk ,d ,slk ekè;e gS tks Hkkjr dks fodkl osQ
mPprj ekxZ ij vxzlj dj ldrh gSA ;g ,d ,slk nkf;Ro gS tks vl¡[;] ewrZ rFkk
vewrZ :iksa esa fodkl osQ fofoèk {ks=kksa esa gekjh lHkh izfrc¼rkvksa dks ykHk igq¡pkrk
gSA f'k{kk o fodkl osQ chp lhèkk o ljy lacaèk gSA mPprj f'k{kk ekuo iw¡th esa o`f¼
djrh gS] tks fodkl dh m¡Qph nj laHko cukrh gS rFkk fodkl osQ ykHk tu&tu rd
igqW¡pkrh gSA
izR;sd ns'k dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh foy{k.krk,¡]
pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa leL;k,¡ gksrh gSaA Hkkjr esa mPprj
f'k{kk esa ftl izdkj ls l¡[;kRed o`f¼ gqbZ mlh
izdkj ls mlesa xq.kkRed ßkl vkrk x;k rFkk ;g
xq.kkRed ßkl gh mPprj f'k{kk O;oLFkk osQ
fxjrs Lrj dk dkj.k cukA ge bldks l¡[;kRed
o`f¼ cuke xq.koÙkk ugha dgsaxs oju~ xq.koÙkk iw.kZ
loZ lqyHk ,oa vfHkxE; f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh
jpuk dgsaxsA D;k gekjh f'k{kk iz.kkyh yksxksa dks
u;h fLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus vkSj dfBu nkf;Roksa
dks iwjk djus osQ fy, rS;kj djrh gS\ D;k ;g
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks pgq¡eq[kh O;fDrRo osQ fodkl esa
enn nsrh gS\ D;k ;g mudk pfj=k&fuekZ.k
djus] mUgsa lsokUeq[kh] lqfopkfjr] n;kyq vkSj
lfg".kq] vkSj lHkh izdkj dh erkaèkrk rFkk i{kikr
ls eqDr cukrh gS\ D;k ;g fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Hkkj
dh cgqewY; ckSf¼d] lkaLÑfrd vkSj vkè;kfRed
fojklr osQ izfr tkx:d cukrh gS vkSj mUgsa ml
*foHkkxkè;{k] f'k{kk ladk;] ch-oh-,e- (ih-th-)dkWyst] ckg tuin] vkxjk.
100
ij xoZ djuk fl[kkrh gS\
èkjksgj esa tks loksZRÑ"V gS]
fy, izsfjr djrh gS\ vkt
xq.koÙkk vkSj izklafxdrk ls
mÙkjnkf;Roksa dh vksj è;ku
tks fuEu gSa&
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
vkSj lkFk gh fo'o
mls xzg.k djus osQ
gesa mPp f'k{kk dh
tqM+s oqQN eqíkas vkSj
vkÑ"V djuk gksxk
xq.koÙkk;qDr f'k{kk rd igq¡p — f'k{kk rd
igq¡p dk ewY;kadu fliZQ l¡[;kRed lanHkZ esa
ugha fd;k tk ldrkA xq.koÙkkijd f'k{kk rd
igq¡p Hkh mruh gh ”k:jh gS ftruh fd f'k{kk
rd igq¡pA eSa f'k{kk vkSj fodkl ls lac¼ dbZ
fo'ks"kKksa dh bl jk; ls lger gw¡ fd Hkkjr esa
dkyst vkSj fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk
blosQ ek=kkRed fodkl dh xfr osQ lkFk lkeatL;
ugha j[k ikbZ gSA izR;sd 'kSf{kd o"kZ osQ izkjaHk esa
;gh ns[kus dks feyrk gS fd fo|kFkhZ vkSj muosQ
ekrk&firk dks vPNs dkWystksa esa nkf[kys osQ fy,
dM+k la?k"kZ djuk iM+rk gS] ftudh l¡[;k c<+rh
ek¡x iwjh djus dh n`f"V ls cgqr de gksrh gSA
Lora=krk osQ ckn geus mPp f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa
dkiQh foLrkj fd;k gS ysfdu blosQ ckn Hkh
fo'o osQ loksZRo`Q"V 20 fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa ls ,d
Hkh Hkkjr dk ugha gSA vk”kknh osQ 60 lky ckn
Hkh ns'k osQ fo'ofo|ky; tkus okys vk;q oxZ dh
oqQy tul¡[;k osQ 7 izfr'kr Nk=kksa dks gh mPp
f'k{kk esa nkf[kyk fey ikrk gS ftlls ns'k esa
mPp f'k{kk dk foLrkj u flI+kZQ Bgj lk x;k gS
oju~ mldk Lrj Hkh fxjrk tk jgk gSA mPp f'k{kk
ls tqM+h fofHkUu leL;kvksa }kjk ckj&ckj psrkouh
nh tkrh jgh gS fd fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj mPp
'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa dh l¡[;k esa c<ksrjh ugha dh
xbZ vkSj mudh xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj ugha fd;k x;k
rks vFkZO;oLFkk dh c<+rh ”k:jrksa dks iwjk djus
osQ fy, ns'k esa oqQ'ky vkSj izf'kf{kr is'ksojksa dh
deh gks tk,xhA gesa vius fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh
cSazM best (Nfo) esa lqèkkj ykuk pkfg,A
vxj vkt gekjs Hkkjrh; izkS|ksfxdh laLFkkuksa
(vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh-) vkSj izcaèk laLFkkuksa (vkbZ-vkbZ,El-) dh fo'oHkj esa cSazM osY;w ;kuh jpukRed
igpku dk;e gqbZ gS rks D;ksa u ge ns'kHkj osQ
fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj dkWystksa osQ fy, ,slh gh
jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; igpku dk nkok djsaA
foaQrq] ,slk djus osQ fy, gesa vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh- vkSj
vkbZ-vkbZ-,El- dh liQyrk osQ fy, f”kEesnkj
dkj.kksa dks HkyhHkk¡fr le>uk gksxk vkSj muls
izkIr vuqHkoksa dk ykHk mBkuk gksxkA ekuo lalkèku
fodkl ea=kky; us {ks=kh; bathfu;fjax dkWystksa dks
iw.kZ osaQnz foÙk&iksf"kr jk"Vªh; izkS|ksfxdh laLFkkuksa
dk ntkZ nsdj mfpr iQSlyk fd;k gSA bl fn'kk
esa ,d vU; dne gekjs fo'ofo|ky;ksa] jk"Vªh;
iz;ksx'kkykvksa vkSj m|ksx osQ chp ,d Hkkxhnkjh
fodflr djus] ;kfu Hkkjr dh vuqlaèkku vkSj
fodkl {kerkvksa esa o`f¼ osQ fy, ,d Lo.kZ
f=kHkqt cukus dk gksuk pkfg,A
mPprj f'k{kk rd igq¡p — gekjs ns'k esa
dkWyst vkSj fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk dk ”kcjnLr
foLrkj gqvk gSA vk”kknh osQ ckn dkWyst vkSj
fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk dk yksdra=khdj.k djus esa
geus dkiQh liQyrk izkIr dh gS] tks vkt
xzkeh.k vkcknh vkSj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa] vuqlwfpr
tutkfr;ksa vkSj lekt osQ vU; fuEuLrjh; oxks±
osQ djhc vk x, gSaA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
fiQj Hkh gekjh ;g dksf'k'k gksuh pkfg, fd
mPprj f'k{kk] [kkldj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dk
foLrkj ml Lrj rd fd;k tk losQ] ftruk
fodflr ns'kksa esa gSA nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ
nLrkost esa bl en ij ”kksj fn;k x;k gS vkSj
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (th-Mh-ih-) dh 8 izfr'kr
okf"kZd o`f¼ nj gkfly djus osQ fy, bls
vfuok;Z le>k x;k gSA mPprj mRikndrk osQ
”kfj, mPprj fodkl dh nj dk y{; izkIr
djus osQ fy, vfuok;Z gS fd Kku osQ vkèkkj dks
le`¼ cuk;k tk, vkSj gekjh tks dkedkth
vkcknh gS mlesa oqQ'ky&Jfedksa osQ izfr'kr dks
c<+k;k tk,A
mPprj f'k{kk dk fu;kZr — Hkkjr esa mPprj
f'k{kk osQ fu;kZr dh laHkkouk,¡ gSAa eSaus gky gh esa
v[kckjksa esa i<+k Fkk fd fiNys o"kZ Hkkjr ls
yxHkx 72000 fo|kFkhZ vesjhdk osQ fo'ofo|ky;ksa
esa vè;;u osQ fy, Hksts x,A blosQ lkFk gh
Hkkjr fons'k esa vè;;u osQ fy, lcls vfèkd
fo|kFkhZ Hkstus okys ns'k phu ls Hkh vkxs fudy
x;k gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd mPp f'k{kk osQ
fy, brus lkjs fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fons'k Hkstus esa ns'k
dks Hkkjh ek=kk esa fons'kh eqnkz [kpZ djuh iM+rh gSA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ckgj ugha Hkstk tkuk pkfg,A
fons'k esa f'k{kk osQ fy, tkus okys fo|kFkhZ dbZ
rjg ls gekjs jk"Vª&fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku djrs gSaA
foaQrq eSa ftl eqís dh vksj è;ku fnykuk pkgrk
gw¡ oks ;g gS fd D;k ge fodkl'khy vkSj
fodflr ns'kksa ls cM+h l¡[;k esa vkus okys mu
fons'kh fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, Hkkjr dks ,d vkd"kZd
y{; ugha cuk ldrs & tks xq.koÙkk;qDr LowQyh]
101
mPp vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk izkIr djus gekjs
ns'k esa vkrs gSa\ blls gekjs ns'k dks vla[; ykHk
gksaxsA lcls cM+k ykHk ;g gksxk fd bl fn'kk esa
O;ofLFkr iz;klksa ls ns'k esa mPp f'k{kk dk Lrj
Å¡pk mBkus esa enn feysxh] ftlls Hkkjrh;
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ykHk gksxkA bl y{; dks gkfly
djus osQ fy, ljdkj dks vius dk;ns&dkuwuksa esa
vko';d ifjorZu djuk gksxkA
izklafxd] jkstxkjksUeq[kh mPp f'k{kk — eSaus
vusd yksxksa dks ;g dgrs gq, lquk gS fd dkWayst
vkSj fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk esa ckgjh okrkoj.k dh
”k:jrs iwjh djus vkSj voljksa dk ykHk mBkus osQ
fy, i;kZIr yphykiu vkSj vuqowQyu'khyrk ugha
gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, bl rF; dks nsf[k, fd
Hkkjr osQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa lsokvksa dh
Hkkxhnkjh fujarj c<+ jgh gS vkSj vkt ;g djhc
50% gks pqdh gSA vkus okys nks n'kdksa esa yxHkx
60&70% ukSdfj;k¡ lsok {ks=k esa gksaxhA esjk ekuuk
gS fd gekjh mPp f'k{kk iz.kkyh bl ”k:jr dks
iwjk djus osQ fy, leqfpr :i ls rS;kj ugha gSA
fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks vius rhu&o"khZ; cqfu;knh
fMxzh ikB~;Øe dks vfèkd yphyk cukuk pkfg,
rkfd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks bl ckr dh NwV gks fd os
cqfu;knh fo"k;ksa dh Bksl tkudkjh osQ lkFk&lkFk
fofHkUu dkS'kyksa esa jks”kxkjksUeq[kh izek.k&i=k ;k
fMIyksek ikB~;Øe dj losQaA
mPPk f'k{kk dh uhfr;ksa dh fØ;kUo;u —
Lora=kksÙkj Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk osQ ifjorZu osQ
mís'; ls vusd vk;ksx o lfefr;k¡ xfBr gqb±A
foaQrq dksbZ Hkh leL;k osQ lekèkku osQ fy,
izHkkoh ugha gqbZA mPp f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa vkbZ
102
foÑfr;ksa osQ fy, f'k{kdksa o fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks gh
fo'ks"k nks"k fn;k tkrk gS rFkk mlesa Hkh vè;kidksa
}kjk nkf;Ro fuoZgu u djus dk ewy dkj.k dgk
x;k gSA fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx (;w-th-lh-)
ns'k osQ lHkh fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa osQ
Lo:i] fodkl vkSj lqèkkj osQ fy, xfBr ,dek=k
laLFkk gS rFkk ogh izkè;kidksa dh fu;qfDr;ksa osQ
fy, ekud rS;kj djrh gSA mPPk f'k{kk dh
xq.koÙkk osQ fxjrs Lrj dh leL;kvksa esa izeq[k
leL;k ;w-th-lh- }kjk lgh uhfr;k¡ u cukuk rFkk
mudk fØ;kUo;u gSA fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa 'kSf{kd
okrkoj.k dh vkèkkjHkwfe ;w-th-lh- vyx&vyx
izkarksa esa dh tk jgh voSèkkfud euekuh jksdus esa
foiQy jgh gSA
mPp f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk dk fxjrk Lrj —
v;ksX; f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfDr ij jksd u yxus ls
lewps ns'k dh mPp f'k{kk dh fLFkfr fprauh; gks
xbZ gSA Hksn&Hkko] oxZ&Hksn] vkSj vuq'kalk osQ
vkèkkj ij in izkIr dj jgs f'k{kd ;ksX; vkSj
ifjJeh vè;srkvksa dk volj Nhuus esa yxs gSaA
ns'k esa vkn'kZ] fu"Bkoku f'k{kdksa us tks R;kx dk
iFk fn[kyk;k og vkt foyqIr gSA mPp f'k{kk
osQ fodkl esa lekt lsok dh Hkkouk esa tkfr]
oxZ] o Hksn ls nwj gksdj fd;k x;k dk;Z gh
thoar curk gSA fo'oxq# osQ in ls foHkwf"kr
Hkkjrh; f'k{kk Kku pfj=k vkSj laLÑfr tSls rRoksa
ls lacafèkr gSA eSdkys dh f'k{kk i¼fr vkt Hkh
gekjs thou ewY;ksa dks {kh.k djosQ gesa vius ewy
esa gh HkVdk jgh gSA f'k{kk esa jk"Vªh; cksèk osQ
fcuk ns'k dk lok±xh.k mRFkku] lkekftd lejlrk
o v[kaMrk dk fodkl vlaHko gSA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
cgqr ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ vuqHko bl vksj
b'kkjk djrs gSa fd fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh p;u
lfefr;ksa esa lfEefyr dfri; foHkkxkè;{k vkSj
ladk; lnL; vH;kfFkZ;ksa osQ 'kksèk dk;ks± dks dbZ
ckj viuk uke nsdj Ik+ Qk;nk mBkrs gSa vkSj nwljh
vksj ml vH;kFkhZ osQ in ij vkus esa ckèkk Mkyrs
gSAa 'kksèk rFkk Je 'kwU; cu tkrk gSA futh {ks=kksa
esa LFkkfir mPp f'k{kk laLFkku Hkh de f”kEesokj
ugha gSA bu f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfDr;k¡
vc O;kolkf;d gks jgh gSaA bldk eq[; dkj.k
f'k{kk dk O;olk;hdj.k ugha gS cfYd f'k{kk dk
O;kikjhdj.k gSA ;gk¡ ij de osru esa v;ksX;
f'k{kdksa dk p;u izkFkfedrk ij gksrk gSA bl
izdkj orZeku esa f'k{kk dh ekSfydrk lgh vFkks±
esa [kks xbZ gSA tc rd ge xq.koÙkk osQ fy,
dksbZ l[r dne ugha mBkrs rc rd ck”kkjksUeq[k
futh f'k{k.k laLFkk,¡ f'k{kk dk [kqyk O;kikj
djrh jgsxhaA nwljh vksj ljdkjh f'k{k.k laLFkk,¡
vjktdrk vkSj vO;oLFkk ls f?kjrh jgsxhaA
egaxh f'k{kk dk Hkkj — tc nqfu;k osQ reke
ns'k mPp f'k{kk — rduhdh f'k{kk vkSj 'kksèk
osQ {ks=k esa viuk fo'oLrjh; <k¡pk rS;kj dj jgs
gSa rc ge vius ns'k dh f'k{kk dks nl xquk
eg¡xh djus dh ;kstuk cuk jgs gSa tks ;qok eè;e
oxZ osQ lkFk f[kyokM+ gSA èku osQ vHkko esa
izfrHkkvksa dk guu gksrk gSA Hkkjr vHkh bruk
l{ke ugha gqvk gS fd og eg¡xh f'k{kk dk Hkkj
ogu dj losQA vkus okys Kku dk bl ;qx esa
mPp f'kf{kr fo'kky ekuo lalkèku gekjk gfFk;kj
cu ldrk gS vkSj ge mls gh FkksFkjk cukus dk
iz;kl dj jgs gSaA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh c<rh l¡[;k — Kku vk;ksx
dh jk"Vªh; Kku vk;ksx Hkkjr osQ izèkkuea=kh
dh ,d mPpLrjh; laLFkk gS ftldk mís';
Hkkjr dks Kkuoku lekt cukuk gSA jk"Vªh;
Kku vk;ksx dk è;ku f'k{kk ls ysdj
bZ&iz'kklu rd Kku ra=k osQ ik¡p izeq[k {ks=kksa
ij osaQfnzr gSA* fd egÙoiw.kZ fliQkfj'k ;g gS
fd vxj 2015 rd ns'k esa fo'ofo|ky; tkus
okys vk;q oxZ dh oqQy tul¡[;k osQ 15»
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mPp f'k{kk esa nkf[kyk nsus dk
y{; gkfly djuk gS rks fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh
oqQy l¡[;k 1500 rd ys tkuh gksxh tks orZeku
esa 350 osQ yxHkx gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd
vxys o"kks± esa fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh l¡[;k esa pkj
xquk o`f¼ djuh gksxh tks bruk vklku ugha gS
D;ksafd mPPk f'k{kk ij th-Mh-ih- dk 1-52» [kpZ
djus dk y{; 10oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa j[kk
x;k] tks u;s fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ [kksyus esa ckèkk
gSA 11oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa 2-5 yk[k djksM+
:i;s [kpZ djus dk izkoèkku fd;k x;k gS
ftlesa 30 u;s osaQnzh; fo'ofo|ky;] 370
egkfo|ky;] 08 vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh-] 05 jk"Vªh; Lrj
osQ foKku laLFkku gSaA
ijh{kk iz.kkyh — mPp f'k{kk esa xq.kkRed lqèkkj
ykus gsrq gesa f'k{kd dks mldh okLrfod Hkwfedk
esa ykSVkuk gksxk rFkk orZeku ijh{kk iz.kkyh ij Hkh
iqufoZpkj djuk gksxkA gesa ,slh ewY;kadu i¼fr
gh viukuh gksxh tks fo|kFkhZ dk lgh ewY;k¡du
dj losQA blosQ fy, ls'kuy ewY;kadu i¼fr gh
*jk"Vª osQ uke izfrosnu 2007] Hkkjr ljdkj.
