Oregon State University is to help prepare those it serves... self-fulfillment, to accept responsible membership and leadership

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THE OBJECTIVE OF THE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY AT
Oregon State University is to help prepare those it serves to find
self-fulfillment, to accept responsible membership and leadership
in a free democratic society, and to function effectively in a freeenterprise business community. This goal is approached through activities in resident instruction, through services rendered to the business community, and through professional activity and scholarly research on the part of the faculty.
The School is accredited by the American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business.
FACULTY
As of January 1966
1. To prepare those it serves for responsible enterpreneurial
or professional management roles in the modem free enterprise
business community. Courses offered by the Department of
CLIFFORD ELGES MASER, Ph.D., Dean of the School of Business
and Technology.
Business Administration in the basic principles and applications
of business organization, management, and control are included
in the curriculum to help achieve this objective. Functionally
Louis L. EDWARDS, M.E., Head Adviser and Placement Director.
Business Administration: Professors EASTON (department chair-
man), CAMPBELL, CRAIG, LE MASTER, MASER, NEWTON,
PFANNER, SEATON.
Associate Professors ALLAN, DAVIDSON, EDWARDS, HOPEMAN,
MILLER, O'ROURKE, RETTIG, SCH s n.r. , S JOGREN, STRICKLER.
Assistant Professors BOURQUE, DALBEY, FAUX, GRAHAM,
GRAY, JORDAN, MCFARLANE, PARK, SHIRLEY, SNYDER,
WIDICUS.
2. To prepare men and women for the teaching of business
subjects in the secondary schools and for responsible secretarial
or office management positions. Courses offered by the Departments of Business Education and Secretarial Science, in both
principles and techniques, are designed to help achieve this
objective.
3. To acquaint those it serves with a basic knowledge of
the vocabulary, materials, methods, and techniques of industry
to the end that, as prospective business managers, they may
Instructors BOWLBY, CHAMBERLAIN, CURRY, HALL, LAMPRECHT, PASCHKE, STEILEN, WOLFF.
Business Education: Professors
LARSE, WINGER.
specialized courses are purposely held to a minimum in favor of
the broadest possible liberal and professional education.
YERIAN (department head),
Assistant Professors JONES, LARSON.
understand the scientific and technological aspects of the enterprise in which they may be engaged and may adequately communicate concerning them. Minors in science, science-technology, and mathematics have been designed to serve these purposes.
4. To stimulate each individual it serves to: work at his
intellectually creative best, keep his imagination free, measure
Secretarial Science: Professors YERIAN (department head),
LARSE, WINGER.
Assistant Professors HAZEL, JONES, LARSON.
Instructors
MARKSHEFFEL, SCHERICH.
EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVE
In working toward its objective the School of
Business and Technology accepts its primary responsibility to be that of resident instruction. The
most important means of accomplishment is
through its professional curricula. These include
the following approaches to the achievement of
the School's stated aims:
92
Oregon State University
his judgments against well considered value standards, and find
articulate self-expression. Courses in the humanities and general
studies help the student to reach this goal.
5. To bring to those it serves an awareness of the functions
and problems of the human society so that they may live to
appreciate its worth and contribute to the opportunities and
freedom it provides. Social science courses are included in the
curriculum to help achieve this objective.
6. To explain to those it serves the nature of the universe
about them so that they may better understand some of the
wonders of creation and the relationship of the human being to
his physical environment. Courses in the biological and physical
sciences are included in the curriculum to help achieve this
objective.
7. To provide advanced professional education through
graduate programs in business administration and business education.
GENERAL STATEMENT
MAJOR FIELDS
High School Preparation
Business Administration
A student intending to major in the School of Business and
Technology would do well to complete the following courses in
high school: English, four years; mathematics, four years; history
and social studies, three years; typing, one year; natural science,
two years.
The major curriculum in business administration consists of
a core of required courses: Accounting, Statistics, Quantitative
Business Methods, Finance, Production, Marketing, Business
Managerial Economics, Organization and Management Theory,
Transfer Students
A student transferring into the School of Business and Tech-
nology should do so prior to or during the sophomore year.
Experience indicates that the fulfillment of course requirements
within the normal four-year period becomes progressively more
difficult to accomplish with each term that is completed prior
to transfer. Most transfers that take place as late as the third
term of the sophomore year will almost unavoidably result in
an added term or terms of work.
Counseling
Each student in the School of Business and Technology is
assigned a faculty adviser immediately after registering in the
school. The adviser stands ready at all times to assist the stu-
Business Law, Human Relations in Business, Government Rela-
tions in Business, and Business Policy. In addition, the student
must complete, during his junior and/or senior years, 18 term
hours of upper division business or related courses, selected in
terms of his career objectives. These courses may be chosen
with a view to gaining a broad general training in business, or
may be selected from one of six areas of concentrated study:
accounting, finance, production, marketing, personnel management, and agricultural business management.
Students majoring in Business Administration at Oregon State
University combine any one of the major business curricula with
27 or more term hours in a minor selected from one or more of
the professional Schools of Agriculture, Engineering, Forestry,
and Home Economics or the School of Science.
The School of Business Administration at the University of
Oregon offers major work, both undergraduate and graduate, in
all fields of business where the interests of a student do not indicate that a scientific-technological emphasis is needed or desired.
dent in such matters as career requirements and opportunities,
course and curricular requirements, and academic counseling.
The student may exercise the prerogative of asking to be as-
signed to a different adviser if, after having become better acquainted with the staff, it seems preferable to make such a
change.
Business Education
The Department of Business Education offers a four-year
major curriculum designed to prepare high school business
teachers. The fact that students completing this curriculum are
Placement
The Placement Director of the School of Business and Technology operates through the office of the dean. His services are
available to all students seeking information concerning placement opportunities, interviews with visiting firms, and general
information concerning career objectives.
Double Degrees
Increasing numbers of students majoring in agriculture, engineering, forestry, home economics, and science have come to
the conclusion that preparation in business administration, in
addition to work in their original major field, will prove to be
of great value. As a result, a significant number have been com-
pleting requirements for degrees in more than one field.
The requirements which a student would need to fulfill in
order to qualify for two or more baccalaureate degrees are
listed in the General Catalog. Through a careful use of the
elective courses available to a student in the original major
field, the time necessary to fulfill the requirements for the second degree may be considerably reduced.
