Moving Science
Education Into the
Networked World
Sam J. Zigrossi
Program Director
Charles A. Dana Center
The University of Texas at Austin
samz@mail.utexas.edu
www.utdanacenter.org
CAST
November 2007
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
1
Purpose
Become a leader/supporter
in the “wave of
reconstituting education
for the 21st century!”
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
2
My perspective is influenced by my
background








Born in 1941 of Italian immigrants
First in the family to attend college
Taught high school math and physics
Earned MS in Educational Administration
(Algebra dissertation)
IBM career of 29 years (MBA)
• IBM’s interface with public education
Served on two state panels for Texas education
Adjunct professor in business school—25 years
Charles A. Dana Center for 10 years
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
3
Format of the presentation

Review each decade from 1940 to
2007
• Major events of the decade
• The drivers of the economy and society
• Character of math and science teaching

Some perspectives
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
4

Events
The 1940s
• Ending of the war—”The Bomb”
• Women move into the workforce in large
numbers due to the war
• Thousands of servicemen return, get
educated, and fuel the greatest economic
growth period (GI Bill)
• Transistor invented
• Jackie Robinson becomes first black man to
play major league baseball
• Average annual salary: $2,992
• Labor force male:female ratio is 5:2
• A loaf of bread cost $0.14
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
5
The 1940s
Drivers of the economy & society






Industrialization increased from war effort
Number of college graduates increase from
returning servicemen
USA is the world’s largest manufacturing
engine
Exports and rebuilding of Europe
First computer ENIAC—first electronic calculator
(18,000 vacuum tubes)
Economy begins to grow in late 1940s
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
6
The 1940s
Character of math & science teaching


A select few took Algebra, Geometry,
Chemistry, and Physics (~15%)
Math and science teaching based on
college teaching pedagogy



Textbook-driven, lecture, homework
Majority of students took “Biology
Derivative” courses and basic arithmetic
Education model based on the Industrial
Revolution model
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
7
The 1950s

Events
• Industrial revolution is maturing,
moving into the service economy
• Nuclear applications begin
• First cake mix introduced
• Drive-In movies
• Automobile opens up travel
• Digital programming of computers
• U.S. is greatest industrial nation—no other
country even comes close
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
8
The 1950s
Drivers of the economy & society









Integrated circuit invented
Transcontinental TV begins
McCarthy hearings; Communism
Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a
public bus
Sputnik—First satellite orbits the earth
US launches satellite Explorer I
Economic expansion is significant
Radio is prime information and entertainment
medium in the home
Salk vaccine developed to halt polio epidemic
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
9
The 1950s
Character of education and of math &
science teaching




“Separate but Equal” education is challenged
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, U.S. Supreme
Court. Decision: "separate educational facilities are
inherently unequal."
Math and science teaching still much the same as it was in
the 1940s
 Higher level math and science courses available only
for the brightest students. Traditional teaching—
whole group
Sputnik causes the country to focus on mathematics and
science education, many people have ideas about what to
change—a great amount of rhetoric.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
10
The 1960s

Events
• Vietnam war continues
• Civil Rights movement becomes a focal point
of society
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• John Glenn orbits the earth 3 times
• NASA established
• TI handheld calculator: $2,500
• Bay of Pigs & Cuban missile crisis
• JFK assassinated
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
11
The 1960s
Drivers of the economy & society








Space research and engineering
Apollo program
Building of USA infrastructure
Consumer products
• TV in most homes
Most products American-made
Computers making significant inroads into business and
government—IBM, HP, Cray, Apple, space program
Computer Science emerges as a discipline
TV is main medium in home for entertainment and news (3
to 5 channels)
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
12
The 1960s
Character of math & science teaching






“New Math” introduced into schools via National
Science Foundation. Focus on concepts, set
theory, functions, various number bases and
diagrams
Public and teachers rebel and go back to
traditional teaching of mathematics
Science education gets attention—some
resources, but little change
Much rhetoric about improving schools
Integration begins in public schools
~40% of students graduate from high school
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
13
The 1970s

Events
•
•
•
•
•
Roe v. Wade U.S. Supreme Court decision
School-sponsored prayer unconstitutional
Impeachment proceedings for President Nixon
Vietnam War divides the country
Affirmative action becomes a key
consideration for business in hiring
• “Glass ceiling” concept is popularized
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
14
The 1970s
Drivers of the economy & society









Travel—jumbo jets
Genetic engineering
First “test tube” baby born
Intel’s first microprocessor
Apollo 18 and USSR’s Soyuz 19 dock together in
space
Entertainment—introduction of VCRs
First Star Wars movie. The Godfather, Jaws,
American Graffiti, Grease
Significant stock market decline
Oil shortage
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
15
The 1970s
Character of education & of science teaching