103
lgh ewY;kadu dj ldrh gSA vè;kidksa dks fu"i{k
gksdj gh bl i¼fr dks viukuk gksxkA blosQ
vykok fo|kFkhZ osQ 'kSf{kd Lrj dk gh ugha
lg&'kSf{kd izo`fÙk;ksa dk Hkh ewY;kadu vko';d
gSA vktdy tks ijh{kk gks jgh gS mlesa osQoy
fo|kFkhZ dh Lej.k 'kfDr dk gh ijh{k.k gksrk gSA
f'k{kk esa lqèkkj — vafre mik; ftl vksj eSa
vkidk è;ku fnykuk pkgw¡xk og gS f'k{kk esa
lqèkkj dh rRdky vko'drkA blesa vusd dk;Z
'kfey gSa] ftuesa ls oqQN dh vksj eSa igys gh
b'kkjk dj pqdk gw¡A fiQj Hkh eSa vfrfjDr dk;ks±
dh vksj è;ku fnykuk pkgw¡xkA
• lcls igys mPp f'k{kk esa I+kQhl osQ <k¡ps
dk eqn~nk gS tks xSj O;kolkf;d fo"k;ksa esa
cgqr de gSA osaQnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjsa mu
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Hkh mPp f'k{kk esa lfClMh ns
jgh gSa] ftudk izkbosV V;w'ku [kpZ vkSj tsc
[kpZ dkWyst I+kQhl ls dbZ xquk vfèkd gSA
bruk ”k:j gS fd mPp vkSj O;olk;h
f'k{kk xjhc vkSj ”k:jreanksa dh igq¡p esa
gksuh pkfg, vkSj mldh ykxr ogu djus
osQ fy, mUgsa eq[; :i ls ¶;ksX;rk ,oa
vk;¸ ij vkèkkfjr Nk=ko`fÙk;k¡ nh tkuh
pkfg,A f'k{kk osQ fy, ½.kksa osQ nk;js dk
Hkh rsth ls foLrkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A foaQrq
vxj ge muls tks egaxh f'k{kk xzg.k djus
dh {kerk j[krs gSa] ls f'k{kk dk mfpr ewY;
ugha ysaxs] rks ge oafprksa dks O;kid :i esa
f'k{kk oSQls miyCèk djk ik,¡xs\
104
•
•
•
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa osQ izcaèk esa Hkh rRdky
lqèkkjksa dh vko';drk gSA vkerkSj ij gekjs
oqQyifr;ks]a lhusV lnL;ks]a dkWyt
s osQ izkpk;ks±
dks viuk dherh le; vkSj ÅtkZ jks”kejkZ
osQ xSj&”k:jh dk;ks± esa gh [kpZ djuh iM+rh
gS u fd ,sls dk;k±s ij ftuls csgrj 'kSf{kd
urhts izkIr fd, tk losaQA ,slk vkaf'kd
:i ls ukSdj'kkgh dks egÙo nsus rFkk ljdkjh
foHkkxksa dh mRÑ"Vrk&fojksèkh laLÑfr viukus
osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA blosQ fy, gesa fons'kksa esa
viukbZ tk jgh izcèa k dh loksRZ Ñ"V ljkguh;
i¼fr;ksa ls lcd ysuk pkfg,A
izcaèk lacaèkh osQ oqQN vU; eqís Hkh gSaA
xq.koÙkk;qDr f'k{kk vfèkd lalkèkuksa vkSj
csgrj lqfoèkkvksa ek=k ls laHko ugha gSA ;g
f'k{kdksa vkSj Nk=kksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k ij Hkh
mruh gh vkèkkfjr gSA vkt fo'ofo|ky;ksa
,oa dkWystksa esa O;kIr vuq'kklughurk ,oa
ykijokgh blesa ckèkk curs tk jgs gSaA
fo'ofo|ky; vkSj dkWyst vkt jktuhfr
dk v[kkM+k cu x, gSaA vr% bls fu;af=kr
djus osQ fy, ljdkj dk fu;a=k.k gksuk
pkfg,A vxj f'k{kd mís'; vkSj izfrc¼rk
dh Hkkouk ugha n'kkZ,¡xsa rFkk os 'kSf{kd
mRÑ"Vrk osQ fy, Å¡aps ekunaMksa dk fuèkkZj.k
vkSj ek¡x ugha djsaxs rks fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls blls
fHkUu mEehn oSQls dj ldrs gSaA vr% bl
eqís esa f'k{kk ls tqM+s lHkh i{kksa dk vkReeaFku
djus dh vko';drk gSA
gky esa jk"Vªh; Kku vk;ksx us izèkkuea=kh dks
mPp f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa tks fjiksVZ lkSaih gS
•
•
•
•
mlesa bafxr gS fd vk”kknh osQ lkB lky
ckn Hkh ns'k esa fo'ofo|ky; tkus okys 7
izfr'kr yksx gh mPp f'k{kk izkIr djrs gSa
ftldk dkj.k gS fd mPp f'k{kk ij th-Mhih- dk 1-52 izfr'kr gh [kpZ gksus dk y{;
tks iwjk ugha gks ik jgk gSA orZeku esa 0-34
izfr'kr th-Mh-ih- gh ljdkj [kpZ dj jgh
gSA vr% mPp f'k{kk esa lkoZtfud futh
{ks=k dh Hkkxhnkjh cukus osQ vykok th-Mhih- dh iwjh ek=kk [kpZ dh tk,A
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh Ck<+rh l¡[;k dks fu;af=kr
djus osQ fy, mPp f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa bZ&f'k{kk
dks egÙo nsuk pkfg, vr% bafnjk xk¡èkh
jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky; (bXUkw) dks bl
dk;Z osQ fy, vkSj foLr`r djuk pkfg,A
fdlh ns'k dh mPp f'k{kk dh fLFkfr dks gh
mlosQ Hkfo"; dk lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ laoQs r
dgk tkrk gSA ia- tokgj yky usg: us dgk
Fkk ¶gekjs fo'ofo|ky; Bhd jgsxa s rks jk"Vª
Hkh Bhd jgsxk¸ vr% buesa f'k{kdksa dh p;u
izfØ;k dks bl izdkj ls O;ofLFkr fd;k
tk, fd ;ksX;] deZB] tq>k:] rkfoZQd
{kerk;qDr f'k{kdksa dk p;u gksA
f'k{kdksa esa nkf;Ro dh iwfrZ gsrq Hk;eqDr
ruko jfgr okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k f'k{kdksa
osQ dk;Z esa vko';d gLr{ksi dk vHkko
vfrfjDr dk;ksaZ osQ cks> dks de djukA
blosQ fy, ljdkj ,oa lekt dks iz;kl
djuk pkfg,A
tq>k: deZB f'k{kdkas gsrq vfrfjDRk iqjLdkj
vkfn dh O;oLFkk] in izkfIr dk ekud
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
ikjn'kZd o LIk"V gks rkfd mUgsa izsj.kk feys
tks f'k{kdksa dks nkf;Roksa osQ fuokZgu esa
c<kok nsaA
ikB~;Øe fuèkkZfjr djus esa tcrd ;ksX;
vkSj vè;O;olk;h izkè;kidksa dk opZLo
ugha gksxk rc rd mPp f'k{kk esa xq.kkRed
lqèkkj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA pw¡fd ;ksX;
f'k{kdksa }kjk gh ;ksX; Nk=kksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk
gS vr% lkjk nks"k Nk=kksa dks nsuk mfpr ughaA
Nk=kksa dh vfu;af=kr l¡[;k osQ izos'k ij
jksd yxkuh pkfg, D;ksafd blls f'k{kd o
f'k{kkFkhZ dk fudV laioZQ izHkkfor gksrk
gSA tks f'k{kkFkhZ osQ O;fDrRo fodkl esa
ckèkd gSA
105
Hkwfedk esa ykSVkuk iMs+xk rFkk Nk=kksa dh c<+rh
l¡[;k dks ns[krs gqbZ gesa orZeku ijh{kk iz.kkyh
ij iqu% fopkj djuk gksxkA ;fn mPp f'k{kd
•
laLFkku ,oa fo'ofo|ky; ckSf¼d laLFkkuksa osQ
:i esa viuk vfLrRo dk;e j[kuk pkgrs gSa rks
mUgsa vius vkèkkjHkwr y{;] f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k]
vè;kiu 'kksèk] bZekunkjh] drZO;fu"Bk] ikjEifjd
'kS{kf.kd ewY;ksa osQ izfr izfrc¼ gksuk pkfg,A
vkt vuq'kklughurk] jktuhfrd gLr{ksi]
•
uhjl ikB~;Øe vkfn vusd ,sls eqís gSa tks f'k{kk
txr dh xq.koÙkk osQ ßkl dk eq[; dkj.k gSaA
orZeku esa f'k{kk dh ekSfydrk vFkZ dh ekSfydrk
esa gh [kks xbZ gSA fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa iBu&ikBu
laxksf"B;k¡ O;k[;kuekyk,¡] dk;Z'kkyk,¡ ,oa ikB~;Ùs kj
xfrfofèk;ksa dk lekos'k fd;k tk, ,oa f'k{kd
fu"d"kZ
uohu ikB~; lkexzh dk iz;ksx dj mPPkLrjh;
mPp f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj ykus gsrq gekjk fo"k;&oLrq dk vfèkdre Kku izkIr dj xq.koÙkk
mÙkjnkf;Ro gS fd gesa f'k{kd dks mldh okLrfod iw.kZ mPp f'k{kk osQ laokgd cu losaQA
egknsoh osQ x| lkfgR; esa 'kSf{kd fufgrkFkZ
,oa mldh orZeku esa izklafxdrk
lUr oqQekjh xksxuk*
lkfgR;dkj ,oa f'k{kd nksuksa gh ;qx&fuekZrk gksrs gSaA lkfgR;dkj viuh ys[kuh ls
vkn'kZ lekt osQ uofuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku nsrk gS] rks f'k{kd vius f'k{k.k nkf;Ro osQ
fuokZg }kjk oaqQHkdkj dh Hkk¡fr Hkkoh ih<+h dks x<+rk gSA egknsoh th us vius thou esa
lkfgR;dkj ,oa f'k{kd nksuksa :iksa esa vius nkf;Ro dk liQy fuokZg fd;kA Hkkjrh;
laLÑfr dh mikfldk egknsoh th ckydksa esa iw.kZ:is.k Hkkjrh;rk dk jax Hkjus osQ fy,
ykykf;r jgha] ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd os izkphu 'kSf{kd vkn'kks± dh iquLFkkZiuk dh
vkdk¡{kk dks ewfrZeku djus osQ fy, iz;Ru'khy jghaA
lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk
lkfgR;dkj dh HkkokuqHkwfr dk izdk'ku Hkh gksrk gSA
Nk;koknh dkO; osQ lqn<` + vkèkkjLraHk osQ :i esa
izflf¼ izkIr egknsoh th dof;=kh osQ lkFk&lkFk
laous n'khy ysf[kdk Hkh FkhaA blosQ vfrfjDr izkpk;kZ
,oa f'kf{kdk in dks xkSjokfUor djus osQ dkj.k
f'k{kk txr ls mudk ?kfUk"B laioZQ ,oa yxko FkkA
lkfgR;dkj ,oa f'k{kd nksuksa gh ;qx&fuekZrk gksrs
gSAa lkfgR;dkj viuh ys[kuh ls vkn'kZ lekt osQ
uo&fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku nsrk gS] rks f'k{kd vius
*jhMj] f'k{kk ladk;] Mh-bZ-vkbZ-] n;kyckx] vkxjk m-iz-
nkf;Ro osQ fuokZg }kjk oqaQHkdkj dh Hkk¡fr Hkkoh
ih<+h dks x<+rk gSA egknsoh th us vius thou esa
lkfgR;dkj ,oa f'k{kd nksuksa :iksa esa vius nkf;Ro
dk liQy fuokZg fd;k FkkA
egknsoh th }kjk fn, x, nh{kkar Hkk"k.kksa]
(esjs fiz; laHkk"k.k esa ladfyr) Ükà[kyk dh
dfM+;k¡ ,oa laLej.kksa esa LFkku&LFkku ij muosQ
f'k{kk lacaèkh mn~xkjksa dk izdk'ku bldk lk{kh gS
fd czãp;kZJe ,oa xq#oqQy iz.kkyh esa mUgsa