Graduate Degrees
The Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.) degree and
the Master of Arts or Master of Science degree in Business Education are offered. General regulations and requirements for all
advanced degrees are printed under GRADUATE SCHOOL.
prepared to enter both the teaching and the secretarial fields has
made this program of study increasingly attractive. Both fields
offer excellent opportunities to men and women.
For requirements for a State Teacher's Certificate, a list of
teaching norms, and further information in regard to both undergraduate and graduate work in this department see SCHOOL
OF EDUCATION.
Secretarial Science
Responsible secretarial and allied positions such as office
manager, administrative assistant, and research assistant are
going more and more to the college-trained person. Such positions require, in addition to the secretarial skills, background
training in business administration, English and business correspondence, economics, psychology, and liberal arts. Students
who come with previous training in typing and stenography
are permitted to register in advanced classes according to their
abilities. Many high school graduates begin with second-year
stenography. Special one- and two-year terminal programs are
arranged for those who do not plan to be graduated.
Degrees Offered
The Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) and Bachelor of Science (B.S.)
degrees are offered in all curricula, the Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.) in business administration, and the Mas-
ter of Arts (M.A.), Master of Science (M.S.), and Master of
Education (M.Ed.) in business education.
School of Business and Technology
93
Business Administration
.-Term hoursFreshman Year
F
W
S
Introduction to Business (BA 101) .................................. 4
4
4
1 Mathematics sequence ...................................................... 4
3
3
2 English Composition (Wr 111,112,113) ........................ 3
History of Western Civilization (Hst 101,102,103) ........ 3
3 Officer education or electives ........................................0-3
4 Physical education (PE 190,190,190) ........................ 1
3
6
1
1
15-18
17
17
3
....
3
6
3
Quantitative Business Methods (BA 203)
Principles of Accounting (BA 211,212,213)
Statistics (BA 201,202) ...................................... 3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
16
16
16
5 Minor
.................... ........................... ........................... ....
3 Officer education or electives --------- ..............................
Physical education (PE 190,190,190) ...........................
Junior Year
Business Managerial Economics (BA 301) ........................ 3
Organization and Management Theory (BA 302) ................
Production (BA 311) -------------------------------------------------------- 4
Marketing (BA 312) ........................................................ ---
3
---- --------------------------------------.--Business Law (BA 411,412) ............................................
Finance
(BA 313)
4 Electives
4
ACCOUNTING AND COST CONTROL [A]
Term hoursJunior Year
F
W
S
3
3
3
4
3
3
-......................
3
3
.......................... ............................ -..................
3
3
9
16
16
16
Minor ............ ................... ...........................
II. FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF BUSINESS
Some substitution of courses may be permitted for exceptionally well-qualified students or for students with unusual objectives.
Sophomore Year
Principles of Economics (Ec 201,202,203) ......................
Business
of his senior year in terms of his career objectives, after consultation with and the approval of his faculty adviser.
A maximum of three approved upper division courses in economics may be accepted in lieu of approved business administration courses.
3
1 Advanced Accounting (BA 417,418,419) ......................
3
3
Cost Accounting (BA 421,422) ........................................ 3
Auditing (BA 427) ............................................................ 3
Auditing (BA 428) or Tax Accounting (BA 425) ............
....
Senior Year
3
3
RELATED COURSES
Auditing (BA 428)
Cost Accounting (BA 423)
Controllership (BA 429)
Anal of Fin Statements (BA 424)
Bus Data Processing (BA 431,432)
The Federal Tax System (BA 425)
Tech Report Writing (Wr 227)
Accounting Theory (BA 426)
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT [F]
Senior Year
3
Government Relations in Business (BA 498) ......................
.
Business Policy (BA 499) ................................................
" Business administration (concentration) ........................ 3
'Business administration (concentration) ........................ 3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
15
15
Electives (optional) ............... ...................................... (3)
-Term hours
Senior Year
Human Relations in Business (BA 497) ............................
Minor ...-----------.....-------------------------------..°-.-----------......-----...
3 Electives ............ ........----------------- ....---..-....----.............
3
(3)
3
Related course ------------------------------------------------------------...........
3
Investments (BA 443) ...................................................... -- -Financial Management (BA 447,448) .............................. 3
Case Problems in Financial Management (BA 449) ............
(3)
1 All new students are required to take the mathematics placement test.
2 Students observe current requirements regarding placement in proper
section or need for additional work.
5 Beginning with their sophomore year, students in business adminis-
tration are required to register in an approved minor in science or sci-
S
....
3
--
3
....
3
RELATED COURSES
Credit Management (BA 442)
Ins and Risk Mgmt (BA 444)
Property Management (BA 445)
Taxation and Business (BA 446)
Economic Fluctuations (Ec 421)
Money and Banking (Ec 423)
PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT [P]
3 At least 12 of the total elective credits must be in the social sciences,
excluding Psy 111.
4 General Hygiene (PE 150, 1 term hour, or PE 160, 2 term hours,
for men; PE 160, 2 term hours, for women) is taken one term in place of
physical education (PE 190).
W
....
15
(18) (18) (18)
F
3
Financial Institutions (BA 441) ......................................
-Term hours-
Senior Year
W
F
3
....
Production Management (BA 457,458) .......................... 3
Case Problems in Production Management (BA 459) ...... ....
....
Cost Accounting (BA 421) ................................................
Related courses ............................--------------...------°--------.....
3
3
S
..
3
3
ence-tech or mathematics (see pages 95-96). Courses in the following
areas are not acceptable in fulfillment of the minor requirements: geography, nursing, photography, science education.
" Students majoring in business administration and technology are required to choose an area of concentration at beginning of senior year.
It is strongly recommended to all students who have a grade-point
average of 2.50 or above that they register for the maximum number of
RELATED COURSES
Labor Economics (Ec 427)
Linear Prog in Bus (BA 433)
Industrial Purchasing (BA 453)
Labor Problems (Ec 425)
Labor Legislation (Ec 426)
Meth and Motion St (IE 391)
Time Study (IE 392)
Oper Research
(St 471,472,473)
elective hours.
n1AKII FINU MANAGEMENT LMl
Senior Year
Areas of Concentration
Students in the Department of Business Administration must
,omplete 18 term hours of upper division business administration or related courses in an area of concentration. This concentration of courses may be satisfied in either of two ways:
I. GENERAL BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY [G]
The student in the General Business and Industry concentration will be expected to program his 18 hours of upper division business administration or related courses at the beginning
94
Oregon State University
Selling and Promotion (BA 471) ....................................
