To The University of Wyoming:
The members of the Committee approve the Thesis of Ben S. Legler presented on
April 27, 2010.
Ronald L. Hartman, Chairperson
Larry C. Munn, External Department Member
Gregory K. Brown
APPROVED:
Gregory K. Brown, Department Chair, Department of Botany
B. Oliver Walter, Dean of Arts and Sciences
Legler, Ben S., A Floristic Inventory of Vermejo Park Ranch, New Mexico and
Colorado, M.S., Department of Botany, May 2010.
A vascular plant inventory of Vermejo Park Ranch in north central New Mexico
and south central Colorado was completed during the summers of 2007, 2008, and 2009.
The study area covers ca. 584,000 acres (912 mi2), and includes portions of the Sangre de
Cristo Range and Park Plateau in Colfax, Costilla, Las Animas, and Taos counties. The
elevation ranges from 5,830 to 12,931 feet, encompassing a diversity of habitats from
plains-mesa grassland to alpine. A total of 7,503 collections were obtained from 708
sites, documenting 1,112 unique taxa (species, infraspecies, and hybrids) in 93 families.
Included in the total are 112 exotics (10.1% of the flora), 21 of which are designated as
noxious weeds. Also documented were 24 species of conservation concern, 26 first
reports or confirmations for New Mexico, three New Mexico endemics, and two
novelties. The novelties, a Phlox and Botrychium, will be published elsewhere. The core
of the thesis consists of a voucher-based annotated checklist and discussions of taxa of
special interest. A system for data collection using a handheld computer is discussed, as
are topography, geology, soils, climate, vegetation, human history, and land use. Floristic
comparisons were performed, and an estimate of inventory completeness was calculated.
A complete set of vouchers has been deposited at the Rocky Mountain Herbarium with
duplicates provided to the ranch and distributed to regional herbaria.
1
A FLORISTIC INVENTORY OF VERMEJO PARK RANCH, NEW MEXICO AND
COLORADO
by
Ben S. Legler
A thesis submitted to the Department of Botany
and the University of Wyoming
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
in
BOTANY
Laramie, Wyoming
May, 2010
COPYRIGHT PAGE
© 2010 by Ben S. Legler
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I firstly thank Michael Schiebout, former M.S. student at the University of
Northern Colorado, who initiated contact with Vermejo Park Ranch during his floristic
inventory of northeastern New Mexico. Without his groundwork this project would never
have happened. I also express gratitude to my first advisor at the University of Northern
Colorado (UNCO), Neil Snow, for beginning the dialog with the ranch that led to this
inventory, helping me start the project, and providing financial and logistical support
while I was a student at UNCO.
Nor would this project have been possible without the willing support of
managers at Vermejo Park Ranch who graciously provided lodging, meals, gas, and
assistance with other field expenses. Special thanks go to Les Dhaseleer for his
enthusiastic support and interest in my work. I also thank Mark Kossler, Gus Holm, the
kitchen staff for their wonderful meals, and the ranch hands for interesting evenings
around the bonfire.
Ron Hartman, my advisor at the RM, provided invaluable feedback that improved
this thesis and offered interesting courses on topics related to floristics and systematics. I
also thank my other committee members, Greg Brown and Larry Munn, for their
willingness to review my thesis and provide feedback. I am grateful to my fellow
graduate students, Emily Elliott, Bernadette Kuhn, Jill Larson, Laura Lukas, and Rick
McNeill, for fellowship during long hours in the herbarium, pulling me away from the
microscope to go rock-climbing, and sharing wonderful dinners together.
Ron Hartman provided further support through research assistantships, and gave
me the opportunity to redesign the RM database and web site to make the specimen data
iii
available online. These data are a truly invaluable source of information on the flora of
the Rockies. B. E. Nelson kept me on my toes while I designed and deployed the new
RM database by constantly spotting the errors I overlooked and offering suggestions for
improvements. Additional funding was provided by the Aven Nelson Fellowship for
Systematic Botany, a research assistantship at UNCO, and a grant from the New Mexico
Native Plant Society.
I am grateful to the following individuals for identifying or verifying collections:
Robert Dorn, Don Farrar, Carolyn Ferguson, Ron Hartman, B. E. Nelson, Steve
Popovich, J. Mark Porter, Debora Trock, and Peter Zika. However, any mistakes in
identification are my own. Don Farrar’s willingness to critically examine moonwort
specimens made possible several interesting discoveries. Don Farrar, Steve Popovich,
and J. Mark Porter also accompanied me in the field to search for the two new species.
I am grateful to my family for putting up with my passion for botany and
supporting my decision to pursue this project. Lastly, I thank Sara Beaver for her
companionship during the latter half of my time here in Laramie.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
I. Introduction .................................................................................................................1
II. Description of the Study Area.....................................................................................3
Location and Boundaries ......................................................................................3
Topography and Physiography .............................................................................7
Geology .................................................................................................................9
Climate ................................................................................................................14
Soils.....................................................................................................................19
Human History and Land Use.............................................................................26
III. Methods.....................................................................................................................30
Field Work ..........................................................................................................30
Data Collection ...................................................................................................32
Herbarium Work .................................................................................................35
IV. Results .......................................................................................................................37
Numeric and Taxonomic Summaries..................................................................37
Vegetation ...........................................................................................................44
Exotics and Noxious Weeds ...............................................................................68
Species of Conservation Concern .......................................................................73
State Records ......................................................................................................94
Novelties ...........................................................................................................109
V. Annotated Checklist ................................................................................................114
Ferns and Fern Allies ........................................................................................116
v
Gymnosperms ...................................................................................................117
Angiosperms .....................................................................................................118
VI. Discussion ...............................................................................................................156
Floristic Comparisons .......................................................................................156
Species Richness and Inventory Completeness ................................................159
VII. Conclusions .............................................................................................................164
Literature Cited ................................................................................................................165
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.
Location of the ranch ...................................................................................5
Figure 2.
General map of the study area .....................................................................6
Figure 3.
Topography and physiography ....................................................................8
Figure 4.
Geologic map of the study area .................................................................10
Figure 5.
Maps showing variations in precipitation, snowfall, minimum temperature,
and maximum temperature ........................................................................15
Figure 6.
Climate graphs for five weather stations in and near the ranch .................16
Figure 7.
Soils map for the study area .......................................................................21
Figure 8.
Digital data collection system ....................................................................33
Figure 9.
GPS routes and specimen collection points for two areas on the ranch ....34
Figure 10.
Map of collection sites ...............................................................................42
Figure 11.
Map of collecting routes for 2008..............................................................43
Figure 12.
Geographic distribution of terrestrial vegetation types in and adjacent to
the ranch .....................................................................................................47
Figure 13.
Distributions of taxa of conservation concern on the ranch ......................79
Figure 14.
Distributions of state records on the ranch ................................................97
Figure 15.
Photographs of the Phlox sp. nov. and its habitat ....................................111
Figure 16.
Photographs of the Botrychium sp. nov. and its parents ..........................113
Figure 17.
Comparisons of the floristic similarity between the ranch and other
floristic inventories from the Rockies ......................................................158
Figure 18.
Species accumulation curve for the ranch ...............................................160
Figure 19.
Randomization of the species accumulation curve ..................................161
Figure 20.
Estimates of species richness for the ranch..............................................163
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.
Land areas for portions of the ranch within Colfax, Costilla, Las Animas,
and Taos Counties ........................................................................................4
Table 2.
Summary of collections, including by month, year, and county ...............38
Table 3.
Summary of vascular plant taxa by taxonomic category, special category,
major plant group, and geography .............................................................38
Table 4.
Summary of vascular plants documented within each family ...................39
Table 5.
Vegetation types within the ranch..............................................................46
Table 6.
List of Colorado noxious weeds documented from the ranch ...................70
Table 7.
List of New Mexico noxious weeds documented from the ranch .............71
Table 8.
Summary of exotic taxa and noxious weeds for each vegetation type ......72
Table 9.
Taxa of conservation concern documented from Colorado .......................75
Table 10.
Taxa of conservation concern documented from New Mexico .................76
Table 11.
Key to designations and codes used in agency rare plant lists ..................77
Table 12.
Additions to the flora of New Mexico (state records) ...............................96
Table 13.
Guide to formats and abbreviations for the annotated checklist ..............115
Table 14.
Pair-wise comparisons of floristic similarity between Vermejo Park Ranch
and adjacent floristic inventories .............................................................157
viii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
At 584,000 acres, Vermejo Park Ranch is among the largest privately owned
tracts of land in the United States. It lies along the east side of the Sangre de Cristo Range
in the southern Rocky Mountains, in a state noted for high vascular plant diversity (Stein
2002). However, very little prior botanical exploration has occurred here due to a long
history of private ownership. This paucity of attention is unfortunate, for the ranch
includes habitats rarely found elsewhere in New Mexico. Among these are wet subalpine
meadows and alpine slopes more characteristic of the mountains of Colorado. Much of
the ranch’s flora shares affinities with the Rockies, but also represented are elements of
the Great Plains and desert Southwest.
This inventory is the only comprehensive survey of the vascular plant diversity on
the ranch. It is part of a larger effort by students and staff at the Rocky Mountain
Herbarium (RM) to catalog the flora of the Rockies. Since 1978, 59 intensive floristic
inventories have been completed or are in progress through the RM (Hartman, pers.
comm.). These have yielded over 600,000 specimens from a total area of over 200,000
mi2. This rate of collecting is unparalleled elsewhere in the United States (Prather et al.
2004a) and demonstrates the scale of effort needed to adequately catalog the flora of
North America, for which much work remains (Ertter 2000; Prather et al. 2004b).
The data gathered, in the form of herbarium specimens, provide baseline
information on species diversity and distributions for use in floristic and systematic
research, conservation biology, ecology, and land management, to name a few (Funk
2003; Prather et al. 2004a). They can answer not only basic questions such as ―How
1
many species are there?‖ and ―What grows where?‖, but also questions about patterns of
biodiversity, endemism, floristic similarities, species’ interactions, and changes in
floristic composition over time (Funk 2003; Funk 2006).
More specific results may include the discovery of significant range extensions
and new state records, an increased knowledge of species of conservation concern,
documentation of noxious weeds populations, and the occasional discovery of taxonomic
novelties. My inventory includes results from each of these categories.
The primary objectives of this study were to:
1. Document the vascular plant flora of the ranch by collecting voucher specimens
with associated data on location and habitat, and, from this, generate a specimen
database and annotated checklist.
2. Document species of conservation concern and noxious weeds, and provide this
data to state agencies.
3. Search for significant range extensions, state records, and potential novelties in
this mostly unexplored area of the southern Rockies.
4. Develop and test digital data collection methods for use in the field.
5. Provide the ranch with information to assist management decisions, including a
reference set of vouchers, a copy of the database, the checklist, information on
noxious weeds and rare plants, and photographs of plants taken in the field.
6. Provide voucher specimens to the Rocky Mountain Herbarium and other regional
herbaria for general research.
2
CHAPTER II
DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
Location and Boundaries
The study area lies entirely within the boundaries of Vermejo Park Ranch in north
central New Mexico and south central Colorado near the southern end of the Rocky
Mountains (Figure 1). The main body of the ranch was surveyed along with two outlying
parcels northwest of Cimarron.
Boundaries of the ranch are shown in Figure 2. On the north, the main body of the
ranch, with two exceptions, follows the Colorado line from the crest of the Sangre de
Cristo Mountains eastward to near Interstate 25. The first exception is its extension
northward into Colorado to encompass the entire headwaters of Costilla Creek near the
crest of the Sangres, the second is the inclusion of a small portion of the Park Plateau in
Colorado southwest of Trinidad. The eastern boundary proceeds from Colorado south to
the western edge of Raton and then it generally follows the eastern escarpment of the
Park Plateau southwest to near of Dawson, with two excursions westward into the
plateau. South of Dawson it proceeds southeast nearly to the Canadian River just south of
Maxwell then westward to near Cimarron on the south. The western boundary trends
northwest from Cimarron to near Vermejo Peak, then west across the Costilla Creek
Valley to the crest of the Sangres which it follows north to the Colorado line.
The two outlying parcels included within this survey were Heck’s Place and the
Greenwood Tract. The former covers 11,400 acres on the immediate northwest side of
Cimarron between the Cimarron River and Ponil Creek. The Greenwood Tract covers
3
11,600 acres and extends from near the summit of Baldy Mountain northeast to Middle
Ponil Creek.
Total land area of Vermejo Park Ranch, including Heck’s Place and Greenwood
Tract, is approximately 584,000 acres (912 mi2), of which 549,000 acres lie in New
Mexico and 35,000 acres are in Colorado (Table 1). Included in the ranch are portions of
Colfax and Taos Counties in New Mexico and Costilla and Las Animas Counties in
Colorado. The bulk of the ranch, however, lies within Colfax County (Table 1). The
geographic extent of the area can be defined by a bounding box with its southeast corner
at 36.45039° N, 104.46224° W and northwest corner at 37.08502° N, 105.33842° W,
representing linear dimensions of 44 miles south to north and 48 miles east to west.
Included are several prominent land marks and features, such as the upper reaches
of the Canadian and Vermejo rivers, the headwaters of Costilla Creek, Big Costilla Peak,
Vermejo Peak, Vermejo Park, and Casa Grande. Also included are the ghost towns,
Koehler, Gardiner, and Catskill.
Table 1. Land areas for the portions of the ranch that fall within each of the four counties
included in the thesis area.
County and State
Colfax County, NM
Taos County, NM
Las Animas County, CO
Costilla County, CO
Area (mi2)
809
49
49
6
Area (acres)
518,000
31,000
31,000
4,000
4
Figure 1. Location of the study area within northern New Mexico and southern Colorado
and in the United States. The area lies near the southern end of the Southern Rocky
Mountains where the north-south oriented Sangre de Cristo Range crosses into New
Mexico. The Sangres are known locally as the Culebra Range. Background maps
generated from ESRI ArcGIS Server (http://services.arcgisonline.com/arcgis/services).
5
Figure 2. General map of the study area. The black outline shows the boundaries of
Vermejo Park Ranch, which defines the extent of the study. Included are two outlying
properties near Cimarron and Baldy Mountain. Excluded from the area is an in holding
northwest of Raton. Prominent place names and landmarks are shown for reference.
Background map generated from ESRI ArcGIS Server
(http://services.arcgisonline.com/arcgis/services).
6
Topography and Physiography
Vermejo Park Ranch encompasses an elevation gradient extending from 5,830 to
12,931 feet. The low point lies along the Vermejo River very close to its junction with the
Canadian River on the far eastern edge of the ranch, while the high point is an unnamed
summit about one mile south of Big Costilla Peak on its far western edge (Figure 3).
Elevation increases in a step-wise pattern from east to west.
The ranch can be divided into two physiographic provinces according to
Fenneman (1931). The far western part of the ranch is represented by the Sangre de
Cristo Mountains and falls within the southern Rocky Mountain physiographic province.
The central and eastern portions, including the Park Plateau, fall within the Great Plains
physiographic province. The transition between the two provinces is marked by an abrupt
rise in elevation near The Wall on the western edge of the Park Plateau. East of this
Plateau the terrain is nearly flat and treeless, bisected by scarcely incised drainage
systems flowing east towards the Canadian River. Westward, the terrain becomes
increasingly mountainous.
The Sangre de Cristo Mountains are represented locally by the Culebra Range, a
north-south oriented subunit straddling the border between Colorado and New Mexico
and forming the western boundary of the ranch. True alpine communities prevail along
the crest of the Culebra Range, which is marked along its eastern edge by a series of
steep-walled, east-facing cirques descending into the Costilla Creek Valley. Elevations
along the crest mostly exceed 12,000 feet.
The center of the ranch is characterized by a broad sedimentary plateau referred to
as the Park Plateau. Here, the nearly horizontal sedimentary strata have been dissected by
7
numerous small canyons. Elevation change is fairly gradual with the ridge crests at about
7,400 feet on the southeastern edge and just over 9,000 feet on the western edge. Here the
plateau is bisected by two major drainages, the Vermejo and Canadian rivers.
Figure 3. Shaded relief map of the study area and adjacent lands. Prominent topographic
features are shown. The lowest and highest elevations are 5,830 feet and 12,931 feet.
Shaded relief map generated from USGS National Elevation Dataset (USGS 2009).
8
Geology
Geology acts as a key influence on the physical environments in which plants
grow. As eloquently argued by Kruckeberg (2002), geologic processes influence
topography, climate, and soil formation. The resulting heterogeneities can produce
dramatic differences in plant life across a region and contribute to species diversity.
Therefore, a discussion of the geological landscape of the area provides context for
subsequent discussions of climate, soils, and vegetation. Figure 4 shows a generalized
geological map of rock types on the ranch. The description of the geology proceeds from
west to east.
Two major geological features define the area, the Sangre de Cristo Mountains
and the Raton Basin. The Sangres represent the southern terminous of the southern Rocky
Mountains, while the Raton Basin is the southern-most of the intracratonic fold basins
lying along the eastern margin of the Rockies (Clark 1966).
The Sangres formed during the Laramide Orogeny between 70-80 and 35-50
million years ago (mya) as the North American continent drifted westward over an
eastward-dipping subduction zone (Woodward and Snyder 1976; Kelley 1990). The
resulting uplift forced Precambrian rocks upwards through the overlying sedimentary
strata where they become exposed on the crest of the range. Today, rock types here
exposed include granite, quartzite, gneiss, schist, and other metamorphic and crystalline
igneous rocks (Clark 1966).
9
Figure 4. Generalized geologic map of Vermejo Park Ranch showing the distribution of
major rock types (sedimentary, clastic, metamorphic, igneous). The majority of the area
is composed of sandstones of the Park Plateau. Also common are shales on the eastern
plains and a mix of clastic, metamorphic, volcanic, and crystalline igneous rocks in the
Sangre de Cristo Mountains (Stoeser et al. 2005).
10
Glacial activity created cirques and small ice-sculpted valleys on the crest of the
Sangres during the Wisconsin Glaciation (Clark 1966). Such cirques occur in the
headwaters of Costilla and Casias creeks within the area. Farther downstream along
Costilla Creek lies a large outwash plain, possibly formed during periods of glacial
activity.
The Costilla Creek Valley itself lies at the north end of a linear graben system that
extends south through Valle Vidal and the Mora and Moredo valleys (Bauer et al. 1990),
separating Baldy Mountain, Little Costilla Peak, and Vermejo Peak from the remainder
of the Sangres to the west.
Several formations of volcanic origin lie directly east of the Costilla Creek
Valley. These include ―Dead Horse Hill‖ Mesa, located near the Colorado line about one
mile north of Underwood Lakes. This steep-sided, flat-topped mesa was formed from
basalt and welded tuff dated to about 23.4 mya (Pillmore and Laurie 1976). Farther south
lies Ash Mountain, a north-south trending ridge positioned along the east side of Little
Costilla Peak. Ash Mountain consists of a vertical rhyolite dike dated to about 23-26
mya, now obscured almost entirely by large boulders of hard, resistant, light-colored
rhyolite (Bauer et al. 1990). Only scattered patches of vegetation are able to take hold on
this rockscape.
The eastern edge of the Sangres is marked by a series of upthrust and reverse
faults where Precambrian crystalline rocks contact sedimentary rocks of the Raton Basin
(Woodward and Snyder 1976). Here, the sedimentary rocks are vertical or sharply
overturned (Pillmore and Eigher 1976), forming two prominent hogbacks oriented
southwest-northeast through the ranch. The western-most of these hogbacks is The Wall,
11
whose crest is composed of vertical to overturned Dakota Sandstone of Cretaceous age
(Pillmore and Laurie 1976). About one mile east of The Wall lies the Little Wall, whose
crest is composed of younger Raton Formation sandstones (Pillmore and Laurie 1976).
Between The Wall and the Little Wall are exposures of soft Pierre Shale, the same shales
as those exposed on the far eastern edge of the ranch (Pillmore and Laurie 1976). Rock
crevices on The Wall and the Little Wall were found to support unique assemblages of
ferns and fern allies not encountered elsewhere on the ranch.
The Raton Basin is a broad syncline about 2,500 mi2 in extent (Pillmore and
Flores 1990) that began to subside at the time the adjacent Sangres began their uplift
(Woodward and Snyder 1976). Later the basin underwent isostatic rise to form the
dissected plateaus that characterize it today (Pillmore and Eigher 1976). Deep
sedimentary deposits compose the basin. These deposits have been measured at over
7,000 feet thick (Foster 1966), below which Precambrian crystalline rocks are
encountered. The lower and older sedimentary layers, most notably the Pierre Shale, were
laid down in a Cretaceous marine environment (Pillmore and Flores 1990). It consists of
dark, silty, noncalcareous shale that weathers easily. Above the Pierre Shale are
interbedded layers of Cretaceous and Tertiary age sandstones, siltstones, shales, and coal
formed in marginal-marine and terrestrial environments following the retreat of the
Western Interior Cretaceous epeiric sea (Pillmore and Flores 1990). These layers include,
from oldest to youngest, Trinidad Sandstone, the Vermejo Formation, the Raton
Formation, and the Poison Canyon Formation, all of which are prominently visible at the
surface and along the margins of the Park Plateau. Numerous fossils have been found in
these layers, and the K-T Boundary is visible in the lower part of the Vermejo Formation
12
(Pillmore and Fleming 1990). Significant mineral deposits underlie the Raton Basin.
These include coal, oil, and natural gas (Higley et al. 2007).
Several open parks occur within the Raton Basin. Vermejo Park is a dissected
Tertiary anticline formed over a small subsurface pluton of igneous rock (Pillmore and
Laurie 1976). Pierre Shale and remnant gravel pediments cover the floor of the park
while sandstone cliffs and steep slopes rise around the margins. Farther west lie Castle
Rock and Van Bremmer parks. Unlike Vermejo Park, they were formed by alluvial
infilling over sandstone of the Poison Canyon Formation (Pillmore 1976b).
Scattered along the western margin of the Raton Basin are remnants of old
pediment surfaces covered in gravel and boulders (Pillmore and Scott 1976). Adams and
Bartlett lakes occupy large deflation basins on one of these pediments (Pillmore 1976a).
The eastern edge of the Raton Basin extends to the Sierra Grand Arch well to the
east of the ranch (Chronic 1987). However, the basin margin is sometimes mapped at the
eastern edge of the Park Plateau where outcrops of Trinidad Sandstone and younger
sedimentary layers give way to gently undulating plains. These plains are underlaid by
thick deposits of easily eroded Pierre Shale and covered in places by remnant pediment
surfaces (Chronic 1987). Several low hills to the east of Cimarron, including the Cedar
Hills, are capped by such pediment surfaces. Recent alluvial deposits occur along river
and stream drainages flowing from the Park Plateau.
It is worth noting that calcareous rocks, including limestone, are essentially absent
from the area, as are ultramafic rocks and gypsum deposits. Such rock types are well
known for supporting unique assemblages of plants (Kruckeberg 2002).
13
Climate
―[T]he most glorious climate under heaven‖ is how William Bartlett, owner of
Vermejo Park Ranch in the early 1900s, described the climate of the area (Zimmer 2009).
Although perhaps a bit romantic, such a description does contain a degree of truth, for
New Mexico in general is characterized by an arid to semi-arid climate with abundant
sunshine, light precipitation totals, and low relative humidities (Garoogian 2000). New
Mexico may conjure up images of hot, dry deserts but the more northerly portions
experience relatively mild and pleasant temperature regimes.
Average summer maximum temperatures on the ranch reach 75-90° F at lower
elevations while average winter minimum temperatures at these elevations vary between
10-20° F (Figures 5-6). Diurnally, temperatures vary about 30° F (Figure 6). Although no
weather stations exist at subalpine and alpine elevations near the ranch, conditions along
the crest of the Culebra Range can be inferred using PRISM climate model data (PRISM
2000a, 2000b, 2000c; Figure 5), with average maximum summer temperatures projected
at around 55-60° F and minimum winter temperatures between 0-5° F. Average annual
precipitation in northern New Mexico ranges from 14 inches at the lower elevations to
20-40 inches in the higher mountains (Sheppard et al. 1999).
Perhaps the most distinctive feature of the region’s climate is the summer
monsoon season, characterized by regularly occurring, intense afternoon thunderstorms
beginning in early to mid July in the Southwest and continuing through late August or
early September (Sheppard et al. 1999). In fact, northeastern New Mexico has the second
highest frequency of thunderstorms in the United States (Garoogian 2000). The monsoon
14
Figure 5. Maps showing variability across the study area for average annual precipitation
(a), average annual snowfall (b), average January minimum temperature (c), and average
July maximum temperature (d). Precipitation and climate data provided by PRISM
(2000a, 2000b, 2000c). Snowfall data provided by the Climate Atlas of the United States
(NCDC 2002).
15
Figure 6. Climate graphs for selected weather stations within and near the study area
showing seasonal patterns in average daily maximum and minimum temperatures and
average daily precipitation (Western Regional Climate Center 2010).
16
season in New Mexico is primarily the result of a southeasterly circulation pattern that
carries moisture up from the Gulf of Mexico (Garoogian 2000) and, to a lesser extent, the
Gulf of California and the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (Sheppard et al. 1999). The
percentage of total annual precipitation that falls during July and August varies from 42%
at Vermejo Park in the center of the ranch to only 29% at Red River to the southwest.
Diurnal variation in summer precipitation is high due to the influence of surface
heating and convection (Sheppard et al. 1999). Within the area, summer mornings tend to
start out dry with clear skies. This is followed by a gradual buildup in cloud cover from
late morning through the afternoon, and frequent rainfall from early afternoon through
early evening (pers. obs.). Small flash floods following late summer thunderstorms were
occasionally observed.
Vegetation at lower elevations responds dramatically to the seasonal pattern of
monsoon thunderstorms. In areas dominated by pinyon pine and juniper the rains bring a
flush of late-season growth in August and September that includes numerous small
annuals such as Drymaria spp., Dysphania graveolens, Heterosperma pinnatum, and
Nama dichotomum. Perennial grasses also respond with lush growth late in the season.
In contrast, spring and early summer prior to the onset of the monsoon season,
tend to be relatively dry (Figure 6). This is primarily true of the central portions of the
ranch, as around Vermejo Park, and less so for the high plains along the eastern edge.
Peak maximum annual temperatures are reached in early summer during this period
before the monsoon season begins. Although potential daily highs can be greater in July
and August the regular occurrence of afternoon cloud cover tends to diminish solar
insolation (Garoogian 2000).
17
Winter is the driest season in New Mexico (Garoogian 2000; Figure 6). Most
winter precipitation is the result of occasional Pacific Ocean storms moving eastward
across the continent (Sheppard et al. 1999; Garoogian 2000). Winter conditions tend to be
wetter during El Niño years (Sheppard et al. 1999). At higher elevations winter
precipitation falls mostly as snow. Average annual snowfall exceeds 100 inches in the
mountains of northern New Mexico and, in some places, may even exceed 300 inches
(Garoogian 2000). In the mountains of New Mexico snowfall accounts for about 39% of
the total annual precipitation while in Colorado this rises to 63% (Serreze et al. 1999).
Snowfall contributions on the ranch probably lie between these two estimates. The
snowpack along the crest of the Culebra Range lingers into June and some large snow
patches persist until August or later (pers. obs.).
Substantial variation in precipitation was recorded between the 2007 and 2008
field seasons on the ranch. In 2007, early season precipitation (Apr-Jun) fluctuated close
to or above the long-term average (Colorado Basin River Forecast Center 2010). In
contrast, 2008 was marked by drought conditions with March through June precipitation
only about 50% of the long-term average. The dry conditions during early summer of the
2008 field season severly impacted collecting. In many areas of the ranch, very few
species were found in flower or fruit from mid May through mid June and many
collecting sites produced only a handful of adequate specimens. Vegetation on the high
plains along the eastern edge of the ranch remained dry and depauperate throughout most
of the 2008 field season as compared to the same areas in 2007.
Higher elevations of the ranch were less notably impacted by variations in
precipitation between the two field seasons. March through May snowpack levels in the
18
northern Sangres of New Mexico varied from slightly above to slightly below normal in
both 2007 and 2008 (Colorado Basin River Forecast Center 2010).
Soils
Soils provide the medium in which plants grow, and their variation across a
landscape can influence plant distributions and vegetation associations. Variations in the
soils themselves can be attributed to differences in parent material and topography as
modified over time by the actions of climate and organisms (Schaetzl and Anderson
2005). The resulting interplays between soils and environmental factors have been
summed up in several conceptual models. The best-known of these was originally
developed by Dokuchaev and later refined by Jenny (see Schaetzl and Anderson 2005).
The model is S = f (cl, o, r, p, t), where S = soil, cl = climate, o = organisms (including
vegetation), r = relief or topography, p = parent material, t = time. Although such
conceptual models reveal little about soil forming processes and dynamics, they
nonetheless provide a useful framework for contemplating geographic variations in soils,
the primary focus of this discussion.
Perhaps the most important influential factors governing variation in soils on the
ranch are topography and climate (Maker et al. 1974), the latter of which covaries with
topography. Soils of the high mountains, as in the Culebra Range, tend to be acidic and
leached as a result of relatively high precipitation, low temperatures, and dominance by
coniferous forest, while soils of low elevations tend to be less leached and neutral or
alkaline (Maker et al. 1974). Topography also affects soil on smaller scales. On steep
slopes soil tends to be thin and easily eroded while on adjacent flats and in depressions
19
they are often well-developed and fine-textured. Vegetation differences between these
two types of soils are clearly illustrated in the canyons of the Park Plateau, where the
fine, deep soils of the canyon floors are dominated by grasses and the adjacent rocky
slopes by conifers or scrub-oak (pers. obs.).
The effects of substrate, or parent material, are readily seen in areas underlain by
shale or granite. The former erodes easily to produce clayey soils and nearly barren
slopes in the dry eastern portions of the ranch, while the latter produces thin, nutrientpoor, coarse sandy or gravelly soils with scattered trees and a depauperate forb layer near
timberline in the Culebra Range.
The soil classification system used here follows that published by the USDA
Natural Resource Conservation Service (Soil Survey Staff 1999; Soil Survey Staff 2008a;
Soil Survey Staff 2008b). Of the 12 soil orders recognized worldwide, five occur within
the area. These are Alfisols, Aridisols, Entisols, Inceptisols, and Mollisols. Histisols,
although not mapped for the area by NRCS (Soil Survey Staff 2008a; Soil Survey Staff
2008b), appear to be present in minor amounts in high elevation fens and wetlands such
as at Elk Meadows, a fen system that produced several plant taxa new to New Mexico.
Figure 7 shows the distribution of soil orders on the ranch. A discussion of the
distribution and characteristics of each soil order follows.
20
Figure 7. Distribution of soil orders within the study area. Most of the Park Plateau is
dominated by Alfisols, with Entisols on steep canyon slopes. The eastern plains contain a
mix of Entisols, Mollisols, and Alfisols, with minor components of Aridisols along the
base of the Park Plateau. Subalpine areas on the west edge of the ranch are characterized
by Inceptisols, Mollisols, and Alfisols. Soils map generated from Soil Survey Geographic
(SSURGO) databases (Soil Survey Staff 2008a, 2008b, 2009a, 2009b).
21
Alfisols.―The most widely distributed of the soil orders on the ranch are
Alfisols. These are primarily forest soils with high base status and well developed
horizons of eluvation and illuvation typically resulting in an ochric epipedon and an
argillic horizon (Rust 1983; Soil Survey Staff 1999). Alfisols most commonly form in
continental climates where the growing season is humid and warm.
Alfisols dominate large portions of the Park Plateau, primarily on ridge tops and
north exposures under mixed conifer forest (Maker et al. 1974). Here, the dominant
subgroups are Typic and Lithic Haplustalfs of the Dargol, Fuera, and Vamer series,
formed over a substrate of sandstone or shale. They are characterized by a medium or
moderately coarse texture, high clay content, and are neutral to slightly acidic (Maker et
al. 1974). These soils tend to be deep and well-drained except for the shallow Vamer
Series (Anderson et al. 1982). Minor areas of Mollic Eutroboralfs (Typic Haplustalfs)
occur on cobbly outwash terraces around the parklands on the western edge of the Park
Plateau (Anderson et al. 1982; Soil Survey Staff 2008a).
Higher elevation slopes around Ash Mountain, Vermejo Peak, ―Dead Horse Hill‖
Mesa, and the Costilla Creek Valley support Inceptic Haplocryalfs of the Marosa Series.
They are formed in colluvium or residuum under subalpine or mixed conifer forest (Soil
Survey Staff 2008a). Parent material here is primarily igneous rocks including volcanics.
Aridisols.―These are dry soils of arid or semi-arid regions where moisture levels
are insufficient for the growth of mesophytic plants (Soil Survey Staff 1999). Although
the paucity of water is typically a defining factor (wet saline soils being an exception),
these soils must nonetheless show evidence of horizon development from deposition or
leaching of substances (Nettleton and Peterson 1983). These features separate them from
22
Entisols. Aridisols and Entisols are often closely associated in deserts and dry grasslands.