xgjh vkLFkk ,oa fo'okl FkkA
107
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
gekjs izkphu Hkkjrh; euhf"k;ksa us thou
dks O;ofLFkr djus osQ fy, mls pkj vkJeksa
esa oxhZÑr fd;k FkkA fganw uhfr'kkL=k osQ
vuqlkj thou dk vafre y{; eks{k gS rFkk
bl thou dh egk;k=kk esa vkJe iM+ko osQ
leku gSA czãp;kZJe esa miu;u laLdkj osQ
lkFk izos'k dj czãpkjh (fo|kFkhZ) 25 o"kZ
dh voLFkk rd xq# osQ laj{k.k esa jgdj
osnkè;;u djrk gqvk vkRe la;e dk thou
O;rhr djrk FkkA vkèkqfud le; esa ;gh
voLFkk fo|kFkhZ thou gSA
f'k{kk osQ fofHkUu i{kksa ;Fkk f'k{kk dh
la d Yiuk ,oa nkf;Ro] fo|kFkhZ & thou]
f'k{kd&f'k"; lacaèk] xq#&nf{k.kk] f'k{kk laLdkj
lacaèkh mn~xkjksa dh foLr`r vfHkO;fDr muosQ
x|&lkfgR; esa miyCèk gS A f'k{kdksa dks izkphu
f'k{kk i¼fr osQ vkn'kZ dh iquLFkkZiuk gsrq
mn~cksfèkr djrs gq,] vkèkqfud ifjizs{; esa mldh
lkFkZdrk ij muosQ LkVhd fopkj fuEukafdr
'kh"kZdksa esa IkzLrqr fd, tk jgs gSa—
f'k{kk dk vFkZ
egknsoh th czãp;kZJe osQ leku vkt Hkh f'k{kk
dks Hkkoh thou dh rS;kjh o eks{k IkzkfIr dk
lkèku Lohdkj djrh gSa & ¶f'k{kk vius lhfer
vFkZ esa thou osQ fy, rS;kjh ekuh tk ldrh gSA
ijarq O;kid vFkZ esa og thou dk pje mís';
gh jgsxhA¸ (esjs fiz; laHkk"k.k] Ik`- 26)
bl Ikzdkj f'k{kk dh mudh voèkkj.kk lhfer
vFkZ esa HkkSfrdrk ,oa O;kid vFkZ esa vkè;kfRedrk
dk viwoZ lfEeJ.k gSA vkèkqfud Ikfjizs{; esa buesa
ls dksbZ Hkh Ik{k mis{k.kh; ugha] vfirq fodkl dh
nkSM+ esa nksuksa dk lary
q u egRoiw.kZ gSA
f'k{kk dk mís';
f'k{kk osQ mís';ksa dks mUgksaus nkf;Ro osQ :Ik esa
Ikzfrikfnr fd;k gSA egknsoh th us viuh Ñfr;ksa
esa f'k{kk osQ ftu rhu Ikzeq[k nkf;Roksa dk izfriknu
fd;k gS] os gSa & Hkkoh thou dh rS;kjh] Ik'kqof` Ùk;ksa
dk la;eu vkSj IkzfrHkkvksa dk l`tuA
f'k{kk dh lS¼kafrdrk dh vuqi;ksfxrk ls os
vifjfpr ugha FkhA thou esa Lokoyacu gsrq
f'k{kk dh lkFkZdrk thfodksiktZu esa fufgr gS A
bl fopkj dh Ikqf"V muosQ bl dFku ls gksrh gS&
¶oqQN O;kogkfjd ,oa mRiknd f'k{kk Hkh fey
losQ vkSj tks oqQN fl[kk;k tk,] mldk lacaèk
ckyd dh #fp osQ vuqowQy f'kYidyk ls gks¸
(esjs fiz; laHkk"k.k] Ik`- 17)A
f'k{kk gh euq"; dks i'kq ls Js"B fl¼ djrh
gSA f'k{kk foghu ekuo i'kq leku gSA f'k{kk
mldh i'kqof` Ùk;ksa (ewy izofÙk;ksa dk ekxZUrjhdj.k
dj mls la;e osQ iFk ij vxzlkfjr djrh gSA
bl lanHkZ esa mudk ;g dFku n`"VO; gS &
^^f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa leLr vux<+ i'kqo`fÙk;ksa dks
la;fer rFkk ekuoh; laHkkoukvksa dks lkdkj
cukus dk dfBu dk;Z gksrk gS** (esjs fiz; laHkk"k.k]
i`- 12)A
egknsoh th osQ bl fopkj ls ge lHkh
lger gksaxs fd f'k{kk dh le`¼ ijaijk oSKkfud]
nk'kZfud] lekt&lqèkkjd] vFkZ'kkL=kh] O;kikjh]
usrkvksa vkfn dk l`tu dj jk"Vªh; fodkl esa
viuk cgqewY; ;ksxnku nsrh gSA izkphu dky esa
108
Hkh fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa uohu izfrHkk,¡ Hkstus dk dk;Z
f'k{kk dks lkSaik x;k Fkk A egknsoh th osQ vuqlkj
¶f'k{kk f'k{kk {ks=k] lekt] 'kklu] dyk] lkfgR;
vkfn lHkh {ks=kksa esa uohu izfrHkk,¡ Hkstrh Fkh¸
(esjs fiz; laHkk"k.k] i``- 12)A
vkt Hkh f'k{kk dk ;gh egku nkf;Ro gS
fd og ekuo dks ifj"Ñr dj jk"Vª fodkl esa
lgk;d cuk,A f'k{kk ;g dk;Z O;fDr dh
tUetkr ;ksX;rk osQ izxfr'khy fodkl }kjk
laikfnr djrh gSA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
Nk;k esa esjs pkjksa vksj ,df=kr gks x;s] eSaus mUgsa
okrkZyki }kjk f'k{kk nsus dk chM+k mBk;k¸ (vrhr
osQ pyfp=k] i`- 59)A
egknsoh th osQ vuqlkj ckyd dks okLrfod
thou osQ vuqHkoksa }kjk O;kogkfjd Kku fn;k
tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd ckyd ftruk fØ;k }kjk
lh[krk gS mruk lS¼kafrd fofèk }kjk ugha A blh
rF; dks izdkf'kr djrk mudk ;s dFku n`"VO;
gS & ^^f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa Kku iznku djus dh
O;kogkfjd fofèk dks viukuk pkfg, A fo|kFkhZ
dh vk;q osQ vuqlkj O;kogkfjd i{k vkSj Kku
f'k{kk dk ikB~;Øe
iznku djus osQ fy, lS¼kafrd i{k dks viukuk
egknsoh th us ikB~;Øe esa O;kogkfjd fo"k;ksa pkfg, (esjs fiz; laHkk"k.k] i`- 12)A
dh egÙkk ,oa O;kidrk ij Hkh cy fn;kA Lo#fp
osQ vuqlkj ckyd dks f'kYi vkèkkfjr fo"k;ksa osQ oSfnddkyhu ,oa vkèkqfud f'k{kk
p;u dh Lora=krk mlosQ LokHkkfod fodkl dks esa Nk=kkuq'kklu
izksRlkgu nsuk] egknsoh th osQ vuqlkj cgqr izkphu xq#oqQy i¼fr esa czãpkjh dks KkuktZu gsrq
egÙoiw.kZ gSaA f'k{kk ,oa vfHkO;fDr dk ekè;e fof'k"V thou 'kSyh dk ikyu djrs gq, ik=krk
egksnsoh th us ekr`Hkk"kk dks gh Lohdkj fd;k gS& fodflr djuh iM+rh FkhA fo|kFkhZ dk vkRela;eh]
¶ekr`Hkk"kk dks f'k{kk dk ekè;e cukuk rks lcls {kek'khy] fou;h] dÙkZO;ijk;.k ,oa lPpfj=k gksuk
igyh ckr gksxhA¸ (esjs fiz; laHkk"k.k] i`- 18) vfuok;Z FkkA ml le; vkRela;e vuq'kklu dk
bl izdkj os ekr`Hkk"kk dh f'k{kk dks vfr vko';d i;kZ; FkkA vkRela;e dh i`"BHkwfe esa fufgr dkj.kksa
ekurh gSaA
dk vuqeku yxkrs gq, egknsoh th us laoQs r fn;k
gS & ¶czãpkjh dk fp=k esa Hkh L=khn'kZu oT;Z FkkA
f'k{k.k fofèk
Hkkjr ,d oSjkX;izèkku] la;eizèkku ns'k gSA vr%
Z iq#"k dks bl vkn'kZ rd igqp
¡ us osQ chp
ikB~;Øe dks ckyd osQ efLr"d dk vax cukus nqcy
osQ fy, fdlh u fdlh f'k{k.k fofèk dk vkJ; ftruh mQ¡ph izkphj cuk lduk laHko Fkk] cuk nh
ysuk gh gksrk gSA egknsoh th Lo;a xzkeh.k ckydksa xbZ¸ ( kÜ à[kyk dh dfM+;k¡] i`- 123)A
dks o`{k dh Nk;k esa] okrkZyki fofèk ls f'k{kk
iznku djrh FkhaA bl vksj laosQr djrs gq, mUgksaus vuq'kklughurk dk mn~Hko
dgk gS & ¶esjs fo|kFkhZ] ihiy osQ isM+ dh ?kuh vkt osQ ifjos'k esa ifjokj esa ckydksa dks vuq'kkflr
109
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
o la;eh j[kus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA foaQrq
ifjokj dh y{e.k js[kk ikj djrs gh os vfu;af=kr
gks tkrs gSaA bl O;ogkj dk dkj.k egknsoh th
osQ gh 'kCnksa esa & ¶x`g osQ okrkoj.k ls fudydj
tc ;qod&;qofr;k¡ ,d nwljs dks oqQN fudV ls
ns[kus dh lqfoèkk ikrs gSa rc os ,d nwljs dks
LoxhZ; oLrq le>dj ijLij tkuus osQ dkSrwgy
esa ml fuèkkZj.k js[kk dk mYya?ku dj tkrs gSa¸
( Ükà[kyk dh dfM+;k¡] i`- 123)A
blosQ ewy esa egknsoh th us vkfn osQ var
rd uSfrd f'k{kk dk vHkko crk;k gS & ¶vkfn
ls var rd izk;% ckydksa dks uSfrd f'k{kk ugha
feyrh¸ ( Ükà[kyk dh dfM+;k¡] i`- 123)A
fuLlansg uSfrd f'k{kk gh fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa la;e
dk fodkl dj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mfpr ln~xq.kksa
vkSj ik=krk ls laiUu dj ldrh gSA vkt Nk=k
oxZ ewY;foghu ,oa fn'kkfoghu gks jgk gS] ftl
dkj.k f'k{kk txr esa Nk=kkuq'kklughurk osQ
O;kIr gksus dh vksj laosQr djrs gq, egknsoh
th Lohdkj djrh gSa & ¶Nk=k vkanksyu dk
dkj.k f'k{kk osQ mijkar thfodksiktZu dk dksbZ
lkèku izkIr ugha gksuk gSA jktuhfrd nyksa dh
izsj.kk Nk=kksa osQ vlUrks"k osQ ewy esa gS¸ (esjs
fiz; lEHkk"k.k] i`- 16)A
;fn fo|kFkhZ dh izfrHkk vkSj mlosQ ÑfrRo
dks mldh #fp osQ vuqlkj fn'kk vkSj y{; izkIr
gks losQ rks og jktuhfr esa lfØ; Hkkx ysus dks
vko';d ugha ekusxkA jktuSfrd nyksa dks pkfg,
fd os Nk=k oxZ osQ lEeq[k vkn'kZ izLrqr djsa
rkfd Nk=k oxZ muls funsfZ 'kr gksdj vius thou
dks mlh vkn'kZ osQ vuq:i <ky losaQA
bl izdkj egknsoh th us izHkkokRed vuq'kklu
dk leFkZu fd;kA blosQ vfrfjDr vuq'kklughurk
osQ vU; ewy dkj.k dks Li"V djrs gq, egknsoh
th dgrh gSa & ¶f'k{kk osQ lacaèk esa gekjh uhfr
vfuf'pr gS] ftlosQ dkj.k gekjs fo|kFkhZ
vuq'kklughu gS¸a (esjs fIkz; laHkk"k.k] i`- 33)A
Li"V gS fd gekjh f'k{kk uhfr vLi"V]
vfLFkj ,oa vfuf'pr gS ftl dkj.k ckyd
fnXHkzfer gks jgk gSA mls Hkfo"; dk ekxZ Li"V
fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk] ftlls vlarks"k mRiUu gksrk gSA
;gh vlarks"k vuq'kklughurk dks tUe nsrk gSA
xq#&f'k"; lacaèk
oSfnd ;qx esa f'k{kd&f'k"; lacaèk vR;ar ifo=k]
xkSjoe; o eèkqj FksA vkpk;Z czãpkjh osQ izfr
vxkèk Lusg j[krs gq, mudks lc izdkj ls ;ksX;
cukus dk iz;Ru djrs FksA os czãpkjh (f'k";)
Hkh vius vkpk;Z dh lsok djuk] muosQ vkns'kksa
dk ikyu djuk viuk ije dÙkZO; le>rs FksA
egknsoh th us mlh xq#&f'k"; lacaèk dks