Related courses .............. ----------------- .............. ....................
Term Lours-,
F
3
Marketing Management (BA 477,478) ................ ._--------- 3
Case Problems in Marketing Management (BA 479) .........
W
....
3
3
....
....
3
RELATED COURSES
Credit Management (BA 442)
Industrial Purchasing (BA 453)
Advertising (BA 472)
Sales Management (BA 473)
1 Replaces
S
....
Retail Management (BA 474)
Marketing Research (BA 475)
International Business (BA 476)
BA 411,412 which is then deferred to the senior year.
3
PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS [Pel
Senior Year-Term hoursF
Labor Problems (Ec 425) ................................................ 3
Labor Legislation (Ec 426) .............................................. ....
Labor Economics (Ec 427) .............................................. ....
Personnel Management (BA 467,468) ............................ 3
Case Problems in Personnel Management (BA 469) ...........
W
....
S
3
....
....
3
----
....
3
3
F
W
3
3
3
Senior Year
Oil Geology (G 423) ........................................................
Economic Geology (G 421,422) ........................................
3
.---
....
3
RELATED COURSES
Office Organization and Management (SS 422)
Courses in psychology
Courses in sociology
Courses in industrial engineering
AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT [Ag]
Senior Year
--Term hours
F
Marketing Farm Products (AEc 341) ..............................
Agricultural Cooperatives (AEc 342) .............................. 3
Plant Efficiency Analysis (AEc 421) ................................
Land and Water Economics (AEc 461) .........................
Agricultural Policy (AEc 411) .......................................... ....
Agricultural Prices (AEc 451) or Farm Finance
(AEc 431) .........................--------...-----------------...-...... ----
_W
..S
3
Minors
Schools in which minors are authorized are: agriculture,
engineering, forestry, home economics, and science. In addition
to the minors in these fields, similar minors within these authorized fields may be arranged where necessary to meet the objectives of individual students.
For a naval science minor consult dean's office, School of
Business and Technology, for course requirements.
SCIENCE [SCI]
Term hours-
Sophomore Year
W
3
APPLIED MATHEMATICS [AM]
Professor EDWARD KAPLAN, Adviser
,-Term hours-,
Freshman Year
F
4
W
4
....
....
4
4
4
Junior Year
Related courses in mathematics or statistics ......................4-3 4-3
4-3
Mathematics for business and social science ....................
Trigonometry (Mth 102) ............................
Calculus with Analytic Geometry (Mth 111,112,113) ......
3
RELATED COURSES
Agri Econ Anal (AEc 312)
Pric Arr for Farm Prod (AEc 444)
Con and the Market (AEc 412)
International Agri Dev (AEc 462)
Livestock Economics (AEc 440)
Money and Banking (Ec 423,424)
F
Natural science sequence ................................................ 3
S
S
4
Sophomore Year
3
-...
.-Term hours-
Junior Year
Mineralogy and Rock Study (G 315,316,317) ................
S
3
3
3
3
Senior Year
Natural science sequence (may be completed any time
from the freshman year forward) .............................. 3
3
3
RELATED COURSES
It is permissible to take any three courses from the Mathematics list or
any one of the three course groupings from the Statistics list. The related
course requirement may not be fulfilled through an intermixing of courses
from the Mathematics and Statistics lists.
MATHEMATICS
STATISTICS
Programing Digital Computers
(
Statistical Inference (St 421,422,
423)
th 151)
Determinants and Matrices (Mth
341)
Theory of Equations (Mth 342 )
Computer Principles (Mth 351)
Computer Operation (Mth 352)
Symbolic Language Programing
(Mth 353)
Probability (Mth 361)
Finite Differences (Mth 362)
Linear Programing and Games
(Mth 363)
or
Statistical Inference (St 421,422)
and
Sampling Methods (St 441)
or
Basic Statistics and Operations
Research
(St 371,372,373)
(Prerequisite: Mth 113; Mth 211
not necessary)
or
Theory of Statistics (St 481,482,
483)
(Prerequisite: Mth 211)
Junior Year
Three natural science courses, dependent upon or related to the sophomore-year natural science courses
or
Natural science sequence in another area ......................
AGRICULTURE [AGRI
3
Senior Year
Natural science courses, related to each other and
dependent upon or related to the sophomore-year
and/or the junior-year natural science courses ........
or
3
2 Science in Antiquity (GS 411) and
The Scientific Revolution (GS 412) and
2 Nineteenth-Century Scientific Thought (GS 413) ......
3
3
Sophomore Year
-Term hours-,
F
W
S
Science courses related to junior- and/or
senior-year minor courses ..............................................
3
3
3
Junior Year
Science courses basic to, or prerequisite to,
senior-year minor courses ..............................................
3
3
3
3
3
3
Senior Year
1 Chemistry and physics especially recommended. Courses in geography,
Related courses ..................................................................
mathematics, nursing, photography, science education, and statistics are
not acceptable.
2 Business students enrolled in the science minor will be permitted to
submit 18 hours of natural science and 9 hours of History of Western Civilization in fulfillment of the prerequisites listed for GS 411,412, and 413.
RELATED COURSES
The related courses must be chosen from one of the following departments of the School of Agriculture: ANIMAL SCIENCE, FARM CROPS, FISH-
INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY [IC]
FOOD TECHNOLOGY [FT]
ERIES AND WILDLIFE, HORTICULTURE, POULTRY SCIENCE, SOILS, or AGRICUL-
TURAL ENGINEERING
Professor BERT E. CHRISTENSEN, Adviser
Professor C. E. SAMUELS, Adviser
Term hours-,
F
W
S
Sophomore Year
General Chemistry (Ch 201,202,203) ..........................
or
General Chemistry (Ch 101,102,103) and Chemical
3
3
3
Food Processing (FST 221)
Food Processing (FST 222 or 223) ..................................
Food Grades and Standards (FST
...
Junior Year
3
271.
Organic Chemistry (Ch 226,227) ...........
5
Elementary Physical Chemistry (Ch 340) ........................