Under these conditions, Aridisols occur on older, more stable land surfaces where
adequate time has passed for horizon development (Nettleton and Peterson 1983).
Aridisols form a minor component of the low elevation plains on the eastern edge
of the ranch where they are represented by Ustic Haplargids of the Mughouse Series and
Ustic Haplocambids of the Litle Series (Soil Survey Staff 2008a). Ustic Haplargids occur
in a band along the base of the Park Plateau and were formed over sandstone and shale
with a surface layer of brown, stony, sandy, clay loam. The subsoil is brownish, cobbly
and gravelly clay and sandy clay (Anderson et al. 1982). The Ustic Haplocambids are
scattered across flat areas of the plains. These soils are usually 20-40 inches deep. They
are formed over non-calcareous shale with a thin surface layer of grayish-brown
calcareous, silty clay loam or silt loam. The subsoil is light brownish-gray, silty clay or
clay (Maker et al. 1974). Minor accumulations of gypsum or lime are often present just
above the underlying shale.
Entisols.―Soils showing little or no development of structure are classified as
Entisols (Grossman 1983). Thus their properties are largely determined by the parent
material. Diagnostic horizons are absent and the epipedon is usually ochric (Soil Survey
Staff 1999). Entisols commonly occur on young surfaces in which insufficient time has
passed for horizon development. These soils may be transitional to other soil types given
time. Other situations in which Entisols often occur include unstable, resistant, or
extremely wet or dry surfaces (Grossman 1983). Most Entisols on the ranch occur on
unstable or recent erosional surfaces.
23
Entisols are common on the low elevation plains on the eastern edge of the ranch
where represented primarily by Ustic Torriorthents of the Mion and Vermejo Series
formed in alluvium over shale (Anderson et al. 1982; Soil Survey Staff 2008a). These
soils may reach depths of 60 inches or more and have a surface layer of calcareous silty
clay loam or clay and subsurfaces of silty clay or clay (Maker et al. 1974). Permeability
by water is low and erosion can be severe (Anderson et al. 1982). In some areas the Ustic
Torriorthents may be but 7-20 inches deep and consist of calcareous, silty clay loams
over shale (Maker et al. 1974). Closer to the eastern base of the Park Plateau are several
areas of Typic Ustorthents of the Seelez series, characterized by deep, well-drained soils
formed from eolian and alluvial deposits (Anderson et al. 1982). Typic Ustorthents of the
Midnight Series occur across the Park Plateau on steep slopes over sandstone and shale.
Here soils are shallow to very shallow with a thin surface layer of stony clay loam over
weathered shale or sandstone rock fragments (Anderson et al. 1982). Surfaces disturbed
by coal mining, as around York Canyon near the center of the ranch, can also be
classified as Entisols (Grossman 1983).
Inceptisols.―These are soils that have ―undergone modifications of the parent
material by soil-forming processes that are sufficiently great to distinguish the soils from
Entisols, but not intense enough to form the kinds of horizons that are required for
classification into other soil orders‖ (Foss et al. 1983). A typical soil profile would
include an ochric or umbric epipedon over a cambic horizon (Foss et al. 1983). These
soils occur under a wide range of climatic conditions and are common on active
landscapes such as mountain slopes. However, by definition, Inceptisols cannot occur
under aridic moisture regimes (Soil Survey Staff 1999).
24
Inceptisols dominate the subalpine in the western portion the ranch, primarily the
forested slopes of the Costilla Creek Valley up through the alpine zone of the Culebra
Range (Maker et al. 1974; Soil Survey Staff 2008b). Inceptisols of the forested slopes are
mostly classified as Typic Cryochrepts (alternatively, Entic Haplocryods) of the Nambe
Series. They are deep, well-drained soils formed in colluvium over metamorphic or
igneous rocks (Hacker and Carleton 1982). The alpine crest of the Culebra Range is
characterized by Pergelic Cryumbrepts, whose colder temperature regime differentiates
them from the Nambe Series. Slopes around Ash Mountain, Vermejo Peak, and ―Dead
Horse Hill‖ Mesa support Typic Dystrocryepts of the Tolby Series.
Inceptisols also occur in minor amounts on dry, steep slopes of canyon sides of
the Park Plateau and along its eastern base. These are classified as Typic and Aridic
Ustochrepts (Haplustepts) of the Rombo and Berthoud series (Anderson et al. 1982).
Soils here tend to be shallow and well-drained, formed in alluvium or colluvium over
sandstone or shale, with pinyon-juniper or scrub-oak being the dominant vegetation.
Mollisols.―The typical soils of grassland areas are Mollisols. They are
characterized as mineral soils with high base status and a thick, dark, organic-rich A
horizon that is usually classified as a mollic epipedon (Soil Survey Staff 1999). Several
factors, most of which are due to the presence of grasses, contribute to the high
accumulation of organic matter. These include the rapid decomposition of grass roots, the
high annual turnover of living biomass as grasses die back each year, the activities of
earthworms and rodents, and biochemical factors that favor the retention of organic
matter such as high exchange capacities and calcium levels (Fenton 1983). Mollisols can
occur over a wide range of temperature and moisture regimes and are distributed across
25
the ranch (Soil Survey Staff 2008a; Soil Survey Staff 2008b). Aridic Argiustolls of the
Swastika Series are common on upland areas across the low elevation plains on the
eastern edge of the ranch. These deep, well-drained soils form over shale and support a
diverse cover of grasses (Anderson et al. 1982). Canyon bottoms and parklands on the
Park Plateau are dominated by Torrertic Argiustolls of the La Brier Series and Cumulic
Haplustolls of the Brycan Series. Both consist of deep, well-drained soils formed over
alluvium (Anderson et al. 1982). Ustic Argicryolls of the Wellsville Series characterize
the subalpine grasslands and meadows above 9,500 feet elevation (Hacker and Carleton
1982). Elk Meadows, a fen system, is currently mapped as Ustic Argicryolls.
Human History and Land Use
Vermejo Park Ranch and much of the surrounding land has been in private
ownership for over 160 years. During this period, the land has changed hands frequently
and has seen a variety of uses that have left a lingering effect on the landscape and the
vegetation. Several historical accounts of the ranch have been compiled. Unless
otherwise indicated, this discussion is based largely on treatises by Zimmer (2009),
Haslanger (undated), and Laurie (1976).
The ranch lies near the center of the once extensive Beaubien and Miranda Land
Grant formed in 1841 when the region was still under the control of Mexico. This poorly
defined grant covered approximately 2 million acres in northern Colfax and Taos
Counties. It survived the transfer of New Mexico to the United States in 1848 following
the Mexican-American War. Soon thereafter it was purchased by Lucien Maxwell and
became known as the Maxwell Land Grant. This grant persisted until 1870 when it was
26
sold to foreign investors who proceeded to sell portions of it. The next three decades were
a period of local turmoil as disputes arose over its ownership as well as the validity of the
grant. During this period, the native Jicarilla Apaches, who had farmed and hunted the
region for several hundred years, were forced to relocate to reservations to the west
(Committee on Indian Affairs 1874) and many long-time settlers were forced to leave.
In 1901, a large parcel in the center of the original grant was purchased by
William H. Bartlett. It now forms the core of the Vermejo Park Ranch. Prior to Bartlett’s
ownership, the land was used primarily for cattle ranching, small-scale agriculture,
limited mining, and timber harvesting for railroad ties (as around the old town of
Catskill). The cattle and farming activities continued under Bartlett’s ownership.
However, a new emphasis was placed on recreational uses. Between 1901 and 1910
numerous lakes were constructed and stocked with fish and elk were re-established to the
area for hunting.
In 1926 the ranch was sold to the Vermejo Club which was formed to operate the
ranch as an exclusive wilderness playground for celebrities. Due to financial difficulties
following the Great Depression, the ranch was soon turned over to cattle rancher Ira Aten
and then industrialist W. J. Gourley who owned the land until 1973. During these years,
cattle ranching took greater prominence with as many as 60,000 head reported from the
vicinity of the Vermejo River. However, Gourley continued the tradition of using the
land as a hunting and fishing destination. Under Gourley’s ownership the ranch grew to
about 480,000 acres.
In 1973, the Pennzoil Corporation purchased the ranch and continued the cattle
ranching, hunting, and fishing operations. In 1982, Pennzoil donated about 100,000 acres
27
of ranch land to the U.S. Forest Service to form the Valle Vidal Unit of the Carson
National Forest. This unit was included in a floristic inventory of the Carson National
Forest during 2005 and 2006 (Larson 2008). Subsequent purchases of land by Pennzoil in
southern Colorado brought the ranch to the current 584,000 acres.
The most recent change of ownership occurred in 1996 when Ted Turner
purchased it from Pennzoil and formed Vermejo Park, L.L.C. to oversee management of
the ranch (The New York Times 1996). Turner has continued to operate the ranch as a
hunting and fishing destination. Cattle ranching was discontinued and a new emphasis
was placed on managing the land for wildlife and environmental integrity. After the cattle
were removed, as were most of the fences, bison were reintroduced in two locations.
Today, an estimated 2,000 bison and 8,000-10,000 elk roam the ranch (Vermejo Park
L.L.C., undated). Efforts are underway to thin overcrowded ponderosa pine forests, use
controlled burns to maintain parklands, and eradicate noxious weeds (Les Dhaseleer,
pers. comm.). Furthermore, Rio Grande cutthroat trout have been reintroduced (Vermejo
Park L.L.C. 2009a) and a viable population of black-footed ferrets is being established
(Vermejo Park L.L.C. 2009b). Ranch managers and staff are interested in learning more
about the biota of their land.
Despite these recent shifts to more environmentally friendly land use, limited
resource extraction still occurs on the ranch. Pennzoil retained rights to the oil and gas
reserves and began exercising those rights in 1999 (Summers 1999). Consequently, the
ranch has several hundred oil wells and numerous access roads on two sections of the
Park Plateau. Although these were constructed in a manner that minimizes environmental
impacts and visibility to ranch guests, they nonetheless have an effect on the vegetation.
28
Consequences include the creation of corridors along which exotics can spread and
impact on riparian systems from runoff laden with sediment (pers. obs.).
The vegetation on many portions of the ranch has been affected as a result of this
long history of land use. Among the areas that appear to be most dramatically affected are
grassland corridors in canyon bottoms across the Park Plateau where cattle grazing was
concentrated. Impacts include gully erosion, a high frequency of invasive species such as
Bromus inermis, Poa pratensis, and Carduus nutans, and the abundance of native
increasers such as Gutierrezia sarothrae, Heterotheca spp., Antennaria spp., and
Artemisia spp. (Paulson and Baker 2006). Ponderosa pine forests appear to have
increased in stand densities with a corresponding decrease in tree size. This likely has
been due to a combination of overgrazing, logging, and fire suppression (Paulson and
Baker 2006). Despite these changes, large areas of the ranch are in good condition with
the pre-European flora apparently intact. This is especially true of the montane and
subalpine areas in the western portion of the ranch which have experienced little more
than limited grazing and logging.
29
CHAPTER III
METHODS
Field Work
Field work was conducted from June 6 to August 18, 2007, and May 15 to August
22, 2008. Short return visits were made during September 13–15, 2008 to search for late
summer and fall blooming species, and July 17–25, 2009 to conduct additional surveys
for Phlox and Botrychium. I spent a total of 146 days in the field collecting (57 days in
2007, 80 days in 2008, 9 days in 2009). All specimens were collected and numbered by
me. However, the following individuals assisted with collecting at a few sites: Neil Snow,
UNCO, J. Mark Porter, Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, CA, Donald Farrar, Iowa
State University, and Steve Popovich, U.S. Forest Service, CO.
A primary goal of this inventory was to document as many vascular plant taxa as
possible on the ranch. Thus, collecting sites were chosen to cover the full range of habitat
types, geographic areas, and phenologies present. Early season collecting focused on low
elevations, while mid- to late- season work was spread over all elevations. Potential sites
were selected by examining topographic maps or aerial photos, or by scanning the
landscape after arriving in an area of interest. A particular effort was made to seek out
uncommon or unusual habitats that might harbor species different from the surrounding
matrix. Repeat visits were made to certain sites.
The ―meander search‖ method was used at each site (Goff et al. 1982; Hartman
and Nelson 2008). This method combines systematic and quantitative approaches with
the investigator’s intuitive judgment to efficiently cover the full range of habitats and
30
taxa at a site. It is an appropriate method for floristic inventories and an effective means
of surveying for rare plants (Hartman and Nelson 2008).
At most sites, all vascular plants in suitable condition for identification were
collected. These included all taxa in flower or fruit, and certain ones reliably identifiable
in vegetative states (e.g., conifers and some shrubs). Between sites, opportunistic
collecting was done for certain species of interest or those not previously encountered.
However, such general collecting was limited in comparison to similar floristic
inventories conducted through the RM (e.g., Elliott 2000; Reif 2006; Larson 2008; Kuhn
2009) due to the relatively small size of the study area. During the second field season, a
greater emphasis was placed on seeking habitats and species of interest, with the result
that not all taxa were collected at many sites and fewer total collections were obtained.
This was justified as a way to increase the total number of species documented and
increase representation of rare and uncommon taxa.
Documenting species of conservation concern was a priority. These were
determined from lists compiled by Natural Heritage New Mexico (NHNM 2010), the
New Mexico Rare Plant Technical Committee (NMRPTC 1999), and the Colorado
Natural Heritage Program (CONHP 2010). Habitats suspected of holding rare plants were
targeted once a suitable search image was obtained. Rare plants were collected only if the
population size was sufficiently large; otherwise, observation records were made.
Noxious weeds were documented with vouchers and observational records.
Noxious weed lists were obtained from the New Mexico Department of Agriculture
(NMDA 2009) and the Colorado Department of Agriculture (undated).
31
Data Collection
The data collected for each site and specimen were similar to that for other
floristic inventories through the RM (Hartman 1992; Hartman and Nelson 2008).
However, the methods by which data were collected and stored differ substantially.
At each site, a global positioning system (GPS) device was used to record the
latitude, longitude, and elevation. Detailed notes were recorded including date, locality,
habitat, associated species, and moisture regime. Each was further classified with a code
for vegetation type (Table 5). Data recorded for each specimen included the collector’s
number, plant features (e.g., flower color, plant height, growth form, root system, and
abundance), the code for the vegetation type, and, during the 2008 and 2009 field
seasons, precise GPS coordinates for the specimen. Many taxa were photographed in the
field and these photos linked to vouchers specimens.
In place of a traditional field notebook, all data were recorded digitally using a
GPS data logger, handheld computer, and laptop computer. The configuration described
here applies to the 2008 and 2009 field seasons; the handheld computer and GPS data
logger were not used in 2007. The handheld computer, a Hewlett-Packard iPAQ 2200
PocketPC running the Microsoft® Windows® CE 2003 operating system, was configured
with PocketPC Creations database software from CreativityCorp. This software allows
for the creation of a basic database with custom fields and behaviors (Figure 8). It is also
capable of acquiring coordinates from the GPS unit. The GPS unit used was the
GiSTEQ™ Photo Trackr™, a data logger with bluetooth technology that allows wireless
communication with the handheld computer. It was capable of providing fixes accurate to
5-10 meters at most sites.
32
Figure 8. The data collection system used in the field, showing the handheld computer
and wireless bluetooth GPS unit, and the data entry forms for collection sites and
specimen records. Data were entered into the forms using a stylus and on-screen
keyboard (not shown). Drop-down lists and lookup tables assisted with data entry.
At the start of each field day, the GPS data logger was activated and stored in a
belt pouch, thereby maintaining a continuous read for all routes. The handheld was kept
off in a belt pouch. When turned on it would automatically connect to the GPS data
logger. At each site, a record was created in the database to store notes and a GPS
coordinate for the site. Separate records were then created for each specimen and tied
33
internally to the site record using a site identifier. If several specimens were collected in
immediate proximity then the handheld was used to record notes and GPS coordinates for
all simultaneously. Otherwise, the handheld would be stowed after recording each
collection. This method is nearly as efficient as recording field notes with pencil and
paper. It has the added advantage of allowing for the capture of GPS points for individual
specimens and eliminating the need to later transcribe field notes into a database. Figure
9 shows example routes and specimen GPS points obtained using this data collection
method.
Figure 9. GPS data logger routes (white lines) and specimen collection points (small
black dots) for two different areas of the ranch, illustrating the results of the data
collection system used here. At left is a day’s route with collection points scattered along
the length. At right is a group of collection sites and routes illustrating the meander
search method.
34
During inclement weather, the handheld computer and GPS were kept in internal
pockets of a jacket or within a small ziplock bag. Each device usually kept a charge
throughout the day, but could be charged while driving. A spare battery was carried for
the handheld computer.
At day’s end, the handheld was connected to the laptop computer and the data
copied to a program provided with PocketPC Creations. Data were then exported from
this program into an Excel spreadsheet, automatically reformatted, and imported into a
FileMaker® database for final storage and editing. Routes from the GPS data logger were
downloaded from the device, reformatted using a PHP script, and loaded into a MySQL
database. The databases were backed up regularly.
Most plants were pressed in the field at the time of collection or within a few
hours. Others were stored in plastic bags in an ice chest and pressed within 1-2 days of
collecting in a work room near Vermejo Park. Pressing in the field was justified to
preserve flowers and fruits that quickly wilt or detach. Each collection was pressed by
arranging the plants in a fold of newspaper upon which the collector’s number was
written. These were placed between cardboard ventilators, secured in a plant press, and
placed on a plant drier for 2-3 days. The dried plants were then bundled and boxed for
transport to the RM.
Herbarium Work
At the RM, specimens were sorted by family and species to facilitate
identification. Determinations were made using relevant floras and monographs, and
confirmed by comparison with specimens in the collection. About 55% of the
35
identifications were determined using Flora of North America (1993+). Another 18%
were determined with Martin and Hutchins (1981), Cronquist et al. (1972, 1977, 1984,
1989, 1994, 1997), Weber and Wittmann (2001), Dorn (2001), and Holmgren et al.
(2005). The remainder were identified using monographs and other regional floras.
All state records and species of conservation concern were further verified by B.
E. Nelson, Herbarium Manager, RM. Selected taxa were confirmed or identified by
specialists, including Robert Dorn, Lingle, WY (Salix), Don Farrar, Iowa State University
(Botrychium), Carolyn Ferguson, Kansas State University, and J. Mark Porter, Rancho
Santa Ana Botanical Garden, CA (Phlox sp. nov.), Ron Hartman, RM (Apiaceae and
Caryophyllaceae), Debora Trock, California Academy of Science (Senecio cliffordii), and
Peter Zika, University of Washington (Cyperaceae and Juncaceae). Collections at the
University of New Mexico (UNM), University of Colorado (CU), and Colorado State
University (CSU) were consulted for additional information on Botrychium, Phlox, and
state records.
Collections data were copied from the FilerMaker® database to the RM database
for permanent storage and label printing. These data were used to generate the vascular
plant checklist and to conduct data analyses and floristic comparisons. Floristic
comparisons were calculated with Sørensen’s Index and Jaccard’s Index. Estimates of
total species richness were performed using EstimateS (Colwell 2005) and WS2M
(Turner et al. 2000). A hardcopy of the collection notes was printed on archival paper and
ink from the original data in FileMaker® and archived at RM. Duplicate specimens will
be distributed to state and regional herbaria, including UNM.
36
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS
Numeric and Taxonomic Summaries
A total of 7,503 vascular plant collections were obtained from the ranch (Table 2),
representing a density of 8.2 collections per square mile. These collections yielded 1,112
unique species, infraspecies, and hybrids in 93 families (Table 3). Included in the total
are 112 exotics, 21 noxious weeds, 24 species of conservation concern, 26 first reports or
confirmations for New Mexico, three New Mexico endemics, and two novelties. Exotic
taxa are those introduced to Colorado or New Mexico from elsewhere within or outside
of North America. Hybrids documented include 6 named and 14 putative unnamed
crosses. Identifications for the latter were inferred from morphological intermediacy and
physical adjacency to the putative parent species. These hybrids are included in the
checklist (Chapter 5). Table 4 provides a summary of taxa and collections by major plant
group and family.
A total of 708 sites were visited (Figure 10). They includes sites where only one
or a few collections were made, including some repeat visits, in addition to general
collection sites where all taxa in suitable condition were collected. Figure 11 shows
collecting routes for the 2008 field season only (routes were not tracked in 2007).
37
Table 2. Summary of collections obtained from the ranch, arranged by categories of
interest. The average number of duplicates per collection, including those at RM, is 1.76.
General:
Number of sites
Numbered collections
Number of duplicates
708
7,503
13,225
# of collections by county:
Colfax County, NM
5,422
Taos County, NM
1,370
Costilla County, CO
266
Las Animas County, CO
445
# of collections by month:
May
384
June
2,355
July
2,563
August
1,963
September
238
# of collections by year:
2007
4,085
2008
3,328
2009
90
Table 3. Summary of vascular plants for Vermejo Park Ranch arranged by taxonomic
and other categories of interest. Exotics and endemics follow Allred (2009) and NRCS
(2010). The percentage given for exotics is relative to the total number of unique taxa
including hybrids. Species of conservation concern are those tracked by Natural Heritage
New Mexico (2010), the New Mexico Rare Plant Technical Council (1999), or the
Colorado Natural Heritage Program (2010). Noxious weeds are those so designated by
the New Mexico Department of Agriculture (NMDA 2009) or the Colorado Department
of Agriculture (undated).
# of hierachial taxa:
Families
Genera
Species
Infraspecies
Named hybrids
Unnamed hybrids
Unique taxa (incl. hybrids)
Unique taxa (excl. hybrids)
93
457
1,050
305
6
14
1,112
1,092
# of taxa by major plant group:
Ferns and fern allies
33
Gymnosperms
12
Angiosperms
1,067
# of taxa by special category:
Exotics (% of unique taxa) 112 (10.1%)
NM noxious weeds
17
CO noxious weeds
9
NM species of cons. concern 14
CO species of cons. concern 11
NM state records
26
NM endemics
3
Novelties
2
# of taxa by geography:
Colfax County, NM
Taos County, NM
Costilla County, CO
Las Animas County, CO
NM (both counties)
CO (both counties)
Unique to NM
Unique to CO
38
941
434
164
255
1,093
398
714
19
Table 4. Summary of vascular plants documented within each family, organized by
major plant group. Summaries for each plant group are given after the list of families for
the group. Unique taxa counts include hybrids and exotics.
Ferns and Fern Allies:
Family
Aspleniaceae
Dryopteridaceae
Equisetaceae
Ophioglossaceae
Pteridaceae
Selaginellaceae
TOTAL
Species
1
7
3
11
4
3
29
Unique
Taxa
Hybrids
1
0
7
0
4
1
14
3
4
0
3
0
33
4
Exotics
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Collections
2
41
25
182
17
25
292
Genera
1
4
5
Species
3
9
12
Unique
Taxa
Hybrids
3
0
9
0
12
0
Exotics
0
0
0
Collections
80
177
259
Genera
2
1
1
10
2
14
3
1
6
78
1
2
12
25
5
1
1
4
10
1
Species
3
1
2
23
2
17
9
1
10
179
1
2
23
42
8
3
1
6
25
1
Unique
Taxa
Hybrids
3
0
1
0
3
0
23
0
3
0
17
0
10
1
1
0
10
0
188
1
1
0
2
0
24
0
44
1
8
0
3
0
1
0
7
0
26
0
1
0
Exotics
0
0
0
8
0
2
0
0
1
17
0
0
1
11
0
0
0
0
3
0
Collections
14
1
42
118
34
87
34
2
49
1293
2
11
195
226
56
31
3
43
172
3
Genera
1
4
1
1
2
1
10
Gymnosperms:
Family
Cupressaceae
Pinaceae
TOTAL
Angiosperms:
Family
Adoxaceae
Alismataceae
Alliaceae
Amaranthaceae
Anacardiaceae
Apiaceae
Apocynaceae
Araceae
Asparagaceae
Asteraceae
Berberidaceae
Betulaceae
Boraginaceae
Brassicaceae
Cactaceae
Campanulaceae
Cannabaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Ceratophyllaceae
39
Table 4 (continued). Summary of vascular plants documented within each family,
organized by major plant group. Summaries for each plant group are given after the list of
families for each group. Unique taxa counts include hybrids and exotics.
Family
Clusiaceae
Colchicaceae
Commelinaceae
Convolvulaceae
Cornaceae
Crassulaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cyperaceae
Elaeagnaceae
Elatinaceae
Ericaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae
Fagaceae
Gentianaceae
Geraniaceae
Grossulariaceae
Haloragaceae
Hydrangeaceae
Hydrocharitaceae
Iridaceae
Juncaceae
Juncaginaceae
Lamiaceae
Lentibulariaceae
Liliaceae
Linaceae
Loasaceae
Malvaceae
Melanthiaceae
Myrsinaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Onagraceae
Orchidaceae
Orobanchaceae
Oxalidaceae
Papaveraceae
Parnassiaceae
Phrymaceae
Genera
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
8
2
1
8
3
18
1
6
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
11
1
2
1
1
4
2
1
1
3
8
6
1
2
1
1
Species
1
1
1
5
1
4
1
54
2
1
11
7
55
2
12
4
7
1
1
1
3
18
2
13
1
2
2
3
5
2
1
6
15
15
17
3
2
2
2
Unique
Taxa
Hybrids
1
0
1
0
1
0
5
0
1
0
4
0
1
0
55
1
2
0
1
0
11
0
7
0
59
1
3
1
12
0
4
0
7
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
3
0
19
0
2
0
13
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
3
0
5
0
2
0
1
0
7
0
16
0
16
0
19
2
3
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
40
Exotics
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
9
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Collections
1
3
8
25
2
20
6
246
7
2
58
41
437
74
55
56
75
10
13
5
45
102
8
85
1
14
34
27
39
11
1
50
112
48
107
12
19
5
12
Table 4 (continued). Summary of vascular plants documented within each family,
organized by major plant group. Summaries for each plant group are given after the list of
families for each group. Unique taxa counts include hybrids and exotics.
Family
Plantaginaceae
Poaceae
Polemoniaceae
Polygonaceae
Portulacaceae
Potamogetonaceae
Primulaceae
Ranunculaceae
Rhamnaceae
Rosaceae
Rubiaceae
Ruppiaceae
Salicaceae
Santalaceae
Sapindaceae
Saxifragaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Solanaceae
Tamaricaceae
Typhaceae
Ulmaceae
Urticaceae
Verbenaceae
Violaceae
Vitaceae
Zygophyllaceae
TOTAL
Unique
Genera Species Taxa
Hybrids
9
23
23
0
61
152
165
4
4
9
9
0
7
24
25
0
5
5
5
0
3
9
9
0
2
5
5
0
10
26
28
0
1
1
1
0
18
42
50
2
1
3
3
0
1
1
1
0
2
15
17
1
3
4
4
0
1
2
3
0
2
10
10
0
2
2
2
0
5
12
13
0
1
1
1
0
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
3
5
5
0
1
6
6
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
442
1,009
1,067
16
41
Exotics
3
31
0
6
1
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
112
Collections
197
1122
54
155
25
36
74
208
7
322
18
1
106
34
18
61
17
46
13
13
9
12
56
48
7
1
6,952
Figure 10. Map of all collection sites from the ranch for the 2007, 2008, and 2009 field
seasons. At most sites all species in suitable condition were collected (large black
circles). Sites were only one to four collections were made are shown as small black
circles. The ranch boundary and state and county lines are shown in black. Areas in need
of further sampling effort include the south central and south eastern parts of the ranch,
and the two outlying parcels northwest of Cimarron.
42
Figure 11. Routes driven and walked on the ranch during the 2008 field season (white
lines). Routes were not recorded for 2007 and are not shown for 2009. The ranch
boundary and state and county lines are shown in black. Routes were recorded with a
GPS data logger.
43
Vegetation Types
"Vegetation comprises the largest biotic component of terrestrial ecosystems, and
directly or indirectly determines or influences the distribution and abundance of all other
taxa and lifeforms" (Jennings et al. 2008). Despite this importance, vegetation
classification is a difficult and somewhat subjective process with multiple acceptable
alternatives. Numerous, often incompatible classification systems have been devised. The
history and challenges of vegetation mapping are discussed by Comer et al. (2003),
FGDC (2008), and Jennings et al. (2008).
Vegetation types represent taxonomic units with definable limits created by
grouping vegetation samples or plots by similarity (FGDC 2008). Most definitions
require uniformity of floristic composition, physiognomy, structure, and habitat (Jennings
et al. 2008). Floristic composition emphasizes the species present within the vegetation
type. Physiognomy and structure rely on the growth forms and physical characteristics of
the species. Habitat refers to the environmental conditions and disturbance regimes at a
site. Vegetation types usually re-occur across a landscape or region; however, variation
between different stands of a type is to be expected.
The classification system used here mostly follows Dicks-Peddie (1993), with
modifications based on the Southwest Regional Gap Analysis Project (SWReGAP)
(Prior-Magee et al. 2007) and the forest and woodland plant associations recognized by
the U. S. Forest Service (USFS 1996, USFS 1997). Additional modifications have been
made to accommodate prominent trends in vegetation on the ranch not recognized by any
of the above-mentioned sources. The focus is on existing, or actual vegetation rather than
potential climax vegetation.
44
Recognized here are 17 vegetation types grouped into five major classes (Table
5). The first three classes are determined by the physiognomy of the characteristic or
dominant species (forb, shrub, or tree). The fourth class represents areas of
hydrologically influenced vegetation where wetland and aquatic plant species grow. The
fifth class represents areas of anthropogenic disturbance. Although such disturbed areas
are not natural, stable, or climax vegetation types, they are of sufficient prominence on
the landscape to warrant recognition. Figure 12 shows the geographical distribution of the
first three classes of vegetation types (grassland and meadow, shrubland, forest and
woodland) in and adjacent to the ranch.
Dominant and representative taxa for each vegetation type were determined by
observations in the field and by frequency of collection. Three vegetation types harbor a
large percentage of unique taxa not found in the other types within the ranch. These are
the Plains-Mesa Grassland, Alpine Meadow or Fellfield, and Lacustrine-Palustrine types
(Table 5).
45
Table 5. A list of vegetation types for Vermejo Park Ranch. For each type the following
information is given: number of collections, number of taxa, and the number and
percentage of taxa documented only from the type.
Vegetation Class
Vegetation Type
GRASSLAND AND MEADOW
Plains-Mesa Grassland
Lower Montane Grassland
Subalpine-Montane Grassland or Meadow
Alpine Meadow or Fellfield
SHRUBLAND
Montane Shrubland
FOREST AND WOODLAND
Pinyon-Juniper Woodland
Ponderosa Pine Forest
Mixed Conifer Forest
Subalpine Conifer Forest
Aspen Forest
WETLAND AND AQUATIC
Riparian
Lacustrine-Palustrine
Dry Wash or Arroyo
ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCE
Roadsides
Agricultural
Mine Spoils
Other Anthropogenic Disturbances
46
# of
coll.
# of
taxa
# taxa unique
to type (%)
450
607
633
370
193
253
276
152
51
13
15
49
557
239
21 (9%)
345
391
508
459
78
162
174
208
214
54
15
8
18
22
2
1094
737
121
455
318
102
36 (8%)
70 (22%)
3 (3%)
652
76
176
259
286
66
128
148
20
5
6
8
(26%)
(5%)
(5%)
(32%)
(9%)
(5%)
(9%)
(10%)
(4%)
(7%)
(8%)
(5%)
(5%)
Figure 12. Distribution of vegetation types (dark gray shading) in and adjacent to the
ranch for the following classes: grassland and meadow (a-d), shrubland (e), and forest
and woodland (f-j). The ranch boundary and state and county lines are shown in black.
Distribution data was modified from SWReGAP (Prior-Magee et al. 2007).
47
Figure 12 (continued). Distribution of vegetation types (dark gray shading) in and
adjacent to the ranch for the following classes: grassland and meadow (a-d), shrubland
(e), and forest and woodland (f-j). The ranch boundary and state and county lines are
shown in black. Distribution data was modified from SWReGAP (Prior-Magee et al.
2007).
48
GRASSLAND AND MEADOW
Plains-Mesa Grassland.―Dicks-Peddie (1993) describes Plains-Mesa Grassland
covering extensive areas of eastern New Mexico. SWReGAP classifies these grasslands
as Western Great Plains Shortgrass Prairie (NatureServe 2004). Plains-Mesa Grassland,
as here defined, dominates the southeastern portion of the ranch eastward from the base
of the Park Plateau. Elevations range between 5,850 and 6,500 feet, with little variation in
topography. Near the base of the Plateau, the grasslands merge with open, savanna-like
stands of Pinus edulis and Juniperus monosperma.