School integration is in full swing.
The federal Education for All Handicapped Children Act is
passed (1975; now called Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act—IDEA).
Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) becomes part of
business training—that is, the next phase of programmed
instruction.
Relatively little has changed in teaching science since the
1960s—some believe education lost the impetus of the
1960s.
There is significant rhetoric about public education.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
16
The 1980s

Events
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Business hostile takeovers and mega-mergers
AIDS becomes a significant issue.
Berlin Wall comes down.
Buying on credit becomes the norm.
Rescue mission to Iran fails.
First Space Shuttle—Columbia—orbits Earth.
U. S. Hockey Team beats Soviet Union team.
Sandra Day O’Connor appointed to U.S.
Supreme Court.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
17
The 1980s
Drivers of the economy & society





Personal Computers become legitimate
tools in business.
“Microsoft Disk Operating System (MSDOS)” introduced by IBM.
Imports gaining large market share in
automobiles and consumer electronics.
Inflation 13+%—Prime rate 21%
Internet opens up to selected groups
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
18
The 1980s
Character of education

A Nation at Risk report: “If an unfriendly
foreign power had attempted to impose on
America the mediocre educational performance
that exists today, we might well have viewed it
as an act of war. As it stands, we have allowed
this to happen to ourselves. We have even
squandered the gains in student achievement
made in the wake of the Sputnik challenge.
Moreover, we have dismantled essential support
systems which helped make those gains
possible. We have, in effect, been committing an
act of unthinking, unilateral educational
disarmament.”
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
19
The 1980s
Character of science teaching




Reform is beginning in many states
• Standards, state assessments, accountability
Stand and Deliver—Jaime Escalante’s work at Garfield High
School
Significant rhetoric about public education
National Science Board report on precollege education in
math, science and technology—”The nation that
dramatically and boldly led the world into the age of
technology is failing to provide its own children with the
intellectual tools needed for the 21st century.”

• We continue to lead due to our best students and our
universities.
• What is needed is a new set of “basics”—
communications, problem solving, technology literacy.
The teaching of math and science in some states is
beginning to be based on a set of standards—pedagogy
changes from traditional modes.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
20
The 1990s

Events
•
•
•
•
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Brady Bill—handgun control
Persian Gulf War
Social security, gun control, and health care
are significant issues
• Famous trials—Rodney King; O. J. Simpson
• Columbine High School shooting
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
21
The 1990s
Drivers of the economy & society







World Wide Web grew from 2 million to 100
million users (assimilation of computer
technology begins).
Imports continue to make gains.
Out-sourcing of jobs
Importing skills—H1-B Visa program
Stock market decline
Cell phones becoming a “must” for everyone
Medical technology is racing, with many new
applications and popular use of CAT scans,
artificial pacemakers, less invasive
surgeries—Physicians’ jobs and health care
change dramatically.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
22
The 1990s
Character of education

The decade of brain research:
•Previous research—
research—cognition and behavior
•New research—
research—cognitive thinking styles, preference for
sense/senses, personality/emotional factors, environmental &
emotional factors, physiology/genetics, physical health, comfort
and developmental stages
•The brain is a malleable organ

Governors’
Governors’ Education Summit—
Summit—The US will be first in math and science by
2000. (More rhetoric.)

President Clinton:
"We know, purely and simply, that every single child must have
access to a computer, must understand it, must have access to
good software and good teachers and to the Internet, so that
every person will have the opportunity to make the most of his or
her own life." (More rhetoric.)
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
23
The 1990s
Character of science teaching



Standards-based curriculum becoming
the norm
The “wars”—Direct vs. conceptual;
evolution
The teaching of science changes, with
allocated labs, the introduction of
technology, and the use of more
manipulatives and experiences with
nature.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
24
The 1990s
Character of education







83% of students graduate from high
school.
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Distance education
Year-round school
Dual or concurrent credit
School-to-work and Tech Prep
Reforms taking place—standards-based
education, beginning in early grades
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
25
The 1990s
Character of math & science teaching




Majority of students taking Biology, some
Chemistry, and Physics with Algebra and
Geometry.
Handheld calculators introduced in
significant numbers in schools.
Education ideology wars create confusion
among educators and public.
Ritalin drug of choice for ADD/ADHD.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
26
The 2000s

Events
• Communications integration, common use of
cell phones, Internet, and digital TV
• Genetic engineering
• Fossil fuels demand is outstripping supply
• 9/11—war on terrorism
• $100 in 1940 is same as $1,322 today
• Average annual salary is $37,000, vs. $2,992
in 1940.
• Labor force male:female ratio is 1:1 vs. 5:2 in
1940.
• Loaf of bread costs $1.00, vs. $0.14 in 1940.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
27
The 2000s
Drivers of the economy & society






Consumer spending is key to
economy.
Housing sector is key element.
New communications technologies
Oil prices steadily increasing.
Social issues revolve around Social
Security, education, personal
security, and health care.
Iraq War and peacekeeping mission
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
28
The 2000s
Character of math & science teaching