Senior Year
Industrial Chemistry (Ch 324,325,326) ..........................
3
5
....
3
3
3
2
4
....
3
Senior Year
1 General Microbiology (Mb 204) or
Introductory Microbiology (Mb 130) ........................4-3
Food Technology (FST 3 0) ..............................................
Elements of Horticulture (Hrt 111) ....................................
Animal Science (AnS 121)
Meats (AnS 351)
W. D. WILKINSON, Adviser
-Term hours-,
Geology (G 201,202,203) ................................................
Geology Laboratory (G 204,205,206) ..............................
..--
RELATED COURSES
MINING OR PETROLEUM GEOLOGY [MPG]
Sophomore Year
Sophomore Year
Term hours-,
F
W
S
Chemistry (Ch 101,102,103) .............................. 3
3
3
Junior Year
Theory (Ch 241) ....................................................
Professor
General
F
W
3
3
3
1
1
1
S
Nutrition (FN 225)
Federal and State Food Regulations (FST 421)
1 All students who are capable of completing General Microbiology (Mb
204), rather than Introductory Microbiology (Mb 130), are strongly urged
to do so.
School of Business and Technology
95
Junior Year
Office Procedure (55 311,312,313) ._.._.._..... .................
Educational Psychology: Learning (Ed 312) ................ ..
FORESTRY [FO]
Professor W. I. WEST, Adviser
Sophomore Year
-Term hours-,
F
W
S
3
3
3
General Botany (Bot 201) ................................................
Conservation of Natural Resources (F 260) or
Trigonometry (Mth 102) if student intends to take
3
3
3
3
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING [IE]
Professor JAMES RIGGS, Adviser
,-Term hours-,
F
Mathematics for business and social science .................... 4
Trigonometry (Mth 102) ................................................ ....
W
4
....
S
....
4
(3)
(3)
3
(3)
Senior Year
I Ofliec Organization and Management (SS 421,422) ......
Seminar (SS 407) ..................................... -_----------------_---
3
3
(3)
3
3
3
3
(3)
16
16
6
16
Senior Year
Related courses - Conservation of Natural Resources
(F 260), Mensuration (F 224), Forest Protection
(F 231), Forest Valuation (F 324), Forest Economics (F 412), Wood Technology (FP 210), Wood
Utilization (FP 310), Forest Engineering (FE 123),
or Logging Methods (FE 392) .................................. 3
_._---- .................................. __--------_-----------------
....
FE 123, F 224, or FE 292 ........................................ .... 3-4
Tree Identification (F 153) ..................................................
....
Freshman Year
Psychology of Adolescence (Ed 461) ............................ .... (3)
Electives
Junior Year
4
3
(3)
--3
......-----------°----------------------------------------------------
4
(3)
Special Secondary Methods (Ed 408) (Shorthand) .... _.. (3)
Business Law (BA 411,412,413) .........................
Business Statistics (BA 201) .................................... _-_... (3)
Special Secondary Methods (Ed 408) (Typewriting).._..
Natural science sequence, chemistry, or physics recommended (geography, nursing, photography, and science education not acceptable to fulfill this requirement)
4
3
Methods in Reading (Ed 350) .............................._____ (3)
Special Secondary Methods (Ed 408) (ltionskfll and
Bookkeeping) _ ...................................__...............-... (3)
3
1
Secretarial Problems (SS 411) ------- .................. .-------------- .- _4
Production (BA 311) ---------------_----_---_-_-_------_._-_-- --- -Marketing (BA 312) .............................. ......................... 4
(4
Finance (BA 313) -_. ' . ...............
Student Teaching (Ed 416) -...._..._-_..........._..(12
(1)
Seminar (Student Teaching, BEd 407) _..._
n and high
Seminar l Students,
Ed 407) .__..----------__----------_-........ (3)
school activities. BEd
(3)
(1)
3
3
(1)
(3)
( 4)
(4)
(4
)
4
12)
(12)
1
(1)
6
3
-.-.
(3)
17
16
17
6
' Students who have had previous training in stenography and typing
will be placed in classes commensurate with their abilities.
9 The student should decide during the first year whether he desires the
Bachelor of Science or the Bachelor of Arts degree. This decision will influence the choice of electives.
r General Hygiene (PE 150, 1 term hour for men; PE 160, 2 term
hours for women) is taken one term in place of physical education.
4 SS 421 offered fall and winter terms.
I The student should select by the beginning of the sophomore year
Sophomore Year
Calculus with Analytic Geometry (Mth 111,112) ---------- 4
Probability (Mth 361) .............................. -.......................
4
....
3
....
3
3
one of the teaching norms (excluding business administration) listed in the
SCHOOL OF EDUCATION. Elective hours can be used toward the teaching
norm.
Junior Year
Engineering Economy (IE 381) ......................................
Abridged General Physics (Ph 211,212) ..........................
3
Secretarial Science
Senior Year
Related courses - Systems Analysis (IE 371,372,373),
Materials Handling (IE 394), Production Planning
and Control (IE 397), Environmental Design (IE
Freshman Year
473), or Quality Control (IE 491) -------------------------- 3
3
3
INSTITUTION MANAGEMENT [IM]
Professor MARGARET
3
3
3
Food Preparation (FN 211,212) ..........................................3
----
....
------------------.°°-----------------------------------
3
3
Senior Year
Related courses - Microbiology (Mb 130 or 204), Meal
Management (FN 313), Principles of Food Preservation (FST 350), Quantity Cookery (IM 311), Institution Organization and Administration (IM 430),
Purchasing for Institutions (IM 440), or Institution
Experience (IM 450) .................................................. 3
-Term horns-
English Composition (Wr 111,112,113) ..........................
Introduction to Business (BA 101) ..................................
Group requirement in literature or science ......................
Physical education ..............................................................
8 Electives
3
Education
F
'Typing (SS 121,122,123) .............................................. 2
'Stenography (SS 111,112,113) ...................................... 3
3
W
2
3
3
S
3
3
(4)
(4)
1
1
1
3
3
16
15
15
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
1
3
3
Principles of Accounting (BA 211,212,213) ..................
Principles of Economics (BC 201,202,203)
General Psychology (Psy 201,202) ------------------ _------_---_.
School in American Life (Ed 310) ............ .....................
3
3
3
Business English (Wr 214) .............. .............. .......... ........