vkn'kZ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k rFkk vius vè;kiu
dky esa mlh izkphu vkn'kZ dk vuqlj.k dj
lekt dk ekxZn'kZu djus dk iz;kl fd;kA
egkns o h th viuh Nk=kkvks a os Q LokLF;]
lq[k&lqfoèkkvksa osQ izfr lnSo fpafrr jgrh Fkh]
mUgsa rfud Hkh d"V gksus ij O;koqQy gks tkrh
Fkha ;Fkk Nk=kkokl dh ,d Nk=kk dh fpark esa
f[kUu gks Lo;a dks gh nks"k nsrh gSa & ¶tc esjk
'kjhj bruk fudEek Fkk fd buosQ lq[k&nq[k esa
nks jkr tkxuk Hkh lgt ugha] rc fdl cwrs Ikj
eSaus bu ckfydkvksa dks mudh ekrkvksa ls bruh
110
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
>wlh xzke ls fonk gksrs le; muosQ f'k";
^èkhlk* }kjk viuk u;k oqQrkZ foØ; dj egknsoh
th dks HksVa nsus gsrq rjcwt [kjhndj ykuk] mudh
n`f"V esa fdlh xq#&nf{k.kk ls de ugha Fkk & ¶ml
rV Ikj fdlh xq# dks fdlh f'k"; ls ,slh nf{k.kk
feyh gksxh ,slk eq>s fo'okl ughaA Ikjarq ml nf{k.kk
osQ lkeus lalkj esa vc rd osQ lkjs vknku&Ikznku
IkQhosQ tku IkM+As ¸ (vrhr osQ pyfp=k] Ik`"B 74)
f'k"; ,oa f'k{kd osQ eè; mRiUu laons u'kwU;rk
dh nq[kn fLFkfr dh osnuk os vuqHko djrh FkhaA
ftldh Ik`"BHkwfe esa fufgr dkj.k dks egknsoh
th us bl :Ik esa mtkxj fd;k & ¶vkt osQ ;qx
esa fo|kFkhZ ml Ikzdkj vius xq# dk lkfuè; ugha
Ikkrk] Lusg vkSj okRlY; ugha Ikkrk tSlk Ikzkphu
dky esa Ikkrk FkkA¸ (esjs fiz; laHkk"k.k] Ik`"B 20)
okLrfodrk ;g Hkh gS fd Ikzkphu dky esa
czãpkjh viuk laiw.kZ le; xq#oqQy esa xq# osQ
lkFk jgdj O;rhr djrk o xq# osQ Ikw.kZ fu;a=k.k
esa jgrk FkkA xq# f'k"; esa firk&Ikq=krqY; lacaèk
FksA egknsoh th vkt f'k{kdksa ls vis{kk djrh
gSa fd & ¶os vkidks bruk okRlY; ns fd mlesa
vkiosQ lkjs vHkko Hkj tkosaA bruk Lusg nsa bl
Ikh<+h dks] fd ;s mlesa caèk tkosa¸ (esjs fiz;
laHkk"k.k] Ik`- 26)A
orZeku le; eas Hkh egknsoh th xq#oqQy
Ikz.kkyh osQ f'k{kd&f'k"; lacaèk osQ vkn'kZ dks
Ikqu% LFkkfir djus dh vkdkaf{k.kh FkhaA mudk
xq#&nf{k.kk
fo'okl Fkk fd ;fn f'k"; Ikw.kZ:Iks.k xq# osQ
oSfnd f'k{kk esa fo|kFkhZ fu%'kqYd f'k{kk xzg.k lkehI; esa leiZ.k Hkko ls viuk oqQN le;
djrk FkkA xq#oqQy ls fonk gksrs le; f'k"; xq# O;rhr djs rks og Ikzkphu vkn'kZ vkt Hkh LFkkfir
fd;k tk ldrk gS A
dks viuh lkeF;kZuqlkj nf{k.kk nsrk FkkA
nwj yk j[kk gSA ,sls nEe dks v{k; vijkèk dh
dksfV esa LFkku feyuk pkfg,¸ (vrhr osQ
pyfp=k] Ik`- 75)A
;fn vkt lHkh f'k{kd vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
,slk Lusg nsa rks fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vius xq# osQ Ikzfr
¼k Ikqu% tkx`r gks ldrh gS A
,d vksj ;fn xq#] fo|kFkhZ osQ Ikzfr Lusg
j[krk Fkk rks nwljh vksj f'k"; Hkh xq# osQ Ikzfr
J`¼k o HkfDrHkko j[krk FkkA czãpkjh (f'k";)
vkKkdkjh dÙkZO;Ikjk;.k gksrk FkkA ;gh Hkko egknsoh
th us vius f'k";ksa esa Hkh Ikk;kA xaxk Ikj >wlh
xzke osQ vius ,d f'k"; ¶èkhlk¸ dh xq#HkfDr
mUgsa osndkyhu xq#HkfDr ls gksM+ ysrh&lh Ikzrhr
gksrh gSA egknsoh th }kjk LoPN diM+s Ikguus dh
vkKk nsus Ikj ¶èkhlk ugkdj xhyk vaxksN yisVs
vkSj vkèkk oqQjrk Ikgus vijkèkh osQ leku esjs
lkeus vk [kMk gqvk] rc esjk jkse&jkse xhyk gks
mBkA¸ (vrhr osQ pyfp=k] Ik`"B 70)
ysfdu vkt f'k{kd ,oa f'k"; osQ eè;
laons u 'kwU;rk fodflr gks jgh gSA IkjLij lkehI;
,oa vkReh;rk ls xgjkrh laosnu'kwU;rk dh bl
[kkbZ dks IkkVuk gksxk] D;ksfa d ;g fLFkfr foLiQksVd
Ikfj.kke Hkh yk ldrh gSA vkt xq#&f'k"; lacaèk
fuLLokFkZ Hkko ls LusgflDr fd, tk, rks eèkqj
vkSj vkReh;rkIkw.kZ lacaèk Ikqu% fodflr fd, tk
ldrs gSaA
111
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
nh{kkar vuq"Bku
Ikzkphu dky esa xq#oqQy dh f'k{kk xzg.k dj
fo|kFkhZ mikfèk IkzkIr djus osQ vfèkdkjh gksrs FksA
bl volj Ikj lekoÙkZu laLdkj fd;k tkrk FkkA
lekoÙkZu laLdkj osQ Ik'pkr fo|kFkhZ xq# dh
vuqefr ls vius ?kjksa dks okfil tkrs FksA egknsoh
th osQ vuqlkj bl laLdkj osQ ckn xq# dh Ikjh{kk
IkzkjaHk gksrh Fkh & ¶rRdkyhu nh{kkar vuq"Bku
,slh lafèk&osyk Fkh ftlesa f'k"; dh Ikjh{kk
lekIr] xq# dh Ikjh{kk dk vkjaHk gksrk FkkA
Lukrd esa xq#oqQy dk Kku gh ugha] mldh
efgek Hkh laØfer gksrh FkhA blh ls Lukrd
vius vkpk;Z oqQy ls Ikgpkuk tkrk Fkk (esjs fiz;
laHkk"k.k Ik`- 9)A
bl lafèkosyk (lekoÙkZu laLdkj) Ikj vkpk;Z
f'k"; dks mlosQ Hkkoh deZ{ks=k osQ fy, mins'k
,oa vk'khokZn nsrk Fkk] ftlls mlosQ Hkkoh thou
dh fn'kk funsZf'kr gksrh FkhA egknsoh th us Hkh
foØe fo'ofo|ky; osQ nh{kkar lekjksg osQ nh{kkar
Hkk"k.k esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks bl :Ik esa vk'khokZn
fn;k & ¶vè;kidksa us tks cu ldk vkidks
;ksX;rk nhA vc vki viuk deZ{ks=k cuk ldrs
gSaA og tks ;K dh Tokyk gqvk djrh Fkh] mlosQ
Ikzrhd :Ik esa vkiosQ ân; esa ge og Tokyk
txk nsuk pkgrs gSa] tks okLro esa thou dks x<+rh
gS (esjs fiz; laHkk"k.k] Ik`- 20)A
bl n`f"Vdks.k ls f'k{kk dh lekfIr Ikj vkt
osQ nh{kkar lekjksg esa vftZr Kku dh T;ksfr
ysdj fo|kFkhZ vius deZ{ks=k esa Ikzos'k djrs gSaA
deZ{ks=k esa mudh liQyrk] mudh f'k{kk dh
lkFkZdrk fuèkkZfjr djrh gSA
mijksDr foospu ls ;g rF; Li"V gksrk gS
fd egknsoh th osQ f'k{kk&lacaèkh vewY; fopkjksa
dk mRl Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa fufgr gSA mudh
fopkjèkkjk xgu fparu] euu vkSj varnZ̀f"V dk
gh IkzfriQy gSA vkèkqfud Ikfjizs{; esa muosQ ;s
fopkj f'k{kk dh 'kk'or mikns;rk dks Hkh js[kkafdr
djrs gSaA muosQ 'kSf{kd fopkjksa dh egÙkk Ikj
fparu dj ;fn mUgsa f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa lekfo"V
dj losaQ rks ,d mRÑ"V 'kSf{kd Ifjos'k dk
fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldrk gS] f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa
lkFkZd Økafr ykbZ tk ldrh gSA
lanHkZ
oekZ] egknsoh] 1943- vrhr osQ pyfp=k] Hkkjrh Hk.Mkj] bykgkckn
egknsoh] 1976- esjs fiz; laHkk"k.k (nh{kkar Hkk"k.kksa dk ladyu)] lkfgR; Hkou] bykgkckn
egknsoh] 1948- Ük`a[kyk dh dfM+;k¡] Hkkjrh Hk.Mkj] bykgkckn
oqQekj] Ñ".k] 1977- Hkkjrh; laLÑfr osQ vkèkkj rRo] Ikzdk'ku cqd fMiks] cjsyh
ywfu;k] ch-,u-] y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky] 1977- Ikzkphu Hkkjrh; laLÑfr] iqLrd Ikzdk'ku
'kekZ] lR; Ikzdk'k] jfrjke 'kkL=kh] 1975- izkphu Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj lH;rk] lkfgR; Hk.Mkj] esjB
f'k{kk dk l'kDr ekè;e izokl fo|k*
jkèkk HkV~V**
lHkh dks f'k{kk feys blesa lansg ugha gS ijarq oSQlh f'k{kk feys\ vkSj oSQls feys—,sls
iz'u ges'kk ls mBrs jgs gSaA f'k{kk dk lacaèk ek=k futh fodkl ls u gksdj laiw.kZ
lkekftd <k¡ps ls gksrk gSA okLrfod lkFkZdrkiw.kZ f'k{kk dks fo|ky;ksa dh pkj nhokjh
esa oSQn ugha fd;k tk ldrkA mlosQ fy, f'k{kk dks O;fDr vkSj lekt ls tqM+uk iM+rk
gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa cqf¼erk osQ lkFk&lkFk jk"Vªh; pfj=k dh le> gksuk ”k:jh gSA ;g
le> vius ns'k osQ Hkwxksy] mlesa jgus okys tu&leqnk;] mudh thou&'kSyh o muosQ
lq[k&nq[k ls ifjfpr gksus Ikj curh gSA bl y{; dks izkIr djus esa f'k{kk dh ,d cgqr
l'kDr fo|k gS ^izokl fo|k* ftldk mYys[k xk¡èkh th us Hkh fd;k FkkA vkt izoklh
LowQyksa (Residential Schools )] dkWystksa dks izokl fo|k osQ :i esa cnyus dh
vko';drk gSA
¶lcdks f'k{kk feyuh pkfg,A¸ ijarq oSQlh f'k{kk\
;g esjk iz'u gksrk gSA orZeku izpkfyr f'k{kk rks
dbZ leL;kvksa dk l`tu djus okyh f'k{kk i¼fr
cuh gqbZ gSA ekuk rks x;k gS fd bl f'k{kk ls
futh fodkl gksrk gSA foaQrq okLrfodrk ;g gS
fd lexz :i ls futh fodkl Hkh ugha gks ikrk
vkSj lp esa f'k{kk dk lacaèk ek=k futh fodkl ls
gS Hkh ugha] oju~ ;g lekt osQ laiw.kZ <k¡ps ls
lacafèkr gSA f'k{kk pkjksa vksj iQSys ekuo leqnk;
dh Lora=krk] yksdra=k] leqfpr fodkl] laiw.kZ
i;kZoj.k ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk dks fodflr djus
okyk vlj Mkys] o budk vkèkkj Hkh cus] ;g gS
f'k{kk dh okLrfod lkFkZdrkA
,slh vkèkkjHkwr xq.koÙkk okyh f'k{kk fo|ky;ksa
dh pkj nhokjksa osQ Hkhrj fd, tkus okys v{kj
Kku ,oa ckSf¼d vH;kl esa lhfer ugha gks
ldrhA blosQ fy, f'k{kk osQ dk;Z dks O;fDr
vkSj lekt osQ laiw.kZ thou osQ iwjs foLrkj esa
*cqfu;knh f'k{kk] ,d u;h dksf'k'k] iQjojh&vizSy 2008 ls lkHkkj izdkf'kr.