Grasses comprise the dominant vegetation cover. The most abundant are Aristida
purpurea, Bouteloua gracilis, Hilaria jamesii, and Muhlenbergia torreyi. Others include
Achnatherum hymenoides, Bouteloua curtipendula var. curtipendula, Buchloë
dactyloides, and Elymus elymoides var. brevifolius. Forb diversity is high; however,
many species are scattered and uncommon. They include Astragalus bisulcatus var.
bisulcatus, Berlandiera lyrata, Cirsium undulatum, Dalea jamesii, Oenothera
suffrutescens (Gaura coccinea), Hymenopappus tenuifolius, Mentzelia multiflora,
Psoralidium tenuiflorum, and Sphaeralcea coccinea var. coccinea. Shrubs form a minor
component of the vegetation, restricted mostly to rocky outcrops or near the margins of
grasslands. Representative shrubs and subshrubs include Cylindropuntia imbricata var.
imbricata, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Lycium pallidum, Rhus trilobata var. trilobata, and
Zinnia grandiflora.
The dry conditions and low fuel load result in a low fire frequency (NatureServe
2004). Grazing further reduces the fuel load, and the natural, expansive fires that
formerly occurred are now unlikely.
49
Lower Montane Grassland.―Extending up the canyons of the Park Plateau,
between elevations of 6,400 and 8,800 feet, are narrow corridors of grassland. They are
transitional in species composition between Plains-Mesa Grassland and SubalpineMontane Grassland of Dicks-Peddie (1993). These grasslands do not fit well within either
category and are therefore defined differently. They are similar to Western Great Plains
Foothill and Piedmont Grassland recognized by SWReGAP (NatureServe 2004). These
corridors of Lower Montane Grassland, as here defined, gradually merge into PlainsMesa Grassland along the east edge of the Park Plateau. At the plateau’s western end are
a series of large parklands, including Castle Rock, Van Bremmer, and Vermejo parks,
which are included in this category. An abrupt rise in topography on the western margin
of these parklands creates the transition to the Subalpine-Montane Grassland type.
Common grasses include Achnatherum robustum, Bouteloua gracilis, Bromus
inermis, Elymus smithii, and Poa pratensis. Forbs are represented by a diverse
assemblage including Castilleja integra, Erigeron flagellaris, Lappula occidentalis var.
occidentalis, Linum lewisii, Lithospermum incisum, Oxytropis sericea var. sericea,
Penstemon jamesii, Ratibida columnifera, and Verbena macdougalii. Artemisia frigida
and Eriogonum jamesii var. jamesii are common subshrubs.
Subalpine-Montane Grassland or Meadow.―Between 8,800 and 12,000 feet
elevation are grasslands and meadows interspersed with mixed conifer and subalpine
conifer forests. These communities closely match Subalpine-Montane Grassland of
Dicks-Peddie (1993) and Southern Rocky Mountain Montane-Subalpine Grassland and
Rocky Mountain Subalpine Mesic Meadow of SWReGAP (NatureServe 2004). Also
included here are wet meadows recognized by SWReGAP as Rocky Mountain Alpine50
Montane Wet Meadow (NatureServe 2004). The most extensive tracts of SubalpineMontane Grassland and Meadow, as here defined, lie within the Costilla Creek valley.
Included is a prominent outwash plain north of the Costilla Reservoir that covers over
3,000 acres.
Bunchgrasses such as Festuca arizonica and Danthonia parryi dominate drier
areas of these subalpine grasslands, while Poa pratensis and Juncus arcticus var. balticus
are common in mesic to wet areas. Other prominent graminoids include Carex spp.,
Elymus elymoides var. brevifolius, Festuca thurberi, Koeleria macrantha, and Poa
fendleriana ssp. fendleriana. The diverse assemblage of forbs includes Achillea
millefolium, Allium geyeri var. geyeri, Androsace septentrionalis, Antennaria spp.,
Campanula parryi, Cerastium arvense, Erigeron flagellaris, E. formosissimus var.
viscidus, Oxytropis lambertii var. bigelovii, O. sericea var. sericea, and Potentilla
hippiana. Shrubs are represented by Dasiphora fruticosa in mesic areas, and Ribes
cereum and R. montigenum in drier areas.
Near timber line, a distinctive suite of graminoids and forbs occur. These include
Agoseris glauca var. glauca, Caltha leptosepala, Carex aquatilis var. aquatilis, Erigeron
formosissimus var. formosissimus, Phleum alpinum, Poa alpina, Podistera eastwoodiae,
Sedum rhodanthum, and Sibbaldia procumbens.
Alpine Meadow or Fellfield.―Alpine meadows and fellfields dominate the crest
of the Sangre de Cristo Range above 12,000 feet elevation. These areas correspond to
Alpine Tundra of Dicks-Peddie (1993), although the term ―tundra‖ is not used here.
SWReGAP classifies alpine areas of the southern Rockies within the categories Alpine
Bedrock and Scree, Alpine Dwarf-Shrubland, Dry Tundra, and Alpine-Montane Wet
51
Meadow (NatureServe 2004). The north-south orientation of the Sangres relative to
westerly winds results in a strong orographic effect on topography and vegetation within
this zone. Gently sloping, dry meadows characterize the western side of the crest of the
range. On the eastern side are steep rock slopes and glacial cirques where mesic
conditions prevail. Snowfields persist throughout the summer along the leeward crest.
Wind-scoured areas may remain free of snow even in winter. Plant growth in the alpine is
limited by a short growing season, snow duration, desiccating winds, cryoturbation, and
rocky or unstable substrates.
Although Baker (1983) found high heterogeneity of habitat types within alpine
meadows and fellfields in the Sangres, no attempt is made here to recognize subdivisions.
However, different species assemblages can be recognized between the dry, flat ridgecrests and the steep, mesic leeward slopes and cirques. On the dry ridge crests, common
graminoids and forbs include Androsace chamaejasme ssp. lehmanniana, Carex
elynoides, Castilleja haydenii, Draba streptocarpa, Eritrichum nanum var. elongatum,
Festuca brachyphylla var. coloradensis, Hymenoxys brandegeei, Minuartia obtusiloba,
Paronychia pulvinata, Phlox pulvinata, Poa glauca var. rupicola, Potentilla concinna
var. concinna, Tetraneuris acaulis var. caespitosa, and Trifolium nanum. On the more
mesic leeward slopes, these groups include Besseya alpina, Calamagrostis purpurascens,
Carex chalciolepis, C. ebenea, Eremogone fendleri, Erigeron pinnatisectus, Geum rossii
var. turbinatum, Luzula spicata, Primula angustifolia, Silene acaulis, and Trifolium
attenuatum. The most common shrub and subshrub taxa are Dasiphora fruticosa, Ribes
montigenum, Salix planifolia, and S. reticulata var. nana.
52
SHRUBLAND
Montane Shrubland.―Discontinuously distributed across lower elevations of the
Park Plateau are shrublands dominated by Quercus gambelii and Q. ×undulata. These are
classified as Montane Scrub by Dicks-Peddie (1993) and as Rocky Mountain Gambel
Oak-Mixed Montane Shrubland by SWReGAP (NatureServe 2004). These shrublands
tend to occupy dry, south-facing canyon slopes. They often intermix with Pinyon-Juniper
Woodland or Ponderosa Pine Forest. As suggested by Dicks-Peddie (1993), these
shrublands may represent an early successional stage following fire or other disturbances.
Several areas of shrubland on the ranch, as in Van Bremmer Canyon, show direct
evidence of fire and past dominance by conifers.
Along with Quercus species, dominant shrubs are Cercocarpus montanus and
Rhus trilobata var. trilobata. Less common but characteristic shrubs and subshrubs
include Clematis columbiana var. columbiana, Eriogonum jamesii var. jamesii, Prunus
virginiana var. melanocarpa, and Ribes cereum. Robinia neomexicana is present only in
scattered patches. The forb and graminoid layer tends to be sparse. They include
Blepharoneuron tricholepis, Bromus richardsonii, Eriogonum alatum var. alatum,
Erysimum capitatum var. purshii, Herrickia horrida, Lithospermum multiflorum,
Penstemon barbatus var. torreyi, Piptatherum micranthum, and Hesperidanthus
linearifolius (Schoenocrambe linearifolia).
In the heads of canyons in the northeast portion of the ranch, oaks attain the size
of small trees and form savanna-like groves. These groves support a unique assemblage
rarely encountered elsewhere: Anemone cylindrica, Collomia linearis, Galium
53
mexicanum var. asperrimum, Onosmodium molle var. occidentale, Osmorhiza longistylis,
Sanicula marilandica, and Viola pedatifida.
FOREST AND WOODLAND
Pinyon-Juniper Woodland.―Woodlands are characterized by short, well-spaced
trees whose canopies generally do not overlap (Dicks-Peddie 1993). Woodlands
dominated by pinyon pine and juniper species cover portions of the Park Plateau between
6,400 and 7,800 feet elevation, where primarily restricted to south-facing ridge slopes
and escarpments. They are classified here as Pinyon-Juniper Woodland, following DicksPeddie (1993). SWReGAP recognized them as Southern Rocky Mountain Pinyon-Juniper
Woodland (NatureServe 2004). The dominant trees at lower elevations are Pinus edulis
and Juniperus monosperma. At higher elevations Juniperus monosperma is gradually
replaced by J. scopulorum, while Pinus edulis remains a co-dominant. Small, savannalike stands of Pinyon-Juniper Woodland intergrade with Plains-Mesa Grassland along the
eastern base of the Park Plateau. The Cedar Hills, a small, rocky escarpment among
Plains-Mesa Grassland, supports the eastern most extent of woodland community within
the ranch.
Grasses form a dominant component of the understory. Representatives include
Achnatherum hymenoides, Bouteloua gracilis, Festuca arizonica, Hilaria jamesii,
Lycurus setosus, and Piptatherum micranthum. Forbs are represented by a sparse but
diverse assemblage including Asclepias asperula ssp. asperula, Brickellia eupatorioides
var. chlorolepis, Commelina dianthifolia, Cosmos parviflorus, Drymaria glandulosa var.
glandulosa, Dysphania graveolens, Heterosperma pinnatum, Mirabilis oxybaphoides,
54
Nama dichotomum, Penstemon barbatus var. torreyi, and Solanum jamesii. Shrubs such
as Cercocarpus montanus and Quercus ×undulata co-dominate with conifers in some
areas of Pinyon-Juniper Woodland. Other representative shrubs and subshrubs include
Eriogonum jamesii var. jamesii and Rhus trilobata var. trilobata. Yucca and Opuntia
species are well represented. Phoradendron juniperinum is a frequently encountered
parasite on Juniperus monosperma.
Fires are probably infrequent in this vegetation type. However, they may be an
important influence on succession and understory composition (USFS 1996). Dense
shrub regeneration may follow fires (USFS 1996).
Ponderosa Pine Forest.―Forests dominated by Pinus ponderosa cover extensive
areas of the Park Plateau between 7,100 and 8,400 feet elevation. These forests are
classified here as Ponderosa Pine Forest. They fit within Lower Montane Coniferous
Forest of Dicks-Peddie (1993). SWReGAP classifies them as Rocky Mountain Ponderosa
Pine Woodland (NatureServe 2004). Pinus ponderosa often forms pure stands. However,
it also intergrades with Pinyon-Juniper Woodland and Montane Conifer Forest. The
boundary between Ponderosa Pine Forest and other adjacent forest types is determined
largely by slope and aspect. For example, Pinus ponderosa occurs on north-facing slopes
and ridge lines at low elevations otherwise dominated by Pinyon-Juniper Woodland.
Conversely, it is restricted to south-facing slopes at higher elevations otherwise
dominated by Montane Conifer Forest.
Savanna-like stands of Pinus ponderosa occupy the margins of the parklands on
the ranch, including Van Bremmer and Castle Rock parks. Here, the pines are well
spaced with a predominantly grassy understory, apparently maintained historically by
55
regular low-intensity fires. Ranch managers are currently experimenting with prescribed
burns to maintain the condition of these savanna-like stands (Les Dhaseleer, pers.
comm.). In many areas of the ranch small grasslands are interspersed among Ponderosa
Pine Forest.
Many areas of this vegetation type show evidence of logging, fire suppression,
and overgrazing, resulting in dense stands of young trees (USFS 1997; Paulson and Baker
2006). However, a few groves of large ponderosa pines persist, as around Merrick Lake.
Historically, frequent ground fires (generally 4-8 year intervals) helped maintain an open,
grassy understory (USFS 1997).
Danthonia parryi and Festuca arizonica are the dominant grasses. Other common
understory grasses include Blepharoneuron tricholepis, Carex inops ssp. heliophila,
Danthonia spicata, Koeleria macrantha, and Poa fendleriana ssp. fendleriana. Common
forbs include Achillea millefolium, Androsace septentrionalis, Anemone patens var.
multifida, Antennaria parvifolia, Eremogone fendleri, Hymenoxys richardsonii var.
floribunda, Mertensia lanceolata, and Potentilla hippiana.
Shrubs are an important component of drier stands of Pinus ponderosa. Quercus
gambelii and Q. ×undulata often form thickets in the understory and may dominate ones
that were burned recently. Other common shrubs are Ribes cereum and Arctostaphylos
uva-ursi, the latter of which is common on dry, rocky ridge crests. Arceuthobium
vaginatum var. cryptopodum is a frequently encountered parasite on Pinus ponderosa.
Mixed Conifer Forest.―The other extensive forest type on the Park Plateau is
Mixed Conifer Forest. It consist primarily of closed-canopy stands of Pseudotsuga
menziesii var. glauca and Abies concolor, with lesser amounts of Pinus ponderosa, P.
56
flexilis, and Picea spp. Most Mixed Conifer Forest on the ranch can be classified as the
White Fir-Douglas Fir-Ponderosa Pine series within Upper Montane Conifer Forest of
Dicks-Peddie (1993). SWReGAP defines two types of Mixed Conifer Forest and
Woodland within the ranch (NatureServe 2004). Both types underestimate the abundance
of Mixed Conifer Forest on the Plateau. These forests occupy an elevation range of 7,000
to 9,800 feet. At lower elevations it is restricted to north-facing canyon slopes among
Pinus ponderosa. At higher elevations it intergrades with Subalpine Conifer Forest in the
Costilla Creek valley and on mountain slopes to the east, where mostly restricted to dry
or south-facing slopes. Small, scattered stands of Populus tremuloides can be found
marginal to Mixed Conifer Forest.
Shrubs and subshrubs form a conspicuous and diverse component, and include
Acer glabrum var. glabrum, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Clematis columbiana var.
columbiana, Jamesia americana var. americana, Juniperus communis var. depressa,
Physocarpus monogynus, and Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa. Forbs include species
adapted to mesic, shaded understories such as Aquilegia elegantula, Fragaria vesca,
Maianthemum racemosum var. amplexicaule, Oxalis violacea, Packera fendleri, P.
streptanthifolia, Ranunculus ranunculinus, and Valeriana acutiloba var. acutiloba.
Graminoids are less abundant here than in the previous forest types, and may include
Bromus richardsonii, Carex pityophila, Festuca arizonica, Koeleria macrantha, and Poa
fendleriana ssp. fendleriana. Arceuthobium douglasii is an occasional parasite on
Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Fire patterns are highly variable (USFS 1997). Fires are generally infrequent and
erratic in areas dominated by Abies concolor, resulting in a diverse assemblage of stand
57
structures. In stands dominated by Pseudotsuga menziesii fires may be frequent or severe;
however, very frequent fires favor the establishment of Pinus ponderosa.
Subalpine Conifer Forest.―At elevations between 9,800 and 12,000 feet are
subalpine forests dominated by Abies arizonica, Picea engelmannii var. engelmannii, and
P. pungens. These forests fit within Subalpine Conifer Forest of Dicks-Peddie (1993).
SWReGAP classifies them within two categories of Rocky Mountain Subalpine SpruceFir Forest and Woodland (NatureServe 2004). In many places Picea engelmannii and P.
pungens grow intermixed, apparently without regard for aspect or topography. Populus
tremuloides is often present in scattered amounts among these forests or it may form
extensive stands (see Aspen Forest).
The short growing season and dense canopy cover of these forests results in a
sparse herbaceous understory. Mosses often dominant the ground layer. Frequently
encountered forbs include Arnica cordifolia, Castilleja miniata, Fragaria virginiana,
Moneses uniflora, Orthilia secunda, Packera streptanthifolia, Polemonium pulcherrimum
var. delicatum, Senecio amplectens var. amplectens, Stellaria longipes var. longipes, and
Noccaea montana var. montana (Thlaspi montanum var. montanum). Poa species are
well represented and include P. fendleriana ssp. fendleriana, P. pratensis, and P. reflexa.
Another commonly encountered graminoid is Luzula parviflora. Subshrubs and shrubs
include Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Juniperus communis var. depressa, Ribes montigenum,
and Vaccinium myrtillus var. oreophilum. Other characteristic but infrequently
encountered species include Linnaea borealis var. longiflora, Lonicera involucrate var.
involucrata, Pyrola spp., and Actaea rubra.
58
Included within this type are small stands of Pinus flexilis or P. aristata that occur
on dry scree slopes and rocky ridge lines or along the margins of subalpine grasslands.
These are classified as Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Montane Limber-Bristlecone Pine
Woodland by SWReGAP (NatureServe 2004). On scree slopes and rocky ridgelines, the
understory of these stands is usually very sparse and may include Calamagrostis
purpurascens, Saxifraga bronchialis var. austromontana, and Cystopteris fragilis. Along
the margins of subalpine grasslands, Pinus aristata forms savanna-like stands with an
understory dominated by Festuca arizonica, F. thurberi, and other grasses.
Fire is uncommon to rare in this vegetation type, and fire intervals may span
multiple centuries (USFS 1997). Recovery from fires may take several centuries. Crown
fires or complete overstory removal may favor aspen regeneration at lower elevations, the
establishment of subalpine and alpine herbaceous species near tree line, or dominance by
Carex in wet sites (USFS 1997). However, light ground fires historically helped maintain
the open nature of Pinus aristata savannas (USFS 1997) whereas their suppression may
lead to tree encroachment.
Aspen Forest.―Although not a climax community, aspen groves are prominent
enough to warrant recognition, with their unique assemblage of understory species, as
Aspen Forest. These groves correspond to Rocky Mountain Aspen Forest and Woodland
of SWReGAP (NatureServe 2004). Aspen Forest occurs intermixed with both Mixed
Conifer Forest and Subalpine Conifer Forest at elevations between 8,000 and 10,300 feet.
The most extensive groves are found in the Costilla Creek valley. A few such groves are
also found on steep talus slopes of the Sangres well below tree line.
59
A lush and diverse herb layer is common in the understory of these aspen groves.
Characteristic forbs and graminoids are Antennaria parvifolia, Aquilegia coerulea var.
coerulea, Astragalus alpinus var. alpinus, Festuca thurberi, Geranium richardsonii,
Pedicularis canadensis var. fluviatilis, Poa pratensis, and Thermopsis montana var.
montana. Rosa nutkana var. hispida and Juniperus communis var. depressa are the most
frequently encountered shrubs.
The distribution of aspen in the Rockies is limited in part by the need for adequate
soil moisture to maintain high evapotranspirational demands (Mueggler 1988). Standreplacing disturbances, such as fire, play an important role in the creation and
maintenance of these groves (Mueggler 1988). If left undisturbed for sufficient time, they
will be replaced by conifers.
WETLAND AND AQUATIC
Riparian.―Riparian vegetation is characterized by species restricted to or
closely bordering perennial or intermittent streams or other drainage systems. Included
here are obligate riparian species, facultative riparian species that may also occur in
adjacent upland conditions, and primarily upland species that also grow along the
hydrologically influenced margins of these systems.
Riparian vegetation tends to cut across elevation gradients and the species
composition tends to be difficult to predict from the adjacent upland conditions.
Furthermore, streams can serve as dispersal corridors for plants, further blurring the
boundaries between elevation zones. For such reasons, riparian vegetation can be difficult
to classify (Dicks-Peddie 1993). Here, riparian vegetation is treated in the broad sense as
60
a single vegetation type spanning all elevations, with comments on changes in species
composition with elevation.
At elevations below 6,500 feet, riparian vegetation is restricted to the margins of
large stream bisecting Plains-Mesa Grassland. These areas correspond loosely to
Floodplain-Plains Riparian of Dicks-Peddie (1993) and Western Great Plains Riparian
Woodland and Shrubland of the Southwest Regional Gap Analysis Project (NatureServe
2004). Trees and shrubs form a conspicuous component, and include Acer negundo var.
interius, Populus deltoides var. wislizenii, Salix amygdaloides, S. exigua ssp. exigua, and
Tamarix chinensis. Common forbs include Asclepias speciosa, Glycyrrhiza lepidota,
Helianthus annuus, H. petiolaris var. petiolaris, Mirabilis nyctaginea, Physalis
longifolia, and Sonchus asper. Graminoids are represented by Agrostis gigantea,
Hordeum jubatum ssp. jubatum, Polypogon monspeliensis, Schedonorus arundinaceus,
Schoenoplectus pungens, and S. tabernaemontani.
Between 6,500 and 8,800 feet elevation, riparian vegetation is a common
component of canyon bottoms on the Park Plateau. These riparian zones include the
lower portion of Montane Riparian of Dicks-Peddie (1993) and Montane Riparian
Woodland and Shrubland of SWReGAP (NatureServe 2004). Tree species are not a
common component of these lower montane riparian zones, but they may include small
gallery forests of Populus angustifolia. Shrubs are represented by scattered patches of
Alnus incana var. occidentalis, Betula occidentalis, Salix amygdaloides, S. exigua ssp.
exigua, and Tamarix chinensis. The forbs and graminoids are highly diverse. Forbs
include Epilobium ciliatum var. ciliatum, Equisetum laevigatum, Medicago lupulina,
Plantago major, Sisyrinchium demissum, Stachys palustris var. pilosa, Trifolium repens,
61
Verbascum thapsus, and Veronica americana, while graminoids include Agrostis
gigantea, Hordeum jubatum ssp. jubatum, Juncus arcticus var. balticus, Polypogon
monspeliensis, Schedonorus arundinaceus, Schoenoplectus pungens, and S.
tabernaemontani.
Above 8,800 and extending to tree line at 12,000 feet the riparian vegetation
changes in character. These elevations include the upper portion of Montane Riparian of
Dicks-Peddie (1993) and several Subalpine-Montane Riparian Woodland and Shrubland
types of SWReGAP (NatureServe 2004). Riparian conditions at these elevations consist
of fast-flowing, perennial streams among cool, moist conifer forest, along with
meandering streams among Subalpine-Montane Grassland. Carex species take on greater
importance here, with the most common species being C. aquatilis var. aquatilis and C.
utriculata. Other graminoids include Glyceria striata, Juncus castaneus, Luzula
parviflora, and Poa pratensis. Forbs include Cardamine cordifolia var. cordifolia,
Epilobium saximontanum, Equisetum arvense, Mimulus guttatus, Oxypolis fendleri,
Platanthera purpurascens, and Saxifraga odontoloma. The shrub component consists of
scattered individuals of Dasiphora fruticosa, Ribes montigenum, Ribes wolfii, and Salix
bebbiana.
Dicks-Peddie (1993) also recognizes Alpine Riparian. It is scarcely present on the
ranch and thus not discussed.
Lacustrine-Palustrine.―Included here are all areas of permanent or ephemeral
standing water such as lakes, ponds, cattle watering ponds, stock tanks, marshes, fens,
and alkali flats.
62
Most lakes on the ranch are man-made. These were constructed in the early 1900s
(Zimmer 2009) by placing earthen dams across the openings of naturally wet depressions
and often by diverting small streams into these depressions via canals. Many of these
lakes now harbor a diverse aquatic flora, the composition of which varies with elevation.
The largest is the Costilla Reservoir in the Costilla Creek valley, although high water
fluctuations limit the establishment of aquatic vegetation on the margin. A few small
natural lakes occur in glacial cirques at elevations above 11,500 feet, but they contain a
depauperate flora. Most of the lakes on the ranch, both natural and man-made, are
stocked with trout on an annual basis (Vermejo Park 2009a, 2009b); only a few at the
highest elevations are devoid of fish.
Lake vegetation often forms discrete zones correlated with water depth.
Vegetation can thus be classified as emergent, floating, or submersed. Emergent
vegetation is dominated by graminoids and graminoid-like plants such as Eleocharis
macrostachya, E. palustris, Glyceria grandis var. grandis, Juncus arcticus var. balticus,
Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus, Typha domingensis, and T. latifolia. At subalpine
elevations Glycera borealis becomes a dominant. Floating and submersed species found
in deep, open water include Ceratophyllum demersum, Elodea canadensis, Myriophyllum
sibiricum, Potamogeton foliosus var. foliosus, P. natans, P. nodosus, Ranunculus
aquatilis var. diffusus, and Stuckenia pectinata.
Cattle watering ponds and stock tanks occur at low elevations in areas otherwise
too dry for aquatic vegetation. Vegetation consists primarily of emergent perennials and
minute annuals adapted to muddy substrates and fluctuating or ephemeral water levels.
63
Representatives include Callitriche palustris, Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya,
Eleocharis acicularis, Juncus bufonius, and Ranunculus cymbalaria.
Marsh vegetation is represented by a mix of perennial forbs and graminoids.
Characteristic species at low elevations include Bolboschoenus maritimus ssp. paludosus,
Carex praegracilis, Iva axillaris, Phyla cuneifolia, Potentilla anserina, Rumex
triangulivalvis, and Xanthium strumarium. At montane elevations, characteristic species
include Agrostis gigantea, Carex pellita, C. utriculata, Cicuta douglasii, Juncus arcticus
var. balticus, J. longistylis, Ranunculus cardiophyllus, and Rumex crispus. Subalpine
marsh vegetation is characterized by Bistorta bistortoides, B. vivipara, Calamagrostis
canadensis var. canadensis, Carex spp., Primula pauciflora var. pauciflora
(Dodecatheon pulchellum), Eriophorum angustifolium, Geum macrophyllum var.
perincisum, and Polemonium occidentale var. occidentale.
Only a few fens occur on the ranch. The largest and best developed is Elk
Meadows, located in a saddle between Ash Mountain and Little Costilla Peak. The
bedrock here is mostly rhyolite (Bauer et al. 1990). As with other fen systems on the
ranch, Elk Meadows is dominated by grasses and sedges, with a significant component of
mosses that form small hummocks or quaking mats. Sphagnum mosses are absent here
and in other fens on the ranch. Distinctive, though uncommon, taxa recorded from fens
include Carex gynocrates, C. microglochin ssp. microglochin, Juncus triglumis var.
triglumis, Kobresia myosuroides, K. simpliciuscula, Ptilagrostis porteri, and Saxifraga
hirculus.
64
Alkali flats are sparsely covered with forbs and graminoids such as Chenopodium
glaucum var. salinum, Puccinellia nuttalliana, Suaeda calceoliformis, and Triglochin
maritima. The largest alkali flats on the ranch occur in the vicinity of Van Bremmer Park.
Dry Wash or Arroyo.―This vegetation type includes canyon bottoms, stream
channels, and washes that are dry for most of the year with occasional flooding and
associated scouring. The plants are adapted to dry, shifting, gravelly or sandy substrates
and occasional inundation. This type is found in the eastern portion of the Park Plateau
and eastwards onto the plains at elevations between 5,800 and 7,700 feet. It is similar to
Arroyo Riparian of Dicks-Peddie (1993).
Representative and common taxa include Bouteloua curtipendula var.
curtipendula, Brickellia brachyphylla, Carex brevior, Elymus canadensis, Erigeron
flagellaris, Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. formosissima, Melilotus species, Muhlenbergia
species, Panicum virgatum, Plantago lanceolata, Poa compressa, Populus deltoides var.
wislizenii, Rumex triangulivalvis, Symphyotrichum spp., Tamarix chinensis, and
Tragopogon dubius.
ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCE
Anthropogenic disturbances include roadsides, old home sites, towns, agricultural
fields, mine spoils, oil well pads, quarries, dams, ditches, and clearcuts. These areas often
support higher percentages of exotic taxa than adjacent undisturbed areas. Displacement
of the native flora and establishment of exotics may occur through direct removal of
vegetation, modifications to the substrate, seeding of non-native taxa, or cattle grazing, to
name a few. Disturbed areas for many exotic taxa serve as dispersal corridors. This is
65
especially true of roadsides that may be the first points of detection for newly established
exotic taxa within an area (e.g., Bromus squarrosus and Crepis tectorum in this study).
The discussion of anthropogenic disturbance is limited to the most extensive
types within the ranch (roadsides, agricultural areas, and mine spoils). Most noxious
weeds documented from the ranch were found in areas directly affected by human
activity or by grazing.
Roadside.―A large network of gravel and dirt roads exists on the ranch. Many
of these roads were constructed recently to provide access to oil drilling sites. Commonly
encountered exotic taxa include Bromus inermis, B. japonicus, B. tectorum, Convolvulus
arvensis, Kochia scoparia, Melilotus officinalis, Salsola tragus, and Taraxacum
officinale. Associated native taxa include species of Ambrosia, Chenopodium, and
Grindelia, and also Elymus smithii, Euphorbia marginata, Oenothera coronopifolia, and
Verbena bracteata.
Agricultural Area.―The largest agricultural areas within the ranch occur along
Ponil Creek east of Cimarron and in the Vermejo River valley near Vermejo Park. These
are used primarily for hay production for bison and elk. Taxa encountered in and adjacent
to these fields include Asparagus officinalis, Chenopodium spp., Lotus corniculatus,
Malva neglecta, Medicago lupulina, M. sativa, and Poa pratensis. Two New Mexico
noxious weeds were only collected in or adjacent to agricultural fields, Cardaria
chalapensis and Cichorium intybus.
Coal Mine Spoils.―Large coal strip mines are present at the mouth of York
Canyon and on the south side of the Vermejo River southeast of Vermejo Park. Both of
these mine areas were capped with topsoil and revegetated. Pillmore and Laurie (1976)
66
state that replanting of the York Canyon coal bed was completed in 1976. Additional coal
spoils from abandoned underground mines exist near Koehler and Gardiner. These spoils
were not revegetated and contain very little plant cover.
The revegetated mine spoils are dominated by graminoids and forbs, including
Artemisia frigida, Atriplex canescens var. canescens, Bouteloua gracilis, Elymus
canadensis, Grindelia spp., Helianthus annuus, Hordium jubatum ssp. jubatum, Kochia
scoparia, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Linum lewisii, Melilotus officinalis, Ratibida
columnifera, Salsola tragus, and Sporobolus airoides. A few individuals of Pinus edulis
and P. ponderosa were apparently planted on the York Canyon mine spoils; these trees
have scarcely taken hold. Several taxa were collected only on and adjacent to mine
spoils: Chloris verticillata, Daucus carota, Elymus junceus, Purshia tridentata, Rosa
canina, Sphaeralcea angustifolia, and Trifolium campestre.
Other Disturbances.―Included here are old home sites, towns, quarries, oil well
pads, ditches, dams, and clearcuts. Of these, dams and clearcuts contain the greatest
abundance of native taxa, while home sites and quarries often are dominated by exotic
taxa. The latter include Bromus inermis, B. japonicus, B. tectorum, Camelina
microcarpa, Cirsium arvense, C. vulgare, Cynoglossum officinale, Descurainia sophia,
Fallopia convolvulus, Malva neglecta, Marrubium vulgare, and Ulmus pumila. The
introduced shrubs Lycium barbarum and Spiraea ×vanhouttei were only collected in or
adjacent to old home sites and inhabited areas, where planted and persisting or spreading.
Old logging roads, clearcuts, and drained lake beds within Subalpine Conifer Forest
provide suitable habitat for several species of native Botrychium.
67
Exotics and Noxious Weeds
Taxa introduced to Colorado or New Mexico from elsewhere within or outside of
North America are considered exotic. They are generally considered undesirable as they
may displace native vegetation, alter ecosystem function, or reduce biodiversity (Myers
and Bazely 2003). The impacts vary with species, and many exotics exhibit only weak
impacts on plant communities. Species that more dramatically alter ecosystems generally
use resources differently from natives (e.g., water use by Tamarix spp.), alter the trophic
structure of the community, or alter the frequency or intensity of disturbances (e.g.,
alteration of fire regimes by Bromus tectorum) (Vitousek 1990; Myers and Bazely 2003).
Approximately 5,000 exotic plant species are established in otherwise native ecosystems
in the United States, causing an estimated annual economic loss of $34 billion (Pimental
et al. 2000).
A total of 112 exotics were documented from the ranch, representing 10.1% of the
total flora. This percentage is comparable to results for adjacent floristic inventories
(9.6%, Elliott 2000; 10.7%, Reif 2006; 9.8%, Larson 2008) except for Kuhn (16.5%,
2009).
Taxa that have a detrimental effect on agriculture, commerce, wildlife resources,
or the public health are classified as ―noxious‖ by the Noxious Weed Act of 1974 (United
States Congress 1974). This act was superseded by the Plant Protection Act (United
States Congress 2000) which expanded the definition of noxious weeds and provided for
additional control measures. Individual states also maintain noxious weed lists based on
differing criteria. The Colorado list contains 71 taxa (Colorado Department of
68
Agriculture, undated) whereas New Mexico lists 37, with eight more on their watch list
(NMDA 2009).