'Physical education
2
Fundamentals of Speech (Si, 111) ... .. ........ ................. _. (3)
Electives
..... .......... ._........................... _............ --------- _----- ....
16
96
Oregon State University
(3)
3
3
3
3
3
....
16
16
3
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
---
3
3
16
15
15
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
(3)
(3)
3
(3)
3
2
1
1
a
3
3
17
16
16
Office Procedure (5S 311,312,313) ----------- ........._.........._ 4
Business Law (BA 411,412,413) ............ _.-__ ............... 3
3
General Psychology (Ply 201,202) ----------------------------Applied Psychology (Pry 205) ............ ............................ ....
Business Statistics (BA 201) ...- ----- ............. _....... _---- -.. ....
Science or social science electives ..... ......... _ ...................... 3
Electives .. -..__.-------- __ ............... ..------------ -._.....-------- ...... a
4
3
3
4
3
---3
3
3
3
3
16
16
16
Junior Year
Senior Year
................................... ._'technical Reporting (SS 321)
Seminar (SS 407) ------- -........ ----___.._.... .--------- ----------------Problems
(SS
411)
........
...............................
Secretarial
i
Secretarial Fraction
( SS 412) ------------ _-------------------------- _. (3)
3 Office Organization and Management (SS 421,422)....
Retail Management (BA 474) ............ _...._----------------- _..
Production (BA 311)
Sophomore Year
Stenog ra ph y (SS 211 , 212 , 213) .............. .......... .
pp
Applied
(4)
ic
tis (BA 211,212,213) .... ......... ,.... 3
Accounting
American
(PS 201) ------------------------------------ 3
n Civilization (Fist 226)
History of
.................. ........_..._. (2)
Business English (W.. 214)
2
4
3
.............-----------........---------°°-----.....-..------...°--...
Principles of Economics (Bc 21,202,23) ....................
Physical education ....------- ._._........... .__ ......... _ ..............
..
Electives .... .-.......................................
3
4
3
2
Sophomore Year
Applied Stenography (SS 211,212,213) ............ ..............
Junior Year
Freshman Year
Typing (55 121.122,123) ........ .----------- ........................
Introduction to Business (BA 101) ........................ _...... _.' Group requirement in literature or science ..... .......... ...
English Composition (Wr 111,112,113)
Term hoursF
W
S
Chemistry (Ch 101,102,103) ..........................................
Business
Stenography (SS 111,112,113) ...... ........------ _ ...._..........
Physical education ................ ..........------------------------------- ..
Electives .............
-- ------------ ........ ............ -------- - ------
L. FnaciE, Adviser
Sophomore Year
Nutrition (FN 225)
-Tern hours-
--------------------------------------------------------
3
3
4
Marketing (BA 312) --------------------- -------------------------- ........ (4)
(4 )
Finance (BA 313) -__-._ .........................._._...._._...__....
........................ ....
Science or social science electives
Electives ............. ........ ....... _.......... _........ ....-------- ---.... ..... 6
17
...
3
3
(1
3
(3)
(3)
3
3
(3)
4)
(4)
(4)
4
3
(4)
(
4
3
3
3
16
16
' See notes 1 and 2 under Business Education.
I General Hygiene (PE 150, 1 term hour for men; PE 160, 2 term
hours for women) will be taken any term in place of physical education.
3 SS 421 offered fall and winter terms.
in
Upper Division Courses
Courses numbered 400-499 and designated (g)
or (G) may be taken for graduate credit.
BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION
Courses in business administration are
offered in the Department of Business Ad-
ministration. The courses aim in the first
two years to orient the student in the field
and in the last two years to provide professional preparation. Courses offered in
the Department of Economics supple-
ment the work of the Department of
Business Administration.
Courses numbered in the 400's are restricted to students with junior or senior
standing.
Lower Division Coures
BA 101. Introduction to Business.
4 hours.
4
Business organization, operation, and manage-
ment intended to orient the student in the
field of business and to help him determine
a field of major concentration.
BA 102. Survey of American Industry.
3 hours.
3 ®i
Structure and development of American industry, including the extractive, processing,
assembling and construction, and service industries.
BA 103.
Conceptual Foundations of
Business.
3
3 hours.
Major institutions and ideas which form an
important part of the business environment,
such as freedom, competition, justice, values,
and social responsibility.
BA 201,202.
Business Statistics.
3 hours each term.
and Technology
3 Qt
Sources and collection of business data, tabu-
fm and graphic presentation and analysis,
frequency distributions, averages and dupersion, probability and statistical inference. Sta-
tistical decision making, correlation and regression, index numbers, time series analysis,
and business forecasting. Prerequisite: Mth 50
or lot
BA 203. Quantitative Business Methods.
3 hours.
3
Probability concepts; conditional and expected
value and utility as a basis for decision making; game theory; electronic data processing;
simulation; and basic principles of linear
BA 301.
3 QQ
Business decision making under conditions
primarily of uncertainty; sales, cost and profit
forecasting; demand analysis, cost analysis,
pricing concepts, and capital management concepts.
BA 302. Organization and Management
Theory.
3 hours.
3 QQ
Planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and
controlling business enterprises; emphasis on
decision making, establishment of policies and
objectives, and business leadership.
BA 311.
Production.
4(
4 hours.
Decision making in production, plant location,
plant layout, materials handling, research and
development, production control, procurement,
inventory control, statistical quality control,
motion study,time study, operations research,
and computers. Prerequisite: BA 201,202.
BA 312.
Marketing.
4 hours.
40
Industrial and consumer markets and activities
and enterprises involved in distributing goods
to those markets. Objective to develop understanding of distribution processes, marketing
problems and principles.
BA 313.
Finance.
4 hours.
4 QQ
Financial problems encountered in establishment and operation of business firms; forms of
ownership organization, acquisition of capital,
management of income; related financial institutions; financial adjustment to changing
business conditions. Prerequisite: BA 211,212.
BA 405.
Reading and Conference. (g)
Terms and hours to be arranged.
Supervised individual work in some field of
special application and interest. Subjects
chosen must be approved by professor in
charge. Consent of instructor required. Prerequisite: senior or graduate standing.
BA 407.
Seminar.
Terms and hours to be arranged.
counting.
BA 410. Business Internship.
1 to 6 hours.