**vè;{kk] xk¡èkh 'kkafr izfr"Bku] u;h fnYyh&2.
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
xw¡Fkuk gksrk gSA cPps dks vkxs c<+dj mlosQ
?kj&ifjokj] [ksr&vk¡xu] xk¡o&lekt vkSj iwjs
ns'k&nqfu;k rd dk Kku o vuqHkwfr] izR;{k&n'kZu
o vuqHko] mlesa 'kjhj&eu cqf¼ esa ge tkurs gSa
fd f'k{k.k&i¼fr osQ cnys f'k{k.k&laLÑfr dh
fn'kk fn[kkus okys egkRek xk¡èkh us Hkkjr dh
ifjfLFkfr osQ vuq:i f'k{kk dk Lo:i gekjs
lkeus cqfu;knh f'k{kk osQ :i esa j[kk FkkA mUgksaus
dgk Fkk] ¶eSa bruk vo'; pkgw¡xk fd cqf¼ osQ
fodkl osQ lkFk&lkFk 'kkjhfjd Je vkSj ân;
dk f'k{k.k Hkh gksuk pkfg,A izR;sd jk"Vªh;
f'k{k.k&laLFkk dh dher vkSj mi;ksfxrk mlosQ
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh cqf¼eÙkk osQ rst ls ugha] cfYd
jk"Vªh; pfj=kk ls rFkk ihatu] p[kkZ vkSj d?kkZ
pykus dh oqQ'kyrk ls gh vk¡dh tk,xhA¸
(uothou 26-12-1924] f'k{k.k vkSj laLÑfr
i`"B 159)
;g jk"Vªh; tulekt osQ izR;{k n'kZu o
mlesa dh xbZ lhèkh Hkkxhnkjh ls curk gSA ;g
jk"Vªh; pfj=k dh le>] vius ns'k osQ Hkwxksy]
mlesa jgus okys tu leqnk;] mudh thou 'kSyh]
muosQ ?kj] xk¡o] uxjksa dh viuRo vkSj izhfrHkjh
n`f"V ls ns[kus ij curk gS] muosQ nnksaZ dh dld
igpkuus ls curk gS] mudh {kerkvksa ls mYykflr
gksus ls curk gS A rc cPpk O;fDr osQ ^^[kksy**
vkoj.k ls ckgj fudydj lekt o jk"Vª osQ
vkdkj esa Lo;a dks LFkkfir djrk gSA
bl y{; dks izkIr djus osQ fy, f'k{kk dh
,d cgqr l'kDr fo|k gS] ¶izokl fo|k¸A
eq>s izokl&fo|k Lojfpr 'kCn yxk Fkk ij eSa
vk'p;ZeXq èk gks xbZ tc ¶f'k{k.k vkSj laLÑfr¸
113
osQ i`"B&75 ij ckiw us Hkh bls ¶izokl fo|k¸
dgk gS] muosQ fopkj bl izdkj gSa & ¶blosQ
ckn Øe ls Hkwxksy fo|k] ftls ¶izokl fo|k¸
Hkh dgrs gSa vk,xhA vxj ;wjksi us vlkèkkj.k
mUufr dh gS rks mldk dkj.k lezkV vdcj
osQ fnuksa ls ;wjksfi;u yksxksa dk ;k=kk dk ozr
ysuk gh gSA rc ls vkt rd os yxkrkj ?kwers
gh jgs gSaA bldk ykyp vkSj ftKklk vnE;
gSA gesa Hkh ykyp NksM+dj osQoy ftKklk ls
izokl dks c<+kuk pkfg,A ftlls ?kwedj Hkkjro"kZ
dk n'kZu ugha fd;k] og Lukrd gh ugha dgk
tk ldrk] ;g dgus esa eSa dksbZ vkifÙk ugha
ns[krkA¸
(xqtjkr fo|kihB] vgenkckn esa fn, x,
Hkk"k.k dk va'k] fganh uothou 23-1-1930)
bl ^^izokl fo|k** osQ mRlkoèkZd ifj.kkeksa
osQ vuqHko eSaus ,d f'kf{kdk osQ :i esa y{eh
vkJe dh cqfu;knh rkyhe dh Nk=kkvksa osQ lkFk
izkIr fd, gSa A
os fnu Hkwnku xzkenku vkanksyu osQ Fks] ftls
fouksck us ^^;K* dgk FkkA y{eh vkJe bl ;K
èkkjk esa viuh lHkh Nk=kkvksa o f'kf{kdkvksa dks
ysdj mrj x;k FkkA lkyHkj gekjk oqQN le;
Ikn;k=kkvksa dh rS;kjh djus esa tkrk vkSj 'ks"k
le; Ikn ;k=kkvksa esa yxrk FkkA ftu ?kkfV;ksa ;k
IkoZrekykvksa osQ chp Ikn;k=kk pyus okyh Fkh]
mlosQ Hkwxksy] bfrgkl] tu&thou rFkk fo'ks"krkvksa
dks Nk=kkvksa dks crkuk] ml {ks=k osQ lacaèk esa rFkk
Hkwnku xzkenku osQ lacaèk esa Ikf=kdk,¡ o IkqLrosQa
Nk=kkvksa dks Ik<+us dks nsuk vkSj Ikn ;k=kk esa xk,
tkus okys xhrksa] u`R;ksa rFkk uqDdM+ ukVdksa (vk¡xu
114
ukVdks)a rFkk ukjksa vkfn dk muls vH;kl djokukA
IkwoZ rS;kjh dk ;gh Lo:i gksrk FkkA ¶Hkwnku ;K¸
Ikf=kdk osQ fuR; okpu ls ^”kehu tksrus okys dks
”kehu feys* rFkk ^nkua le foHkkxe~* osQ Økafrdkjh
fopkj ls gh lqifjfpr gksrh FkhA Nk=kk,¡ o
f'kf{kdk,¡ vius lkeku dks fiV~Bw dh IkhB Ikj
ykndj Ikn;k=kk esa fudy tkrh FkhaA jkg esa pyrs
gq, muosQ ukjksa o xhrksa osQ cqyan Loj ?kkfV;ksa dks
xwatkrs jgrs FksA xk¡o esa Ikgq¡pdj f'kf{kdkvksa o
Nk=kkvksa dk Ikwjk lewg loZizFke O;Lr efgykvksa
osQ lkFk Je esa tqV tkrk] dksbZ mQ[ky esa èkku
owQVus yxrh rks dksbZ muosQ lkFk xk;ksa osQ fy,
pkjk dkVus yxrh] dksbZ [ksrh esa xqM+kbZ&fuM+kbZ esa
mudk lkFk nsrhA oqQN Nk=kk,¡ xzke lI+kQkbZ djus
yxrhaA Ikwjs xk¡o esa yM+fd;k¡ gh yM+fd;k¡ Nk
tkrha vkSj FkksM+h nsj esa xk¡o dh yM+fd;ksa o lHkh
efgykvksa] iq#"kksa o cPpksa ls mudk Ikfjp; gks
tkrkA oqQN cPps mudh mQ¡xyh IkdM+dj esjs
Ikkl vkrs] dHkh dksbZ Nk=kk fdlh Hkwfeghu vosQyh
efgyk dk nnZ crkus vkrhA dHkh fdlh NksVh
Hkwfe ij mxkbZ lqanj mit dk xq.kxku ;s Nk=kk,¡
djrhaA bl Je&dk;Z osQ ckn xi'ki djrs gq,
mUgsa xk¡o esa Hkwfeoku&Hkwfeghuksa] xjhc&vehjksa]
Lo.kZ & vo.kks ± rFkk ty&ta x y&tehu dk
vukSipkfjd losZ{k.k dj ysuk gksrk FkkA bldh
Ikwjh tkudkjh rc Hkh mUgsa feyrh Fkh tc os
muosQ lkFk dke dj jgh Fkh vkSj rc Hkh tc os
lHkh xk¡o osQ fofHkUu Ikfjokjksa esa Hkkstu djus
tkrh FkhaA bl Ikzdkj xk¡o dh [ksrh] taxy] Ikkuh]
IkoZr] m|ksx&O;kikj o BsosQnkjh lcdk [kkdk
lkeus f[kap tkrk FkkA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
Rkc gksrh Fkh os lHkk,¡] ftuesa Hkwnku dk
d#.kkewyd lan's k o xzkenku] xzkeLojkT; dk
Øk¡frdkjh fopkj IkzLrqr djuk gksrk FkkA dHkh
fnu&nksigj osQ le; xk¡o osQ fdlh cM+s vk¡xu esa
tkM+kas dh xquxquh èkwi esa lkjs xk¡o osQ yksx ,d=k
gksrs Fks rks dHkh 'kke dks vk¡xu osQ chp tyrh
èkwuh osQ pkjksa vksj lHkk vk;ksftr gksrh FkhA rc
Hkwnku Ikj NksVs Hkk"k.kksa osQ lkFk Nk=kkvksa }kjk uqDdM+
ukVd&xk¡o dh fLFkfr osQ vuq:Ik dksbZ uojfpr
y?kq ukfVdk ;k fiQj ^fdruh theu* tSls VkyLVk;
dh Ñfr dks vfHkuhr fd;k tkrkA lkFk esa
Hkwnku&fopkj Ikj LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa jfpr oqQek¡muh
xhr o lkewfgd u`R; ;k ¶gok vkSj Ikkuh lh
èkjrh tu&tu easa ck¡V tk,A¸ tSls Hkwnku xzkenku
osQ ns'kHkj esa xw¡tus okys fganh xhr xk¡o esa ,d
lek ck¡èk nsrs FksA eq>s ;g lq[kn vk'p;Z gksrk
Fkk fd Nk=kk,¡ fnuHkj esa yh xbZ xk¡o dh fo'ks"k
tkudkjh dks Hkh vius ukVd esa Lor% gh tksM+
ysrh Fkh] rkfd lans'k xk¡o osQ fy, viuk cu
tk, vkSj ge f'kf{kdk,¡ blfy, Hkh [kq'k gksrha
fd gesa ;g izek.k fey tkrk Fkk fd Nk=kkvksa us
xk¡o dk lekt'kkL=k o vFkZ'kkL=k vPNh rjg
[kkst fudkyk gS vkSj le>k gSA dbZ&dbZ xk¡oksa
dh fL=k;k¡ dgrh Fkha] ¶cM+s yksxksa osQ Hkk"k.kksa ls
vfèkd gesa yM+fd;ksa osQ ukVdksa ls ckr le> esa
vkbZ gSA¸
,d vkSj Hkh lkewfgd dk;ZØe Fkk tks cPps
tc Hkh miyCèk gksa rc Nk=kkvksa o f'kf{kdkvksa
dh bl Hkwnku Vksyh osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA og
Fkk cPpksa dks lkewfgd [ksy f[kykus dk dkeA
blesa Hkh cPpksa osQ xq.kèkeZ dk dke gksrk Fkk vkSj
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
Nk=kkvksa dks usr`Ro djus o O;fDrRo&fodkl dk
volj feyrk FkkA
'kke osQ nks dke bl in;k=kk Vksyh osQ fy,
ykteh FksA igyk fnu Hkj dk ewY;kadu rFkk
Mk;jh&ys[kuA bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] lekt'kkL=k o
vFkZ'kkL=k osQ O;kogkfjd f'k{k.k osQ lkFk fganh
Hkk"kk esa Hkk"k.k nsus o Mk;jh fy[kus osQ dkj.k
Hkk"kk dk f'k{k.k Hkh gksrk FkkA dy dks ;s Nk=kk,¡
xk¡o osQ dk;ZdrkZ osQ :i esa lsok ls lekt
ifjorZu dk dke dj losQa ] bldk Hkh O;kogkfjd
f'k{k.k bu in;k=kkvksa ls feyrk FkkA
blh izd
z kj 'kjkc fojksèkh vkanksyuksa o fpidks
vkanksyu dk lR;kxzg dky Hkh gekjs fo|ky; osQ
fy, f'k{kk esa leok; dk lkèku cu x;k FkkA
blesa gekjk vuqHko Fkk fd vkanksyuksa dks cy nsrs
gq, Nk=kkvksa us Lo;a Hkh ckSf¼d] 'kkjhfjd ,oa
HkkoukRed f'k{k.k izkIr fd;k FkkA bl f'k{k.k
'kSyh esa f'k{kdksa dks cgqr tkx:d o le>;qDr
gksuk gksrk FkkA mUgsa Lo;a bl izdkj dh f'k{k.k
'kSyh ij J¼k o fo'okl gksuk pkfg, Fkk rHkh bl
izfØ;k osQ mÙke ifj.kke lkeus vkrs FksA vkt Hkh
y{eh vkJe] mÙkjk[kaM esa ^unh cpkvks* vkanksyu
esa viuh Nk=kkvksa dks ^iz;kl fo|k* dk vuqHkotU;
Kku ns jgk gSA ,sls lR;kxzgksa }kjk nh tkus okyh
f'k{kk osQ ckjs esa xk¡èkh th us fy[kk gS&
¶lR;kxzg gh lcls mPPk vkSj loksZÙke f'k{kk
gSA ,slh f'k{kk cPpksa dks lkèkkj.k i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ
osQ ckn Ukgha] cfYd mlosQ igys gh nh tkuh
pkfg,A bl ckr ls badkj ugha fd;k tk
ldrk fd cPpksa dks v{kj&Kku vkSj lalkj
dh tkudkjh gkfly djus ls igys ;g tkuuk
115
pkfg, fd vkRek] lR; vkSj izse D;k gS vkSj
vkRek esa dkSu&lh 'kfDr;k¡ fNih iM+h gSaA
OkkLrfod f'k{kk dk ;g ,d vko';d
vax gksuk pkfg, fd cPpk lh[k ys fd
thou&la?k"kZ esa izse }kjk] lR; }kjk 'k=kq vkSj
d"V&lgu }kjk] fgalk ij fot; ikbZ tk
ldrh gSA¸
(bafM;u vksfifu;u Lo.kZ vad 1914] laiw.kZ
xk¡èkh okÄ~e; [k.M+ 12 i`"B 452)
izokl fo|k esa mDr lekt ifjorZudkjh vfHk;kuksa
o vkanksyuksa dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA foaQrq
lkekU; :i ls xk¡oksa es in;k=kk djrs gq, lHkkvksa esa
ukVdks]a xhrksa o y?kq Hkk"k.kksa osQ }kjk tkx:drk ykus
osQ dk;ZØe] lekt dh fLFkfr;ksa dk cPpksa }kjk
vukSipkfjd los{Z k.k] lkewfgd liQkbZ] lkewfgd
izkFkZuk] cPpksa dks [ksy f[kykuk vkfn djrs gq, Hkh
izokl fo|k dk xgjk izHkko Nk=kkvksa osQ thou ij
iM+rs gq, eSua s ns[kk gSA f'k{kk dks izHkkoh cukus osQ
fy, f'kf{kdk o Nk=kkvksa osQ chp ,d vPNh le>
gksuk] vR;ar vko';d gSA f'kf{kdk o Nk=kksa osQ chp
O;fDr ls O;fDr dk ;g lacèa k f'kf{kdk curs gq,
eSua s bUgha izoklksa esa ik;k FkkA nwljh vksj Nk=kk,¡ Hkh
dgrh Fkha] ^^ge xk¡oksa ls vkbZ gSa ijarq xk¡o dks bl
n`f"V ls geus dHkh ns[kk u FkkA bl izokl esa xk¡o
ekuks Hkhrj ls [kqydj gekjs lkeus vk x;kA** ;g
osQoy eq[k ls gh ugha] muosQ }kjk jfpr dforkvks]a
dgkfu;ks]a fp=kksa o ys[kksa esa Hkh izdV gksrk gSA
Mk;jh ys[ku ^izokl fo|k* dk ,d vfuok;Z
vax FkkA ;ksa rks y{eh vkJe esa Mk;jh ys[ku
rFkk gLrfyf[kr Ikf=kdkvksa dk ys[ku o laiknu
lnk gh ekSfyd ys[ku osQ nks liQy ekè;e jgs
116
gSa] Ikjarq izokl dks f'k{k.k dh n`f"V ls vfèkd
,oa fofèk;qDr cukus esa Mk;jh ys[ku cgqr l{ke
ekè;e curh gSA
lHkh Ikzdkj osQ Ikzoklksa dk vafre dk;Z gksrk
Fkk] Ikwjs fo|ky; osQ lkeus vius Ikzokl dh
^ppkZ* IkzLrqr djuk] ;g ^ppkZ*] laokn gksrh Fkh
fooj.k ughaA Ikz'uksÙkj] vuqHkwr fVIif.k;k¡ o lk>h
vfHkO;fDr dks gh ppkZ dgk tkrk FkkA vuqHkoksa
dk foLr`r fooj.k viuh ekfld gLrfyf[kr
Ikf=kdk esa fn;k tkrk Fkk] tks Hkk"kk o fopkj dh
n`f"V ls vfèkd lqO;ofLFkr o Øeiw.kZ gksrk FkkA
eSaus ges'kk gh vuqHko fd;k fd vkB&nl
;k ckjg fnuksa dh ,slh Ikn;k=kk osQ ckn esjh
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
Nk=kkvksa osQ O;fDrRo tSls vpkud gh vfèkd
ftEesokj gks tkrs FksA vius O;fDrxr vFkks±
(LokFkks±) ls fudydj mudk fparu ekuks
lekt osQ nk;js esa Ikzos'k dj tkrk FkkA eSa
ekurh gw¡ fd ,d ukxfjd dh] ,d lPpk
ekuo cukus dh lgh f'k{kk ,slh gh gksuh
pkfg, ftls xk¡èkhth us jk"Vªh; pfj=k dgdj
vfHkO;Dr fd;k gSA
vkt lkekU; LowQyksa] dkWystksa osQ Nk=kksa osQ
^Ikzokl* rks cgqr lkjs gksrs gSa ij mUgsa ^Ikzokl
fo|k* osQ :Ik esa Ikfj.kr djus dh ”k:jr gS
rkfd gekjs cPps lekt osQ lHkh rcdksa ls Hkh
gkfnZdrk tksM+ losaQA
izkFkfed d{kkvksa esa vkadyu osQ {ks=k esa mHkjrh u;h lksp*
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-
vHkh gky gh esa oqQN jkT;ksa dh izkFkfed d{kkvksa osQ f'k{kdksa ls ppkZ osQ nkSjku Kkr
gqvk fd Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk osQ ikBdksa esa u osQoy f'k{kkfon~] fo'ks"kK]
egkfo|ky;ksa osQ izkè;kid] 'kksèkdRkkZ 'kkfey gSa oju~ ,d cgqr cM+h l¡[;k esa LowQyh
f'k{kk osQ izR;sd Lrj osQ f'k{kd blesa #fp j[krs gSa vkSj bls pko ls i<+rs gSaA muls
gh ckrphr osQ nkSjku irk pyk fd mUgsa f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa gky gh esa gq, u;s izdk'kuksa
osQ fo"k; esa Hkh ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh bu if=kdkvksa ls tks tkudkjh feyrh gS mlosQ
vkèkkj ij os mu izdk'kuksa dks Hkh izkIr djus rFkk i<+us dk iz;Ru djrs gSaA f'k{kdksa
esa bl rjg dh lkexzh dks i<+us osQ izfr #fp ns[kdj dkiQh izlUurk gqbZA bl vad esa
ge vkidks ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ ,d vkSj egÙoiw.kZ izdk'ku dh tkudkjh ns jgsa gSaA
;g gS&^vkadyu Ïksr iqfLrdk* (izkFkfed d{kkvksa osQ fy,)A
;gk¡ bl ys[k esa nh tk jgh lkexzh ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh}kjk izdkf'kr vkadyu Ïksr iqfLrdkvks&a Hkk"kk (fganh
vkSj vax”sz kh)] Ik;kZoj.k vè;;u] xf.kr rFkk dyk
f'k{kk ls yh xbZ gS vkSj mls bl rjg fijks;k x;k
gS fd vkidks u osQoy bl iqfLrdk dh i`"BHkwfe
vkSj mís';ksa dh tkudkjh feys oju~ vki la{ksi esa
;g Hkh tku losQa fd vkadyu osQ {ks=k esa fdl
izdkj dh u;h lksp mHkj dj lkeus vkbZ gSA
vkadyu Ïksr iqfLrdk dh i`"BHkwfe
jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk&2005 osQ vuqeksnu
osQ ckn ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- }kjk uohu iqLrdksa dk
fodkl fd;k x;kA u;h iqLrosaQ fofHkUu fo"k;ksa
osQ iqu% ladfyr ikB~;Øe ij vkèkkfjr ,slh
iqLrosaQ gSa tks iw.kZr;k ,d uokpkjh lksp ,oa
n`f"V ij vkèkkfjr gSAa u;h i¼fr esa fo"k; vkèkkfjr
Kku ,oa cPpksa osQ Lo;a lh[kus osQ rjhdksa osQ
*vkadyu Ïksr iqfLrdk (izkFkfed Lrj dh d{kkvksa osQ fy,)] Hkk"kk&fganh] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh] tuojh 2009 ls
lkHkkj izdkf'kr.