Once established, noxious weeds can be difficult or impossible to eradicate. The
most effective defense is the prevention of their establishment and spread (Sheley and
Petroff 1999). Here, early detection of populations is critical. Thus, documenting the
occurrence of noxious weeds was a priority of this inventory. All populations of statelisted noxious weeds encountered were documented with voucher specimens or
observational records. These data will be provided to ranch managers to aid in their
removal or control.
In Colorado, ten noxious weeds were documented by 13 vouchers and 13
observations (Table 6). In New Mexico, 17 noxious weeds were documented by 93
vouchers and 118 observations (Tables 7). Exotic taxa and noxious weeds were most
abundant along road sides, in heavily grazed areas such as Lower Montane Grassland,
and in riparian areas (Table 8).
69
Table 6. List of Colorado noxious weeds documented from the ranch, as designated by
the Colorado Department of Agriculture (undated). For each, the following is provided:
common name, noxious weed listing status, number of collections and observations
obtained in Colorado, and counties where collected. County abbreviation is LA (Las
Animas). Status definitions according to the Colorado Department of Agriculture follow.
Taxon
Bromus tectorum
Carduus nutans
Cirsium arvense
Cirsium vulgare
Convolvulus arvensis
Cynoglossum officinale
Erodium cicutarium
Linaria vulgaris
Onopordum acanthium
Verbascum thapsus
Common Name
downy brome
musk thistle
Canada thistle
bull thistle
field bindweed
houndstongue
redstem filaree
yellow toadflax
Scotch thistle
common mullein
Status
C
B
B
B
C
B
C
B
B
C
# Coll. #Obs.
1
0
2
2
0
1
1
5
1
0
2
0
1
0
1
5
1
0
3
0
Counties
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
LA
Status definitions and management goals:
List A
List B
List C
Designated for eradication.
Stop or control the continued spread of these species.
Provide education, research, and biological control resources to local government bodies.
70
Table 7. List of New Mexico noxious weeds documented from the ranch, as designated
by the New Mexico Department of Agriculture (NMDA 2009). For each, the following is
provided: common name, noxious weed listing status, number of collections and
observations obtained in New Mexico, and counties where collected. County
abbreviations are CF (Colfax) and TA (Taos). Status definitions according to the New
Mexico Department of Agriculture follow.
Taxon
Acroptilon repens
Aegilops cylindrica
Bromus tectorum
Cardaria chalepensis
Carduus nutans
Centaurea stoebe
ssp. micranthos
Cichorium intybus
Cirsium arvense
Cirsium vulgare
Conium maculatum
Elaeagnus angustifolia
Elymus repens
Euphorbia esula
Linaria vulgaris
Onopordum acanthium
Tamarix chinense
Ulmus pumila
Common Name
Russian knapweed
jointed goatgrass
cheatgrass
hoary cress
musk thistle
spotted knapweed
chicory
Canada thistle
bull thistle
poison hemlock
Russian olive
quackgrass
leafy spurge
yellow toadflax
Scotch thistle
saltcedar
Siberian elm
Class
B
C
C
A
B
A
B
A
C
B
C
W
A
A
A
C
C
# Coll. # Obs.
1
0
2
0
19
0
2
0
10
20
2
0
1
11
7
3
4
4
1
3
1
13
9
0
34
27
2
1
0
0
6
3
23
2
Counties
CF
CF
CF, TA
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF, TA
CF
CF
CF
Status definitions and management goals:
List A
List B
List C
W (Watch List)
Eradicate existing infestations and prevent new infestations.
Contain infestations and stop any further spread.
Management decisions are left to local level governments.
Species that have the potential to become problematic and for which more data is needed.
71
Table 8. Summary of exotic taxa and noxious weeds for each vegetation type on the
ranch. For each type, the following is provided: number of exotic taxa collected, number
of noxious weed taxa collected or observed, and the number of noxious weed collections
and observations.
Vegetation Class
# Exotic
Vegetation Type
taxa
GRASSLAND AND MEADOW
Plains-Mesa Grassland
16
Lower Montane Grassland
34
Subalpine-Montane Grassland or Meadow
16
Alpine Meadow or Fellfield
0
SHRUBLAND
Montane Shrubland
18
FOREST AND WOODLAND
Pinyon-Juniper Woodland
11
Ponderosa Pine Forest
17
Mixed Conifer Forest
11
Subalpine Conifer Forest
1
Aspen Forest
1
WETLAND AND AQUATIC
Riparian
66
Lacustrine-Palustrine
32
Dry Wash or Arroyo
15
ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCE
Roadsides
68
Agricultural
30
Mine Spoils
32
Other Anthropogenic Disturbances
39
72
# Noxious
weed taxa
# Noxious
coll./obs.
5
9
3
0
7/2
15/20
2/1
0/0
3
3/3
1
5
0
0
0
1/0
5/7
0/0
0/0
0/0
14
4
2
32/32
4/12
3/3
12
5
5
9
17/40
5/1
4/3
8/7
Species of Conservation Concern
A consequence of intensive inventories, as here discussed, is the documentation
of species of conservation concern. Most of these discoveries represent taxa previously
not known to occur in an area or previously undocumented populations (Hartman and
Nelson 2008). These data improve our knowledge of their geographical distribution,
habitat preferences, and degree of rarity, thus leading to better land management
practices. In some cases, taxa are found to be more common than previously thought and
may warrant down listing or removal from an agency list.
Twenty four taxa of conservation concern were documented based on 88
collections across the ranch. These include 14 taxa, 38 collections, from New Mexico
tracked by Natural Heritage New Mexico (NHNM 2010) or the New Mexico Rare Plant
Technical Committee (NMRPTC 1999) and 11 taxa, 50 collections, from Colorado
tracked by the Colorado Natural Heritage Program (CONHP 2010).
These plants are tracked for various reasons. Some, such as Herrickia horrida and
Eriogonum aliquantum, are endemics restricted to small geographic areas or inhabiting
narrow ecological niches. Others, such as Goodyera repens, Parnassia fimbriata, and
Viola pedatifida, are wide ranging, often common species that have peripheral
populations within Colorado or New Mexico. In some cases, a taxon may actually be
quite common yet considered rare due to a paucity of data or collections (e.g.,
Botrychium minganense and Botrychium hesperium). Other causes of rarity include
habitat loss and harvesting pressure. Finally, some plants are extremely rare and warrant
listing as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. No such
73
taxon was found on the ranch; however, Botrychium lineare and Ptilagrostis porteri were
previously considered for listing (USFWS 2001, 2005, 2007).
Tables 9 and 10 list taxa of conservation concern documented from the Colorado
and New Mexico portions of the ranch, respectively. Correspondingly, a key to
designations and codes used by agencies is provided in Table 11. Figure 13 shows the
geographic distribution of specimens and observations for each. Brief discussions are
provided for each of these plants that include distribution, habitat preferences, and the
citation of vouchers. These specimens are deposited at RM with duplicates to be
distributed. One set, containing a specimen of each species for which duplicates were
available, were mounted and returned to the ranch. Relevant data will be provided to
Natural Heritage New Mexico and the Colorado Natural Heritage Program.
It is worth noting that two collections of Mertensia viridis were obtained from the
New Mexico portion of the ranch (Legler 9078, 9709). The only variety attributed to New
Mexico is M. viridis var. caelestina, listed as G4/S2? by Natural Heritage New Mexico
(NHNM 2010). My material does not match this taxon as it has appressed hairs on the
upper surfaces of all leaves. Consequently, it is not included in this discussion.
Recognition of varieties in Mertensia viridis is of dubious taxonomic merit.
74
Table 9. Taxa of conservation concern documented from the Colorado portion of the
ranch as tracked by the Colorado Natural Heritage Program (CONHP 2010). They are
arranged alphabetically by species. For each, data on the following categories are
provided: family, number of collections obtained in Colorado, the conservation status
(global and state ranks) as given by CONHP, and the status as specified by the U.S.
Forest Service (USFS) and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS). Table 11 provides a
key to designations and codes used by these agencies.
Taxon
Botrychium echo
Botrychium hesperium
Botrychium lanceolatum
ssp. lanceolatum
Botrychium lineare*
Botrychium lunaria
Botrychium minganense
Botrychium 'redbank '**
Goodyera repens
Herrickia horrida
Nama dichotomum
Viola pedatifida
Family
Opioglossaceae
Opioglossaceae
Opioglossaceae
# Coll.
8
5
5
Agency Status
CONHP1
USFS3/FWS4
G3/S3
G4/S2
G5T4/S3
-
Opioglossaceae
Opioglossaceae
Opioglossaceae
Opioglossaceae
Orchidaceae
Asteraceae
Boraginaceae
Violaceae
1
4
10
2
1
3
1
11
G1G2/S1S2
G5/S3
G4/S2
G3/S2
G5/S3S4
G2?/S1
G2?/S1
G2?/S1
* On CONHP list as B. 'furcatum', an unpublished name
** On CONHP list as B. pallidum; B. 'redbank ' is an unpublished name
75
USFS/-
Table 10. Taxa of conservation concern documented from the New Mexico portion of the
ranch as tracked by the Natural Heritage New Mexico (NHNM 2010) or the New Mexico
Rare Plant Technical Committee (NMRPTC 1999). They are arranged alphabetically by
species. For each, data on the following categories are provided: family, number of
collections obtained in New Mexico, the conservation status (global and state ranks) as
given by NHNM or the New Mexico Rare Plant Technical Committee (RPTC), and the
status as specified by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife
Service (FWS). Table 11 provides a key to designations and codes used by these
agencies.
Taxon
Astragalus wittmannii
Besseya alpina
Delphinium alpestre
Eriogonum aliquantum
Gaultheria humifusa
Herrickia horrida
Mertensia alpina
Parnassia fimbriata
Podistera eastwoodiae
Saxifraga cernua
Selaginella weatherbiana
Senecio cliffordii
Spiranthes romanzoffiana
Stellaria irrigua
Family
Fabaceae
Plantaginaceae
Ranunculaceae
Polygonaceae
Ericaceae
Asteraceae
Boraginaceae
Parnassiaceae
Apiaceae
Saxifragaceae
Selaginellaceae
Asteraceae
Orchidaceae
Caryophyllaceae
# Coll.
1
4
2
1
2
5
2
2
6
3
1
1
2
4
76
Agency Status
NMNHP1 RPTC2
G3/S3
1-1-3
G4/S3?
G2/S2?
1-1-2
G3/S3
2-1-3
G5/S2?
G2?/S2?
G4?/S2?
G5/S3?
G3/S2?
G4/S2?
G3G4/S2? GNR/SNR 2-1-2
G5/S2?
G4?/S2?
-
USFS3/FWS4
Sen/SoC
Sen/SoC
-/SoC
-/SoC
-
Table 11. Key to designations and codes used by the Colorado Natural Heritage
Program, Natural Heritage New Mexico, the New Mexico Rare Plant Technical
Committee, the U.S. Forest Service, and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. These are
adapted from NMRPTC (1999), CONHP (2010), and NHNM (2010).
1) Colorado and New Mexico Natural Heritage Program Ranks:
The conservation status of a species is designated by a number from 1 to 5, preceded by a letter
reflecting the appropriate geographic scale of the assessment (G = Global, and S = State). The numbers
have the following meaning:
1
Critically imperiled—Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity or because of some
factor(s) making it especially vulnerable to extinction. Typically 5 or fewer occurrences or very
few remaining individuals (<1,000) or acres (<2,000) or linear miles (<10).
2
Imperiled—Imperiled globally because of rarity or because of some factor(s) making it very
vulnerable to extinction or elimination. Typically 6 to 20 occurrences or few remaining individuals
(1,000 to 3,000) or acres (2,000 to 10,000) or linear miles (10 to 50).
3
Vulnerable—Vulnerable globally either because very rare and local throughout its range, found
only in a restricted range (even if abundant at some locations), or because of other factors making
it vulnerable to extinction or elimination. Typically 21 to 100 occurrences or between 3,000 and
10,000 individuals.
4
Apparently secure—Uncommon but not rare (although it may be rare in parts of its range,
particularly on the periphery), and usually widespread. Apparently not vulnerable in most of its
range, but possibly cause for long-term concern. Typically more than 100 occurrences and more
than 10,000 individuals.
5
Secure—Common, widespread, and abundant (although it may be rare in parts of its range,
particularly on the periphery). Not vulnerable in most of its range. Typically with considerably
more than 100 occurrences and more than 10,000 individuals.
NR Unranked—Conservation status not yet assessed.
2) New Mexico Rare Plant Technical Committee, R-E-D Code:
This consists of three components, rarity, endangerment, and distribution that together form the R-E-D
Code. Each element is divided into three classes or degrees of concern, represented by the number 1, 2
or 3. In each case, the higher the number, the more critical the concern. The system is defined as
follows:
R (Rarity):
1
Rare, but found in sufficient numbers and distributed widely enough that the potential for
extinction is low for the foreseeable future.
2
Occurrence confined to several populations or to one extended population.
3
Occurrence limited to one or a few highly restricted populations, or present in such small
numbers that it is seldom reported.
E (Endangerment):
1
Not endangered.
2
Endangered in a portion of its range.
3
Endangered throughout its range.
D (Distribution):
1
More or less widespread outside New Mexico.
2
Rare outside New Mexico.
3
Endemic to New Mexico.
77
3) U.S. Forest Service Ranks:
E
T
Sen
Endangered—Any species designated as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service that
is known to occur on national forest lands in New Mexico.
Threatened—Any species designated as threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service that is
known to occur on national forest lands in New Mexico.
Sensitive—A species that is likely to occur or have habitat on National Forest Service System
lands and that has been identified by the Regional Forester as of concern for reduction in
population viability as evidenced by: significant current or predicted downward trends in
population numbers or density, or; significant current or predicted downward trends in habitat
capability that would reduce the species' distribution.
4) U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Ranks:
E
Endangered—A species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its
range.
T
Threatened—A species likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout
all or a significant portion of its range.
SoC Species of Concern—A taxon for which further biological research and field study are needed to
resolve their conservation status OR are considered sensitive, rare, or declining on lists
maintained by Natural Heritage Programs, State wildlife agencies, other Federal agencies, or
professional/academic scientific societies.
78
Figure 13. Distributions of taxa of conservation concern as documented on the ranch.
Each map shows the locations of specimens (filled white circles) and observations
(hollow white circles) obtained for the taxon indicated as well as the ranch boundary
(dark gray) and state and county lines (pale gray). All sites are shown even if the taxon is
listed for only one of the states.
79
Figure 13 (continued). Distributions of taxa of conservation concern as documented on
the ranch. Each map shows the locations of specimens (filled white circles) and
observations (hollow white circles) obtained for the taxon indicated as well as the ranch
boundary (dark gray) and state and county lines (pale gray). All sites are shown even if
the taxon is listed for only one of the states.
80
Astragalus wittmanii [Wittmann’s milkvetch] is a narrow endemic restricted to
Colfax, Harding, and Mora Counties, New Mexico, where it has been documented from
about 20 sites (NMRPTC 1999). It was first discovered in the 1970s (Barneby 1979).
NMRPTC (2010) describes its habitat as limestone hills and knolls in shortgrass prairie
between elevations of 5,500 and 6,600 feet. This low, nearly acaulescent, matted
perennial was collected once on a gravelly knoll (apparently not calcareous) in a shortgrass prairie near the Vermejo River east of I-25, in Colfax County at an elevation of
5,900 feet. The plants were vegetative, apparently due to dry conditions during the
summer of 2008. New Mexico voucher: Legler 10452.
Besseya alpina [alpine kitten’s-tail] is a small alpine perennial distributed from
southern Wyoming south through Colorado to northern New Mexico and southeastern
Utah (NRCS 2010). The species is tracked by Natural Heritage New Mexico (NHNM
2010), however the New Mexico Rare Plant Technical Committee concluded that
―populations of this species are common in the southern Rocky Mountains‖ and therefore
it does not warrant listing (NMRPTC 1999). Four collections were obtained from the
crest of the Culebra Range in Taos County. Habitat types included rocky alpine summits,
steep alpine fellfields, and a gravelly meadow near tree line, at elevations between 11,700
and 12,900 feet. Common associates include Minuartia obtusiloba, Trifolium nanum,
Silene acaulis, and Phlox pulvinata. Most populations were small with no more than a
couple dozen plants each. New Mexico vouchers: Legler 6330, 8863, 9092, 9730.
Botrychium echo [reflected moonwort] is a diminutive fern-like plant endemic to
the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah (BONAP
2010). It is listed as rare in Arizona, Colorado, and Utah (NatureServe 2010). Within its
81
range, however, the species appears to be fairly common and has recently been
documented from numerous locations in Colorado (Popovich, pers. comm.). It may not
warrant listing as a taxon of conservation concern in Colorado. In the Southern Rocky
Mountains Botrychium echo and other congeners typically occur in habitats characterized
by mesic, gravelly soil with perennial forbs, in subalpine meadows, avalanche shoots,
talus slopes, old logging roads and clear cuts, earthen dams, and mine tailings at
elevations above 9,000 feet. Thirty-one collections of B. echo were obtained from the
ranch. Eight of these came from the headwaters of Costilla Creek, Costilla County at
elevations between 10,800 and 11,800 feet. Habitats included gravelly shoulders of old
logging roads, old clear cuts, and gravelly subalpine meadows. Population sizes for the
Colorado collections ranged from several plants to 72 plants, with an average of 31. The
identification of each collection was confirmed by Farrar based on an examination of the
pressed specimens. Colorado vouchers: Legler 10595, 10598, 10602, 10604, 10646A,
10992, 10995, 11503.
Botrychium hesperium [western moonwort] occurs from southeastern Alaska and
the Yukon Territory south through the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Arizona. It is
listed as rare in Arizona, Colorado, Michigan, Montana, Utah, and Washington
(NatureServe 2010). However, the species is considered fairly common throughout its
range (Farrar 2005) including Colorado (Farrar and Popovich, in press), and may not
warrant listing. It is here first documented from New Mexico. Thirty-one collections of B.
hesperium were obtained from the ranch, five of which came from the headwaters of
Costilla Creek, in Costilla County. They were found in habitats typical for moonworts
including the gravelly shoulders of logging roads, old clear cuts, and a gravelly,
82
hummocked subalpine meadow. Population sizes for these five sites ranged from 8 to 39
plants with a mean of 23. Elevations ranged from 10,900 to 11,800 feet. The
identifications were confirmed by Farrar based on an examination of the pressed
specimens. Colorado vouchers: Legler 10596, 10599, 10603, 10991, 11502.
Botrychium lanceolatum var. lanceolatum [lance-leaved moonwort] is widely
distributed throughout the mountains of western North America from Alaska south to
Arizona and New Mexico with scattered populations extending east to the northern
Atlantic coast (Farrar 2005). Outside of North America its range presumably extends to
northwestern Europe, Siberia, and Japan (Farrar 2005). It is listed as rare in Colorado,
Idaho, and Wyoming (NatureServe 2010); however, it is common enough that I question
the need for listing. Twenty-two collections of B. lanceolatum ssp. lanceolatum were
obtained. Five of these came from the headwaters of Costilla Creek, Costilla County at
elevations between 10,900 and 11,800 feet in habitats typical for moonworts. Population
sizes at these sites ranged from six to 30 plants with a mean of 11. The identifications
were confirmed by Farrar based on an examination of the pressed specimens. Colorado
vouchers: Legler 10606, 10648, 10993, 10997, 11504.
Botrychium lineare [forkleaved moonwort] is a diminutive moonwort previously
considered for listing under the Endangered Species Act (USFWS 2001, 2007). The
taxon is widely scattered throughout boreal and western North America, usually in very
small populations (Farrar 2005). It is listed as rare in Alaska, California, Colorado, Idaho,
Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming
(NatureServe 2010). However, recent work has shown it to be much more common than
previously thought, with numerous new locations documented from Colorado (Popovich,
83
pers. comm.) and the far northern boreal forests of western Canada (Farrar, pers. comm.).
Included within B. lineare are plants formerly called B. 'furcatum', an unpublished name.
The one collection obtained from the ranch fits the 'furcatum' morphology. It was
obtained from low perennial herbaceous cover around small Ribes shrubs in a
hummocked, gravelly subalpine meadow and on an adjacent northeast-facing talus slope
sparsely vegetated with Senecio atratus and Cystopteris fragilis on volcanic substrate.
Thirteen plants were documented from this site in Costilla County near the crest of the
Culebra Range about two miles north of New Mexico at 11,350 feet elevation. Their
identifications were confirmed by Farrar based on isozyme analyses (runs 17598, 17599,
17600). Colorado voucher: Legler 11530.
Botrychium 'neolunaria' (unpubl.) [common moonwort] occurs throughout North
America, extending south in the western mountains to Arizona and New Mexico (Farrar
2005). This taxon was formerly confused with B. lunaria of the Old World. Recent work
by Farrar and Mary Stensvold has shown it is distinct and must be renamed (Farrar, pers.
comm.). It is probably the most widely distributed of any of its congeners in North
America. However, it is listed as rare under the name B. lunaria in Arizona, California,
Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Minnesota, New York, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont,
Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming (NatureServe 2010). Because of its broad
distribution and abundance I question the need to list it. Seventeen collections were
obtained from the ranch. Four of these came from the headwaters of Costilla Creek in
Costilla County, in habitats typical for moonworts at elevations between 10,900 and
11,800 feet. Population sizes at these four sites ranged from four to eight plants. Their
84
identifications were confirmed by Farrar based on an examination of the pressed
specimens. Colorado vouchers: Legler 10600, 10996B, 11505, 11531.
Botrychium minganense [Mingan moonwort] occurs throughout northern North
America and extends south throughout the western mountains to California, Arizona, and
Colorado (Farrar 2005; NRCS 2010). Except for its recent discovery in Iceland, the
species is restricted to North America (Farrar 2005). Its presence in New Mexico is here
first documented. It is listed as rare in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Maine,
Minnesota, Montana, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont,
Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming (NatureServe 2010). Recent inventories in
Colorado have shown it to be one of the most common moonwort species (Farrar and
Popovich, in press). Again, its listing is likely unwarranted. Forty two collections were
obtained from the ranch. Nine of these came from the headwaters of Costilla Creek in
Costilla County at elevations between 10,900 and 11,800 feet in habitats typical for
moonworts. Population sizes at these nine sites varied from four to 90 plants, with a mean
of 32. One collection (Legler 10994) was confirmed by Farrar based on isozyme analyses
(runs 16943 and 16944), the remainder by examination of pressed specimens. Colorado
vouchers: Legler 10597, 10605, 10607, 10628, 10647, 10990, 10994, 10996, 11506.
Botrychium sp. nov. 'redbank' (unpubl.) [Redbank moonwort] is a recently
recognized tetraploid formerly confused with the eastern North American B. pallidum, a
species not presently known to occur in Colorado (Farrar and Popovich, in press).
However, the Colorado Natural Heritage Program still incorrectly lists it as B. pallidum
(CONHP 2010). B. 'redbank' is found in the Rockies from southern Canada south through
Colorado (Farrar and Popovich, in press) in habitats typical for the genus. Its presence in
85
New Mexico is here first documented. Fourteen collections were obtained from the ranch.
Two of these came from Costilla County, one from an old clearcut at 11,500 feet, the
other from a gravelly, hummocked subalpine meadows at 11,800 feet. Both Colorado
populations had 12 plants each. Identifications were confirmed by Farrar based on
isozyme analyses (run 17603, 17616, 17617). Colorado vouchers: Legler 10672, 11522.
Delphinium alpestre [alpine larkspur] grows in alpine meadows and fellfields in
south central Colorado and extreme north central New Mexico. It is endemic to this
portion of the southern Rockies and is listed for both Colorado (CONHP 2010) and New
Mexico (NMRPTC 1999; NHNM 2010). Two collections were obtained from the New
Mexico side of the ranch along the crest of the Culebra Range in Taos County. One of
these collections came from a steep, east-facing rocky slope with Trifolium attenuatum,
Penstemon whippleanus, and Geum rossii at 12,500 feet elevation, the other from
gravelly alpine flats adjacent to a seep with Carex spp. and Polygonum bistortoides just
above tree line at 12,200 feet. New Mexico vouchers: Legler 6355, 6489.
Eriogonum aliquantum [Cimarron wild-buckwheat] is an annual endemic to the
Cimarron, Vermejo, and Canadian river basins near the eastern base of the Park Plateau
in Colfax County (NMRPTC 1999). It was first discovered by Hartman in 1968 on the
adjacent Philmont Scout Ranch (Reveal 1976). It grows on shallow erosional rills over
shale among short-grass prairie between 6,000 and 6,700 feet elevation (NMRTPC 1999).
The one collection obtained from the ranch was found at 6,400 feet on eroding shale near
the Cedar Hills. The plants were scattered and uncommon. New Mexico voucher: Legler
4425.
86
Gaultheria humifusa [alpine spicy-wintergreen] is a low, mat-forming perennial
found on cool, mossy soils among subalpine conifer forest and in wet soil along streams
(Weber and Wittman 2001; Trock 2009). It is listed only in New Mexico where it occurs
peripheral to its primary range (NMRPTC 1999; NHNM 2010; BONAP 2010). Two
collections were obtained from the ranch, both in New Mexico. One collection was found
on the mossy banks of a small stream and the other in mats of moss adjacent to a small
flowing seep, both in subalpine forest of Picea pungens, P. engelmannii, and Abies
arizonica at elevations of 10,900 and 11,600 feet, respectively. Plants were local and
uncommon to frequent at both locations. Although an extensive amount of collecting was
done along the banks of subalpine streams no additional sites were located. New Mexico
vouchers: Legler 9992, 10911.
Goodyera repens [dwarf rattlesnake-plantain] occurs throughout the boreal forests
of North America, extending south into the Appalachian Mountains and in scattered
localities in the southern Rockies (Kallunki 2003; BONAP 2010). The species is listed as
rare in Colorado (CONHP 2010) but not so in New Mexico (NatureServe 2010). Habitats
include moist, mossy, humus-rich soil in conifer or mixed deciduous forest (Kallunki
2003). Two collections of Goodyera repens were obtained. One was from Las Animas
County at an elevation of 7,450 feet in a shaded canyon bottom under Pinus ponderosa
and Pseudotsuga menziesii, with Quercus gambelii and Ribes cereum in the understory.
Only a few plants were found at this site. Colorado voucher: Legler 11255.
Herrickia horrida [Canadian River spiny aster] is known from four counties in
northeastern New Mexico (San Miguel, Mora, Harding, and Colfax) and one county in
southern Colorado (Las Animas). In New Mexico it is distributed along the eastern base
87
of the Sangres including the Park Plateau. In Colorado it appears to be known only from
the vicinity of Fishers Peak Mesa southeast of Trinidad (CONHP 2010). The New
Mexico Rare Plant Technical Committee considers the species too common to warrant
listing (NMRPTC 1999); however it is listed by both Natural Heritage New Mexico
(NHNM 2010) and the Colorado Natural Heritage Program (2010). Five collections were
obtained from Colfax County and three from Las Animas County, all on the Park Plateau.
The species was also observed at 17 sites in Colfax County during June and July before
flowering. At these sites observational data were recorded, including GPS points, habitat
information, and estimates of population sizes. At nearly all sites, the plants were
growing in sandy or rocky soil on steep slopes over sandstone, commonly in open
woodland or shrubland of Pinus edulis, Juniperus scopulorum, and Quercus gambellii or
Q. ×undulata. A few populations were observed in the dry understory of Pinus ponderosa
and Pseudotsuga menziesii forest. Elevations for these sites ranged from 6,900 to 8,800
feet. Population sizes at most sites varied from several dozen to several hundred stems,
while a few sites were estimated at several thousand stems. Within the know range, the
species appears to be fairly common. New Mexico vouchers: Legler 7541, 10704, 11100,
11112, 11196; Colorado vouchers: Legler 11230, 11238, 11256.
Mertensia alpina [alpine bluebells] occurs from Montana south to Taos County,
New Mexico (BONAP 2010). It was collected twice from alpine areas of Culebra Range
in Taos County. One collection came from a rocky ridgeline just south of Big Costilla
Peak at 12,600 feet while the second was found on a steep north-facing rocky slope above
the headwaters of Casias Creek at 12,500 feet. Associated species included Geum rossii,
88
Minuartia obtusiloba, Silene acaulis, and Carex spp. Population sizes at both sites
consisted of fewer than 20 or 30 plants. New Mexico vouchers: Legler 6534, 11466.
Nama dichotomum [wishbone fiddleleaf] occurs throughout much of Arizona and
New Mexico, with peripheral populations in California, Colorado, and Texas (BONAP
2010). NatureServe (2010) lists it as rare in Colorado and Texas. Seven collections of
Nama dichotomum were obtained from the ranch. Only one came from Colorado, in
Lorencito Canyon, Las Animas County, where it was found in sandy soil over sandstone
on a dry, southwest-facing slope among open Pinus edulis, Juniperus scopulorum, and
Quercus ×undulata at an elevation of 7,400 feet. Only a few plants were observed at this
site. Colorado voucher: Legler 11239.
Parnassia fimbriata [fringed grass-of-Parnassus] is a widespread and fairly
common species distributed throughout western North America from Alaska and the
Northwest Territories south to California and New Mexico (NRCS 2010). It is listed as
rare only in New Mexico (NatureServe 2010), where restricted to the northern portions of
the state (BONAP 2010). Two collections were obtained, both from Long Canyon on the
eastern side of the Culebra Range in Taos County. At both sites, the plants were growing
along the banks of fast-flowing mountain streams in forests of Abies arizonica and Picea
pungens at 10,800 and 11,600 feet elevation. Common associated included Senecio
triangularis, Mertensia ciliata, Cardamine cordifolia, and Caltha leptosepala. At both
sites the plants were frequent to common. New Mexico vouchers: Legler 10889, 10909.
Podistera eastwoodiae [Eastwood’s Podistera] is endemic to the southern Rockies
of Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah (BONAP 2010), where it occurs in subalpine forests
and alpine meadows and fellfields (NMRPTC 1999). NatureServe (2010) lists the species
89
as rare in all three states; however, the Colorado Nature Heritage Program does not
include it in their list (CONHP 2010). Nine collections were obtained from the ranch.
Three of these came from Costilla County, Colorado, and six came from Taos County,
New Mexico. The New Mexico collections were from slopes of the Culebra Range in
such habitats as moist stream sides in subalpine forests, wet subalpine meadows, wet
seeps in the alpine, and dry alpine meadows, at elevations between 11,400 and 12,200
feet. Populations growing in wet areas were most commonly associated with Caltha
leptosepala, Carex spp., and mosses. Populations in dry alpine meadows were associated
with Sibbaldia procumbens, Androsace septentrionalis, Phlox pulvinata, and Oreoxis
bakeri. Podistera eastwoodiae appears to be common in suitable habitats on the ranch.
New Mexico vouchers: Legler 8862, 9090, 9780, 9812, 10085, 10907.
Saxifraga cernua [nodding saxifrage] is a widely distributed, circumpolar, arcticalpine species whose distribution extends south in North America through the Rocky
Mountains to northern New Mexico (Hultén 1968; BONAP 2010). In New Mexico it
occurs in rocky areas in the high mountains (Martin and Hutchins 1981). NatureServe
(2010) list it as rare in Idaho, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Utah,
Washington, and Wyoming, as well in as several Canadian provinces. Saxifraga cernua
was collected at three locations along the alpine crest of the Culebra Range in Taos
County, at elevations of 12,200 to 12,600 feet. The habitat at two sites consisted of
shaded crevices of rock outcrops while the third site was on a north-facing scree slope.
Plants were uncommon at the first two sites and common at the last. Associated species
included Geum rossii, Silene acaulis, Mertensia spp., Castilleja occidentalis, Carex spp.,
and Senecio spp. New Mexico vouchers: Legler 6533 10973, 11458.
90
Selaginella weatherbiana [Weatherby’s spikemoss] grows on rock outcrops and
cliff faces along the Front Ranges of the southern Rockies in Colorado and New Mexico
(Valdespino 1993; BONAP 2010). The New Mexico Rare Plant Technical Committee
considers the species too widespread and common to warrant listing (NMRPTC 1999).
However, both Natural Heritage New Mexico and the Colorado Natural Heritage
Program track the species (NHNM 2010; CONHP 2010). The latter agency places it only
on the watch list. One collection was obtained at a site in Taos County, where it was
found growing on a shaded, north-facing cliff on the south side of Long Canyon east of
Big Costilla Peak at 11,000 feet elevation. The cliff face contained numerous mossy
ledges upon which Selaginella weatherbiana grew abundantly, forming large, pendant
mats in the partial shade of Picea. The rock type was not recorded but probably consists
of fine-grained granitic rock. New Mexico voucher: Legler 10830.
Senecio cliffordii [Clifford's groundsel] was described in 2003 (Atwood and
Welsh 2003) based on widely scattered populations in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah.
Subsequent work by Trock (2006) reduced it to a synonym of Packera spellenbergii (T.