Principles of Ac-
3 hours each term.
3
First Term: Terminology, content, and form
of financial statements for single proprietor
ships, partnerships, and corporations; data for
use in preparing profit and loss statements and
balance sheets.
Second Term: Detailed record-keeping procedures; internal control methods to protect
cash resources; analysis and interpretation of
financial statements.
Third Term: Recording and reporting incomes
and expenses; functions and procedures of
cost accounting for managerial use in controlling business operations; financial control
through use of budgets.
BA 217.
Basic Accounting and Finan-
cial Analysis.
3 hours.
3O
For students who take only one term of accounting. Methods of recording, summarizing,
and presenting accounting data. Emphasis on
basic principles and terminology; significance,
analysis, and interpretation of accounting data;
accounting as tool of management.
Planned and supervised work experience at
selected cooperating business firms. Supplementary training conference, reports, and appraisals. Prerequisite: upper division standing.
BA 411.
Business Law.
3 hours.
3 QQ
History, nature, and function of law in our
business society; lawmaking and legal reasoning.
BA 412.
Business Law.
3 hours.
3 QT
Formation, performance and discharge of ob-
ligations arising out of contracts, torts, and
the agency relationship.
BA 413. Business Law.
3 hours.
Advanced Accounting.
3 hours each term.
3 (D
Basic accounting theory and conventional accounting procedures. More difficult problems
encountered in accumulation and presentation
of financial data; balance sheets and other
financial reports, measuring costs and reve-
partnership accounting, installments,
consignments, agency and branch accounting
consolidations and fiduciary accounting. Prerequisite: BA 211,212,213,
nues,
BA 421,422,423. Cost Accounting. (G)
3 hours each term.
3(
First Term: Material, labor, and overhead
costs; job order and process cost accounting
systems.
Second Term: Estimated and standard costs;
standard cost accounting systems; variances
and their disposition.
Third Term: Distribution costs- analysis and
use of break-even points, difl'erential costs,
and oth er cost data.
Prerequisite: BA 211,212,213 or BA 214,215.
BA 424. Analysis of Financial Statements. (G)
3 hours.
30
Preparation, analysis, and interpretation of
balance sheets and operating reports for effective management and control of industrial and
trading concerns. Prerequisite: BA 417,418,
419.
BA 425. The Federal Tax System.
3 hours.
(G)
3 QQ
Taxation principles secystem,
onomics and philosophies of the federal
current and historical; processes of tax legislation, adminis-
tration, and judicial review at federal level
with reference to overly at state level; determination of tax liabilities; revenue-raising
sources; taxation of incomes. Prerequisite:
BA 213; Ec 203.
BA 426. Accounting Theory.
3 hours.
(G)
3 Di
Economic factors, law, and administrative ruling; concepts and procedures for measuring
income, cost, value, and results of price level
change; accounting ethics. Prerequisite: BA
417,418,419.
(G)
3(
Personal standards and verification procedures
for auditors of business enterprises; surveying
adequacy and effectiveness of accounting sys-
tem and internal control; auditing procedures
and preparation of working papers; certification of financial statement information. Prerequisite: BA 417,418,419.
BA 429. Controllership.
3 hours.
(G)
3(
The controller and his organization- coordination and control of accounting, budgeting, and
planning; controllership's contribution to management and responsibilities for office organization and procedures. Prerequisite: BA 417,
418,419.
BA 431,432.
Business Data Processing.
3 hours each term.
3 QQ
Electronic computers and punched-card processing facilities; number systems; business data
flow, basic computer programing, input, out-
3D
Legal aspects of property rights, commercial
transactions, and forms of business organizations.
and brokerage. Prerequisite: junior standing.
BA 417,418,419.
BA 427,428. Auditing.
3 hours each term.
programing. Prerequisite: BA 201.
BA 211,212,213.
3 QQ
Creation and rights of ownersvarious estates, title protection, d:%,'= , and
inheritance; property transactions related
thereto, including contracts, mortgages, leases,
Business Managerial Eco-
nomics.
3 hours.
BA 414. Real Estate Law.
3 hours.
put, storage, control, and automatic processing
equipment; business programing and processing procedures- systems design; and economic
feasibility studies. Prerequisite: one term of
statistics; BA 211,212 or 217.
School of Business and Technology
97
Linear Programing in Busi-
BA 433.
BA 457,458.
Production Management.
30
30
Production, factory organization, and factory
simplex methods of linear programing; other
programing methods; use of the computer
in solving linear programing problems. Pre-
BA 459. Case Problems in Production
ness.
3 hours.
A management planning technique; business
and industrial applications; transportation and
requisite: BA 203.
3Q
3 hours.
Environment in which the financial manager
functions; monetary conditions; the Federal
Government; financial organization- money
and capital markets. Prerequisite: 'BA 313.
BA 442. Credit Management.
3 hours.
(C)
3 QQ
3Q
Objectives and risks- program planning; corporate securities and securities markets; government bonds, real estate, savings institutionsinterest income and stock yields; security
analysis. Prerequisite: BA 313.
Insurance and Risk Manage-
BA 444.
(G)
ment.
3 hours.
The various insurance means at disposal of
management for use in shifting, reducing, or
eliminating risk- fire, casualty, workmen's
compensation, fidelity and surety, marine, life,
and other types of insurance.
Business Property Management. (C)
3
3 hours.
®
pact of the public interest. Prerequisite: BA
313..
BA 446. Taxation and Business.
3 hours.
(G)
3 QQ
The roles of taxes in business decisions; tax
system; taxation problems; tax incidence and
burden theories. Tax implications in selection
of legal business organizational form, plant
location, depreciation, executive compensation,
raising funds, the contemporary scene. Prerequisite: BA 313.
Financial Management.
3 hours each term.
3 QQ
Administration of an industrial enterprise;
coordination of purchases, inventories, production, and sales; cash, receivables, inven-
tories, investments, and working capital position; financial control of plant, equipment,
leases, and industrial property. Prerequisite:
BA 313. Either BA 447 or BA 448 may be
taken separately.
Personnel Management.
3 hours each term.
3 QQ
analysis of personnel objectives, functions, and
practices as they relate to overall objectives
of an organization.
Second Term: Deeper study of key areas cov-
ered in BA 467, with emphasis on the pro-
periodical literature in the field.