118
izfr tkx#drk dks lekfgr djus dk iz;kl
fd;k x;k gSA ;|fi vè;kid&izf'k{k.k esa lqèkkj
,d lekukarj izfØ;k osQ :i esa vkjaHk fd, tk
jgs gSa] ijh{kk rFkk ewY;k¡du dh ikjaifjd iz.kkyh
esa cnyko dh pqukSrh ,d izeq[k osQanz fcanq osQ
:i esa mHkjh gSA ;g vuqHko fd;k x;k fd
lh[kus osQ U;wure vfèkxe Lrjksa dks ifjHkkf"kr
djus osQ iwoZ iz;klksa ij iqu% è;ku nsus dh
vko';drk gS ftlesa ,d lexz vkadyu uhfr
dks fodflr djus dk fopkj 'kkfey gksA ,slh
uhfr es a O;fDrxr fofHkUurkvks a ,oa mu
lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd ckèkkvksa ij Hkh fopkj fd;k
tkuk pkfg, tks fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa cPpksa osQ
lh[kus dh {kerk ij izHkko M+kyrh gSaA
blh osQ eísu”kj ;g fopkj lkeus vk;k fd
,d ,slh Ïksr iqfLrdk cukbZ tk, tks vè;kidksa
rFkk iz'kkldksa dks cPpksa dh izxfr osQ vkadyu
dh ,d u;h n`f"V ,oa mikxe iznku djus osQ
ladYi dks js[kkafdr djs tks vc rd cPpksa dks
ijh{k.k vFkok ijh{kk osQ vkèkkj ij oxhZÑr vkSj
ukfer djus osQ vknh gks pqosQ gSaA ,slh iz.kkyh
f'k{kdksa esa ;g n`f"V fodflr djus esa ckèkk,¡
mRiUu djrh gS fd gj cPps dh izxfr mldk
O;fDrxr miyfCèk iFk gSA ;g iz.kkyh f'k{kdksa
dks lgdkjh d{kk laLÑfr dh lh[kus esa egÙoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk dks igpkuus osQ ekxZ esa Hkh ckèkk Mkyrh
gSA ;g Ïksr iqfLrdk blfy, gh cukbZ xbZ fd
;g bl izdkj dh igpku cukus esa izksRlkgu ns
rFkk izkFkfed d{kkvksa esa vfHkys[k j[kus dh
izfØ;k lqèkkjus dk lkèku Hkh iznku djsA ;g
vk'kk dh xbZ fd ;g Ïksr iqfLrdk Hkkjrh;
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
f'k{kk dh gekjh tfVy iz.kkyh osQ lHkh vaxksa
rFkk osQanzh; ljdkj osQ rRoèkku esa lapkfyr
miØeksa tSls osQanzh; fo|ky; laxBu rFkk jkT;
ljdkjksa osQ vèkhu fofHkUu izdkj osQ izkFkfed
fo|ky;ksa dk è;ku vkÑ"V djsxhA lkoZHkkSfed
f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh ladYiuk izR;sd cPps osQ izfr
èkS;Z vkSj leqfpr Lusgiw.kZ O;ogkj ij cy nsrh
gS] pkgs mldh lh[kus dh 'kSyh vkSj xfr oSQlh
Hkh D;ksa u gksA osQoy ,d ,slh iz.kkyh tks
izR;sd cPps osQ izfr Lusfgy ,oa laosnu'khy gS]
osQ }kjk ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gS fd
jk"Vªh; izxfr esa izR;sd ukxfjd dh lkFkZd
Hkkxhnkjh gksxhA
igyh ls ik¡poha d{kk osQ fy, vkadyu ij
cuh ;g Ïksr iqLrd ;wfulsiQ dh lk>snkjh esa
rS;kj ,d lkewfgd vdknfed iz;kl gSA bl
Ïksr iqLrd osQ fy, fHkUu&fHkUu lewgksa dk xBu
fd;k x;k ftUgksaus dk;Z'kkykvksa dh nh?kZ Ükà[kyk
esa vkadyu ij fopkjksa dk O;kid vkSj xgu
eaFku fd;kA Ïksr iqfLrdk dk izLrqr Lo:i
fopkj&foe'kZ dh izfØ;k osQ izfr vkHkkj O;Dr
djrk gSA iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k dh izfd;k dbZ
pj.kksa ls gksdj xqtjh gS ftuesa f'k{kk] ewY;k¡du
vkSj vU; fo"k;ksa (discipline) ls tqM+s fo'ks"kKksa]
vè;kidks]a LoSfPNd laxBuksa osQ izfrfufèk;ks]a jk"Vªh;
'kSf{kd vuqlèa kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] u;h fnYyh
osQ vdknfed lnL;ksa vkSj LowQyh f'k{kk ls
ljksdkj j[kus okys cgqr ls yksxksa us viuk
;ksxnku fd;k ftuesa mYys[kuh; gSa— osaQnzh;
lewg (dksj xzqi) osQ lnL;] jkT;ksa osQ f'k{kk
lfpo vkSj f'k{kk {ks=k ls tqM+s vU; lnL;]
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
vyx&vyx jkT;ksa esa loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku osQ
jkT; ifj;kstuk dk;kZy; rFkk jkT;ksa dh jkT;
'kSf{kd vuqlèa kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"knksa osQ lnL;A
bl izdkj ik¡p fo"k; {ks=kksa osQ fy, Ïksr
iqfLrdk,¡ rS;kj dh xb± vkSj vc ik¡pksa iqfLrdk,¡
izdkf'kr :i esa miyCèk gSaA buesa ls pkj Ïksr
iqfLrdk,¡ (Arts Education, Environmental
Studies, Language—English and
Mathematics) vaxsz”kh esa izdkf'kr gSa rFkk ,d
iqLrd (Hkk"kk&fganh) fganh esa izdkf'kr gSA
Ïksr iqLrd dh ”k#jr D;ksa\
ge lHkh cPpksa osQ ckjs esa fpafrr gSaA vkSj
blhfy, ge lcdk ljksdkj bl ckr ls gS fd
gj LowQy ,d ,slh txg cus tgk¡ gj cPps dks
lh[kus osQ ekSosQ feysaA cPpksa dh f'k{kk ls tqM+s
lHkh yksx] fo'ks"kdj vè;kid bl lacaèk esa
vius vkidks cgqr gh f”kEesnkj ekurs gSaA ,slk
mudh bPNkvksa ls ”kkfgj gksrk gS fd os lHkh
cPpksa dks muosQ xq.kksa vkSj #fp;ksa osQ fodkl
esa enn djus osQ fy, rRij gSaA os mUgsa
fo'okl osQ lkFk viuh f”kanxh dk lkeuk
djus osQ fy, rS;kj djuk pkgrs gSaA vè;kidksa
dk dkI+kQh le; rks blh ckr dk irk yxkus esa
fudy tkrk gS fd cPps LowQy esa oSQlk dj ik
jgs gSaA cgqr ls vè;kid vkadyu dks vius
LowQy dh jkst+ejkZ dh egÙoiw.kZ xfrfofèk osQ
:i esa ns[krs gaSA vè;kid fo|ky; esa nSfud
vkèkkj ij tks oqQN Hkh djrs gSa] cPpksa dk
vkadyu mudk ,d egÙoiw.kZ fgLlk cu x;k
gSaA ,slk D;ksa gS\
119
vè;kid blosQ cgqr ls dkj.k crkrs gSa&
,d egÙoiw.kZ dkj.k ;g tkuuk gS fd cPpksa dks
tks oqQN Hkh lh[kuk pkfg,] D;k os lh[k ik jgs
gSa\ nwljh otg ,d vofèk fo'ks"k esa cPpksa dh
izxfr osQ ckjs esa Hkh tkudkjh izkIr djuk gSA tks
Hkh gks rhljh otg] ftldks fliZQ vè;kid gh
ugha cfYd ge lHkh cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ ekurs gSa]
og ;g irk yxkuk gS fd cPps dh fHkUUk&fHkUu
fo"k;@{ks=k esa D;k miyfCèk;k¡ jghaA ,slk 'kk;n
blfy, fd ge cPpksa dks ^vPNh DokfyVh*
(xq.koÙkk) okyh f'k{kk nsuk pkgrs gSa vkSj eglwl
djrsa gSa fd ,slk rHkh laHko gks ldrk gS tc
VsLV vkSj ijh{kkvksa osQ ”kfj, i<+k, x, fo"k;ksa esa
cPpksa dh miyfCèk;ksa dk ewY;k¡du fd;k tk,A
ijh{k.kksa (VsLVksa) dk viuk ,d mís'; gS
ij ;fn ge okLro esa cPpksa dks csgrj rjhosQ ls
lh[kus esa enn djuk pkgrs gSa rks gesa ;g ckr
[kkl rkSj ls le>us dh ”k:jr gS fd VsLV@ijh{kkvksa
esa cPps }kjk izkIr fd, x, vad vkSj xzsM cPpksa
dh izxfr ;k lh[kus osQ ckjs esa D;k oqQN fo'ks"k
crk ikrs gSaA
vkb,] vkxs fn, x, mnkgj.k ij ut+j
M+kyrs gSa] ,d vè;kid gksus osQ ukrs vius
fo|ky; esa bl rjg osQ gkykrksa ls vkidk cgqr
ckj lkeuk gqvk gksxkA
nqHkkZX; ls gks D;k jgk gS fd bl rjg osQ
ewY;kadu ls oqQN cPpksa dks vlqj{kk] ruko]
fpark vkSj vieku tSlh fLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk
djuk iM+rk gS tSlk fd jeu osQ lkFk Hkh gqvkA
ewY;k¡du ls flI+kZQ ;gh irk yxrk gS fd cPps
D;k ugha tkurs ctk; blosQ fd cPps D;k tkurs
120
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
,d izkFkfed fo|ky; esa d{kk pkj osQ cPpksa dks Ik;kZoj.k vè;;u osQ varxZr mudh ikB~;iqLrd osQ ty
ls lacafèkr vè;k; ij vkèkkfjr VsLV fn;k x;kA rhl cPpksa esa ls vfèkdrj cPpksa us 10 esa ls 6 vad izkIr
fd, gSaA nks cPps ftuesa ls eSfFkyh osQ vkB vkSj jeu osQ 10 esa ls 3 vad vk, gSaA vè;kid us d{kk esa tc
vad crk,] rc lHkh cPps jeu osQ vad lqudj g¡ls vkSj mldk e”kkd Hkh cuk;k D;ksafd mlosQ vad lcls
de FksA ml fnu osQ ckn ls jeu us dHkh ugha pkgk fd og LowQy tk,A mlosQ ekrk&firk osQ fy, mls LowQy
tkus osQ fy, rS;kj djuk] eukuk cgqr gh dfBu FkkA ;s vad vè;kid] ekrk&firk ;k eSfFkyh vkSj jeu dh
f'k{kk ls ljksdkj j[kus okys fdlh dks Hkh D;k crkuk pkgrs gaS\ D;k ;s vad ;g crk ik,¡xs fd nksuksa cPpksa
us D;k vkSj oSQls lh[kk vkSj os nksuksa D;k&D;k dj ldrs gSa\ D;k ;s vad vè;kidksa dks crk ik,¡xs fd eSfFkyh
vkSj jeu dh ”k:jrksa osQ vkèkkj ij muosQ fy, vè;kiu vkSj lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa oSQls lqèkkj yk;k tk,\
D;k ;s vad eSfFkyh vkSj jeu nksuksa cPpksa dks muosQ lh[kus osQ lacaèk esa fdlh rjg dk laosQr ns ik,¡xs fd
vkxs fdl rjg dk lqèkkj yk;k tk losQ\ cPpksa }kjk izkIr fd, x, vad D;k fdlh Hkh rjg ls muosQ
ekrk&firk ;k leqnk; osQ lnL;ksa dks mudh izxfr vkSj lh[kus osQ ckjs esa dksbZ mi;ksxh fjiksVZ ;k i`"Viks"k.k
(Feedback) ns ik,¡xs fd nksuksa cPpksa esa ls dkSu D;k tkurk gS\
gSa vkSj D;k dj ldrs gSa\ bl rjg dk ewY;kadu
ikB~;iqLrdksa esa i<+kbZ xbZ fo"k;&oLrq vkSj jVar
iz.kkyh }kjk izkIr dh xbZ tkudkjh@Kku dk vkadyu
djus rd gh osQafnzr gSA vfèkdka'kr% ;g cPpksa
esa rqyuk djus tSlk Hkko j[krk gS vkSj vok¡Nuh;
izfrLièkkZ dks tUe nsrk gS] ;gk¡ rd fd ek=k
vkèks vad osQ fy, Hkh D;k vè;kid gksus osQ ukrs
ge pkgrs gSa fd lHkh cPps lh[ks\a ;fn ,slk gS rks
vkadyu osQ ”kfj, ge muesa D;k [kkstrs gSa\
vki bl lPpkbZ dks rks ”k:j Lohdkj
djsaxs fd bl rjg fd fLFkfr;k¡ fo|ky;ksa esa
vdlj ns[kh tkrh gSaA fLFkfr;k¡ oqQN egÙoiw.kZ
lokyksa dh rjiQ gekjk è;ku [khaprh gSa — ge
okLro esa fdl pht dk vkadyu dj jgs gSa\
D;k VsLVksa@ijh{kkvksa osQ vfrfjDr cPpksa dk
vkadyu djus osQ oqQN vkSj Hkh rjhosQ gks ldrs
gSa\ D;k vadksa vkSj xzsM osQ :i esa fjiksVZ djuk
Ik;kZIr gS\ vkadyu lacaèkh lwpuk,¡ fdl rjg
dh enn djrh gSa\ ge vius dke dks dfBu
cuk, cxSj cPpksa osQ lh[kus osQ ckjs esa fdl
rjg dh lwpuk,¡ bdêòh dj ldrs gSa\ vkf[kjh
loky cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd iwjs ns'k Hkj
esa vè;kid jks”kkuk gh cgqr&lh leL;kvksa dk
lkeuk djrs gSa tSls& fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vfèkd
l¡[;k] ,d lkFk nks&rhu ;k dHkh&dHkh rks
blls Hkh vfèkd d{kkvksa dks ,d lkFk cSBkdj
i<+kuk] Hkjh d{kk,¡ vkSj fo|ky; esa lqfoèkkvksa