M. Barkley) C. Jeffrey, a species that was otherwise a narrow endemic known only from
Harding and Union Counties, New Mexico. Trock subsequently concluded that Senecio
cliffordii is distinct from Packera spellenbergii after visiting populations in Arizona and
New Mexico (NMRPTC 1999; Trock, pers. comm.). If Senecio cliffordii is maintained as
a valid species, it will need to be transferred to the genus Packera. In New Mexico the
species was documented only from the Chuska Mountains in northwestern McKinley
County and near Nacimiento Mountain in southwestern Rio Arriba County (NMRPTC
1999). A single collection was obtained from the south side of Van Bremmer Park in
91
Colfax County, thus representing a northeastern range extension of about 110 miles from
the Nacimiento Mountain populations, and a new record for Colfax County. At this site
several dozen large clumps of stems were observed in duff and thin, mesic soil over
sandstone in a small draw shaded by Abies concolor and Pseudotsuga menziesii at an
elevation of 8,560 feet. It is likely that additional populations exist on the sandstone
slopes around the margins of Van Bremmer and Castle Rock Parks. Additional surveys in
this area are warranted. The collection was identified by Trock from photos of the live
plants (Trock, pers. comm.). New Mexico voucher: Legler 8788.
Spiranthes romanzoffiana [hooded lady's tresses] is widely distributed across
much of North America, extending south to California, Arizona, and New Mexico
(BONAP 2010). In New Mexico it is peripheral. It is listed as rare by Natural Heritage
New Mexico (NHNM 2010). The species grows in moist to wet meadows, fens, marshes,
and along stream banks (Sheviak and Brown 2003). Four collections were obtained from
Taos County, where it was growing in wet soil along the margins of streams and
lakeshores at elevations of 9,700 to 10,100 feet. The plants were frequent to common at
all locations. New Mexico vouchers: Legler 7688, 7695, 7906, 10822.
Stellaria irrigua [Colorado starwort] shows a puzzling, disjunct distribution
between the Altai Mountains of Siberia and the southern Rockies of North America,
where known only from southern Colorado and northern New Mexico (Weber 2003;
Morton 2005). However, it is possible that the two populations are not conspecific
(Morton 2005; Hartman, pers. comm.). It is listed as rare in both Colorado (CONHP
2010) and New Mexico (NHNM 2010). Four collections of Stellaria irrigua were
documented from along the alpine crest of the Culebra Range in Taos County. The plants
92
were growing in loose, mostly bare scree at elevations between 12,200 and 12,500 feet on
both north and south-facing slopes. Plants were locally common within these habitats.
Associated species included Phacelia bakeri, Senecio taraxacoides, and Trifolium parryi.
New Mexico vouchers: Legler 9855, 10975, 11456, 11501.
Viola pedatifida [prairie violet] is primarily a species of the Great Plains and midwestern states from southern Canada south to Oklahoma and Missouri (BONAP 2010). It
is apparently disjunct in the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado, New Mexico, and
Arizona. It is listed as rare in Colorado (CONHP 2010) but not so in New Mexico
(NHNM 2010), although NatureServe lists it as rare in both states (NatureServe 2010).
Twenty-two collections of Viola pedatifida were obtained. Eleven of these came from
Las Animas County, on the Park Plateau in the northeastern corner of the ranch at
elevations between 7,100 and 8,100 feet. In addition, targeted surveys were conducted in
late May and early June, 2008, that resulted in observational records for numerous
additional populations. Observational data recorded included GPS points, habitat
information, and estimates of population sizes. Within the Colorado sites, population
sizes ranged from a few plants to over 900 plants, with a mean of 152. Most populations
were found in mesic, loamy to silty soil in grassy meadows and openings on gentle to flat
slopes in the heads of small canyons, usually under or immediately adjacent to open
patches of Quercus gambelii, Robinia neomexicana, or Pinus ponderosa. Common
associates included Erigeron flagellaris, Antennaria parvifolia, Taraxacum officinale,
Trifolium repens, Cynoglossum officinale, and various grasses. Colorado vouchers:
Legler 8101, 8102, 8103, 8104, 8105, 8118, 8119, 8120, 8122, 8157, 9321.
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State Records
New Mexico ranks fourth in diversity of native vascular plants (Stein 2002), with
Allred (2009) reporting 3,238 species. However, the cataloging of the state’s flora
remains incomplete. Between 1996 and 2002, an annual average of 33 species of vascular
plants were reported as new (Allred 2003). Subsequent additions have continued
unabated. Twenty-three new records were documented during recent inventories of the
Santa Fe National Forest, Bandelier National Monument, and Valles Caldera National
Preserve (Hartman et al. 2006). Another 49 new records were reported in the 2007 issues
of the New Mexico Botanist Newsletter. A tally of state records reported in the New
Mexico Botanist Newsletters from 1996 to 2009 revealed 396 new additions to the flora.
This confirms the prediction of Sivinski and Knight (1996) that several hundred new state
records awaited discovery in New Mexico.
Documented here are 26 additional taxa for New Mexico (Table 12). Only two of
these are exotic. Both were found in areas disturbed by mining and road building. Of the
24 native taxa, 21 represent northern species that reach their southern limits in the
western cordillera of North America, while three were previously considered endemic to
the Colorado Rockies. The floristic affinity of the Culebra Range belongs with the
Colorado Rockies. Thus it should be of little surprise that so many taxa previously not
known south of Colorado are now documented from the New Mexico portion of these
mountains. Figure 14 shows the distribution of specimens for each state record.
Several factors contributed to the large number of state records obtained from the
ranch. First, as mentioned above, many of these represent southern range extensions of
species known from the Colorado Rockies. Second, access to the ranch has been
94
restricted due to private ownership, thus hindering prior botanical exploration. Third,
several are cryptic taxa easily overlooked by collectors, including the five species of
Botrychium listed below. Lastly, exotic taxa may represent recent, previously undetected
introductions.
Elk Meadows warrants further discussion due to the concentration of state
records: Botrychium hesperium, Carex microglochin, Juncus triglumis var. triglumis,
Kobresia simpliciuscula, Platanthera obtusata, Polemonium occidentale var. occidentale,
and Ptilagrostis porteri. Habitats within this large eutrophic fen system include wet,
mossy hummocks shaded by Picea, saturated, quaking peat mats, small string-flark
patterns, and raised pools flanked by Carex.
B. E. Nelson verified all state records listed here except for Botrychium species.
Collections of Botrychium were verified by Farrar. Several other collections were verified
by experts as noted in the discussion for each taxon. Unless otherwise stated, none of
these records have been previously listed for New Mexico in any of the floras, checklists,
or taxonomic revisions consulted including Martin and Hutchins (1981), Flora of North
America (1993+), Allred (2009), and BONAP (2010).
Several of these state records are uncommon to rare elsewhere in the western
United States or Rockies and should be considered for listing as taxa of conservation
concern by Natural Heritage New Mexico. Taxa that most strongly warrant consideration
are Carex microglochin ssp. microglochin, Chionophila jamesii, Draba streptobrachia,
Eriogonum arcuatum var. xanthum, Eriophorum scheuchzeri, Heterotheca pumila,
Juncus biglumis, Listera borealis, and Ptilagrostis porteri.
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Table 12. A list of the 26 state records for New Mexico obtained during this inventory.
For each taxon, the following information is given: family, number of collections
obtained in New Mexico, and New Mexico counties where collected. Taxa marked with
an asterisk (*) are exotic. New Mexico county abbreviations are: CF (Colfax), TA (Taos).
The combined number of collections for all state records was 123.
Taxon
Botrychium hesperium
Botrychium minganense
Botrychium multifidum
Botrychium pinnatum
Botrychium 'redbank' (unpubl.)
* Bromus squarrosus
Carex microglochin ssp. microglochin
Carex nelsonii
Chionophila jamesii
Crataegus chrysocarpa var. chrysocarpa
Draba streptobrachia
Eriogonum arcuatum var. xanthum
Eriophorum scheuchzeri
Festuca hallii
Heterotheca pumila
Juncus alpinoarticulatus
Juncus biglumis
Juncus parryi
Juncus triglumis var. triglumis
Kobresia simpliciuscula
Listera borealis
Platanthera obtusata
Polemonium occidentale var. occidentale
Potentilla nivea
Ptilagrostis porteri
* Rosa canina
Family
# Collections
Ophioglossaceae
26
Ophioglossaceae
31
Ophioglossaceae
2
Ophioglossaceae
5
Ophioglossaceae
12
Poaceae
1
Cyperaceae
2
Cyperaceae
1
Plantaginaceae
6
Rosaceae
3
Brassicaceae
1
Polygonaceae
4
Cyperaceae
1
Poaceae
1
Asteraceae
1
Juncaceae
2
Juncaceae
1
Juncaceae
2
Juncaceae
3
Cyperaceae
2
Orchidaceae
1
Orchidaceae
6
Polemoniaceae
6
Rosaceae
1
Poaceae
1
Rosaceae
1
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Counties
CF, TA
CF, TA
TA
CF, TA
CF, TA
CF
CF
TA
TA
CF
TA
TA
TA
TA
TA
CF
TA
TA
CF, TA
CF
TA
CF, TA
CF, TA
TA
CF
CF
Figure 14. Distributions of new state records for New Mexico. Each map shows the
locations of specimens (filled white circles) obtained for the taxon indicated as well as
the ranch boundary (dark gray) and state and county lines (pale gray). All specimens are
shown for each taxon, including ones from Colorado.
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Figure 14 (continued). Distributions of new state records for New Mexico. Each map
shows the locations of specimens (filled white circles) obtained for the taxon indicated as
well as the ranch boundary (dark gray) and state and county lines (pale gray). All
specimens are shown for each taxon, including ones from Colorado.
98
Figure 14 (continued). Distributions of new state records for New Mexico. Each map
shows the locations of specimens (filled white circles) obtained for the taxon indicated as
well as the ranch boundary (dark gray) and state and county lines (pale gray). All
specimens are shown for each taxon, including ones from Colorado.
Botrychium hesperium (western moonwort) occurs throughout the Rockies from
southeastern Alaska south to Colorado and Arizona (Farrar 2005). The species is among
the more common moonwort species in adjacent Colorado (Farrar and Popovich, in
press). The lack of prior documentation from New Mexico is partly a consequence of the
cryptic nature of this taxon. Twenty six vouchers specimens were obtained from Colfax
and Taos Counties, in habitats typical for this species and many other moonworts (e.g.,
mesic meadows, gravelly subalpine meadows, vegetated talus slopes, old logging roads
and clear cuts, and gravelly, drained lake beds). The population size at one site exceeded
300 plants. All collections were confirmed by Farrar, including three by isozyme analyses
(runs 16235, 16236, 16245, 16264). New Mexico vouchers: Legler 7715, 7918, 9162,
9165, 9171A, 9435, 9440, 9485, 9636, 9639, 9641, 9759, 9763, 9766, 9777, 9985, 9989,
9991, 9997, 10000, 10004, 10282, 10428, 10573, 10928, 11534.
Botrychium minganense (Mingan moonwort) occurs throughout northern North
America and extends south throughout the western cordillera to California, Arizona, and
99
Colorado (Farrar 2005; NRCS 2010). As with B. hesperium, it is among the more
common moonwort species in adjacent Colorado (Farrar and Popovich, in press) and has
simply been overlooked in New Mexico. Thirty one collections were obtained from
Colfax and Taos Counties, in habitats typical for moonworts. The population size at one
site exceeded 200 plants while several other sites approached 100 plants each. All
collections were confirmed by Farrar, including seven by isozyme analyses (runs 16261,
16553, 16555, 16836, 16842, 16844, 16845, 16943, 16944, 16954, 16955). New Mexico
vouchers: Legler 9168, 9170, 9638A, 9643A, 9644, 9646A, 9646B, 9778A, 9868, 9986,
9987, 9994, 9995A, 10003, 10239, 10240, 10281A, 10323, 10325, 10421, 10422A,
10562, 10563, 10828, 10833A, 10834, 10964, 10988, 10989A, 11526, 11540.
Botrychium multifidum (leathery grapefern) occurs widely across northern North
America, extending south to Colorado, Arizona, and California (Wagner and Wagner
1992; Farrar 2005). It has been reported for New Mexico without documentation (Martin
and Hutchins 1981) as stated by Allred (2009): ―Reported as expected by M&H; awaits
verification.‖ Two vouchers are provided here as documentation, both collected in Long
Canyon on the east side of the Culebra Range in Taos County. One collection came from
seeps around the gravelly margin of a drained lake bed where over 1,000 plants were
observed. The second collection was obtained from the margins of a drained beaver pond.
Both were confirmed by Farrar. New Mexico vouchers: Legler 7915, 10821.
Botrychium pinnatum (northwestern moonwort) is a species of northwestern
North America. It extends south through the Rocky Mountains to Colorado where only
infrequently collected (Farrar 2005). The species has not been reported in New Mexico
by any recent floras or checklists, and it is here documented in the state for the first time.
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Five collections were obtained from Colfax and Taos Counties in habitats typical for
moonworts. Population sizes ranged from a single plant to 53 plants. All collections were
confirmed by Farrar, including two by isozyme analyses (runs 16560, 17536, 17567).
New Mexico vouchers: Legler 9637, 9869, 10572, 11524, 11638.
Botrychium sp. nov. 'redbank' (unpubl.) (Redbank moonwort) is a recently
recognized tetraploid that occurs in the Rockies from southern Canada south to Colorado
(Farrar and Popovich, in press). It is here documented from New Mexico for the first time
based on 12 collections from Colfax and Taos Counties in habitats typical for moonworts.
At one site over 200 plants were counted. All collections were confirmed by Farrar,
including three by isozyme analyses (runs 16853-16856, 16857-16860, 16220). New
Mexico vouchers: Legler 7716, 7919, 9153, 9171B, 9441, 9442, 9643B, 9764, 9778B,
10281C, 10420, 10425, 10426, 10989B.
Bromus squarrosus (corn brome) is native to central Russia and southern Europe.
It is introduced in North America and well established in the northern half of the United
States and adjacent Canada (Pavlick and Anderton 2007). The single collection cited is
the first report of the species in New Mexico. It was found on the margins of an access
road leading to an oil drill site among recently burned Pinus ponderosa forest on the
south side of Cerrososo Canyon, Colfax County, at 8,000 feet. Plants apparently became
established during reseeding along road and are now spreading slightly into the adjacent
burned forest along erosional rills. New Mexico voucher: Legler 6432.
Carex microglochin ssp. microglochin (fewseeded bog sedge) is a very distinctive
but easily overlooked sedge of bogs, fens, and other peaty or wet habitats. Cochrane
(2003) states that the species is ―rare to occasional in subarctic North America and
101
scattered in the cordilleran region‖ where it has been documented from Montana,
Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado (BONAP 2010). Only this subspecies occurs in North
America; ssp. fuegina being restricted to southern South America. The well developed
rachilla protruding from the tip of the long-pointed perigynia distinguishes the species
from C. pauciflora. Two collections were obtained from Colfax County, both from Elk
Meadows where found growing in quaking peat mats and on shaded mossy hummocks in
this large fen system. The plants were locally common. Identification verified by Zika.
New Mexico vouchers: Legler 6663, 10938.
Carex nelsonii (Nelson’s sedge) grows in moist alpine meadows and on rocky
slopes in the Rockies from southern Montana south to Colorado and Utah (Murray 2003;
BONAP 2010). Although new to New Mexico, it has been documented from several
bordering counties in Colorado (BONAP 2010). My one collection was found around a
small flowing seep on a gravelly alpine flat at 12,200 feet elevation south of Big Costilla
Peak in Taos County. New Mexico voucher: Legler 6514.
Chionophila jamesii (Rocky Mountain snowlover) is endemic to the southern
Rockies of Colorado and extreme southern Wyoming (BONAP 2010), where it grows on
alpine slopes. Six collections were obtained from along the crest of the Culebra Range in
Taos County, representing first records for New Mexico. At some sites the species was
locally common, numbering into the thousands of plants. Habitats at these sites ranged
from hummocked, peaty, alpine wetlands to mesic, gravelly soil near the leeward crest of
ridgelines where snow persists later into the summer than on adjacent flats. New Mexico
vouchers: Legler 6556, 11454, 11464, 11496, 11511, 11535.
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Crataegus chrysocarpa var. chrysocarpa (red hawthorn) is a large shrub widely
distributed across the northern United States and much of Canada. It extends south
through the Rockies to Pueblo County, Colorado (Phipps 1998; BONAP 2010). It is the
second most widely distributed Crataegus in North America (Phipps and O’Kennon
2004) but has not been previously documented from New Mexico. Three collections were
obtained from the northeastern portion of the study area in Colfax County, where
growing along the margins of moist steam channels in small canyons on the Park Plateau
northwest of Raton. These sites represent a southern range extension of about 70 miles
from the nearest populations cited by Phipps (1998) in the Greenhorn Mountains of
Pueblo County. New Mexico vouchers: Legler 8350, 8384, 8387.
Draba streptobrachia (alpine tundra draba) was previously considered endemic to
the high mountains of Colorado (Rollins 1993; BONAP 2010). It is reported here for the
first time from New Mexico. The single collection was found on a rocky alpine pinnacle
on the crest of the Culebra Range near the headwaters of Casias Creek in Taos County, at
an elevation of 12,300 feet. About two dozen plants were documented from this site. The
specimen was verified by Ihsan Al-Shehbaz, Missouri Botanical Garden, MO. New
Mexico voucher: Legler 11463.
Eriogonum arcuatum var. xanthum (Ivy League wild buckwheat) is another taxon
previously considered endemic to the southern Rockies of Colorado (Reveal 2005; NRCS
2010). There, it is distributed in the alpine on the highest peaks. Four collections were
obtained from Taos County, New Mexico during this inventory. All four collections came
from alpine slopes in the vicinity of Big Costilla Peak near the southern end of the
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Culebra Range, at elevations of 11,900 to 12,500 feet. The plants were frequent to
common at all sites. New Mexico vouchers: Legler 6310, 6367, 8882, 10094.
Eriophorum scheuchzeri (white cottongrass) is a broadly distributed arctic-alpine
species extending south through the Rockies to Colorado and Utah (Ball and Wujek
2003; BONAP 2010). One collection was obtained from the ranch, where growing in
saturated, peaty, patterned soil at the base of a large, permanent snowfield along the crest
of the Culebra Range in Taos County at an elevation of 12,500 feet. The plants were
locally common here. New Mexico voucher: Legler 11514.
Festuca hallii (plains rough fescue) is primarily a species of the northern Great
Plains of Canada and the United States (Darbyshire and Pavlick 2007). Its distribution
extends south in scattered populations to Las Animas and Huerfano Counties in southern
Colorado (Hartman et al. 2009; BONAP 2010). This grass is distinctive for a fescue with
its large spikelets with glumes equaling or slightly exceeding the upper florets. One
collection was obtained from the margins of a Populus tremuloides forest adjacent to
subalpine grassland in the Costilla Creek Valley at an elevation of 10,200 feet. This
collection from Taos County represents a first record for New Mexico. New Mexico
voucher: Legler 5179.
Heterotheca pumila (alpine goldenaster) grows in subalpine and alpine habitats in
the southern Rockies of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming (Semple 2006). It has been
reported for New Mexico (e.g., BONAP 2010). However, Semple (2006) states that
―Reports of occurrence of H. pumila from Arizona and New Mexico are based on
narrow-leaved plants of H. fulcrata var. amplifolia with small ovate-lanceolate bracts
subtending the heads.‖ It can also be confused with H. villosa var. minor, also collected
104
from the ranch (synonymized under var. villosa), but that taxon has much smaller leaves
subtending the heads. The collection obtained from the ranch has a morphology typical
for H. pumila. In this plant, the leaves are oblanceolate throughout and the upper leaves
immediately subtend and greatly surpass the solitary heads. It was found on a steep,
rocky, alpine slope near Big Costilla Peak in Taos County, at an elevation of 12,500 feet,
where recorded as occasional. New Mexico voucher: Legler 6359.
Juncus alpinoarticulatus (northern green rush) shows a circumboreal distribution
with populations extending south in the Rockies to Utah and Colorado (Brooks and
Clements 1993). Two collections of J. alpinoarticulatus were obtained from the ranch.
One was in Van Bremmer Park and the other on the shore of Merrick Lake, in Colfax
County, at elevations of 8,200 feet. At both sites the habitat consisted of marshy areas
dominated by graminoids. New Mexico vouchers: Legler 6883, 7447.
Juncus biglumis (twoflowered rush) is a circumpolar arctic species (Hultén 1968).
It extends south in widely scattered populations through the Rockies of Montana,
Wyoming, and northern Colorado (Brooks and Clements 1993; BONAP 2010). The one
collection obtained from the ranch, Taos County, represents a southern range extension of
about 180 miles from the nearest populations in Summit County, Colorado (BONAP
2010). This collection was found on a steep, northeast facing, gravelly seep on the side of
a cirque at 12,500 feet elevation in the Culebra Range. The plants were rare and local at
this site. New Mexico voucher: Legler 10979.
Juncus parryi (Parry’s rush) is widely distributed throughout western North
America, including all states in or west of the Rockies except for Arizona and New
Mexico (BONAP 2010). Juncus parryi is primarily a species of montane or alpine areas
105
(Brooks and Clements 1993). Two collections were obtained from the ranch, both from
Taos County, at elevations of 11,600 and 12,600 feet. One collection was found around a
rocky outcrop in the alpine, while the other was found on a steep, northeast-facing
subalpine talus slope. New Mexico vouchers: Legler 6548, 9835.
Juncus triglumis var. triglumis (three-hulled rush) is one of two varieties
recognized within the species; the other being var. albescens. Both varieties are present in
North America, primarily in arctic and boreal regions. They extend south through the
Rockies in scattered locations to Colorado for var. triglumis and New Mexico for var.
albescens (Brooks and Clements 1993; BONAP 2010). Juncus triglumis var. albescens is
apparently the more common variety in the Rocky Mountains based on the number of
counties where documented (BONAP 2010). The taxonomic distinctness of these two
varieties seems weak. An examination of specimens at RM showed as many intermediate
collections as readily assignable ones. The most reliable characters appear to be the
length of the mature capsules relative to the perianth length and the shape of the mature
capsule apex. Five collections of Juncus triglumis were obtained from the ranch in Colfax
and Taos Counties. One of these can be clearly assigned to var. albescens, two can be
clearly assigned to var. triglumis, and the remaining two are intermediate. The three
collections cited here include the two clearly assigned to var. triglumis (Legler 6699,
10932) along with one intermediate specimen that appears closest to var. triglumis
(Legler 10986). The first two collections were both found on wet mossy hummocks in
Elk Meadows at 10,800 feet elevation, while the morphologically intermediate collection
was found in moist mossy soil along a stream at the base of a cirque in the Culebra Range
at 12,000 feet elevation. New Mexico vouchers: Legler 6699, 10932, 10986.
106
Kobresia simpliciuscula (simple bog sedge) is a circumboreal species that extends
south through the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, occurring in habitats that include fens,
marshes, tundra, and gravelly or rocky slopes (Ball 2003; BONAP 2010). The two
collections cited here came from Elk Meadows in Colfax County, at 10,800 feet
elevation. The plants were growing in tufts on mossy hummocks and in saturated,
quaking peat mats in this large fen system. New Mexico vouchers: Legler 6665, 10939.
Listera borealis (northern twayblade) is yet another boreal species whose
distribution extends south through the Rocky Mountains in scattered populations to
Colorado, where it is listed as a species of conservation concern (Magrath and Coleman
2003; BONAP 2010; CONHP 2010). The species prefers mossy, humus-rich substrates in
forested habitats, often along cold streams (Magrath and Coleman 2003). The one
collection from the ranch, at a site on the east side of the Costilla Creek Valley in Taos
County, came from just such a habitat—mossy, moist soil along a small, cold stream in a
canyon bottom where shaded by Picea at 9,800 feet elevation. The understory here
included extensive areas of thick moss mats reminiscent of boreal forests. This site
represents a range extension of about 130 miles southeast from the nearest populations in
Colorado (CONHP 2010). New Mexico voucher: Legler 5324.
Platanthera obtusata (bluntleaved orchid) continues the pattern of boreal species
whose distributions extend south through the Rockies to Colorado (Sheviak 2003,
BONAP 2010). Six collections were obtained from the ranch during the 2007 and 2008
field seasons at elevations between 9,700 and 10,800 feet in Colfax and Taos Counties.
Subsequently, the species was also found by Ken Heil, San Juan College, NM, in 2008 in
Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, and reported as new for the state (Heil 2009). The six
107
collections cited here came from mossy stream banks, wet meadows, and fens, usually
adjacent to or under Picea. New Mexico vouchers: Legler 5337, 5791, 6703, 8823, 8859,
11483.
Polemonium occidentale var. occidentale (western polemonium) has been
documented from all states in and west of the Rockies except for New Mexico (BONAP
2010). It grows in wet meadows, fens, and on stream banks in the mountains. Six
collections were obtained on the ranch from Colfax and Taos Counties at elevations
between 9,600 and 11,100 feet. While examining specimens at UNM, two additional
collections of this species were found from Rio Arriba County: Ira M. Clark s.n. and J. S.
Findley s.n., collected in 1951 and 1962, respectively. These specimens were
misidentified. New Mexico vouchers: Legler 5322, 6249, 6610, 6697, 10013, 11469.
Potentilla nivea (snow cinquefoil) is a circumpolar, arctic-alpine species
extending south through the Rockies to Utah and Colorado (Hultén 1968; BONAP 2010).
It has been reported for New Mexico only by Welsh (1982) and Welsh et al. (2003), in
both cases without documentation. Peterson (2000) questioned Welsh’s report. The single
collection from the ranch was found on a north-facing alpine scree slope at 12,300 feet
elevation in the Culebra Range in Taos County. New Mexico voucher: Legler 11461.
Ptilagrostis porteri (Porter’s false needlegrass) was previously considered
endemic to Park, Summit, El Paso, and Lake Counties in central Colorado (CONHP
2010) where it was known from 29 sites as of 2006 (Johnston 2006). It was considered
but rejected for listing under the Endangered Species Act (USFWS 2005). The one
collection obtained from the ranch, at Elk Meadows in Colfax County, represents a range
extension of 150 miles south from the nearest populations in El Paso County. Only a few
108
dense clumps were observed at this site. These were confined to mossy hummocks
shaded by Picea. New Mexico voucher: Legler 10940.
Rosa canina (dog rose) is native to Europe and widely distributed in North
America but collected only rarely in the central and intermountain portions of the United
States (BONAP 2010). The single collection cited here was found on the margins of
revegetated coal spoils in York Canyon, Colfax County. A single, large, fruiting
individual was observed and there was no indication that it had been planted. It should be
considered a waif, or causal introduction, to the flora of New Mexico until corroborated
with additional records. New Mexico voucher: Legler 7318.
Novelties
There is a common misconception that the flora of North America has been fully
explored and cataloged (Ertter 2000). To the contrary, much work remains to be done,
and new taxa continue to be discovered. A review of the literature by Hartman and
Nelson (1998) found 1,197 novelties published for North America north of Mexico from
1975 through 1994, an increase in the total flora by over 3%. The majority of these came
from the western and southwestern United States. New Mexico ranked 7 th in the United
States with 41 novelties. They further report that the rate of publication of novelties has
remained relatively constant since 1955, at an average of 60 per year. Taylor (in Ertter
2000) reports a similar constancy for California since the early 1900s. As many as 1,800
more novelties may await discovery in North America, representing a further increase in
the total flora by nearly 5% (Ertter 2000).
109
Several factors explain, in part, the continuous rates of discovery in North
America (Ertter 2000). First, there are relatively few taxonomists conducting inventories,
and these inventory efforts tend to be erratic. Second, undiscovered taxa are often narrow
endemics found in relatively remote and unexplored areas. Third, misidentified novelties
may be discovered by monographers after being housed in herbaria, often for decades.
Some examples of taxa discovered by staff and associates at RM include
Antennaria aromatica, Cymopterus evertii, Cymopterus williamsii, Eriogonum
aliquantum, Ipomopsis spicata ssp. robruthii, Lomatium attenuatum, Penstemon
absarokensis, and Shoshonea pulvinata.
Discussed here are two additional novelties, a Phlox and a Botrychium, both first
discovered during this inventory. Neither of these is published here.
Phlox sp. nov. ―This distinctive species was discovered from alpine slopes of the
Culebra Range in Taos County. It was found in 2008 from two sites about one mile apart.
Further targeted searches in 2009 uncovered four additional sites near the first two.
Between all three field seasons, nearly all suitable habitat on the ranch was surveyed for
the Phlox. The total area covered by the known populations is between 10 and 15 acres.
Thus it appears to be highly restricted in distribution, although further inventories in
adjacent alpine areas are warranted. It occurs on north-facing slopes in loose scree of
granite or metamorphic rock. Associated species include Eremogene fendleri, Festuca
spp., Geum rossii, Minuartia obtusiloba, Poa glauca ssp. rupicola, Potentilla concinna,
Trifolium attenuatum, Trifolium nanum, and Senecio taraxacoides.
These plants do not match any species of Phlox described in the relevant
taxonomic literature. Two specialists of the group, Carolyn Ferguson and J. Mark Porter,
110
have examined specimens and are uncertain as to which section of the genus it belongs.
DNA analyses by Ferguson (pers. comm.) may allow the determination of its affinity.
Among the distinctive features of this species are the broad, almost fleshy leaves and
strongly rhizomatous habit (Figure 15). The latter feature may be an adaptation to scree.
Figure 15. Photographs of Phlox sp. nov. (a-b) and representative habitat (c-d). Plants are
visible in d) as clumps near the bottom of the photo.
111
Botrychium sp. nov. ―Botrychium subg. Botrychium has been a rich source of
discoveries. Since 1981, 18 novelties have been published for North America (Wagner
and Wagner 1992; Hartman and Nelson 1998; Farrar 2005) and six await description
(Farrar, pers. comm.). These represent 67% of the 36 taxa now known for the continent.
To these can be added a new species first discovered in 2008 during this inventory
and subsequently confirmed by isozyme analyses from three sites in 2009 (Farrar, pers.
comm.). In 2009 it was also documented from Cruces Basin, Rio Arriba County, during
my inventory of Botrychium in New Mexico. The habitats at all confirmed sites on the
ranch consist of 20-30 year old clear cuts with scattered Picea saplings and an herbaceous
groundcover of Fragaria virginiana, Taraxacum officinale, Antennaria parvifolia,
Achillea millefolium, and small grasses and Carex species. The Cruces Basin site is a
subalpine bunchgrass meadow with Festuca arizonica and Picea engelmannii. The
substrate at most sites is gravelly (granite or basalt).
Isozyme analyses by Farrar (pers. comm.) indicate the novelty is a tetraploid
formed by hybridization between the diploid Botrychium 'neolunaria' (unpubl.) and
another unknown diploid subsequently discovered in 2009 in the Big Horn Mountains of
Wyoming (Legler and Farrar, unpubl.). This second undescribed diploid has not been
documented from Colorado or New Mexico but should be expected.
Morphologically, the new tetraploid is intermediate to both parents. An accurate
circumscription of its morphology must await the discovery of additional populations.
However, it is most similar to B. minganense and B. 'redbank ' (unpubl.). Figure 16
shows the tetraploid with the putative parents.
112
Figure 16. Botrychium sp. nov. and the putative parent taxa, illustrating the
morphological intermediacy of the tetraploid. Also shown is the hypothesized speciation
process, involving hybridization between B. 'neolunaria' (unpubl.) and B. sp. nov. with
chromosome doubling to produce the fertile tetraploid reproductively isolated from the
parent taxa.
113
CHAPTER V
ANNOTATED CHECKLIST
The following checklist includes all vascular plant taxa documented with voucher
specimens from Vermejo Park Ranch. These specimens are deposited at the RM, with
duplicates distributed elsewhere. Individual collection numbers for these vouchers are not
cited within this checklist, but may be obtained through the RM online database
(Hartman et al. 2009).
A total of 1,112 unique taxa (including hybrids) based on 7,503 voucher
collections are recorded in the checklist. Taxa are arranged first by major plant group
(ferns and fern allies, gymnosperms, and angiosperms). Within each group, the plants are
arranged alphabetically by family, then by species and infraspecies. Each taxon entry is
accompanied by a listing of the number of collections obtained, counties where collected,
elevation range, and habitat types. The nomenclature used herein follows the RM
Vascular Plant Checklist (unpublished), itself compiled from a variety of sources
including Flora of North America (1993+), Vascular Plants of Wyoming (Dorn 2001),
and recent monographs for specific groups. Synonyms are listed in the checklist only
when a name used in the RM Checklist differs from names in widespread use in other
recent floras or checklists pertinent to the region, primarily Martin and Hutchins (1981)
and Flora of North America (1993+). Clarifying notes are provided where appropriate in
square brackets beneath a taxon name. Table 13 provides a guide to formatting and
abbreviations used in the checklist.