Math and science teaching has not
changed much from the 1990s.
2003 task force on education
• U.S. 4th-graders competitive internationally
• U.S. 8th-graders lose 40 points and rate as
average
• U.S. 12th-graders are at the very bottom in
rankings
• More rhetoric.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
29
The 2000s
Character of science teaching

21st Century Summit: What
students need:
• Digital-age literacy

Literacy in all
technologies
• Effective communications



Inventive thinking
Problem solving
using tools
High productivity
Collaborate
Interactive
Social responsibility
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
Planning
Use of tools
Produce products
30
Some perspectives

Americans have wanted schools to serve
different and often contradictory purposes for
their own children.
• To socialize them to be obedient, yet to teach them to
be critical thinkers.
• To pass on the best academic knowledge that the past
has to offer, yet also to teach marketable and practical
skills.
• To cultivate cooperation, yet to teach students to
compete with one another in school and in later life.
• To stress basic skills, but also to encourage creativity
and higher-order thinking skills.
• To focus on academic “basics,” yet to permit a wide
range of choices in courses.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
31
Some perspectives

How fast is technology moving?
•
•
•
•


38 years for radio to get to 50 million users
13 years for TV to get to 50 million users
16 years for PCs to get to 50 million users
4 years for Internet to get to 50 million users
Life expectation has gone from 62 in
1940 to 82 for women by 2007.
Robots operating on humans today!!
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
32
Some perspectives

20th century had many education reforms:
•
•
•
•
•
•
New American Schools
Accelerated Schools
Basic Education
Engaged Learning
Atlas
Success for All

More Rhetoric!

Major barriers:
Essential Schools
America’s Choice
Direct Instruction
Purpose Centered
Co-NECT
????????????
• 3 million teachers, 50 million students
• Governance
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
33
Some perspectives


In the 1940s, science teaching was based on
textbooks and chalkboards—the “Industrial
Model.”
In 2007, science teaching is based on ???
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Textbooks???
Chalkboards / whiteboards???
Technology???
Laboratory investigations
Conceptual Understanding???
Standards??????
What????????
Have we changed enough to reflect the changes
that occurred in society to meet society’s needs?

I don’t think so.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
34
Now entering the future

Be prepared to change.

Why?
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
35
The information age is about to
really begin to accelerate

Big Technologies Need Infrastructures
Technology patented
Infrastructure begun
Steam engine (1698)
Railway (1825)
Electric dynamo (1871)
Power grid (1908)
Computer (1946)
World Wide Web (1994)
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
36
Three stages of technological
development



First 25 years—Introduction (or infancy). The
technology is economically nonproductive.
Second 25 years—Development (or
adolescence). The technology is economically
counterproductive.
Third 25 years—Assimilation (or maturity). The
technology is economically hyperproductive.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
37
Information revelation


“It’s no secret that information technology alone is not
enough. Yet many organizations continue to buy IT—and
many (of us) continue to sell IT—that way. Productivity is
not embedded in the software code! Business
improvement does NOT come in a box! Technology
requires changes in the way humans work, yet
organizations continue to inject technology without making
any of the necessary changes.
“Why? Because it is easier to write a check than it is
to rethink the way you work.”
—Anne M. Mulcahy, CEO and Chairman, Xerox Corporation 5/2003
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
38
So what can we expect in the
next 20 years?





Health care?
E-learning
Mobile computing
Energy?
Jobs?
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
39
Some perspectives
Change
Society
Public Education
Time
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
40
Some perspectives

As a profession, we lack vision of
where we need to go. We are
victims of society, government,
unenlightened school leadership,
and OURSELVES!!
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
41
Some perspectives
How do we start?????
 Start simple and then progress
to the complex.
 Let’s look at the research—

The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
42
Some perspectives

The essentials for improving student
achievement include:
• All students must have access to the same viable
curriculum in every classroom—”guaranteed”
• High-yield instructional strategies have significant
effects on student achievement.
• Teachers must collaborate to strengthen student
achievement—we are all in this together: let’s build a
system!!
• Two key developmental times for large acquisitions of
learning (“Neurogenesis”)


Infancy to elementary school
Adolescence
• Learning rates related to level of stimulation
• Use technology as a building block for instruction, not
as an add-on.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
43
Conclusions

Is our current Industrial Model of
Education what we need in the 21st
Century?