dk vHkkoA blosQ lkFk&lkFk mUgsa ,sls cPpksa
dks i<+kuk gksrk gS tks fHkUu&fHkUu i`"BHkwfe ls
vkrs gSaA fHkUu&fHkUu Hkk"kk,¡ cksyrs gSaA vkSj
ftudh fo'ks"k vko';drk,¡ Hkh gksrh gSaA
vè;kidksa vkSj mu lHkh esa] tks pkgrs gSa fd
cPps viuh vfèkdre ;ksX;rk osQ vuqlkj lh[ksa]
vfèkd le;] èkS;Z vkSj le> dh ”k:jr gSA
bl rjg dh fLFkfr;ksa esa vè;kidksa dh enn
fdl rjg ls dh tk ldrh gS\
121
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
bl Ïksr iqLrd esa vè;kidksa }kjk vdlj
iwNs tkus okys iz'uksa (tks Åij Hkh fn, x, gS)a ]
dk mÙkj nsus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gSA ;g
vè;kiu&vfèkxe izfØ;k dks cPpksa osQ vkadyu
osQ vfHkUu vax osQ :i esa ns[krs gq, bl izfØ;k
dks vklku cukrh gS vkSj blosQ fy, ;g mu lHkh
vè;kidksa osQ le{k cgqr ls fopkj rFkk rjg&rjg
osQ fodYi izLrqr djrh gS tks vkadyu osQ
fHkUu&fHkUu igyqvksa ls lacfa èkr fu.kZ; ysrs gSAa os
igyw dkSu&ls gS\a egÙoiw.kZ igyw bl izdkj gS&a
• cPpksa dk vkadyu D;ksa fd;k tkuk
pkfg,\
• fdl ckr dk vkadyu djuk pkfg,\
• vkadyu dc djuk pkfg,\
• vkadyu oSQls fd;k tkuk pkfg,\
• vkadyu }kjk izkIr lwpukvksa dk mi;ksx
fdl rjg djuk pkfg,\
•
•
•
•
•
•
CkPpksa dk vkadyu D;ksa fd;k tkuk pkfg,\
ge lHkh cPpksa osQ lh[kus vkSj vPNh f'k{kk ikus
dks ysdj fpafrr gSAa izkFkfed d{kkvksa esa vkadyu
D;ksa fd;k tkuk pkfg, blosQ cgqr ls dkj.k gSaA
ge oqQN eq[; dk;ks± ij ut+j Mkyrs gSaA buesa ls
oqQN vki igys ls gh tkurs gksaxs vkSj oqQN rks
lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfØ;k osQ nkSjku bLrseky Hkh
djrs gksaxsA oqQN egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gSa&
• fHkUu&fHkUu fo"k;ksa esa le; dh ,d
vofèk fo'ks"k esa cPps dh izxfr vkSj
mlesa vkus okys ifjorZuksa dk irk yxkuk]
• cPps dh O;fDrxr vkSj fo'ks"k ”k:jrksa
dks igpkuuk]
•
vfèkd mi;qDr rjhdksa osQ vkèkkj ij
vèk;kiu vkSj lh[kus dh fLFkfr;ksa dh
;kstuk cukuk]
dksbZ cPph D;k dj ldrh gS vkSj D;k
ugha] mldh fdu pht+ksa esa fo'ks"k #fp
gS] og D;k djuk pkgrh gS vkSj D;k
ugha] bu lcosQ izfr le> cukus vkSj
eglwl djus esa cPph dh enn djuk]
cPph dks ^oqQN izkIr dj ikus* iw.kZrk
dh Hkkouk osQ fodkl osQ fy, izksRlkfgr
djuk]
d{kk esa py jgh lh[kus&fl[kkus dh
izfØ;k dks csgrj cukuk]
cPph dh izxfr osQ izek.k r; dj ikuk
ftUgsa vfHkHkkodksa vkSj nwljksa rd laifsz 'kr
fd;k tk losQ]
cPpksa esa vkadyu osQ izfr O;kIr Hk;
dks nwj djuk vkSj mUgsa Lo&vkadyu osQ
fy, izksRlkfgr djuk]
izR;sd cPph@cPps osQ lh[kus vkSj fodkl
esa enn djuk vkSj lqèkkj dh laHkkouk,¡
[kkstuk A
fdldk@fdl ckjs esa vkadyu fd;k tkuk
pkfg, \
vkadyu osQ lacaèk esa mBk, x, lokyksa tSls&
^cPpksa dk vkadyu D;ksa fd;k tkuk pkfg,* osQ
ckn LokHkkfod gS fd cgqr ls vè;kid loky
djsa--vkadyu fdl ckjs esa fd;k tkuk pkfg,\ gesa
vius vki ls loky djus dh ”k:jr gS fd
122
vkf[kj og gS D;k ftldh gesa cPpksa dk vkadyu
djrs le; ryk'k jgrh gSA pwf¡ d f'k{kk cPps osQ
oqQy lexz fodkl ls tqMh+ gqbZ gS (tSl&s 'kkjhfjd]
lkekftd] HkkokRed vkSj laKkukRed) blfy,
;g ”k:jh gS fd lHkh igyqvksa dk vkadyu fd;k
tk,] fliZQ vdknfed miyfCèk;ksa dk ugha] tks
orZeku esa fo|ky;ksa esa bLrseky dh tk jgh
vkadyu i¼fr;ksa dk eq[; osQa nz gSA bl izdkj ;g
cgqr vko';d gks tkrk gS fd fo|ky; vkSj d{kk
osQ ckgj vkSj Hkhrj gksus okyh lHkh xfrfofèk;ks]a
ftuesa cPps dh Hkkxhnkjh jgrh gS] dk vkadyu
fd;k tkuk pkfg,\ ;g vkadyu dh lkjxfHkZr
izfØ;k gksxhA vkadyu dh izfØ;k dks lwpuk vkSj
i`"B iks"k.k nsus dk ”kfj;k cukuk gksxk fd fo|ky;
vkSj vè;kid f'k{kk nsus dh izfØ;k esa fdl lhek
rd liQy gks ik, gSAa cPps osQ vfèkxe dh iwjh
rLohj le>us osQ fy, vkadyu }kjk fuEufyf[kr
fcanv
q ksa dks mHkkjuk gksxk&
• fHkUu&fHkUu fo"k;ksa@{ks=kksa esa cPpksa dk
lh[kuk vkSj izn'kZu]
• cPpksa osQ dkS'ky] #fp;k¡] #>ku vkSj
vfHkizsj.kk oqQN vkSj igyw gSa]
• ,d fuf'pr vofèk esa cPpksa dks lh[kus
vkSj O;ogkj esa gksus okys ifjorZu]
• fo|ky; osQ Hkhrj vkSj ckgj ekStwn
fHkUu&fHkUu fLFkfr;ksa vkSj voljksa osQ
izfr cPpksa dh izfrfØ;kA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
tqM+k gqvk ,d gh loky gS& cPpksa osQ lh[kus
dh izfØ;k vkSj izxfr dks dc vkSj oSQls vk¡dk
tk,\ lh[kus osQ ifj.kkeksa dk vkadyu vè;kiu
vfèkxe izfØ;k osQ lkFk lrr~ :Ik ls tqM+k gqvk
gSA lexz :i ls vkadyu djus osQ fy,] lh[kus
osQ lHkh Ikgyqvksa dks visf{kr Ikgpku nsuh gksxhA
bl rjg ls rks IkzR;sd cPps dk IkzksiQkby cukuk
”k:jh gks tkrk gS gkyk¡fd rjhosQ vkSj Ik¼fr;k¡
rks fHkUu&fHkUu gksaxh ghA tc vè;kid fu;fer
:i ls cPpksa dh izxfr ij cjkcj utj cuk,
gq, gksa rks ml ij izfrfØ;k djus] i`"Viks"k.k nsus
vkSj lqèkkj lacaèkh rjhdksa dks viukus osQ fy,
oqQN vofèk;k¡ rks r; djuh gksaxhA blosQ fy,
”k:jh gS fd O;kogkfjd vofèk;k¡ r; dh tk,
vkSj mudk vuqlj.k fd;k tk,A gkyk¡fd d{kk
esa vukSipkfjd :i ls voyksdu dh izfØ;k rks
pyrh jguh pkfg,A gj Iaknzg fnu esa ,d ckj
IkhNs eqM+dj ns[k ysuk (cPps osQ 'kq#vkrh nkSj
dks) vkSj Ikkjnf'kZr leh{kk Hkh dj ysuk ”k:jh
gksxkA blls cPpksa osQ lh[kus dks mUur vkSj lqn`<+
fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% vkadyu—
• fnu&izfrfnu osQ vkèkkj ij— cPpksa osQ
lkFk lrr~ :i ls var%fØ;k djuk vkSj
lrr~ :i ls mudk d{kk vkSj d{kk osQ
Hkhrj vkSj ckgj vkadyu djukA
• lkofèkd— gj rhu ;k pkj eghusa esa
,d ckj vè;kid cPpksa osQ dkeksa dh
tk¡p djsa vkSj ,d=k dh xbZ lwpukvksa
vkadyu dc fd;k tkuk pkfg, \
osQ vkèkkj ij mUgsa viuh jk; crk,¡A
;g fdlh izdkj dh tk¡p osQ :i esa
geesa ls cgqrksa }kjk iwNk x;k ,d cgqr gh vge~
ugha gksuk pkfg,A
loky ^vkadyu fdl ckr dk fd;k tk,* ls
123
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
vkadyu oSQls fd;k tk,\
fofHkUu pj.k vkSj fofèk;k¡ tks fd pØh; ,oa
Øfed gSa foLrkj ls vkxs nh xbZa gSa &
igyk pj.k
fHkUu fHkUu Ïksrksa vkSj fofèk;ksa }kjk lwpuk vkSj
izek.k tqVkuk
;fn ge lHkh ;g Lohdkj djrs gSa vkSj ekurs Hkh
gSa fd lHkh cPps viuh gh 'kSyh ls lh[krs gSa
vkSj os flI+kZQ LowQy esa gh ugha lh[krs rc gesa
cPpksa dk vkadyu djrs le; nks ph”kksa ij rks
dke djuk gh gksxk& igyk] rjg&rjg osQ lzksrksa
ls tkudkjh bdV~Bh djuk] nwljk] rjg&rjg dh
xfrfofèk;k¡] vuqHkoksa vkSj vfèkxe dk;Zdykiksa ls
tqM+s cPps D;k okLro esa lh[k jgs gSa] ;g tkuus
vkSj le>us osQ fy, vkadyu dh cgqr lh
fofèk;k¡ bLrseky esa ykukA
lwpukvksa osQ Ïksr
vkt Hkh ;gh ns[kus esa vkrk gS fd vè;kid gh
lwpukvksa dk eq[; Ïksr gS vkSj ;gh og O;fDr
gsS tks cPpksa osQ lh[kus dk vkadyu Hkh djrk gSA
tks Hkh gks] pw¡fd vkadyu lh[kus dh izfØ;k dk
gh fgLlk gS] cPps Lo;a Hkh vius vfèkxe vkSj
izxfr dk vkadyu djus esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrs gSaA vè;kid cPpksa dk Lo;a dk vkadyu
djus esa enn dj ldrs gSaA
cPpksa ls D;k vis{kk dh tk jgh gS] bldh
csgrj le> fodflr djus esa enn dh tk
ldrh gS] vius dke vkSj izn'kZu dks vkykspukRed
u”kfj, ls ns[kus osQ fy, vuqHko iznku fd, tk
ldrs gSaA cPpksa ls ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd
os vius mu dkeksa dk p;u djsa tks mudh u”kj
esa loksÙZ ke gSa vkSj ;g Hkh crk,¡ fd mUgksaus budk
p;u D;ksa fd;kA cPpksa osQ vfrfjDr D;k dksbZ
vkSj Hkh gS ftuls cPpksa osQ vkadyu osQ lacaèk esa
lwpuk,¡ yh tk ldrh gSa\ cPpksa osQ fodkl osQ
nwljs igyqvksa dh iwjh rLohj Li"V djus osQ fy,
bUgsa Hkh vkadyu dh izfØ;k esa 'kkfey fd;k tk
ldrk gSA os dkSu gks ldrs gSa\ vè;kid vkSj
Hkh cgqr ls O;fDr;ksa osQ lkFk ckrphr dj mUgsa
vkadyu dh izfØ;k esa 'kkfey dj ldrs gSa] os
O;fDr gks ldrs gSa &
• ekrk&firk@vfHkHkkod
• cPpksa osQ fe=k@lgikBh
• nwljs vè;kid
• leqnk; osQ yksx
vc vxyk loky ;g mBrk gS fd fHkUu&fHkUu
Ïksrksa ls lwpuk bdV~Bh oSQls dh tk,\
vkadyu osQ rjhosQ
fdlh Hkh rjhosQ dks pquus ls igys izkIr dh tkus
okyh ”k:jh lwpukvksa osQ fy, vkadyu osQ
izdkj dk fuèkkZj.k vko';d gSA vkadyu djus
osQ pkj ewyHkwr rjhosQ gSa&
• O;fDrxr vkadyu&,d cPps dks osQanz
esa j[krs gq, fd;k x;k vkadyu tc
og dksbZ xfrfofèk@dk;Z djrk gS vkSj
mls iw.kZ djrk gSA
• lkewfgd vkadyu&fdlh dk;Z dks iw.kZ
djus osQ mís'; ls cPpksa }kjk] lkewfgd
:i ls dk;Z djrs le; lh[kus vkSj
124
izxfr dk vkadyu lkewfgd vkadyu
gSA vkadyu dk ;g rjhdk cPpksa osQ
lkewfgd dkS'kyksa] lg;ksx }kjk lh[kus
dh izfØ;k rFkk cPpksa osQ O;ogkj ls
lacafèkr vU; ewY;kssa osQ vkadyu osQ
fy, cgqr mi;qDr ik;k x;k gSA
• Lo&vkadyu&cPps }kjk Lo;a osQ lh[kus
rFkk Kku] dkS'ky] izfØ;kvksa] :fp]
O;ogkj vkfn esa izxfr osQ Lo&vkadyu
ls lacafèkr gSA
• lgikfB;ksa }kjk vkadyu&,d cPps }kjk
nwljs cPps dk vkadyu] bls nks cPpksa
dh tksM+h ;k lewg esa djok;k tk
ldrk gSA
lHkh LowQyksa esa vè;kidksa }kjk rS;kj fd,
x, midj.kks@a rduhdksa osQ bLrseky dk gh izpyu
gS A blesa isij] iSafly] VsLV@dk;Zdyki] fyf[kr
vkSj ekSf[kd ijh{kk,¡] rLohj vkèkkfjr loky]
Ñf=ke (fleqysVsM) dk;Zdyki vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa
osQ lkFk okrkZyki@laokn 'kkfey gSaA vè;kidksa
}kjk cPpksa osQ lh[kus dh izxfr dk vkadyu