114
Table 13. Guide to formats and abbreviations for the annotated checklist of vascular
plants of Vermejo Park Ranch, New Mexico.
Format:
Symbol Taxon Authority (Number of collections) COUNTIES; elevation range in feet;
vegetation types
{Synonym Authority}
[Notes]
County abbreviations:
CF
Colfax County (New Mexico)
CS
Costilla County (Colorado)
LA
Las Animas County (Colorado)
TA
Taos County (New Mexico)
Vegetation types:
agr
Agricultural
alp
Alpine Meadow or Fellfield
dry
Dry Wash or Arroyo
lap
Lacustrian-Palustrine
mtg Lower Montane Grassland
min Mine Spoils
mcf Mixed Conifer Forest
shb
Montane Shrubland
dis
Other Anthropogenic Disturbance
pjw
plg
ppf
rip
rds
asp
scf
sbg
Pinyon-Juniper Woodland
Plains-Mesa Grassland
Ponderosa Pine Forest
Riparian
Roadsides
Aspen forest
Subalpine Conifer Forest
Subalpine-Montane Grassland
or Meadow
Category symbols (symbols precede taxon name):
♦
Exotic to New Mexico or Colorado
□
Noxious weed for New Mexico
■
Noxious weed for Colorado
×
Hybrid, named or unnamed
○
Species of conservation concern for New Mexico
●
Species of conservation concern for Colorado
+
New Mexico endemic (no Colorado endemics were obtained in Colorado)
!
State record for New Mexico (no state records were obtained for Colorado)
!!
Novel taxon first discovered during this inventory
115
FERNS AND FERN ALLIES
Aspleniaceae
Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. (2) CF; 9410-9490'; scf
Dryopteridaceae
Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. (5) CF, CS, TA; 7110-12610'; alp, rds, scf, shb
Cystopteris reevesiana Lellinger (21) CF, CS, LA, TA; 6890-12020'; alp, mcf, ppf,
rip, scf, shb
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott (1) CF; 9410'; scf
Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman (1) CF; 9490'; scf
Woodsia neomexicana Windham (3) CF; 7590-8380'; mcf, ppf
Woodsia oregana D. C. Eaton var. cathcartiana (B. L. Rob.) C. V. Morton (6) CF,
TA; 6840-11610'; scf, shb
Woodsia plummerae Lemmon (4) CF; 6890-9490'; mcf, pjw, ppf, scf
Equisetaceae
Equisetum arvense L. (8) CF; 7040-11130'; lap, rip, scf
Equisetum hyemale L. var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton (1) CF; 9340'; rip
Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun (14) CF, LA; 6820-9560'; lap, mtg, rip
× Equisetum ×ferrissii Clute (2) CF; 8510-8970'; lap, rip
{Equisetum hyemale L. × E. laevigatum A. Braun}
Ophioglossaceae
● Botrychium echo W. H. Wagner (31) CF, CS, TA; 9970-11840'; dis, lap, rds, sbg, scf
× Botrychium echo W. H. Wagner × [B. minganense Vict. or B. 'neolunaria' (unpubl.)]
(6) CS, TA; 10990-11230'; dis, rds, sbm, scf
[Hybrid status inferred from morphology]
●! Botrychium hesperium (Maxon & R. T. Clausen) W. H. Wagner & Lellinger (31)
CF, CS, TA; 9810-11840'; dis, lap, rds, sbg, scf
× Botrychium hesperium (Maxon & R. T. Clausen) W. H. Wagner & Lellinger × B.
minganense Vict. (1) CS; 11264'; rds
[Hybrid status inferred from morphology]
● Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Ångstr. var. lanceolatum (22) CF, CS, TA;
9810-12010'; dis, lap, rds, scf
[All collections from the ranch fit the red genotype of var. lanceolatum.]
× Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Ångstr. × B. sp. nov. 'redbank' (unpubl.) (1)
CF; 10930'; dis
[Hybrid status determined by Farrar based on isozyme testing (run 16843
from Legler 10422). Parent species and hybrid collected from the same site.]
● Botrychium lineare W. H. Wagner (1) CS; 11350'; sbg
[These plants fit B. 'furcatum' (unpubl.), an entity currently considered
indistinct from B. lineare.]
● Botrychium 'neolunaria' (unpubl.) (16) CF, CS, TA; 9930-11840'; asp, dis, rds, sbg
[Here I follow recent work by Farrar and Stensvold that shows North
American plants to be distinct from Old World B. lunaria; North American
plants will be renamed B. 'neolunaria' (Farrar, pers. comm.).]
●! Botrychium minganense Vict. (38) CF, CS, TA; 10180-12530'; alp, dis, rds, scf
! Botrychium multifidum (S. G. Gmel.) Trevis. (2) TA; 9810-10060'; lap
116
{Sceptridium multifidum (S.G. Gmelin) M. Nashida ex Tagawa}
!! Botrychium sp. nov. (6) CF, CS, TA; 10750-11390'; dis, rds
[First discovered during this inventory. The status of this new tetraploid has
been confirmed by Farrar based on isozyme tests. It has subsequently been
documented from Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, and one site in Chaffee
County, Colorado.]
! Botrychium pinnatum H. St. John (5) CF, TA; 10470-11030'; dis, rds
●! Botrychium sp. nov. 'redbank' (unpubl.) (14) CF, CS, TA; 9500-11840'; dis, lap, rds,
sbg, scf
[A recently recognized tetraploid species formerly confused with the eastern
North American diploid B. pallidum W. H. Wagner.]
Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. var. simplex (7) CF, TA; 9260-10320'; dis, rip, sbg
Pteridaceae
Cheilanthes eatonii Baker (2) CF; 6840-8330'; shb
Cheilanthes feei T. Moore (6) CF; 7380-9980'; pjw, scf, shb
Cheilanthes fendleri Hook. (4) CF; 6760-8700'; mcf, shb
Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. (5) TA; 11000-12460'; alp, scf
Selaginellaceae
Selaginella densa Rydb. (21) CF, CS, TA; 7950-12930'; alp, mcf, sbg, scf, shb
Selaginella underwoodii Hieron. (3) CF; 6760-8700'; shb
○ Selaginella weatherbiana R. M. Tryon (1) TA; 11000'; scf
GYMNOSPERMS
Cupressaceae
Juniperus communis L. var. depressa Pursh (27) CF, CS, TA; 7460-12130'; asp, dis,
mcf, rds, sbg, scf
[Plants found along The Wall form erect shrubs reaching 2 meters in height.]
Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg. (21) CF, LA; 6250-7960'; mtg, pjw, plg, rip,
shb
Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. (32) CF, LA; 6610-9430'; dis, mcf, mtg, pjw, ppf, rds,
rip, sbg, shb
Pinaceae
Abies arizonica Merriam (9) CF, CS, TA; 10170-11750'; mcf, scf
{Abies bifolia A. Murray var. arizonica (Merriam) O’Kane & K. D. Heil}
Abies concolor (Gordon & Glend.) Hildebr. (21) CF, LA; 7290-9750'; asp, mcf, rds,
rip, sbg, scf, shb
Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. var. engelmannii (8) CF, CS, TA; 1034012240'; alp, rds, sbg, scf
Picea pungens Engelm. (15) CF, CS, TA; 7660-11760'; dis, lap, mcf, mtg, rds, rip,
sbg, scf
Pinus aristata Engelm. (18) CF, CS, TA; 7920-12240'; alp, mcf, ppf, sbg, scf, shb
Pinus edulis Engelm. (38) CF, LA, TA; 6330-10840'; mcf, min, mtg, pjw, plg, ppf,
scf, shb
Pinus flexilis E. James (11) CF, TA; 8540-11080'; mcf, rds, scf, shb
Pinus ponderosa C. Lawson & P. Lawson var. scopulorum Engelm. (33) CF, LA;
117
6500-9430'; mcf, min, mtg, pjw, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, shb
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco (24) CF, LA,
TA; 6890-11080'; mcf, pjw, ppf, rds, scf, shb
ANGIOSPERMS
Adoxaceae
Adoxa moschatellina L. (4) CS, TA; 11490-12240'; scf
Sambucus cerulea var. neomexicana (Woot.) Rehd. (3) CF; 6600-7350'; mtg, plg, rip
Sambucus racemosa L. var. microbotrys (Rydb.) Kearney & Peebles (10) CF, CS,
TA; 9080-11750'; mcf, rds, rip, scf, shb
Alismataceae
Alisma gramineum Lej. (1) CF; 6380'; lap
Alliaceae
Allium cernuum Roth (18) CF, LA, TA; 6650-10270'; mcf, min, mtg, pjw, ppf, rip,
sbg, shb
Allium geyeri S. Watson var. geyeri (23) CF, TA; 6870-12010'; alp, asp, dis, lap,
mcf, ppf, rip, sbg, scf, shb
Allium geyeri S. Watson var. tenerum M. E. Jones (1) CF; 10840'; lap
Amaranthaceae
♦ Amaranthus albus L. (1) CF; 6380'; lap
♦ Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson (5) CF, LA; 7340-8660'; min, rds, shb
Amaranthus powellii S. Watson (7) CF; 6380-8530'; lap, min, mtg, rds, rip
♦ Amaranthus retroflexus L. (2) CF; 5970-6470'; pjw, rds
Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. var. canescens (9) CF; 5860-7550'; min, mtg, plg,
rds, rip
♦ Chenopodium album L. (3) CF; 5850-6650'; agr, rip
Chenopodium atrovirens Rydb. (1) CS; 11390'; sbg
Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. var. zschackei (Murr) Murr ex Asch. (3) CF; 64107540'; agr, rds
♦ Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi var. parvicapitatum S. L. Welsh (6) CF, TA;
7460-10170'; mcf, rds
Chenopodium fremontii S. Watson (5) CF, LA; 6470-7930'; mcf, pjw, plg
Chenopodium glaucum L. var. salinum (Standl.) B. Boivin (3) CF; 6380-8720'; lap
Chenopodium hians Standl. (7) CF, LA; 6440-8660'; mtg, plg, rds
Chenopodium incanum (S. Watson) A. Heller var. incanum (1) CF; 5830'; plg
Chenopodium pratericola Rydb. (7) CF, LA; 5900-8660'; min, pjw, ppf, rds, rip
Chenopodium watsonii A. Nelson (5) CF; 5960-7220'; pjw, plg, rds
Dysphania graveolens (Willd.) Mosyakin & Clemants (11) CF, LA; 6470-8050';
pjw, ppf, rds
♦ Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. (8) CF; 5850-7540'; rds, rip
Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A. Meeuse & A. Smit (9) CF; 5910-7860'; min,
mtg, pjw, plg, rds
Monolepis nuttalliana (Schult.) Greene (4) CF, TA; 7710-9710'; dis, rds
♦ Salsola collina Pall. (9) CF; 6440-7540'; min, mtg, pjw, plg, rds
♦ Salsola tragus L. (9) CF, LA; 6440-8660'; min, rds
118
Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook.) Moq. (2) CF; 8240-8510'; lap
Suckleya suckleyana (Torr.) Rydb. (1) CF; 6380'; lap
Anacardiaceae
Rhus trilobata var pilosissima Engelm. (2) CF; 6360-6480'; plg
{Rhus aromatica Ait. var. pilosissima (Enal.) Shinners}
Rhus trilobata Nutt. var. trilobata (22) CF, LA; 5900-8450'; dis, dry, mtg, pjw, plg,
ppf, rip, shb
{Rhus aromatica Ait. var. trilobata (Nutt.) A. Gray}
Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Greene (10) CF, LA; 6070-9130'; plg,
ppf, shb
Apiaceae
Angelica grayi (J. M. Coult. & Rose) J. M. Coult. & Rose (2) TA; 11310-12430'; alp,
scf
Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville (3) CF; 6160-6930'; lap, rip
Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. Coult. & Rose (4) CF; 7560-8510'; lap, rip
Conioselinum scopulorum (A. Gray) J. M. Coult. & Rose (5) CS, TA; 10060-11880';
lap, rip
♦□■ Conium maculatum L. (3) CF; 6330-6610'; mtg, rip
Cymopterus bakeri (J. M. Coult. & Rose) M. E. Jones (5) TA; 11650-12930'; alp
{Oreoxis bakeri J. M. Coult. & Rose}
Cymopterus lemmonii (J. M. Coult. & Rose) Dorn (18) CF, CS, LA, TA; 760012100'; alp, mcf, ppf, rip, sbg, scf, shb
{Pseudocymopterus montanus (A. Gray) J. M. Coult. & Rose}
Cymopterus montanus Torr & A. Gray (2) CF; 5960-6330'; plg
♦ Daucus carota L. (4) CF; 7090-7860'; min, pjw, rds
Harbouria trachypleura (A. Gray) J. M. Coult. & Rose (2) CF; 6890-7340'; mcf, mtg
Heracleum maximum Bartr. (5) CF, CS; 6890-11750'; lap, mtg, rip
{Heracleum lanatum Michaux}
Ligusticum porteri J. M. Coult. & Rose (3) CF; 7590-9540'; mcf, rip, shb
Osmorhiza depauperata Phil. (8) CF, TA; 7590-10340'; asp, mcf, rip, scf, shb
Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. (3) CF, LA; 7450-7770'; shb
Oxypolis fendleri (A. Gray) A. Heller (10) CF, CS, TA; 8550-11900'; lap, rip
○ Podistera eastwoodiae (J. M. Coult. & Rose) Mathias & Constance (9) CS, TA;
11430-12160'; alp, dis, rip, scf
Sanicula marilandica L. (1) CF; 7590'; shb
Apocynaceae
Apocynum androsaemifolium L. (1) CF; 8630'; shb
× Apocynum ×floribundum Greene (2) CF; 6690-7170'; shb
Asclepias asperula (Decne.) Woodson var. asperula (5) CF, LA; 5960-7560'; pjw,
plg
Asclepias engelmanniana Woodson (1) CF; 6600'; plg
Asclepias incarnata L. (1) CF; 6520'; lap
Asclepias involucrata Engelm. ex Torr. (1) CF; 6190'; plg
Asclepias latifolia (Torr.) Raf. (2) CF; 5900-5970'; plg
Asclepias speciosa Torr. (10) CF; 5900-8280'; lap, mtg, pjw, rds, rip
Asclepias subverticillata (A. Gray) Vail (10) CF; 5850-7480'; agr, dis, lap, min, mtg,
119
plg, rds, rip
Funastrum crispum (Benth.) Schltr. (1) CF; 6420'; plg
Araceae
Lemna turionifera Landolt (2) CF, TA; 7560-9870'; lap
Asparagaceae
♦ Asparagus officinalis L. (6) CF; 5970-6520'; agr, dis, lap, plg, rip
Echeandia flavescens (Schult. & Schult. f.) Cruden (1) CF; 7590'; mcf
Leucocrinum montanum Nutt. ex A. Gray (1) LA; 7450'; mtg
Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link var. amplexicaule (Nutt.) Dorn (6) CF; 861010140'; asp, mcf, rip
{Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desfontaines var. amplexicaulis (Nutt.) S.
Watson}
Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link (9) CF, LA, TA; 7140-11130'; mcf, rip, sbg, scf,
shb
{Smilacina stellata (L.) Desfontaines}
Nolina texana S. Watson (2) CF; 6720-6740'; pjw
{Nolina greenei S. Watson}
Yucca baccata Torr. var. baccata (13) CF, LA; 6250-8630'; pjw, plg, shb
Yucca baileyi Wooton & Standl. var. intermedia (McKelvey) Reveal (3) CF; 59606740'; pjw, plg
Yucca glauca Nutt. (6) CF; 6330-9430'; pjw, plg, shb
+ Yucca neomexicana Wooton & Standl. (2) CF; 6420-7580'; min, plg
Asteraceae
(3) CF; 6740-7080'; mtg, pjw
Achillea millefolium L. (37) CF, CS, LA, TA; 6330-12240'; dis, dry, lap, mcf, min,
mtg, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, scf, shb
♦□■ Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. (1) CF; 6370'; rds
{Centaurea repens L.}
Ageratina herbacea (A. Gray) R. M. King & H. Rob. (3) CF, LA; 6860-7450'; dry,
pjw, shb
Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene var. aurantiaca (5) CF, CS, TA; 10410-12460';
alp, rip, sbg, scf
Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene var. purpurea (A. Gray) Cronquist (4) CF, TA;
8350-10570'; lap, rds
Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf. var. glauca (6) CF, CS, TA; 9500-12020'; sbg, scf
Almutaster pauciflorus (Nutt.) Á. Löve & D. Löve (2) CF; 6160-6510'; rip
{Aster pauciflorus Nutt.}
Amauriopsis dissecta (A. Gray) Rydb. (9) CF; 6650-8760'; dry, min, pjw, ppf, rds,
rip, shb
{Bahia dissecta (A. Gray) Britton}
Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hook. (9) CF; 5850-7540'; lap, min, mtg, rds, rip
Ambrosia confertiflora DC. (4) CF; 5900-6990'; mtg, pjw, plg, rds
Ambrosia psilostachya DC. (3) CF, LA; 6650-7290'; rip
Ambrosia tomentosa Nutt. (3) CF; 6630-7440'; dis, rds, rip
Ambrosia trifida L. (3) CF; 5900-7510'; rds, rip
Antennaria marginata Greene (10) CF; 6870-8950'; asp, mcf, mtg, ppf, shb
120
Antennaria media Greene (2) TA; 11900-12930'; alp, scf
Antennaria microphylla Rydb. (8) CF, TA; 8200-10890'; dis, mtg, rds, sbg
Antennaria parvifolia Nutt. (31) CF, LA, TA; 6890-11130'; asp, dis, lap, mcf, mtg,
ppf, rds, rip, sbg, scf
Antennaria rosea Greene ssp. arida (E. Nelson) Bayer (8) CS, TA; 9870-11620'; lap,
sbg, scf
Antennaria rosea Greene ssp. confinis (Greene) Bayer (6) CF, TA; 11310-12930';
alp, scf
Antennaria rosulata Rydb. (2) CF, TA; 8230-9490'; mtg, sbg
♦■ Arctium minus Bernh. (2) CF; 6430-7560'; lap
Arnica cordifolia Hook. (11) CF, CS, TA; 7800-11490'; asp, mcf, scf
Artemisia bigelovii A. Gray (1) CF; 5960'; plg
Artemisia campestris L. var. caudata (Michx.) Palmer & Steyerm. (1) CF; 8290';
mcf
Artemisia campestris L. var. pacifica (Nutt.) M. Peck (1) CF; 8370'; shb
Artemisia carruthii A. W. Wood ex Carruth (5) CF, TA; 6440-9670'; mtg, pjw, plg,
sbg
Artemisia dracunculus L. (5) CF; 5850-8090'; lap, pjw, plg, rip, shb
Artemisia franserioides Greene (2) CF; 7930-8290'; mcf
Artemisia frigida Willd. (13) CF, LA, TA; 5850-9670'; min, mtg, plg, rds, rip, sbg,
shb
Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. var. ludoviciana (6) CF; 6650-7480'; min, mtg, pjw, rip
Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. var. mexicana (Willd. ex Spreng.) A. Gray (1) CF;
7560'; lap
Artemisia parryi A. Gray (1) CF; 9370'; mcf
{Artemisia laciniata Willdenow ssp. parryi (A. Gray) W. A. Weber}
Artemisia pattersonii A. Gray (2) TA; 12230-12240'; alp
Artemisia scopulorum A. Gray (3) TA; 11740-12460'; alp
Baccharis wrightii A. Gray (4) CF; 6290-7030'; mtg, plg
Berlandiera lyrata Benth. (8) CF; 6070-6600'; plg
Bidens cernua L. (1) CF; 7560'; lap
Bidens tenuisecta A. Gray (6) CF, LA; 6950-8160'; dis, mtg, rds, rip, shb
Brickellia brachyphylla (A. Gray) A. Gray (7) CF, LA; 6610-7960'; dry, pjw, shb
Brickellia californica (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray (1) CF; 6750'; shb
Brickellia eupatorioides (L.) Shinners var. chlorolepis (Wooton & Standl.) B. L.
Turner (9) CF, LA; 6470-7480'; min, mtg, pjw, plg, rds
Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. (2) CF; 7280-7340'; pjw, rds
Brickelliastrum fendleri (A. Gray) King & H. Robins. (4) CF, LA; 6860-10910'; dry,
mcf, mtg, scf
{Brickellia fendleri A. Gray}
♦□■ Carduus nutans L. (12) CF, LA; 6330-8660'; dis, mtg, ppf, rds, rip
♦□■ Centaurea stoebe L. ssp. micranthos (S. G. Gmelin ex Gugler) Hayek (2) CF; 65408140'; rds, rip
{Centaurea biebersteinii DC., misapplied}
{Centaurea maculosa Lam., misapplied}
Chaetopappa ericoides (Torr.) G. L. Nesom (7) CF; 5870-7430'; mtg, pjw, plg
121
♦□■ Cichorium intybus L. (1) CF; 6410'; agr
♦□■ Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (11) CF; 5900-9070'; lap, min, mtg, ppf, rds, rip, sbg
Cirsium eatonii (A. Gray) B. L. Robinson var. eriocephalum (A. Gray) D. J. Keil (1)
TA; 12020'; scf
Cirsium parryi (A. Gray) Petr. (6) CF, CS, TA; 8970-11460'; dis, rds, rip, sbg
Cirsium scariosum Nutt. var. coloradense (Rydb.) D. J. Keil (9) CF; 7290-9140'; lap,
min, mtg, ppf, rip, sbg
Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. (25) CF, LA; 5860-9430'; dis, dry, min, mtg, plg,
ppf, rds, rip, shb
♦□■ Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. (8) CF, LA; 6540-8660'; min, mtg, ppf, rds, rip
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist (14) CF, LA; 5900-8080'; agr, dis, lap, min, mtg,
ppf, rds, rip
Cosmos parviflorus (Jacq.) Pers. (7) CF; 6470-7560'; lap, min, pjw, rip
Crepis runcinata (E. James) Torr. & A. Gray var. runcinata (9) CF, TA; 787011130'; lap, mtg, rip, sbg
♦ Crepis tectorum L. (2) CF; 8350-8660'; rds
Cyclachaena xanthifolia (Nutt.) Fresen. (4) CF; 6430-7560'; lap, mtg, rds, rip
{Iva xanthifolia Nutt.}
Dieteria bigelovii (A. Gray) D. R. Morgan & R. L. Hartm. var. bigelovii (2) CF;
7480-10910'; min, scf
{Machaeranthera bigelovii (A. Gray) Greene}
Dieteria canescens (Pursh) Nutt. (4) CF; 7260-7860'; min, pjw
{Machaeranthera canescens (Pursh) A. Gray}
Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) Hitchc. (12) CF, LA; 6470-8660'; dis, min, mtg, pjw, rds
Engelmannia peristenia (Raf.) Goodman & Lawson (3) CF; 5910-5960'; plg
Ericameria nauseosa (Pall. ex Pursh) G. L. Nesom & G. I. Baird var. graveolens
(Nutt.) Reveal & Schuyler (11) CF; 6410-8740'; min, mtg, plg, ppf, rds
{Chrysothamnus nauseosa (Pall. Ex Pursh) Britton ssp. graveolens (Nutt.)
Hall & Clements}
Erigeron canus A. Gray (8) CF; 5960-10000'; mtg, plg, rip, sbg
Erigeron coulteri Porter (7) CF, CS, TA; 9540-12460'; alp, asp, lap, rip, sbg
Erigeron divergens Torr. & A. Gray (19) CF, LA; 5860-8230'; dis, dry, min, mtg,
pjw, plg, ppf, rds, rip, shb
Erigeron eximius Greene (4) CF, TA; 8290-10570'; mcf
Erigeron flagellaris A. Gray (52) CF, CS, LA, TA; 5860-11610'; agr, dis, dry, lap,
mcf, min, mtg, pjw, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, shb
Erigeron formosissimus Greene var. formosissimus (1) TA; 11900'; sbg
Erigeron formosissimus Greene var. viscidus (Rydb.) Cronquist (21) CF, CS, TA;
7440-11620'; dis, mtg, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, scf, shb
Erigeron glacialis (Nutt.) A. Nelson var. glacialis (5) CS, TA; 10790-11900'; rip, scf
{Erigeron peregrinus (Banks ex Pursh) Greene ssp. callianthemus (Greene)
Cronquist}
Erigeron grandiflorus Hook. (4) TA; 11490-12930'; alp, scf
Erigeron lonchophyllus Hook. (3) CF, TA; 8260-9830'; lap, mtg, sbg
Erigeron melanocephalus (A. Nelson) A. Nelson (3) CS, TA; 11490-11950'; rip, scf
Erigeron nivalis Nutt. (1) CF; 10870'; scf
122
{Erigeron acris L. var. debilis Gray}
Erigeron pinnatisectus (A. Gray) A. Nelson (7) TA; 11740-12540'; alp, scf
Erigeron subtrinervis Rydb. ex Porter & Britton (7) CF, LA, TA; 7600-11080'; mcf,
rds, rip, sbg, scf, shb
Erigeron tracyi Greene (16) CF, LA; 5960-8260'; dis, dry, lap, mtg, pjw, plg, ppf,
rip, shb
{Erigeron colomexicanus A. Nelson}
Erigeron vetensis Rydb. (18) CF, TA; 7000-11310'; lap, mcf, mtg, pjw, ppf, sbg, scf,
shb
Gaillardia aristata Pursh (3) CF; 7560-9540'; min, mtg, sbg
Gaillardia pinnatifida Torr. (1) CF; 6400'; plg
Gnaphalium exilifolium A. Nelson (2) CF, TA; 8160-10920'; lap, rds
Grindelia hirsutula Hook. & Arn. (10) CF, LA; 6610-8760'; dry, min, mtg, rds, rip,
shb
{Grindelia acutifolia Steyermark}
[I am following the broad circumscription of G. hirsutula as given in Strother
and Wetter (2006).]
Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal (7) CF; 5900-6920'; lap, min, plg, rds, rip
Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & Rusby (13) CF, LA; 5910-7960'; dry, min,
mtg, pjw, plg, rds, shb
Helianthella parryi A. Gray (9) CF, TA; 7930-12230'; alp, mcf, ppf, sbg, scf, shb
Helianthus annuus L. (9) CF; 5850-7480'; agr, dry, min, plg, rds, rip
Helianthus nuttallii T. & G. ssp. nuttallii (1) CF; 7560'; lap
Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. var. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Cronquist (1) CF; 7880';
ppf
Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. var. petiolaris (7) CF, LA; 5850-7480'; dry, min, mtg,
pjw, rip
Heliomeris multiflora Nutt. var. multiflora (9) CF, LA; 6750-9430'; dis, dry, min,
mtg, pjw, rds, shb
Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. scabra (Dunal.) Fernald (2) CF, LA; 74207520'; dry, shb
○● Herrickia horrida Wooton & Standl. (8) CF, LA; 6860-7960'; pjw, shb
{Aster horridus (Wooton & Standley) Blake}
{Eurybia horrida (Wooton & Standley) Nesom}
Heterosperma pinnatum Cav. (7) CF; 6470-7540'; pjw
Heterotheca foliosa (Nutt.) Shinners (2) CF; 5960-6430'; plg
{Heterotheca villosa (Pursh) Shinners var. foliosa (Nutt.) V. L. Harms}
Heterotheca horrida (Rydb.) V. L. Harms (4) CF, LA; 6540-8610'; ppf, rds, rip, shb
{Heterotheca villosa (Pursh) Shinners var. nana (A. Gray) Semple}
! Heterotheca pumila (Greene) Semple (1) TA; 12540'; alp
[Semple (2006) attributes all reports of H. pumila in New Mexico to H.
fulcrata var. amplifolia. The one collection cited here has a morphology
typical of H. pumila. In this plant, the leaves are oblanceolate throughout and
the upper leaves immediately subtend and greatly surpass the solitary heads.]
Heterotheca villosa (Pursh) Shinners var. pedunculata (Greene) Harms ex Semple
(1) CF; 10000'; sbg
123
Heterotheca villosa (Pursh) Shinners var. villosa (19) CF, LA; 6070-9430'; min, mtg,
pjw, plg, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, shb
{Heterotheca villosa (Pursh) Shinners var. minor (Hook.) Semple}
Hieracium fendleri Sch. Bip. (5) CF, LA; 7420-9560'; mcf, ppf, shb
Hieracium triste Willd. ex Spreng. (1) TA; 11490'; scf
{Hieracium gracile Hook.}
Hymenopappus filifolius Hook. var. cinereus (Rydb.) I. M. Johnst. (2) CF; 59606190'; plg
Hymenopappus newberryi (A. Gray ex Porter & J. M. Coult.) I. M. Johnst. (4) CF;
7640-8290'; mcf, ppf, shb
Hymenopappus tenuifolius Pursh (16) CF; 5860-8200'; mtg, pjw, plg, ppf, rds, rip
Hymenoxys brandegeei (Porter ex A. Gray) K. L. Parker (4) TA; 11740-12930'; alp
Hymenoxys hoopesii (A. Gray) Bierner (3) CF, TA; 8960-9580'; asp, lap, sbg
{Helenium hoopesii (A. Gray) Kuntze}
Hymenoxys richardsonii (Hook.) Cockerell var. floribunda (A. Gray) K. L. Parker
(22) CF, LA, TA; 6720-9580'; dis, min, mtg, pjw, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, shb
Iva axillaris Pursh (5) CF; 5860-6380'; lap, plg, rds, rip
♦ Lactuca serriola L. (5) CF, LA; 5900-7190'; min, mtg, rds, rip
Laënnecia schiedeana (Less.) G. L. Nesom (2) CF; 7960-8670'; shb
{Conyza schiedeana (Lessing) Cronquist}
Leibnitzia lyrata (Sch. Bip.) G. L. Nesom (2) CF; 7930-7980'; mcf
Liatris punctata Hook. var. punctata (16) CF; 5910-8390'; mtg, pjw, plg, ppf, rds
Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don ex Hook. (11) CF; 5900-7390'; mtg, plg, rds
Machaeranthera tanacetifolia (Kunth) Nees (4) CF; 5900-6610'; mtg, plg, rds, rip
Melampodium leucanthum Torr. & A. Gray (1) CF; 5960'; plg
Mulgedium pulchellum (Pursh) G. Don (5) CF, LA; 6610-7870'; dry, lap, rds, rip
{Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC.}
♦□■ Onopordum acanthium L. (2) CF, LA; 6330-6830'; dis, rip
Oreochrysum parryi (A. Gray) Rydb. (5) CF, TA; 7930-10980'; mcf, rds, scf
Packera fendleri (A. Gray) W. A. Weber & Á. Löve (17) CF, LA, TA; 6870-11080';
dry, lap, mcf, ppf, rds, scf, shb
Packera multilobata (Torr. & A. Gray ex A. Gray) W. A. Weber & Á. Löve (1) CF;
6380'; plg
Packera neomexicana (A. Gray) W. A. Weber & Á. Löve var. mutabilis (Greene) W.
A. Weber & Á. Löve (15) CF; 5820-9320'; asp, mcf, mtg, plg, ppf, rip, sbg,
shb
Packera pseudaurea (Rydb.) W. A. Weber & Á. Löve var. flavula (Greene) D. K.
Trock & T. M. Barkley (7) CF, TA; 7660-10840'; asp, lap, sbg
Packera streptanthifolia (Greene) W. A. Weber & Á. Löve (17) CF, CS, TA; 861011490'; asp, mcf, rds, scf
Packera tridenticulata (Rydb.) W. A. Weber & Á. Löve (22) CF, LA, TA; 633010180'; dis, lap, mcf, mtg, plg, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, scf, shb
Packera werneriifolia (A. Gray) W. A. Weber & Á. Löve (3) TA, CS; 11650-12210';
alp
Pericome caudata A. Gray (1) CF; 7900'; shb
Picradeniopsis oppositifolia (Nutt.) Rydb. ex Britton (12) CF; 5910-7310'; dis, pjw,
124
♦
○
×
♦
plg, rds
Picradeniopsis woodhousei (A. Gray) Rydb. (2) CF; 6480-7480'; rds
Pseudognaphalium jaliscense (Greenm.) Anderb. (1) CF; 7360'; mtg
{Gnaphalium jaliscense Greenm.}
Pseudognaphalium macounii (Greene) Kartesz (2) CF; 8060-8110'; ppf
{Gnaphalium macounii Greene}
Pyrrocoma crocea (A. Gray) Greene var. crocea (1) CF; 10840'; sbg
Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Wooton & Standl. (29) CF, LA; 5900-8760'; dis, dry,
min, mtg, plg, ppf, rds, rip
Ratibida tagetes (E. James) Barnhart (7) CF, LA; 5900-6900'; dis, mtg, plg, rip
Rudbeckia hirta L. var. pulcherrima Farw. (7) CF; 7860-8970'; lap, mcf, min, mtg,
rds, sbg
Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. ampla (A. Nelson) Cronquist (7) CF, LA; 6330-8970';
lap, rip, sbg
Schkuhria multiflora Hook. & Arn. (2) CF; 6470-6950'; pjw
Scorzonera laciniata L. (5) CF; 6250-8110'; agr, pjw, plg, ppf, rip
Senecio amplectens A. Gray var. amplectens (4) CS, TA; 11470-12130'; scf
Senecio amplectens A. Gray var. holmii (Greene) Harrington (3) TA; 11740-12310';
alp, scf
Senecio atratus Greene (4) CF, CS, TA; 11300-11620'; sbg, scf
Senecio bigelovii A. Gray var. hallii A. Gray (5) CF, CS, TA; 8960-11750'; lap, scf
Senecio cliffordii N. D. Atwood & S. L. Welsh (1) CF; 8560'; mcf
[This taxon properly belongs in the genus Packera. However, the appropriate
combination has not been made.]