NO!!!!
Let’s all start looking at new ways of
doing things. I believe you have many of
the answers, but need to have the
opportunity and responsibility to begin to
revolutionize the teaching of science.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
44
Some perspectives

Why do it?
• For our next generations of leaders,
workers, members of society
• To maintain our economic leadership
and way of life
• The next generation is our “kids” who
are in school now!!
• For my granddaughter!!
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
45
Conclusion
Join me and become a
leader/supporter in the
“wave of reconstituting
education for the 21st
century”!
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin
46
Moving Science
Education into the
21st Century
Sam J. Zigrossi
Program Director
Charles A. Dana Center
The University of Texas at Austin
samz@mail.utexas.edu
www.utdanacenter.org
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
47
Did you know . . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
48
Sometimes size does
matter.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
49
If you’re one in a million
in China . . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
50
There are 1,300 people
just like you.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
51
In India, there are 1,100
people just like you.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
52
The 25% of the population in
China with the highest IQs ...
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
53
Is greater than the total
population of North
America.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
54
In India, it’s the top 28%.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
55
Translation for teachers:
These countries have more
honors kids than we have
total kids.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
56
Did you know . . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
57
China will soon become the
number one Englishspeaking country in the world.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
58
If you took every single job in
the U.S. today and shipped it
to China . . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
59
China would still have a
labor surplus.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
60
During the course of this
8-minute presentation . . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
61
• 60 babies will be born in the U.S.
• 244 babies will be born in China.
• 351 babies will be born in India.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
62
The U.S. Department of
Labor estimates that today’s
learner will have had 10 to
14 jobs . . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
63
By the age of 38.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
64
According to the U.S.
Department of Labor . . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
65
1 out of 4 workers today is
working for a company they
have been employed by for
less than one year.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
66
More than 1 out of 2 are
working for a company they
have worked for for fewer
than five years.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
67
According to former
Secretary of Education
Richard Riley . . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
68
The top 10 in-demand
jobs in 2010 didn’t exist in
2004.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
69
We are currently
preparing students for
jobs that don’t yet exist . .
.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
70
Using technologies that
haven’t been invented . . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
71
To solve problems we
don’t even know are
problems yet.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
72
Name this country . . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
73
• Richest in the world
• Largest military
• Center of world business and finance
• Strongest education system
• World center of innovation and
invention
• Currency the world standard of value
• Highest standard of living
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
74
England.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
75
In 1900.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
76
Did you know . . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
77
th
20
The U.S. is
in the world
in broadband Internet
penetration.
(Luxembourg just passed
us.)
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
78
In 2002 alone Nintendo
invested more than $140
million in research and
development.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
79
The U.S. Federal Government
spent less than half as much
on research and innovation
in education.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
80
One out of every 8 couples
married in the U.S. last year
met online.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
81
There are over 100 million
registered users of MySpace
(August 2006).
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
82
The average MySpace
page is visited 30 times a
day.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
83
Did you know . . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
84
We are living in
exponential times.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
85
Each month, there are over 2.7 billion
searches performed on Google.
In August 2007 there were 37.1 billion
searches on Google sites, including 5
billion searches on YouTube.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
86
To whom were these
questions addressed B. G.
(Before Google)?
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
87
The number of text
messages sent and received
each day exceeds the
population of the planet.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
88
There are about 540,000
words in the English
language . . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
89
About 5 times as many as
during Shakespeare’s
time.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
90
More than 3,000 new
books are published . . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
91
Daily.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
92
It’s estimated that a
week’s worth of the New
York Times . . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
93
Contains more information
than a person was likely to
come across in a lifetime in
the 18th century.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
94
It’s estimated that 40
exabytes (that’s 4.0 x 1019)
of unique new information
will be generated worldwide
this year.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
95
That’s estimated to be more
than in the previous 5,000
years.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
96
The amount of new technical
information is doubling every
2 years.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
97
It’s predicted to double
every 72 hours by 2010.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
98
Third-generation fiber optics
have recently been
separately tested by NEC
and Alcatel . . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
99
That push 10 trillion bits per
second down one strand of
fiber.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
100
That’s 1,900 CDs or 150
million simultaneous phone
calls every second.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
101
That speed is currently
tripling about every 6
months and is expected to
do so for at least the next 20
years.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
102
The fiber is already there.
They’re just improving the
switches on the ends. Which
means the marginal cost of
these improvements is
effectively $0.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
103
Predictions are that
e-paper will be cheaper than
real paper.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
104
47 million laptops were
shipped worldwide last
year.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
105
The $100 laptop project is
expecting to ship between 50
and 100 million laptops a
year to children in
underdeveloped countries.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
106
Predictions are that by 2013 a
supercomputer will be built
that exceeds the computation
capability of the human
brain . . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
107
And by 2023, a $1,000
computer will exceed the
computation capability of the
human brain . . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
108
First-grader Abby will be just
23 years old and beginning
her (first) career . . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
109
And while it’s hard to make
technical predictions further
out than about 15 years. . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
110
Predictions are that by 2049
a $1,000 computer will
exceed the computational
capabilities of the human
race.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
111
What does it all mean?
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
112
Shift Happens.
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
113
Now you know . . .
The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Tex as at Austin
114