Either term may be taken separately.
fessional
BA 469.
Case Problems in Personnel
Management. (G)
3 hours.
3 QQ
Cases involving personnel problems and policy,
drawn from real situations in business and
industry. The student is given an opportune
to apply material learned in BA 487 an
BA 488. Prerequisite: BA 467 or BA 468.
BA 471.
Selling and Promotion.
3O
Role of selling and promotion as marketing activities; concepts and practices involved in
the several selling methods; special func-
tion(s) each method may have in the selling
program. Emphasis on personal selling, display, demonstration, and publicity.
Advertising.
3 QQ
A tool of marketing managgement; preparation
of advertisements- copy, illustration, and lay-
out; use of media: newspapers,
direct mail, radio, and television.
BA 473. Sales Management.
3 hours.
magazines,
3 QQ
Functions in marketing process- administrative and executive duties; analysis of market, policy formulation; recruiting, selecting,
contracting, training, equipping, compensating,
supervising, and evaluating salesmen.
BA 474. Retail Management.
3 hours.
(G)
3 QQ
Organizing and operating retail institutions;
store locatioat store layout, buying and selling,
operating activities, personnel and control.
BA 475.
Marketing Research Proce-
(C)
dures.
30
The role of marketing research in the man3 hours.
agement of marketing in consumer and industrial areas- a study of research methods
and procedures; the application of research
methods to the solution of typical marketing
problems; and, the development of a research
project by members of the class. Prerequisite:
3 hours.
3 QQ
Actual situations drawn from current business
scene. Written reports prepared by student
emphasis
ofrpertinentsfacts weighing po
tions. Prerequisite: BA 313.
Industrial Purchasing.
3 hours.
solu-
(C)
3 QQ
Purchase and control of materials for industrial
use as they affect control of quality. of prod-
ucts, maintenance of operating efficiency, and
quotation of competitive prices.
Oregon State University
BA 478.
With the purpose of developing proficiency in
solution of marketing problems representative
cases are studied involving choice of distribution channels, product and price policies, distribution cost analysis, and sales programs.
Consent of instructor required. Prerequisite:
BA 478.
BA 481. Distribution Management.
3 hours.
3
Q
Interrelationship of traffic management, warehousing, materials handling, and packaging.
BA 497. Human Relations in Business.
3 1Q
(G) 3 hours.
Relationships among managerial, supervisory,
and other workers; actual cases used to help
develop attitudes, frames of reference, and
approaches which will be useful in solving
human relations problems in business. Prerequisite: senior standing.
BA 498.
Government Relations in
Business.
(G)
3C
3 hours.
Statutory, administrative, and common law
controls affecting modem business and their
influence on budgetary considerations, busi-
ness structure, and administrative policies; im-
portance of constructive attitude and proper
recognition of government aids and services
to the business
senior standing.
BA 499.
Prerequisite:
community.
Business Policy.
(G)
1®
3 hours.
Advanced integrative course in analysis of topmanagement decisions executive responsibilities, and company objectives. Policymaking
is studied through business case histories, current business news, and field investigations of
region. Prerequisite: senior standing.
Graduate Courses
See also courses marked (g) and (G) above.
BA 501.
Research.
Terms and hours to be arranged.
Reading and Conference.
Terms and hours to be arranged.
BA 507. Seminar.
Terms and hours to be arranged.
BA 511. Analytical Techniques in
Business Decision Making.
3 hours fall.
3 QQ
Analytical techniques and concepts necessary
in making business decisions concerning marketing, costs profits pricing, competition, production, and capital management. Forecasting
techniques as related to decision making under
conditions primarily of uncertainty.
BA 512.
Administrative Organization.
3 hours.
1
Study of organization theories and concepts
with the p
e of developing an organized
m
Randeadinorganization
disaand manygement priinc ples.
cussion of business and related literature.
BA 513.
Behavior in Business Organi-
zations.
International Business.
3 hours.
(C)
3Q
Activities and procedures peculiar to exporting and importing; obtaining transportation
services; packing requirements; custom requrements; financing
Prerequisite: BA 312.
BA 477,478.
(C)
BA 479. Case Problems in Marketing
Management. (G)
3Q
3 hours.
BA 505.
(G)
BA 312.
BA 449. Case Problems in Financial
Management. (G)
98
BA 467,468.
3 hours.
Acquisition, management, and disposal of the
real estate of a business firm. Location factors,
legal concepts and procedures, financial considerations and arrangements, taxes and assessments, insurance, valuation and appraisal,
characteristics of the real estate market, im-
BA 453.
30
To enable student to formulate an over-all
picture of interrelationship of major aspects
of production; actual cases drawn from industry. Prerequisite: BA 457,458.
BA 472.
BA 445.
(G)
(C)
3 hours.
3
BA 447,448.
Management.
First Term: Survey of the field, including
tion, evaluation of credit risks, and credit
controls useful to business firms; credit policy
determination. Prerequisite: BA 313.
(G)
management from point of view of production
manager. Prerequisite: BA 311. BA 457 or
BA 458 may be taken separately.
(G)
Management functions performed by a credit
department; relation to other functions of the
business enterprise; consumer credit and
mercantile credit, sources of credit informa-
BA 443. Investments.
3 hours.
3 hours each term.
3 hours.
(G)
Financial Institutions.
BA 441.
(G)
methods;
insurance.
Marketing Management.
3 hours each term.
3Q
BA 447: For planning purposes, the study of
marketing channels, marketing enterprises, and
their functions. Prerequisite: 471. BA 478:
Pricing, organizing, and central activities.
Prerequisite: BA 477.
3 hours.
1®
A study of various aspects of formal and informal organizations, communications, motivation, leadership, individual and group beha
or. and the administrator's role in inter-
personal relationships as they influence and are
influenced by business organizations.
BA 520. Administrative Accounting.
3
3 hours.
O
The adaptation of accounting to managerial
operational planning, decision-making, and
control. Concepts of cost, profits, value, control, planning, decision-making,
uncertainty
are inter-related, Prerequisite: 8 to 0 quarter
hours of basic accounting.
BA 531,532,533.
Analysis.
Quantitative Business
3 hours each term.
3 ®
Survey of quantitative methods of analysis of
business data; unified business data systems;
data processing equipment and methods;
model building and business management
problem simulation, game theory, linear programing, and advanced business and industrial statistics; management uses of quantitative methods. Prerequisite: Reasonable proficiency in differential and integral calculus.