Senecio crassulus A. Gray (1) TA; 12460'; alp
Senecio eremophilus Richardson var. kingii (Rydb.) Greenm. (11) CF, LA, TA;
7450-11300'; lap, mcf, mtg, rds, rip, sbg, scf
Senecio flaccidus Less. var. flaccidus (2) CF; 6380'; plg
Senecio fremontii Torr. & A. Gray var. blitoides (Greene) Cronquist (2) CS, TA;
12210-12530'; alp
Senecio riddellii Torr. & A. Gray (1) CF; 8660'; rds
Senecio soldanella A. Gray (1) TA; 12620'; alp
Senecio soldanella A. Gray × Senecio taraxacoides (A. Gray) Greene (4) CS, TA;
11820-12620'; alp
[Four collections are placed here based on intermediate leaf shape,
coloration, and pubescence. In one location a continuous gradation in leaf
morphology between S. soldanella and S. taraxacoides was observed.]
Senecio spartioides Torr. & A. Gray (6) CF; 6470-7340'; mtg, pjw, plg, rds
Senecio taraxacoides (A. Gray) Greene (8) CS, TA; 11300-12310'; alp, scf
Senecio triangularis Hook. (6) CS, TA; 9940-11900'; lap, rip
Senecio vulgaris L. (1) CF; 9070'; sbg
Senecio wootonii Greene (6) CF, LA, TA; 7140-11080'; mcf, rds, scf, shb
Solidago lepida DC. var. salebrosa (Piper) Semple (2) CF; 6650-7560'; lap, rip
{Solidago canadensis L., sensu western authors}
Solidago missouriensis Nutt. (9) CF, LA; 7560-9430'; mcf, pjw, ppf, rds, sbg, shb
Solidago mollis Bartl. (5) CF, LA; 6430-7430'; mtg, pjw, shb
125
Solidago nana Nutt. (5) CF; 8050-8670'; ppf, rds, shb
Solidago nemoralis Aiton var. longipetiolata (Mack. & Bush) E. J. Palmer &
Steyerm. (2) CF; 7410-8330'; pjw, ppf
{Solidago nemoralis Aiton ssp. decemflora (DC.) Brummall ex Semple}
Solidago rigida L. var. humilis Porter (1) CF; 8260'; mtg
Solidago simplex Kunth var. simplex (6) CF, TA; 10270-12540'; alp, dis, rds, sbg
{Solidago spathulata de Candolle var. neomexicana (A. Gray) Cronquist}
Solidago speciosa Nutt. var. pallida Porter (4) CF; 7590-8370'; mcf, shb
Solidago velutina DC. ssp. sparsiflora (A. Gray) Semple (2) CF; 6650-6750'; pjw,
rip
♦■ Sonchus arvensis L. ssp. uliginosus (M. Bieb.) Nyman (1) CF; 7560'; lap
♦ Sonchus asper (L.) Hill (9) CF; 5860-8060'; lap, min, rds, rip
Symphyotrichum ascendens (Lindl.) G. L. Nesom (8) CF, TA, LA; 6760-10260'; dry,
lap, mtg, rds, rip, sbg
{Aster ascendens Lindl.}
Symphyotrichum falcatum (Lindl.) G. L. Nesom var. commutatum (Torr. & A. Gray)
G. L. Nesom (4) CF, LA; 6860-7880'; mtg, ppf, rds
{Aster commutatus (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray}
Symphyotrichum fendleri (A. Gray) G. L. Nesom (3) CF; 6950-7310'; pjw
{Aster fendleri A. Gray}
Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve var. geyeri (A. Gray) G. L. Nesom
(6) CF, LA; 6760-8610'; dry, mcf, ppf, rds
{Aster laevis L. var. geyeri A. Gray}
Symphyotrichum oblongifolium (Nutt.) G. L. Nesom (2) CF, LA; 6860-7430'; dry,
pjw
{Aster oblongifolius Nutt.}
Symphyotrichum spathulatum (Lindl.) G. L. Nesom var. spathulatum (1) CS; 11460';
dis
{Aster occidentalis (Nutt.) Torr. & A. gray}
{Aster spathulatus Lindl.}
Taraxacum ceratophorum (Ledeb.) DC. (2) TA; 12610-12750'; alp
♦ Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. ex Besser (4) CF, CS, LA; 7450-11950'; mtg,
rds, rip
♦ Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F. H. Wigg. (39) CF, CS, LA, TA; 5860-11950'; agr,
asp, dis, lap, mcf, min, mtg, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, scf, shb
Taraxacum scopulorum (A. Gray) Rydb. (1) TA; 12020'; alp
Tetraneuris acaulis (Pursh) Greene var. acaulis (11) CF; 5820-8290'; mtg, pjw, plg,
rds
Tetraneuris acaulis (Pursh) Greene var. caespitosa A. Nelson (7) CS, TA; 1210012930'; alp
Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze (19) CF; 5850-7710'; dry, min, mtg,
plg, ppf, rds, rip
Thelesperma subnudum A. Gray (2) CF; 5960-6360'; plg
Tonestus pygmaeus (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Nelson (6) TA; 11300-12540'; alp, scf
{Haplopappus pygmaeus (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray}
Townsendia eximia A. Gray (15) CF, LA; 6480-9430'; dry, mcf, mtg, pjw, ppf, shb
126
Townsendia exscapa (Richardson) Porter (3) CF; 7900-8230'; mtg
Townsendia grandiflora Nutt. (2) CF; 5960-6360'; plg
♦ Tragopogon dubius Scop. (33) CF, LA, TA; 5960-9890'; agr, dis, dry, min, mtg, pjw,
plg, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, shb
Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex A. Gray (7) CF, LA; 5900-7870';
lap, mtg, pjw, rds, rip
Xanthisma spinulosum (Pursh) D. R. Morgan & R. L. Hartm. var. spinulosum (20)
CF; 5860-7710'; dry, lap, mtg, plg, rds, rip
{Haplopappus spinulosus (Pursh) DC. ssp. spinulosus}
Xanthium strumarium L. (4) CF; 6380-6930'; lap, rip
Zinnia grandiflora Nutt. (11) CF; 5900-7010'; pjw, plg, rds, rip, shb
Berberidaceae
Berberis repens Lindl. (2) CF, LA; 7450-8060'; mcf
{Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don}
Betulaceae
Alnus incana (L.) Moench var. occidentalis (Dippel) C. L. Hitchc. (8) CF; 66509320'; rip
{Alnus incana (L.) Moench ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung}
Betula occidentalis Hook. (3) CF; 7660-8540'; lap, rip
Boraginaceae
Cryptantha cinerea (Greene) Cronquist var. jamesii Cronquist (1) CF; 6330'; plg
Cryptantha minima Rydb. (2) CF; 5860-6330'; plg, rip
Cryptantha thyrsiflora (Greene) Payson (7) CF; 5910-8160'; mtg, plg
♦■ Cynoglossum officinale L. (34) CF, LA; 5970-9140'; agr, dis, mcf, min, mtg, plg,
ppf, rip, sbg, shb
Eritrichum nanum (Vill.) Schrad. ex Gaudin var. elongatum (Rydb.) Cronquist (6)
CS, TA; 11710-12930'; alp
Hackelia besseyi (Rydb.) J. L. Gentry (3) CF, TA; 7190-10840'; ppf, rds, scf
Hackelia floribunda (Lehm.) I. M. Johnst. (6) CF, LA; 7140-9140'; lap, mcf, rip, sbg,
scf
Hydrophyllum fendleri (A. Gray) A. Heller var. fendleri (5) CF; 8960-9480'; mcf, rip
Lappula occidentalis (S. Watson) Greene var. cupulata (A. Gray) L. C. Higgins (3)
CF; 5860-6330'; plg, rip
Lappula occidentalis (S. Watson) Greene var. occidentalis (29) CF, LA, TA; 62409890'; agr, dis, lap, mcf, min, mtg, pjw, plg, ppf, rds, rip, sbg
Lithospermum incisum Lehm. (18) CF, LA; 6440-8250'; dis, lap, mtg, pjw, plg, ppf,
rds, rip
Lithospermum multiflorum Torr. ex A. Gray (21) CF, LA; 6890-9430'; dry, mcf, pjw,
ppf, rip, shb
○ Mertensia alpina (Torr.) G. Don (2) TA; 12520-12610'; alp
Mertensia ciliata (E. James ex Torr.) G. Don var. ciliata (3) CS, TA; 10780-11750';
rip
Mertensia franciscana A. Heller (12) CF, CS, TA; 7660-11620'; lap, mcf, rip, sbg,
scf
Mertensia lanceolata (Pursh) DC. (16) CF, LA, TA; 6890-12620'; alp, lap, mcf, mtg,
ppf, sbg, shb
127
[Varieties are not recognized here.]
Mertensia viridis (A. Nelson) A. Nelson (3) CS, TA; 11740-12100'; alp
{Mertensia lanceolata (Pursh) DC. var. nivalis (S. Watson) Higgins}
[Varieties of M. viridis are not recognized here. The two collections obtained
from Taos County do not fit var. caelestina (A. Nelson & Cockerell) L. O.
Williams, the only variety attributed to New Mexico.]
● Nama dichotomum (Ruiz & Pav.) Choisy (7) CF, LA; 6470-7430'; pjw
Onosmodium molle Michx. var. occidentale (Mack.) I. M. Johnst. (4) CF, LA; 72307890'; shb
{Onosmodium bejariense A. P. de Candolle var. occidentale (Mack.) B. L.
Turner}
Phacelia alba Rydb. (4) CF; 6970-8970'; dis, mtg, rip, sbg
Phacelia bakeri (Brand) J. F. Macbr. (4) TA; 11650-12310'; alp, scf
Phacelia denticulata Osterh. (1) CF; 9430'; shb
Phacelia sericea (Graham ex Hook.) A. Gray (4) TA; 11740-12540'; alp
Plagiobothrys scouleri (Hook. & Arn.) I. M. Johnst. var. hispidulus (Greene) Dorn
(1) CF; 8080'; lap
{Plagiobothrys scouleri (Hook. & Arn.) I. M. Johnst. ssp. penicillata (Greene)
A. Löve}
Brassicaceae
♦ Alyssum simplex Rudolphi (3) CF; 6890-8120'; rds, shb
{Alyssum minus (L.) Rothm. var. micranthum (C.A. Mey.) Dudley}
Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. glabrata Torr. & A. Gray (11) CF, TA; 8260-10840';
asp, lap, mtg, sbg, scf, shb
{Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. pycnocarpa (Hopkins) Rollins}
♦ Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. (2) CF; 6540-8330'; rip
Boechera fendleri (S. Watson) W. A. Weber (3) CF; 7840-10180'; pjw, scf, shb
{Arabis fendleri (S. Watson) Greene var. fendleri}
× Boechera fendleri (S. Watson) W. A. Weber × Boechera stricta (Graham) AlShehbaz (1) TA; 9490'; sbg
[This hybrid is easily confused with B. divaricarpa (A. Nelson) A.& D.
Löve, a species not currently attributed to New Mexico (Allred 2009). It
differs in the nature of pubescense on the basal leaves (mostly dolabriform
and appressed in B. fendleri × stricta vs. mostly three-rayed in B.
divaricarpa).]
Boechera spatifolia (Rydb.) Windham & Al-Shehbaz (8) CF; 6950-9980'; mcf, scf,
shb
{Arabis fendleri (S. Watson) Greene var. spatifolia (Rydberg) Rollins}
Boechera stricta (Graham) Al-Shehbaz (9) CF, CS, TA; 9710-11550'; dis, mcf, rds,
rip, sbg, scf
{Arabis drummondii A. Gray}
♦ Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. (13) CF, LA; 5860-7860'; dis, mtg, rds, rip, shb
♦ Camelina rumelica Velen. (1) CF; 7920'; rds
♦ Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (13) CF, LA, TA; 7380-9490'; dis, mtg, rds, rip,
sbg
Cardamine cordifolia A. Gray var. cordifolia (13) CF, CS, TA; 8960-11950'; lap,
128
♦
♦
!
♦
♦
rip, scf
Cardaria chalepensis (L.) Hand.-Mazz. (2) CF; 6370-7510'; agr
Cleome serrulata Pursh (7) CF, LA; 6890-7450'; mtg, rds, rip
Descurainia incana (Bernh. ex Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Dorn ssp. incisa (Engelm.)
Kartesz & Gandhi (2) CF, TA; 8970-10490'; sbg, scf
Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton var. osmiarum (Cockerell) Shinners (2) CF;
5860-5960'; plg, rip
{Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton. ssp. halictorum (Cockerell) Detling}
Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl (5) CF, LA; 6830-8120'; dis, rds, rip
Draba albertina Greene (1) TA; 10410'; sbg
Draba aurea Vahl ex Hornem. (3) CS, TA; 10410-11310'; sbg, scf
Draba cana Rydb. (3) CS, TA; 10610-12610'; alp, dis
{Draba breweri S. Watson var. cana}
Draba crassifolia Graham (4) CS, TA; 11490-12610'; alp, scf
Draba grayana (Rydb.) C. L. Hitchc. (1) TA; 12610'; alp
Draba streptobrachia R. A. Price (1) TA; 12330'; alp
Draba streptocarpa A. Gray (16) CF, CS, TA; 7840-12610'; alp, lap, mcf, pjw, sbg,
scf
Erysimum asperum (Nutt.) DC. (3) CF; 5830-6600'; plg
Erysimum capitatum (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene var. purshii (T. Durand) Rollins
(23) CF, CS, LA, TA; 5860-12540'; alp, dis, mtg, pjw, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, shb
Erysimum inconspicuum (S. Watson) MacMill. (1) CF; 7440'; ppf
Hesperidanthus linearifolius (A. Gray) Rydb. (12) CF, LA, TA; 6440-9430'; min,
mtg, pjw, plg, ppf, rds, shb
{Schoenocrambe linearifolia (A. Gray) Rollins}
{Thelypodiopsis linearifolia (A. Gray) Al-Shehbaz}
Lepidium ramosissimum A. Nelson var. bourgeauanum (Thell.) Rollins (1) TA;
9710'; sbg
Nasturtium officinale R. Br. (8) CF; 6160-7660'; lap, rip
{Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek}
Noccaea montana (L.) F. K. Mey var. montana (15) CF, CS, LA, TA; 7140-11950';
alp, asp, mcf, mtg, ppf, sbg, scf, shb
{Thlaspi montanum L. var. montanum}
Pennellia longifolia (Benth.) Rollins (4) CF; 7590-8670'; mcf, ppf, shb
Pennellia micrantha (A. Gray) Nieuwl. (1) CF; 7190'; ppf
Physaria montana (A. Gray) Greene (4) CF, LA; 6500-7600'; pjw, plg, shb
{Lesquerella montana (A. Gray) S. Watson}
Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC. var. trachysperma (Torr. & A. Gray) H. H. Iltis (2)
CF; 6100-6380'; plg
Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser var. fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) Stuckey (1) CF;
9800'; lap
Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser var. hispida (Desv.) Rydb. (4) CF, TA; 6330-9740';
lap, rip
Rorippa sinuata (Nutt.) Hitchc. (8) CF; 5860-7860'; dry, lap, mtg, rds, rip
Rorippa sphaerocarpa (A. Gray) Britton (2) CF, TA; 10060-10850'; lap, rip
Sisymbrium altissimum L. (1) CF; 6890'; shb
129
♦ Sisymbrium orientale L. (1) CF; 5960'; plg
Stanleya pinnata (Pursh) Britton var. pinnata (1) CF; 5910'; plg
Thelypodium wrightii A. Gray ssp. wrightii (1) CF; 6610'; dry
♦ Thlaspi arvense L. (7) CF, LA; 6950-8120'; agr, rds, rip, shb
Turritis glabra L. (2) CF, LA; 7450-8510'; mtg
Cactaceae
Coryphantha vivipara (Nutt.) Britton & Rose (4) CF, LA; 6970-7780'; mtg, rip, shb
Cylindropuntia imbricata (Haw.) F. M. Knuth var. imbricata (6) CF; 6250-7340';
pjw, plg
{Opuntia imbricata (Haw.) DC.}
Echinocereus coccineus Engelm. (9) CF, LA; 6420-8190'; pjw, plg, shb
Echinocereus viridiflorus Engelm. (10) CF; 5960-7900'; mtg, pjw, plg, shb
Mammillaria meiacantha Engelm. (2) CF; 6250-6600'; plg
Opuntia macrorhiza Engelm. (3) CF, LA; 7080-7600'; min, mtg, shb
Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. (10) CF; 6240-8370'; lap, mtg, pjw, plg, shb
Opuntia polyacantha Haw. var. polyacantha (12) CF, LA; 5870-7600'; mtg, pjw,
plg, shb
[Legler 7411, with elongate pads and slender spines, approaches Opuntia
polyacantha Haw. var. erinacea (Engelm. & Bigelow ex Engelm.) Parfitt.
Legler 5058, with very small, somewhat terete pads, approaches O. fragilis
(Nutt.) Haw.]
Campanulaceae
Campanula parryi A. Gray (10) CF, TA; 7370-10260'; mtg, rip, sbg
Campanula rotundifolia L. (20) CF, CS, LA, TA; 7380-12230'; alp, mcf, ppf, rip,
sbg, scf, shb
Campanula uniflora L. (1) TA; 12540'; alp
Cannabaceae
Humulus lupulus L. var. neomexicanus A. Nelson & Cockerell (3) CF, LA; 71408550'; dis, rip, shb
Caprifoliaceae
Linnaea borealis L. var. longiflora Torr. (4) CF, TA; 10050-10790'; mcf, rds, scf
{Linnaea borealis L. var. americana (Forbes) Rehder}
Lonicera involucrata (Richardson) Banks ex Spreng. var. involucrata (5) CF, CS,
TA; 8510-11770'; lap, rip, scf
Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. (5) CF, LA; 6330-7560'; dis, mtg, rip, shb
Symphoricarpos oreophilus A. Gray var. oreophilus (6) CF, TA; 6890-10840'; mcf,
pjw, scf, shb
Symphoricarpos oreophilus A. Gray var. utahensis (Rydb.) A. Nelson (1) LA; 7450';
mcf
Valeriana acutiloba Rydb. var. acutiloba (9) CF, TA; 6870-10320'; mcf, rip, scf, shb
Valeriana edulis Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray var. edulis (10) CF; 7800-9230'; agr, asp,
mcf, mtg, ppf, rip, sbg, shb
Caryophyllaceae
Arenaria lanuginosa (Michx.) Rohrb. var. saxosa (A. Gray) Zarucchi, R. L. Hartm.
& Rabeler (13) CF, CS, TA; 6480-11610'; dry, mtg, ppf, rds, sbg, scf
Cerastium arvense L. (25) CF, CS, LA, TA; 7450-12460'; agr, alp, asp, dis, mcf,
130
mtg, rip, sbg, scf, shb
Cerastium beeringianum Cham. & Schltdl. (4) TA; 11740-12540'; alp
Cerastium fastigiatum Greene (4) CF; 7440-8530'; mtg, ppf
[Most recent floras do not distinguish C. fastigiatum from C. nutans Raf. See
Morton (2005) for distinguishing characters.]
♦ Cerastium fontanum Baumg. ssp. vulgare (Hartm.) Greuter & Burdet (7) CF, TA;
7480-10840'; lap, mcf, min, rip
♦ Dianthus armeria L. ssp. armeria (2) CF; 7860-8080'; min, rds
Drymaria glandulosa Bartl. var. glandulosa (6) CF; 6470-7340'; pjw
Drymaria leptophylla (Cham. & Schltdl.) Fenzl ex Rohrb. var. leptophylla (2) CF;
7280-7540'; pjw
Drymaria molluginea (Ser.) Didr. (3) CF; 6950-7280'; pjw, shb
Eremogone fendleri (A. Gray) Ikonn. (36) CF, CS, LA, TA; 6950-12540'; alp, dis,
mcf, mtg, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, scf, shb
{Arenaria fendleri A. Gray}
Minuartia obtusiloba (Rydb.) House (9) CS, TA; 11550-12930'; alp, sbg, scf
{Arenaria obtusiloba (Rydb.) Fernald}
Minuartia rubella (Wahlenb.) Hiern (7) TA; 9870-12530'; alp, rip, sbg, scf
{Arenaria rubella (Wahlenb ) J. E. Smith}
Paronychia jamesii Torr. & A. Gray (1) CF; 5960'; plg
Paronychia pulvinata A. Gray (8) TA; 11650-12930'; alp, scf
Sagina saginoides (L.) H. Karst. (4) CF, TA; 9230-10410'; lap, rip, sbg
Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq. (6) CS, TA; 11650-12930'; alp, scf
Silene antirrhina L. (2) CF, LA; 7600-8040'; ppf, shb
Silene drummondii Hook. var. drummondii (5) CF, TA; 8230-10260'; mcf, ppf, sbg
Silene drummondii Hook. var. striata (Rydb.) Bocquet (1) CS; 11750'; scf
Silene scouleri Hook. ssp. pringlei (S. Watson) C. L. Hitchc. & Maguire (3) CF;
7930-8710'; mcf, mtg
Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. (1) TA; 9770'; scf
○ Stellaria irrigua Bunge (4) TA; 12190-12530'; alp, scf
Stellaria longifolia Muhl. ex Willd. (4) CF, TA; 7660-9760'; lap, sbg
Stellaria longipes Goldie var. longipes (8) CF, CS, TA; 9080-11610'; asp, mcf, rip,
sbg, scf
♦ Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (1) CF; 7550'; dis
Stellaria umbellata Turcz. (6) CF, CS, TA; 9230-12530'; alp, mcf, rip, scf
Ceratophyllaceae
Ceratophyllum demersum L. (3) CF; 8090-8680'; lap
Clusiaceae
Hypericum scouleri Hook. (1) CF; 8080'; lap
Colchicaceae
Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. (3) CF, TA; 9750-10790'; rip, scf
Commelinaceae
Commelina dianthifolia Delile (8) CF; 6470-7880'; mcf, pjw, ppf
[One collection (Legler 11013) with small white flowers and a sprawling,
much-branched habit is tentatively assigned here.]
Convolvulaceae
131
♦□■ Convolvulus arvensis L. (17) CF, LA; 5960-8120'; agr, min, mtg, plg, ppf, rds, rip
Convolvulus equitans Benth. (2) CF; 6360-6380'; plg
Cuscuta umbellata Kunth (2) CF; 6470'; pjw, plg
Evolvulus nuttallianus Schult. (3) CF; 6070-6470'; plg
Ipomoea leptophylla Torr. (1) CF; 6180'; plg
Cornaceae
Cornus sericea L. var. sericea (2) CF, LA; 7140-7660'; mcf, rip
Crassulaceae
Sedum cockerellii Britton (1) CF; 9710'; scf
Sedum integrifolium (Raf.) A. Nelson ssp. procerum Clausen (7) CF, CS, TA; 971012610'; alp, scf
{Rhodiola integrifolia Raf., in part}
Sedum lanceolatum Torr. (8) CF, CS, TA; 9490-12610'; alp, rds, sbg, scf
Sedum rhodanthum A. Gray (4) TA; 10790-12200'; alp, rip
{Clementsia rhodantha (A. Gray) Rose}
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth (6) CF; 5830-6480'; dis, plg
Cyperaceae
Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla ssp. paludosus (A.Nelson) T. Koyama (5) CF;
6210-8720'; lap
{Scirpus maritimus L. var. paludosus (A. nelson) Koyama}
Carex albonigra Mack. (1) TA; 12530'; alp
Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. var. aquatilis (8) CF, CS, TA; 7050-11880'; lap, rip
Carex aurea Nutt. (8) CF, CS, TA; 8110-11390'; lap, rip, sbg
Carex bella L. H. Bailey (1) TA; 10610'; dis
Carex brevior (Dewey) Mack. ex Lunell (8) CF, LA; 6870-8120'; dry, lap, mcf, min,
ppf, rip, shb
Carex canescens L. var. canescens (4) TA; 9830-11880'; lap, sbg
Carex capillaris L. (3) CF, TA; 9760-12230'; alp, lap
Carex chalciolepis T. Holm (5) TA; 12120-12930'; alp
{Carex heteroneura W. Boott. var. chalciolepis (T. Holm) F. J. Hermann}
Carex disperma Dewey (3) CF, TA; 9570-9830'; lap, rip, scf
Carex douglasii Boott (1) CF; 8070'; rip
Carex duriuscula C. A. Mey. (4) CF, TA; 7080-10000'; mtg, pjw, sbg
{Carex eleocharis Bailey}
Carex ebenea Rydb. (4) CS, TA; 11470-12540'; alp, scf
Carex elynoides Holm (4) CF, TA; 7840-12930'; alp, pjw, scf
Carex filifolia Nutt. (1) TA; 11740'; alp
Carex geophila Mack. (2) CF; 7900-8100'; ppf, shb
Carex gynocrates Wormsk. ex Drejer (1) CF; 10880'; lap
{Carex dioica L. ssp. gynocrates (Wormsk. ex Drej.) Hultén}
Carex inops L. H. Bailey ssp. heliophila (9) CF; 7800-9070'; lap, mcf, ppf, sbg, shb
× Carex inops L. H. Bailey ssp. heliophila × Carex pityophila Mack. (1) CF; 9070';
sbg
[Suspected hybrid based on morphology. Both putative parents were
collected from the same site, a recently burned Pinus ponderosa forest.]
132
!
!
!
!
Carex interior L. H. Bailey (1) TA; 10320'; lap
Carex lanuginosa Michx. (16) CF, LA, TA; 6520-10840'; lap, ppf, rip, sbg
{Carex pellita Muhl ex Willd.}
Carex microglochin Wahlenb. ssp. microglochin (2) CF; 10850-10880'; lap
Carex microptera Mack. (16) CF, CS, LA, TA; 7380-11390'; dis, lap, mcf, rds, rip,
sbg
Carex nebrascensis Dewey (6) CF; 6970-8960'; agr, lap, rip
Carex nelsonii Mack. (1) TA; 12230'; alp
Carex nova L. H. Bailey (2) TA; 10790-11880'; rip
Carex occidentalis L. H. Bailey (11) CF, LA; 5860-9980'; mcf, mtg, ppf, rip, scf, shb
Carex oreocharis T. Holm (1) CF; 10000'; sbg
Carex phaeocephala Piper (1) TA; 12610'; alp
Carex pityophila Mack. (12) CF, LA, TA; 7140-11140'; mcf, ppf, rds, sbg, scf
Carex praegracilis W. Boott (3) CF; 6240-8530'; lap, mtg
Carex rossii Boott (1) LA; 7140'; shb
Carex rupestris All. (1) TA; 12930'; alp
Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. var. scoparia (1) CF; 6520'; lap
Carex scopulorum T. Holm var. scopulorum (1) TA; 12230'; alp
Carex siccata Dewey (4) CF, TA; 9070-11130'; mcf, rds, sbg
Carex simulata Mack. (2) TA; 9580-9780'; lap
Carex stevenii (T. Holm) Kalela (2) CF, TA; 9760-10840'; lap
{Carex media R. Br. var. stevenii (T. Holm) Fernald}
Carex subfusca W. Boott (1) CF; 8970'; rip
Carex utriculata Boott (11) CF, TA; 7560-10840'; lap, rip, sbg
Carex vulpinoidea Michx. (2) CF; 7460-8120'; lap
Cyperus fendlerianus Boeck. (10) CF; 6440-8670'; lap, pjw, plg, ppf, rds, shb
Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. (6) CF, TA; 6380-10060'; lap
Eleocharis engelmannii Steud. (2) CF; 8080-8160'; lap
Eleocharis macrostachya Britton (9) CF; 5960-8720'; lap, plg, rip
Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. (7) CF, TA; 6210-10060'; lap
Eleocharis quinqueflora (Hartm.) O. Schwarz (3) CF, TA; 9580-11710'; lap, rip
Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. (3) TA; 10320-11880'; lap
Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe (1) TA; 12540'; alp
{Eriophorum altaicum Meinshausen}
Kobresia myosuroides (Vill.) Fiori & Paoli (4) CF, TA; 10270-12530'; alp, lap, sbg
Kobresia simpliciuscula (Wahlenb.) Mack. (2) CF; 10850-10880'; lap
Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhl. ex Bigelow) Á. Löve & D. Löve var. acutus (7) CF;
6210-8720'; lap
{Scirpus acutus Muhl. Ex Bigelow var. acutus}
[Allred (2009) and Smith (2002) do not attribute var. acutus to New Mexico.
It is reported by Heil and O’kane (2005). The two varieties recognized by
Smith (2002) seem weakly differentiated.]
Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Palla (7) CF; 5900-8680'; lap, rip
{Scirpus pungens Vahl.}
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C. C. Gmel.) Palla (9) CF; 5860-8680'; lap, rip
{Scirpus tabernaemontani C. C. Gmelin}
133
Scirpus microcarpus J. Presl & C. Presl (4) CF; 7560-8510'; lap, rip
Elaeagnaceae
♦□■ Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (4) CF; 6410-6600'; dis, plg, rip
Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. (3) CF; 8630-10910'; asp, rip, scf
Elatinaceae
Elatine brachysperma A. Gray (2) CF; 8080-8310'; lap
Ericaceae
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (21) CF, LA, TA; 7600-11080'; mcf, ppf, rds,
rip, scf, shb
○ Gaultheria humifusa (Graham) Rydb. (2) TA; 10880-11650'; rip
Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray (3) CF, TA; 9770-11130'; scf
Monotropa hypopithys L. (1) CF; 7910'; mcf
{Hypopitys monotropa Crantz.}
Orthilia secunda (L.) House (7) CF, TA; 8610-11130'; mcf, rip, scf
Pterospora andromedea Nutt. (2) CF; 8160-8280'; ppf
Pyrola chlorantha Sw. (5) CF, TA; 8970-10930'; asp, scf
Pyrola minor L. (4) CF, TA; 9540-10790'; mcf, sbg, scf
Vaccinium cespitosum Michx. (2) TA; 10210-10270'; sbg, scf
Vaccinium myrtillus L. var. oreophilum (Rydb.) Dorn (8) CF, CS, TA; 9570-11750';
mcf, scf
Vaccinium scoparium Leiberg ex Coville (3) TA; 11490-12460'; alp, scf
Euphorbiaceae
Chamaesyce fendleri (Torr. & A. Gray) Small (8) CF; 6070-7080'; dry, mtg, pjw, plg
Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small (1) CF; 6750'; pjw
Chamaesyce serpyllifolia (Pers.) Small (13) CF, LA; 5850-8060'; dis, lap, min, mtg,
pjw, rds, rip, shb
Euphorbia dentata Michx. (8) CF, LA; 5830-6950'; mtg, pjw, plg, rds, rip, shb
♦□■ Euphorbia esula L. (1) CF; 6330'; rip
Euphorbia marginata Pursh (4) LA; 6950-7830'; rds
Tragia ramosa Torr. (6) CF, LA; 6360-7430'; pjw, plg, shb
Fabaceae
Amorpha canescens Pursh (3) CF; 7080-7720'; pjw, shb
Astragalus adsurgens Pall. var. robustior Hook. (4) CF, LA; 7560-10000'; mcf, pjw,
sbg, shb
Astragalus agrestis Douglas ex G. Don (7) CF, TA; 7190-9580'; mtg, ppf, rip, sbg
Astragalus alpinus L. var. alpinus (13) CF, CS, TA; 8110-11390'; asp, dis, mcf, mtg,
rds, rip, sbg
Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) A. Gray var. bisulcatus (6) CF; 5860-6340'; lap, plg,
rip
Astragalus drummondii Douglas ex Hook. (1) CF; 8210'; mtg
Astragalus gracilis Nutt. (1) CF; 5960'; plg
Astragalus hallii A. Gray var. hallii (7) CF, TA; 8070-10260'; dis, lap, rip, sbg
Astragalus humistratus A. Gray var. humistratus (2) CF; 8200-8230'; mtg
Astragalus lotiflorus Hook. (1) CF; 6610'; pjw
Astragalus missouriensis Nutt. var. missouriensis (3) CF; 5960-6380'; plg
Astragalus mollissimus Torr. var. mollissimus (1) CF; 6330'; plg
134
Astragalus praelongus E. Sheld. var. praelongus (4) CF; 5960-6380'; lap, plg
Astragalus racemosus Pursh var. racemosus (11) CF; 5960-8820'; lap, mtg, pjw, plg,
rds, rip, shb
Astragalus scopulorum Porter (5) CF; 6700-8450'; min, mtg, rip
Astragalus tenellus Pursh (2) CF, LA; 5970-7120'; rds, rip
○+ Astragalus wittmannii Barneby (1) CF; 5900'; plg
Dalea aurea Nutt. ex Pursh (1) CF; 6380'; plg
Dalea candida Michx. var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners (14) CF, LA; 6360-8550';
lap, mtg, pjw, plg, ppf, rds, rip, shb
Dalea jamesii (Torr.) Torr. & A. Gray (6) CF; 5960-6470'; plg
Dalea polygonoides A. Gray (1) CF; 7820'; ppf
[One collection from Vermejo Park, representing a minor northern range
extension for this species not previously known north of San Miguel and
McKinley counties, New Mexico (NRCS 2010).]