djus osQ fy, NksVs&NksVs Dykl VsLVksa dk bLrseky
,d vklku vkSj 'kh?kzxkeh rjhosQ osQ :i esa
fd;k tkrk gSA
lkekU;r% ,d vofèk fo'ks"k esa i<+kbZ xbZ
fuèkkZfjr fo"k;&oLrq osQ vkèkkj ij l=k ;k ekg
osQ var esa ;s VsLV djok, tkrs gSaA blesa dksbZ
lansg ugha fd ;s mi;ksxh gksrs gSa ijarq budk
bLrseky cgqr lkoèkkuh osQ lkFk fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A bl rjg osQ ijh{k.kksa esa iwNs tkus okys
lokyksa dh izÑfr ,slh u gks fd muls iwo&Z fuèkkZfjr
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
mÙkj gh fudy dj vkrs gksa vfirq bu iz'uksa dh
'kCn lajpuk bl rjg dh gks fd cPpksa dks vius
fopkj vkSj Hkko rjg&rjg ls vfHkO;Dr djus
dh iwjh xqatkb'k gksA VsLV esa nh tkus okyh
izfof"V;k¡@iz'u oqQN bl izdkj osQ gksa fd os
fparu vkSj fo'ys"k.k ij cy nsa u fd ikB~;iqLrdksa
esa nh xbZ lkexzh dks ;kn djosQ iqu% fy[k nsus
ijA D;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS fd rjg&rjg dh
fofèk;ksa dk bLrseky D;ksa djuk pkfg,\ ,slk bl
otg ls fd;k tkrk gS&
• fHkUu&fHkUu fo"k;ksa] {ks=kksa vkSj fodkl
osQ fHkUu&fHkUu igyqvksa esa lh[kus dk
vkadyu fd;k tkrk gSA
• cPps ,d fofèk dh rqyuk esa fdlh
nwljh fofèk osQ izfr csgrj rjhosQ ls
izfrfØ;k djrs gSaA
• lh[kus osQ lacaèk esa vè;kidksa dh le>
cukus esa gj fofèk dk viuh gh rjg ls
;ksxnku jgrk gSA
fodkl osQ fHkUu fHkUu {ks=kksa esa cPpksa dh
izxfr vkSj vfèkxe osQ ckjs esa lwpuk,¡ vkSj izek.k
tqVkus osQ fy, vkadyu dk dksbZ Hkh ,d midj.k
;k fofèk vius vki esa i;kZIr ugha gSA i<+krs
le; vkius t+:j eglwl fd;k gksxk fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dk voyksdu djosQ] mUgsa lqudj] muosQ
vfHkHkkodksa] nksLrksa dks vkSj nwljs vè;kidksa osQ
lkFk muosQ ckjs esa vukSipkfjd rjhosQ ls ppkZ
djosQ] muosQ fyf[kr dk;Z (d{kk rFkk x`gdk;Z
nksuksa gh)] cPpksa }kjk fy[ks x, ys[kksa vkSj muosQ
Lo&vkadyu osQ vkèkkj ij cgqr oqQN le>k tk
ldrk gS A
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
vkadyu osQ oqQN lkèku
•
•
•
•
•
•
ifj;kstuk dk;Z
Hkze.k
O;fDrxr :i ls izLrqrhdj.k
TkksM+h esa dke
fyf[kr dk;Z
iQksfy;ksa ntZ djuk
bu lkèkuksa osQ vfrfjDr rLohjksa vkSj JO;&n`';
fjdkfMZax dk Hkh bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s
cPPks osQ dk;Z djrs le; osQ vuqHkoksa dk gh
ugha cfYd dk;ZiwfrZ dk izys[ku iznku djrs gSaA
blesa ,d le;kofèk esa izfØ;k dks è;ku esa j[krs
gq, vkadyu fd;k tkrk gSA nksuksa gh ?kVukvksa dh
lVhd iqujko`fÙk rFkk cPps osQ lkspus rFkk laokn
osQ rjhdksa dks lgh <ax ls ij[kus esa lgk;d gSaA
cPPkksa vkSj vfHkHkkodksa nksuksa osQ lkFk vuqHko
ck¡Vus esa Hkh buls enn feyrh gSA vkadyu osQ ;s
rjhosQ eg¡xs gSa] buosQ fy, rduhdh fo'ks"kKksa dh
vko';drk iM+rh gSA le; vfèkd yxrk gS
rFkk fo'ys"k.k vfèkd le; dh ek¡x djrk gSA
blfy, buosQ bLrseky esa cgqr lkoèkkuh dh
vko';drk gSA
nwljk pj.k
lwpukvksa dks n”kZ djuk ;k lwpukvksa dh
fjdkWfM±x djuk
iwjs ns'k osQ lHkh fo|ky;ksa esa fjiksVZ dkMZ dk
bLrseky fjdkfMZax dk lokZfèkd izpfyr rjhdk
gSA vfèkdrj fjiksVZ dkMksaZ esa cPpksa }kjk VsLV@
125
ijh{kkvksa esa izkIr fd, vadksa vkSj xzsMksa (Jsf.k;ksa)
osQ :i esa lwpuk,¡ ntZ gksrh gSaA vadksa vkSj xzsMksa
dh mi;ksfxrk rFkk fufgrkFkZ osQ ckjs esa igys gh
ppkZ dh tk pqdh gSA egÙoiw.kZ iz'u ;g mBrk
gS fd ntZ djus (fjdkMZ j[kus) dh izfØ;k esa
lqèkkj ykus osQ fy, D;k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
d{kk esa fd;k x;k okrkZyki cPps osQ O;ogkj
rFkk lh[kus dk voyksdu djus osQ fy, vusdkusd
volj iznku djrk gSA tSlk fd vki tkurs gSa
d{kk esa fuR; f'k{k.k&vfèkxe izfØ;k osQ nkSjku
vukSipkfjd :i ls oqQN voyksdu fd, tk
ldrs gSaA fnu&izfrfnu osQ voyksduksa dks vxj
ntZ ugha fd;k tk, rks 'kh?kz gh muosQ Hkwyus dh
vk'kadk jgrh gSA cPpksa osQ dk;ks±@xfrfofèk;ksa osQ
dbZ voyksdu lqfu;ksftr gksrs gSaA bl izdkj osQ
voyksdu fdlh mís'; ls ;kstukc¼ gksrs gSa
vkSj blhfy, Lo:i esa vkSipkfjd gksrs gSaA
cPps osQ lh[kus vkSj izxfr dh iwjh rLohj
nsus osQ fy, blosQ {ks=k dks foLr`r djus dh
vko';drk gSA fjdkWfM±x esa cPpksa }kjk fd, x,
dk;ksa@Z iznÙk dk;ksaZ esa mudh izLrqfr osQ voyksdu
rFkk mu ij dh xbZ fVIif.k;ksa — cPps D;k
djrs gSa] mudk O;ogkj oSQlk gS dh jsfVax] cPpksa
osQ nwljksa osQ lkFk O;ogkj dh ?kVukvksa dks
lfEefyr djus dh vko';drk gSA
laHkkoukvksa osQ foLrkj dh ”k:jr gS] ftlosQ
varxZr 'kkfey gks ldrs gSa— voyksduksa osQ
fjdkWMZ] fdlh dk;Zdyki ;k iznÙk dk;Z esa cPpksa
osQ izn'kZu ij fVIif.k;k¡] cPps D;k djrs gSa vkSj
oSQls djrs gSa] osQ ckjs esa Jsf.k;k¡ cukuk] nwljksa osQ
lkFk cPpksa osQ O;ogkj ls tqM+h ?kVuk,¡ vkSj
126
o.kZuA ;fn vki dj losQa rks uhps fy[ks fcanqvksa
ls Hkh vkidks enn feysxh—
• CkPpksa dk voyksdu djus osQ ckn rqjar
gh voyksduksa dks n”kZ djsaA
• dyk vkSj f'kYidkjh] ftudks cgqr
vfèkd egÙo ugha fn;k tkrk] osQ {ks=k
esa cPpksa osQ dke vkSj izn'kZu osQ uewuksa
dk laxgz djsaA
• Xkq.kkRed fVIif.k;k¡ fy[kus osQ ckjs esa
fopkj djsaA
;g Hkh cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gS fd ftu lwpukvksa
dk laxgz fd;k x;k gS] mUgsa vPNh rjg ls
le>k tk, vkSj mÙkjksa dh fofHkUurk rFkk fofoèkrk
dks izksRlkfgr fd;k tk, vkSj mldh ljkguk dh
tk,A bl lacaèk esa cgqr&ls mnkgj.k vkSj n`"Vkar
fn, x, gSaA
rhljk pj.k
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
;s lHkh izfØ;k,¡ f'k{kd dks Hkh cgqr rjg ls
enn djsaxh tSls& viuh f'k{k.k i¼fr;ksa] d{kk
izcèa k lHkh f'k{k.k 'kkL=kh; igyqvksa osQ lkFk&lkFk
lkexzh dk iz;ksx tSls izfØ;kvksa osQ izfr fparu
djuk vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ osQ ykHkkFkZ] bu lHkh esa
vko';d lqèkkj djukA bl lzksr iqLrd osQ ckn
osQ vè;k;ksa esa izR;sd fo"k; {ks=k osQ fy, laoQs rd
fn, x, gaSA ;s laosQrd izR;sd d{kk@Lrj osQ fy,
fn, x, gSaA ;s laosQrd ;wa¡ gh ugha cuk fy, x,
gSa vfirq jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk&2005
ij vkèkkfjr ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- }kjk izkFkfed Lrj
osQ fy, cuk, x, ikB~;Øe esa fn, x, izR;sd
vfèkxe {ks=k osQ fy, lh[kus osQ mís';ksa dks è;ku
esa j[kdj cuk, x, gSaA bu laosQrdksa dks lanHkZ
fcanq osQ :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA vki vius
jkT; osQ ikB~;Øe vkSj LFkkuh; ”k#jrksa osQ vuqlkj
bUgsa T;ksa dk R;ksa vko';d ifjorZuksa osQ lkFk
bLrseky dj ldrs gSaA
,df=kr lwpukvksa ls vFkZ fudkyuk
laosQrd egÙoiw.kZ D;ksa gSa\
,d ckj lwpuk,¡ n”kZ dj yh tk,¡ fiQj rhljk
egÙoiw.kZ igyw ;k vxyk pj.k gS — miyCèk fn, x, laosQrd vè;kid dh dbZ rjg ls enn
lk{;ksa dh enn ls ,d le> cuk ikuk fd D;k dj ldrs gSa—
• lh[kus dh fujarjrk dks è;ku esa j[krs
lwpuk,¡ bdV~Bh dh xbZ vkSj n”kZ dh xbZ vkSj
gq, cPPks osQ lh[kus dh csgrj le>
fiQj cPps osQ lh[kus rFkk izxfr osQ ckjs esa
vkSj mls osaQnz esa j[kukA
fu"d"kZ fudkyukA ^cPps dh izxfr oSQlh gS* vkSj
• i;Zo{s k.k] vfèkxe vkSj izxfr dks fjiksVZ
cPps dh enn osQ fy, D;k fd;k tkuk pkfg,]
djus osQ fy, ,d :ijs[kk iznku djrs gSAa
;g le>us osQ fy, fjdkWfMZax cgqr ”k:jh gSA
• vfHkHkkodksa] cPpksa vkSj dbZ nwljksa osQ
blosQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd cPps osQ lacaèk esa ntZ
fy, Hkh cPpksa dh izxfr dks vklku
fd, x, fjdkMk±s dk fu;fer :i ls fo'ys"k.k
rjhosQ ls le>us osQ fy, lanHkZ fcanq dh
fd;k tk, vkSj leh{kk HkhA lkFk gh laxzghr
rjg dk;Z djrs gSa A
lwpukvksa osQ izfr lkofèkd izfrfØ;k Hkh nh tk,A
127
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk & vDrwcj 2009
;g cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ gS fd lwpuk,¡ tks
,df=kr dh xbZ gSa] vk¡dM+ksa vkSj izek.kksa osQ laxgz
osQ ckn Hkh lwpukvksa dk laxzg djuk tkjh jguk
pkfg,A bu laosQrdksa osQ vkèkkj ij xq.kkRed
fVIif.k;k¡ Hkh rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSa — ,d
fn, x, mÙkj osQ izfr ;g fdruk mi;qDr gS —
Lohdk;Z] egÙoiw.kZ vkSj #fpdjA cgqèkk ;g ns[kk
tkrk gS fd f'k{kkFkhZ dks ^v* ;k ^c* osQ }kjk
mlosQ mÙkj@izfrfØ;k dks fpfÉr fd;k tkrk gSA
f'k{kkFkhZ osQ lkFk fdlh Hkh rjg dh var%fØ;k
fd, cxSjA ;g cgqr gh vko';d fofèk;ksa esa
iz;ksx djsaA
• lwpuk ,d=k djus dh izfØ;k lrr~ jgs
vkSj lwpukvksa dks ntZ Hkh djrs pysaA
• izR;sd cPps dks izfrfØ;k djus] lh[kus
vkSj viuk gh le; ysus dks egÙo nsaA
•
,d lrr~ izfØ;k osQ :i esa fjiksfVZax Hkh
djsa vkSj izR;sd cPps dh izfrfØ;k@mÙkj
osQ izfr ljksdkj j[ksaA
• i`"Viks"k.k nsa] tks ldkjkRed fØ;kvksa
osQ fy, laHkkouk,¡ tqVk,¡ vkSj cPps dks
csgrj djus osQ fy, enn nsaA
;gk¡ ij izLrqr vkadyu lacaèkh lkexzh dk
mís'; fo|ky;h f'k{kd dks izkFkfed d{kkvksa
esa vkadyu osQ {ks=k esa mHkjrh u;h lksp osQ
ckjs esa tkudkjh iznku djuk gSA vyx&vyx
fo"k; {ks=k esa vkadyu dk D;k Lo:i gS
bldk foLr`r fooj.k ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- }kjk
Ikzdkf'kr vyx&vyx fo"k; dh vkadyu Ïksr
iqfLrdkvksa esa miyCèk gSA vk'kk gS ;g tkudkjh
f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kd&Ikzf'k{kdksa osQ fy, mi;ksxh
fl¼ gksaxhA