BEd 536. Problems and Research
SS 121,122,123.
2 hours each term.
Philosophy and trends in business education;
methods and available research studies. Pre-
ness correspondence, legal forms, tabulating
manuscripts, modern business forms; straight
copy timings; training on both manual and
electric typewriters. Students who have had
one year of typing may receive credit for 55
121 only upon the recommendation of in-
business subjects.
BEd 537. Measurements in Business
Education.
30
Objectives and principles; testing in specific
structor.
3 hours.
testing materials; use of tests in diagnostic
and remedial teaching Prerequisite: Ed 408;
SS 124. Typing.
2 hours.
subjects.
business subjects is provided in the Department of Business Education, a joint
OA 538.
Current Trends in Office Pro-
cedure.
department in the School of Business and
Technology and the School of Education.
A student may major in either school, but
before registering he must confer with the
head of the Department of Business Edu-
3 hours.
cation.
Ed 408; BEd 536. Students who have not
SS 211,212,213.
Applied Stenography.
3
Advanced principles and phrases; dictation
3 hours each term.
3 Ci
Clerical and secretarial procedure programs
and transcripts covering vocabularies of representative businesses- legal forms- newspapers
and magazine articles. Prerequisite: SS 113,
123, or equivalent.
used in secondary and collegiate schools;
course content, teaching methods and mnterials; organization of laboratories; objectives,
standards, instruction sheets, courses of study,
and miscellaneous teaching aids. Prerequisite:
had Ed 408 must have had teaching experi-
Baccalaureate Degrees
calaureate degree is outlined in the curriculum on a previous page. Courses from
business administration, business educa-
tion, education, and secretarial science
form the major background. A liberal
number of elective hours permits the se-
lection of a teaching norm. The require-
OA 539.
2 hours.
Current Trends in Basic Busi-
3 hours.
Administration and Supervi-
3 hours.
writers.
SS 216.
Certificate are listed under SCHOOL OF
Upper Division Courses
3
OA 541. Current Practices in Typewriting.
3 hours fall.
3 CI
and special devices. Prerequisite: Ed 408. Stu-
dents who have not had Ed 408 must have
had teaching experience in typing.
BEd 403. Thesis.
Terms and hours to be arranged.
OA 542.
Current Practices in Short-
hand.
3 hours winter.
BEd 405. Reading and Conference.
Terms and hours to be arranged.
3 CQ
Correct writing habits; correlation of sound
and symbol responses word and sentencebuilding and transcription technique. Pre-
BEd 407. Seminar.
Terms and hours to be arranged.
requisite: Ed 408. Students who have not had
Ed 408 must have had teaching experience
in stenography.
Ed 408.
Special Secondary Methods.
3 hours. (See EDUCATION.)
Graduate Courses
The major in secretarial science prepares youngmen and women for top-level
office positions, most common of which is
that of secretary. A student may elect a
minor in an industrial field in which he
plans to work. Service courses in this de-
OA 505. Reading and Conference.
Terms and hours to be arranged.
partment are available to all students.
OA 507. Seminar.
Terms and hours to be arranged.
us
BUSnvsss EDUCATION-The
planning and development of practical and
creative projects, group or individual, in the
field of business education. Students will be
urged to
use
actual
school situations
as
nucleus for the term's work and to arrive at
the best possible solutions.
OA 508. Workshop.
Terms and hours to be arranged.
Office Procedure.
4 hours each term.
2 CI 2
311,312,313.
®
Most efficient stenographic methods and office
practice- filing-, advanced dictation; transcripts; reports; modern office appliances. Pre-
requisite: SS 213 or equivalent.
SS 321,322.
Technical Reporting.
3 hours winter and spring.
3®
Advanced stenographic training in specialized
business fields. Prerequisite: SS 123,213.
SS 407.
SS 411.
SECRETARIAL SCIENCE
BEd 503. Thesis.
Terms and hours to be arranged.
PRACTICUM
Upper Division Courses
SS
Seminar.
1 hour fall and winter.
OA 501. Research.
Terms and hours to be arranged.
30
Same as SS 215 except that fewer equipment
types are covered.
Principles underlying development of typing
skills; motivation, supplementary materials,
BEd 401. Research.
Terms and hours to be arranged.
Business Machines.
1 hour.
ments for a State High School Teacher's
EDUCATION.
IC
fluid-process duplicators, and electric type-
3
sion of Business Education.
5
Rotary and key-driven calculators, bookkeeping machines, adding machines, addressing
machines, voice-writing machines stencil and
ness Subjects.
BEd 540.
Business Machines.
SS 215.
ence in business subjects.
The undergraduate program for a bac-
5
Speed, accuracy, figures, and remedial techniques. Use of wide variety of special drills,
electric typewriters, and tachistoscope. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.
BEd 536. Students who have not had Ed 408
must have had teaching experience in business
Professional preparation for teachers of
5 CQ
Theory and practice; drills of all kind.; pun,
notion and mechanical arrangement of busi-
requisite: Ed 408 or teaching experience in
areas; construction of sample tests; available
BUSINESS EDUCATION
Typing.
Techniques in Business Education.
3 hours.
3
1®
Secretarial Problems.
3 hours winter or spring.
3 CI
Duties and problems of the secretary in business and professions- relation to employer and
fellow employees; We supervision. Prerequisite: SS 421 or equivalent.
SS 412.
Secretarial Practice.
3 hours any term.
3 CQ
Practical office experience. Ninety hours labor-
atory work in campus offices. Prerequisite:
senior standing.
Lower Division Courses
SS 111,112,113.
Stenography.
40
Greg$ or Briefhand. Theory of shorthand;
3 hours each term.
practical applications in sentence and paragraph dictation. SS 121,122,123 must be taken
concurrently unless the student has had the
equivalent. Students with one year of high
school shorthand may receive credit for SS 111
only upon recommendation of instructor.
SS 421,422. Office Organization and
Management.
3 hours each term.
3 CI
SS 421, fall and winter, SS 422, spring. Scientific office management; organization; arrangement; operation; employment and train-
ing of office workers; efficiency problems; business ethics. Prerequisite: SS 313 or consent of
instructor.
School of Business and Technology
99
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