Dalea purpurea Vent. var. purpurea (8) CF, LA; 6780-8230'; mcf, mtg, pjw, ppf,
rds, rip
Dalea tenuifolia (A. Gray) Shinners (1) CF; 5960'; plg
Desmanthus cooleyi (Eaton) Trel. (2) CF; 6380-6470'; plg
Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh (4) CF; 5850-7150'; dis, rip
Hedysarum boreale Nutt. var. boreale (1) CF; 6740'; pjw
Lathyrus eucosmus Butters & H. St. John (7) CF; 6610-10910'; agr, mcf, mtg, pjw,
rds, rip, scf
Lathyrus lanszwertii Kellogg var. arizonicus (Britton) S. L. Welsh (1) CF; 7980';
mcf
{Lathyrus arizonicus Britton}
Lathyrus lanszwertii Kellogg var. leucanthus (Rydb.) Dorn (2) CF; 7430-9230'; mtg,
rip
♦ Lotus corniculatus L. (4) CF; 6350-8200'; agr, dis, rds
Lupinus argenteus Pursh var. argenteus (2) CF; 6150-6500'; dry, min
Lupinus plattensis S. Watson (5) CF; 6190-7190'; mtg, plg, rds
♦ Medicago lupulina L. (34) CF, LA; 6330-8690'; agr, dis, dry, lap, mcf, min, mtg,
ppf, rds, rip, shb
♦ Medicago sativa L. (6) CF, LA; 6380-7550'; agr, dis, lap, rds, rip
♦ Melilotus albus Medik. (16) CF, LA; 5900-8060'; dry, min, pjw, plg, rds, rip
♦ Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. (36) CF, LA, TA; 5960-8780'; agr, dis, dry, lap, min,
mtg, pjw, plg, ppf, rds, rip, shb
Oxytropis deflexa (Pall.) DC. var. sericea Torr. & A. Gray (4) CS, TA; 9580-11390';
rip, sbg
Oxytropis lambertii Pursh var. bigelovii A. Gray (23) CF, LA, TA; 6950-10020'; dis,
dry, min, mtg, pjw, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, shb
× Oxytropis lambertii Pursh var. bigelovii A. Gray × Oxytropis sericea Nutt. var.
sericea (3) CF; 8280-10020'; mtg, ppf, sbg
[These hybrids have pale lilac to bluish-purple flowers and a vegetative
appearance most similar to O. sericea. Both parents were in the immediate
vicinity at sites where hybrids were observed.]
Oxytropis sericea Nutt. var. sericea (21) CF, TA; 5820-10260'; mcf, mtg, pjw, plg,
135
rip, sbg, shb
Oxytropis splendens Douglas ex Hook. (5) CF, TA; 9620-10790'; rds, sbg
Psoralidium lanceolatum (Pursh) Rydb. (2) CF; 5860-5900'; rip
Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydb. (13) CF, LA; 5960-7600'; dis, pjw, plg, ppf,
rds, shb
Robinia neomexicana A. Gray var. neomexicana (8) CF, LA; 6700-8140'; min, rds,
rip, shb
Sophora nuttalliana B. L. Turner (6) CF; 5930-7310'; dry, mtg, plg, rds
Thermopsis montana Nutt. var. divaricarpa (A. Nelson) Dorn (3) CF; 8630-9750';
rip, sbg
{Thermopsis divaricarpa A. Nelson}
Thermopsis montana Nutt. var. montana (14) CF, LA, TA; 7040-11610'; asp, dis,
lap, rds, rip, sbg, shb
Trifolium attenuatum Greene (11) CF, CS, TA; 8820-12170'; alp, mcf, sbg, scf
♦ Trifolium campestre Schreb. (2) CF; 7480-7560'; min
♦ Trifolium hybridum L. (3) CF, TA; 7560-10260'; min, rds, sbg
Trifolium longipes Nutt. var. reflexum A. Nelson (10) CF, CS, TA; 8970-11390'; lap,
rip, sbg
Trifolium nanum Torr. (5) CS, TA; 11710-12930'; alp
Trifolium parryi A. Gray var. parryi (3) CS, TA; 11490-12330'; alp, scf
♦ Trifolium pratense L. (12) CF, LA; 6330-9140'; agr, lap, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, shb
♦ Trifolium repens L. (32) CF, LA; 6330-9750'; agr, dry, lap, mcf, min, mtg, ppf, rds,
rip, sbg, shb
Trifolium wormskjoldii Lehm. var. arizonicum (Greene) Barneby (1) CF; 8080'; lap
Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. var. americana (2) CF; 7920-10140'; asp, shb
Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. var. minor Hook. (30) CF, LA, TA; 5970-10890';
agr, dis, dry, lap, mcf, mtg, pjw, plg, rip, sbg, shb
[Recognition of varieties seems only weakly justified. Plants from the ranch
are mostly referrable to var. minor; however, many collections are
intermediate to var. americana in leaf shape, tendril development, and flower
number.]
Vicia ludoviciana Nutt. (1) CF; 6240'; lap
Fagaceae
Quercus gambelii Nutt. (29) CF, LA; 6450-9430'; lap, mcf, mtg, ppf, rds, rip, sbg,
shb
Quercus grisea Liebm. (4) CF; 6650-7310'; mtg, pjw, shb
× Quercus ×undulata Torr. (41) CF, LA; 6250-8560'; dry, mcf, mtg, pjw, plg, ppf, shb
[Leaf shape is highly variable in this hybrid, ranging from wavy-margined to
lobed about halfway to the midvein, with the lobes and sinuses variously
pointed or rounded.]
Gentianaceae
Frasera speciosa Douglas ex Griseb. (10) CF, LA; 7440-10940'; dis, mcf, mtg, ppf,
scf, shb
Gentiana algida Pall. (1) TA; 12530'; alp
Gentiana aquatica L. (9) CF, CS, TA; 9230-11390'; lap, rip, sbg
{Gentiana fremontii Torr.}
136
Gentiana bigelovii A. Gray (2) CF; 7880-8530'; mtg
{Gentiana affinis Griseb. var. bigelovii (A. Gray) Kusnez.}
Gentiana parryi Engelm. (3) CF, TA; 10060-11900'; dis, sbg
Gentiana prostrata Haenke (1) TA; 12530'; alp
Gentianella amarella (L.) Börner var. acuta (Michx.) Herder (12) CF, CS, LA, TA;
7450-11750'; dis, lap, mcf, mtg, rds, sbg, scf
Gentianella tenella (Rottb.) Börner (2) TA; 11960-12530'; alp
Gentianopsis barbellata (Engelm.) H. H. Iltis (1) CF; 10980'; dis
Gentianopsis detonsa (Rottb.) Ma var. elegans (A. Nelson) N. H. Holmgren (7) CF,
CS, TA; 9580-11770'; lap, sbg
{Gentianopsis thermalis (Kuntze) Iltis}
Lomatogonium rotatum (L.) Fr. (2) TA; 9670-9710'; lap, rip
Swertia perennis L. (5) CF, TA; 10730-11880'; lap, rip
Geraniaceae
♦■ Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton (13) CF, LA; 6330-9560'; dis, mcf, min,
mtg, pjw, rds, rip, sbg
Geranium caespitosum E. James (19) CF, LA; 6650-10000'; dis, dry, mcf, mtg, ppf,
rds, rip, sbg, shb
Geranium richardsonii Fisch. & Trautv. (18) CF, CS, TA; 7460-11470'; asp, lap,
mcf, rip, sbg, scf
Geranium viscosissimum Fisch. & C. A. Mey. ex C. A. Mey. var. incisum (Torr. &
A. Gray) N. H. Holmgren (6) CF, LA; 7600-8970'; mtg, ppf, sbg, shb
Grossulariaceae
Ribes aureum Pursh (4) CF; 6370-6580'; agr, dis, rip
Ribes cereum Douglas (31) CF, LA; 6650-10910'; mcf, mtg, pjw, ppf, rds, rip, sbg,
scf, shb
Ribes coloradense Coville (1) CS; 11750'; scf
Ribes inerme Rydb. (19) CF, LA; 6890-9560'; lap, mcf, rip, shb
Ribes leptanthum A. Gray (1) CF; 6980'; mtg
Ribes montigenum McClatchie (14) CF, CS, TA; 9480-12610'; alp, rip, sbg, scf
Ribes wolfii Rothr. (5) CF, CS, TA; 9570-11310'; rip, scf
Haloragaceae
Myriophyllum sibiricum Kom. (10) CF, TA; 6380-9780'; lap
Hydrangeaceae
Jamesia americana Torr. & A. Gray var. americana (13) CF, TA; 6870-11080'; mcf,
ppf, rds, scf, shb
Hydrocharitaceae
Elodea canadensis Michx. (5) CF, TA; 7560-10060'; lap
Iridaceae
Iris missouriensis Nutt. (24) CF, LA, TA; 7140-10890'; dis, dry, lap, mcf, mtg, ppf,
rip, sbg, scf, shb
Sisyrinchium demissum Greene (5) CF; 6540-7480'; lap, min, rip
Sisyrinchium montanum Greene var. montanum (16) CF, LA, TA; 7120-10410'; asp,
dry, lap, mtg, ppf, rip, sbg, shb
Juncaceae
! Juncus alpinoarticulatus Chaix (2) CF; 8250-8260'; lap
137
Juncus arcticus Willd. var. balticus (Willd.) Trautv. (11) CF, CS; 5860-11390'; lap,
mcf, rip
{Juncus balticus Willd. ssp. ater (Rydb.) Snogerup}
! Juncus biglumis L. (1) TA; 12530'; alp
Juncus bufonius L. (9) CF, LA; 6330-8720'; lap, rip
Juncus castaneus Sm. (5) CF, TA; 10790-12540'; alp, lap, rip
Juncus drummondii E. Mey. (4) CF, CS, TA; 10790-11950'; dis, lap, rip
Juncus dudleyi Wiegand (5) CF, LA; 6520-8720'; lap, rip
Juncus ensifolius Wikstr. var. montanus (Engelm.) C. L. Hitchc. (3) CF; 7060-8080';
lap, rip
{Juncus saximontanus A. Nels.}
Juncus interior Wiegand (10) CF, TA; 8010-10790'; lap, ppf, rds
Juncus longistylis Torr. (17) CF, LA, TA; 6520-10790'; lap, rds, rip
Juncus mertensianus Bong. (2) CS, TA; 10060-11390'; lap
Juncus nodosus L. (1) CF; 7560'; lap
! Juncus parryi Engelm. (2) TA; 11650-12610'; alp
Juncus torreyi Coville (5) CF; 6080-8720'; lap, rip
Juncus triglumis L. var. albescens Lange (2) TA; 10320-12540'; alp, rip
! Juncus triglumis L. var. triglumis (3) CF, TA; 10840-11960'; lap
[The two varieties of Juncus triglumis seem to intergrade in all characters
examined. Plants from the ranch vary from closest to var. albescens to closest
to var. triglumis. I have relied on capsule length and shape as the primary
diagnostic characters.]
Luzula comosa E. Mey. (5) TA; 9580-10320'; lap, rip, sbg
Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. (10) CF, CS, TA; 9010-11750'; lap, rds, rip, sbg, scf
Luzula spicata (L.) DC. (5) TA; 11740-12930'; alp
Juncaginaceae
Triglochin maritima L. (2) CF; 8230-8260'; lap
Triglochin palustris L. (6) CF, TA; 8710-10840'; lap, rip, sbg
Lamiaceae
Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. (9) CF, LA; 6330-8970'; agr, min, mtg, rip, sbg
Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex W. P. C. Barton (1) CF; 6520'; lap
Lycopus asper Greene (1) CF; 6540'; rip
♦ Marrubium vulgare L. (6) CF, LA; 6330-8390'; dis, rds, rip, shb
Mentha arvensis L. (7) CF, LA; 6540-8090'; lap, rip
Monarda fistulosa L. var. menthifolia (Graham) Fernald (4) CF; 7150-8580'; mcf,
mtg, rip
♦ Nepeta cataria L. (1) CF; 6600'; dis
Prunella vulgaris L. var. lanceolata (W. P. C. Barton) Fernald (16) CF, LA, TA;
6950-10270'; dry, lap, mcf, mtg, rip, sbg
Salvia reflexa Hornem. (13) CF, LA; 5910-7870'; dry, lap, min, mtg, pjw, plg, rds,
rip
Scutellaria brittonii Porter (3) CF; 7190-7640'; mtg, ppf, shb
Scutellaria galericulata L. (1) CF; 6540'; rip
Stachys palustris L. var. pilosa (Nutt.) Fernald (19) CF, LA; 6700-9140'; agr, dis,
lap, min, rip, sbg, shb
138
Teucrium laciniatum Torr. (4) CF; 6100-6360'; plg
Lentibulariaceae
Utricularia macrorhiza Le Conte (1) CF; 9010'; lap
{Utricularia vulgaris L. ssp. macrorhiza (Leconte) R. T. Clausen}
Liliaceae
Calochortus gunnisonii S. Watson var. gunnisonii (7) CF, TA; 7460-10890'; mtg,
sbg, shb
Lloydia serotina (L.) Rchb. var. serotina (7) CS, TA; 11310-12930'; alp, scf
Linaceae
Linum lewisii Pursh (15) CF; 5960-9010'; agr, dis, min, mtg, plg
Linum puberulum (Engelm.) A. Heller (19) CF, LA, TA; 5960-9430'; dry, min, mtg,
plg, ppf, rds, rip, shb
Loasaceae
Mentzelia decapetala (Pursh ex Sims) Urb. & Gilg ex Gilg (6) CF; 5850-6990'; dry,
plg, rds, rip, shb
Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) A. Gray (14) CF, LA; 5850-6990'; dry, min, pjw, plg,
rds, rip
Mentzelia rusbyi Wooton (7) CF; 6470-7870'; dis, min, mtg, rip
Malvaceae
Callirhoë involucrata (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray (1) CF; 6460'; dis
♦ Malva neglecta Wallr. (5) CF; 6470-8120'; agr, dis, rds
Sidalcea candida A. Gray (8) CF, TA; 6970-10060'; lap, rip
Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don (1) CF; 6470'; min
Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb. (24) CF, LA; 5960-7710'; agr, dis, lap, min,
mtg, plg, rds, rip
Melanthiaceae
Veratrum californicum T. Durand var. californicum (3) CS, TA; 10490-11750'; lap,
rip
{Veratrum tenuipetalum A. Heller}
Zigadenus elegans Pursh (8) CF, TA; 7460-12130'; alp, lap, mcf, sbg, scf
Myrsinaceae
Lysimachia ciliata L. (1) CF; 7150'; rip
Nyctaginaceae
Mirabilis albida (Walter) Heimerl (6) CF, LA; 6480-7870'; dry, mtg, rip
Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl var. decipens (Standl.) S. L. Welsh (1) CF; 5900';
rip
Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl var. linearis (18) CF, LA; 5850-8790'; mtg, pjw,
plg, ppf, rds, rip, shb
Mirabilis melanotricha (Standl.) Spellenb. (2) CF; 7560-7870'; mtg
Mirabilis multiflora (Torr.) A. Gray var. multiflora (11) CF, LA; 6150-7540'; dis,
dry, pjw, plg, rds, shb
Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacMill. (3) CF; 5860-6380'; agr, rip
Mirabilis oxybaphoides (A. Gray) A. Gray (9) CF, LA; 6750-7960'; pjw, shb
Onagraceae
Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub var. canescens (A. W. Wood) N. H. Holmgren
& P. K. Holmgren (7) CF, CS, TA; 10060-11090'; dis, lap, rds, rip
139
{Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Hoch}
{Epilobium angustifolium L. ssp. circumvagum Mosquin}
Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam. (3) CS, TA; 9770-11750'; rip, scf
Epilobium ciliatum Raf. var. ciliatum (19) CF, LA, TA; 6520-10260'; lap, mcf, rip,
sbg
Epilobium hornemannii Rchb. var. hornemannii (1) CF; 10570'; mcf
Epilobium saximontanum Hausskn. (10) CF, CS, TA; 10060-11950'; lap, mcf, rip
Oenothera albicaulis Pursh (2) CF; 5860-7990'; ppf, rip
Oenothera berlandieri (Spach) Steud. ssp. pinifolia (Engelm. ex A. Gray) W. L.
Wagner & Hoch (1) CF; 7660'; rds
{Calylophus berlandieri Spach ssp. pinifolius (Engelm. ex A. Gray) Towner}
Oenothera cespitosa Nutt. var. macroglottis (Rydb.) Cronquist (9) CF, LA; 67009980'; rds, rip, scf, shb
Oenothera cespitosa Nutt. var. marginata (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) Munz (2) CF;
7540-7840'; pjw, rds
Oenothera coronopifolia Torr. & A. Gray (18) CF, LA, TA; 5960-8780'; dis, dry,
min, mtg, plg, rds, rip
Oenothera curtiflora W. L. Wagner & Hoch (5) CF; 6320-6630'; lap, plg, rds
{Gaura parviflora Dougl.}
Oenothera elata Kunth ssp. hirsutissima (A. Gray ex S. Watson) W. Dietr. (4) CF;
6330-8040'; dry, ppf, rip
Oenothera flava (A. Nelson) Garrett (5) CF; 7480-9010'; lap, min, mtg, rds
Oenothera lavandulifolia Torr. & A. Gray (1) CF; 5960'; plg
{Calylophus lavandulifolius (Torr. & A. Gray) Raven}
Oenothera suffrutescens (Ser.) W. L. Wagner & Hoch (20) CF, TA; 5960-8780'; dis,
lap, min, mtg, pjw, plg, rds, rip
{Gaura coccinea Nutt.}
Oenothera villosa Thunb. var. strigosa (Rydb.) Dorn (6) CF; 5900-8760'; ppf, rds,
rip
Orchidaceae
Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes var. americana (R. Br.) Luer (3) CF, TA; 9570-9770';
mcf, rip, scf
Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. (2) CF; 9540-10140'; asp
Corallorhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. var. maculata (2) CF; 7460-8970'; mcf, scf
Corallorhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. var. occidentalis (Lindl.) Ames (6) CF, TA; 744010370'; asp, mcf, ppf, rip, scf
Corallorhiza trifida Châtel. (4) CF, TA; 8960-10310'; mcf, rip
Corallorhiza wisteriana Conrad (1) CF; 7980'; mcf
Goodyera oblongifolia Raf. (2) CF, TA; 9540-10590'; rds, rip
● Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. (2) CF, LA; 7450-7910'; mcf
! Listera borealis Morong (1) TA; 9770'; scf
Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. var. nephrophylla (Rydb.) Hultén (3) TA; 10780-11430';
rip, scf
Malaxis porphyrea (Ridl.) Kuntze (1) CF; 8290'; mcf
Platanthera aquilonis Sheviak (3) CF; 8110-8710'; lap, rip
Platanthera huronensis (Nutt.) Lindl. (3) CF, TA; 9710-10850'; lap, rip
140
! Platanthera obtusata (Banks ex Pursh) Lindl. (6) CF, TA; 8960-10840'; rip, scf
Platanthera purpurascens (Rydb.) Sheviak & W. F. Jenn. (5) CF, TA; 9540-10790';
rip, sbg, scf
○ Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham. (4) TA; 9670-10060'; lap, rip
Orobanchaceae
Castilleja haydenii (A. Gray) Cockerell (4) TA; 11900-12930'; alp
× Castilleja haydenii (A. Gray) Cockerell × Castilleja occidentalis Torr. (3) TA;
11900-12610'; alp
[Hybrid status inferred from intermediate morphology and proximity of both
parents.]
Castilleja haydenii (A. Gray) Cockerell (1) TA; 12580'; alp
Castilleja integra A. Gray (24) CF, LA, TA; 6250-10000'; mtg, pjw, plg, rip, sbg,
shb
Castilleja lineata Greene (6) CF, TA; 7540-9540'; mtg, ppf, sbg
Castilleja miniata Douglas ex Hook. (16) CF, CS, LA, TA; 7380-11750'; alp, asp,
mcf, rds, rip, sbg, scf, shb
× Castilleja miniata Douglas ex Hook. × Castilleja occidentalis Torr. (1) TA; 11740';
alp
[Hybrid status inferred from intermediate morphology and proximity of both
parents.]
Castilleja occidentalis Torr. (3) TA; 11900-12580'; alp
Castilleja sulphurea Rydb. (9) CF, TA; 9140-11130'; lap, rip, sbg
Conopholis alpina Liebm. var. mexicana (A. Gray ex S. Watson) Haynes (1) CF;
8190'; shb
Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. (4) CF; 6640-8290'; mcf, mtg, pjw, rip
Orobanche uniflora L. (1) TA; 11750'; scf
Orthocarpus luteus Nutt. (8) CF, TA; 8050-10260'; mtg, ppf, sbg
Pedicularis canadensis L. var. fluviatilis (A. Heller) J. F. Macbr. (8) CF, TA; 751010340'; asp, lap, mcf, rip, scf
Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. (8) CF, CS, TA; 9540-12200'; alp, lap, rip
Pedicularis parryi A. Gray var. parryi (2) TA; 11900-12610'; alp
Pedicularis procera A. Gray (3) CF; 8200-10140'; asp, rip
Pedicularis racemosa Douglas ex Benth. var. alba (Pennell) Cronquist (3) CS, TA;
10780-11770'; scf
Pedicularis sudetica Willd. ssp. scopulorum (A. Gray) Hultén (1) TA; 12540'; alp
Rhinanthus minor L. ssp. groenlandicus (Ostenf.) L. Neumann (1) TA; 9580'; sbg
{Rhinanthus minor L. ssp. borealis (Sterneck) A. Löve}
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis dillenii Jacq. (1) LA; 7450'; shb
Oxalis stricta L. (4) CF, LA; 6970-7460'; lap, mtg, rip
Oxalis violacea L. (7) CF; 7460-9710'; dis, mcf, rip, scf
Papaveraceae
Argemone hispida A. Gray (6) CF; 5960-8660'; plg, rds
Corydalis aurea Willd. var. aurea (13) CF, TA; 5860-10170'; asp, mcf, rip, scf, shb
Parnassiaceae
○ Parnassia fimbriata König (2) TA; 10790-11650'; rip
141
Parnassia palustris L. var. montanensis (Fernald & Rydb. ex Rydb.) C. L. Hitchc.
(3) CF, TA; 9580-10850'; lap, rip, sbg
{Parnassia parviflora DC., sensu NM authors}
Phrymaceae
Mimulus glabratus Kunth var. jamesii (Torr. & A. Gray ex Benth.) A. Gray (2) CF;
7660-8080'; lap
Mimulus guttatus DC. (10) CF, CS, TA; 8550-11750'; lap, rip
Plantaginaceae
○ Besseya alpina (A. Gray) Rydb. (4) TA; 11740-12930'; alp
Besseya plantaginea (E. James) Rydb. (11) CF; 6890-9890'; asp, lap, mcf, mtg, shb
Callitriche palustris L. (10) CF, CS, TA; 7870-11460'; lap, rip
! Chionophila jamesii Benth. (6) TA; 11840-12580'; alp
Hippuris vulgaris L. (3) CF, TA; 9780-10840'; lap
Limosella aquatica L. (4) CF, TA; 6380-9580'; lap
♦□■ Linaria vulgaris Mill. (4) CF, LA, TA; 7430-9680'; mtg, rds, rip, shb
Penstemon angustifolius Nutt. ex Pursh var. caudatus (A. Heller) Rydb. (2) CF, LA;
6480-7450'; dry, mtg
Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth var. torreyi (Benth.) A. Gray (20) CF, LA, TA;
6460-10840'; dis, mtg, pjw, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, scf, shb
Penstemon glaber Pursh var. brandegeei (Porter) C. C. Freeman (1) CF; 6700'; rip
Penstemon gracilis Nutt. (7) CF, LA; 7120-8040'; dry, mtg, ppf, shb
Penstemon jamesii Benth. (12) CF; 5960-7480'; min, mtg, pjw, plg
Penstemon strictus Benth. (4) CF, TA; 7480-10000'; min, rds, sbg
Penstemon virgatus A. Gray var. asa-grayi (Crosswh.) Dorn (6) CF; 6900-8710';
mtg, rip
Penstemon whippleanus A. Gray (8) CF, CS, TA; 10840-12460'; alp, rds, scf
♦ Plantago lanceolata L. (6) CF; 6410-8120'; agr, dry, rds, rip
♦ Plantago major L. (19) CF, LA; 5860-8720'; dis, dry, lap, mcf, mtg, rds, rip
Plantago patagonica Jacq. (10) CF; 5960-7310'; dis, mcf, mtg, plg, rip
Veronica americana Schwein. ex Benth. (11) CF, CS; 7060-11390'; lap, rip
Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. (19) CF, LA; 6080-7860'; dry, lap, rip
Veronica peregrina L. var. xalapensis (Kunth) H. St. John & F. W. Warren (15) CF,
TA; 6330-11130'; lap, mcf, ppf, rds, rip, sbg
Veronica serpyllifolia L. var. humifusa (Dicks.) Vahl (6) CF, TA; 9340-11130'; asp,
dis, lap, rip, sbg
Veronica wormskjoldii Roem. & Schult. (9) CF, CS, TA; 10320-12460'; alp, lap,
mcf, rip, sbg, scf
{Veronica nutans Bong.}
Poaceae
Achnatherum hymenoides (Roem. & Schult.) Barkworth (11) CF, LA; 6100-9040';
min, mtg, pjw, plg, rip, scf
{Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roem. & Schult.) Ricker ex Piper}
Achnatherum lettermanii (Vasey) Barkworth (1) CF; 9140'; sbg
{Stipa lettermanii Vasey}
Achnatherum robustum (Vasey) Barkworth (12) CF, LA; 5830-8230'; dis, min, mtg,
pjw, plg, ppf, rds, rip
142
{Stipa robusta (Vasey) Scribner}
Achnatherum scribneri (Vasey) Barkworth (1) CF; 7960'; shb
{Stipa scribneri Vasey}
♦□■ Aegilops cylindrica Host (2) CF; 6460-6950'; dis, pjw
♦ Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. var. cristatum (3) CF; 8060-8120'; agr, dis, rds
Agrostis exarata Trin. (1) CF; 8550'; rip
♦ Agrostis gigantea Roth (21) CF, LA; 6330-8760'; dry, lap, mcf, mtg, ppf, rds, rip
Agrostis idahoensis Nash (1) TA; 9830'; lap
Agrostis scabra Willd. (14) CF, CS, TA; 7190-11390'; lap, mcf, mtg, ppf, rds, rip,
sbg
♦ Agrostis stolonifera L. (2) CF; 6540-8350'; rds, rip
Agrostis variabilis Rydb. (1) TA; 12120'; alp
Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. var. aequalis (6) CF; 7860-9800'; lap, ppf, rds, rip, sbg
♦ Alopecurus geniculatus L. (1) TA; 10330'; rds
Alopecurus magellenicus Lam. (1) CS; 11310'; rip
[This collection was obtained along the banks of Costilla Creek 1.4 miles
north of where it enters New Mexico. The species should be sought in New
Mexico, where it has not been documented.]
Andropogon gerardii Vitman (2) CF; 8050-8420'; mtg, ppf
Anthoxanthum hirtum (Schrank) Y. Schouten & Veldkamp (6) CF; 7930-11130'; lap,
mcf, shb
{Hierochloë odorata L.}
Aristida arizonica Vasey (1) CF; 7310'; pjw
Aristida divaricata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (3) CF; 5830-8610'; min, plg, ppf
Aristida havardii Vasey (2) CF; 6540-7080'; rip, shb
Aristida purpurea Nutt. var. fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey (1) CF; 6360'; plg
Aristida purpurea Nutt. var. longiseta (Steud.) Vasey (7) CF; 5960-7290'; min, plg,
rip
Aristida purpurea Nutt. var. nealleyi (Vasey) Allred (1) CF; 7080'; mtg
Aristida purpurea Nutt. var. purpurea (3) CF; 6360-6900'; dry, mtg, plg
Aristida purpurea Nutt. var. wrightii (Nash) Allred (1) CF; 6070'; plg
♦ Avena fatua L. (1) CF; 7080'; rds
Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald (2) CF; 7660-8250'; lap
Blepharoneuron tricholepis (Torr.) Nash (15) CF, CS, LA, TA; 7080-11610'; mtg,
pjw, ppf, rds, sbg, shb
Bothriochloa laguroides (DC.) Herter ssp. torreyana (Steud.) Allred & Gould (3)
CF; 5850-6750'; dry, rip, shb
Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. var. curtipendula (14) CF, LA; 5960-7960';
dry, min, mtg, pjw, plg, shb
Bouteloua gracilis (Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths (21) CF, LA; 5850-8060'; min, mtg,
pjw, plg, rds, rip, shb
Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. var. hirsuta (6) CF; 5910-7220'; mtg, pjw, plg, shb
Bouteloua simplex Lag. (6) CF; 6490-8530'; dis, min, rds
Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn. (2) CF; 7540-8160'; dis, mtg
{Bromus polyanthus Scribn.}
♦ Bromus catharticus Vahl var. catharticus (11) CF; 5860-7510'; agr, dis, lap, mtg,
143
rds, rip
Bromus ciliatus L. (6) CF, CS, TA; 7460-11390'; mcf, rds, scf
♦ Bromus inermis Leyss. (25) CF, LA, TA; 5860-10270'; agr, dis, mtg, plg, rds, rip,
sbg, shb
♦ Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murray (32) CF, LA; 5860-8530'; agr, dis, dry, min,
mtg, plg, ppf, rds, rip
Bromus lanatipes (Shear) Rydb. (1) TA; 10840'; scf
Bromus porteri (J. M. Coult.) Nash (5) CF, TA; 7440-10260'; dis, ppf, sbg
Bromus pumpellianus Scribn. (2) CF; 6480-8060'; dry, rds
Bromus richardsonii Link (21) CF, LA, TA; 6480-11080'; asp, dry, mcf, pjw, ppf,
rds, rip, sbg, scf, shb
♦! Bromus squarrosus L. (1) CF; 8060'; rds
♦□■ Bromus tectorum L. (20) CF, LA, TA; 6330-9490'; dis, min, mtg, plg, ppf, rds, rip,
sbg, shb
Buchloë dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. (6) CF; 5860-6440'; lap, plg, rip
{Bouteloua dactyloides (Nutt.) J. T. Columbus}
Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) P. Beauv. var. canadensis (7) CF, CS, TA;
9030-11750'; lap, rip, scf
Calamagrostis inexpansa A. Gray (2) CF, TA; 8080-9580'; lap, sbg
{Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler ssp. inexpansa (A. Gray) C. W.
Greene}
Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br. (5) CF, TA; 10700-12240'; alp, scf
Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler (2) CF, TA; 8260-10060'; lap
Catabrosa aquatica (L.) P. Beauv. (1) CF; 11130'; lap
Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fernald (1) CF; 5850'; rip
Chloris verticillata Nutt. (1) CF; 6470'; min
♦ Dactylis glomerata L. (10) CF, LA; 6330-8970'; agr, dry, lap, min, mtg, rds, rip, sbg
Danthonia intermedia Vasey (2) CF, TA; 10270-10840'; sbg
Danthonia parryi Scribn. (14) CF, TA; 7440-11610'; mcf, mtg, ppf, sbg, scf
Danthonia spicata (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. (7) CF; 6480-8060'; dis, dry,
mcf, ppf, rds
Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. var. cespitosa (19) CF, CS, TA; 8550-12210';
dis, lap, rds, rip, sbg, scf
Dichanthelium linearifolium (Scribn.) Gould (1) CF; 7990'; ppf
{Panicum linearifolium Scribn. ex Nash}
Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene (5) CF; 5860-8510'; lap, rip
♦ Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fernald var. microstachya Wiegand (11) CF, LA;
5900-8160'; dis, lap, min, rds, rip
Elymus bakeri (E. E. Nelson) Á. Löve (4) CS, TA; 9580-11610'; rds, sbg
Elymus canadensis L. (15) CF, LA; 5850-8090'; agr, dry, lap, min, mtg, rds, rip
× Elymus canadensis L. × Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey var. brevifolius (J. G. Sm.)
Dorn (2) CF; 6320-7960'; rds, shb
[These plants combine the robust growth form of E. canadensis with the long
awns and shattering inflorescences of E. elymoides.]
♦ Elymus elongatus (Host) Runemark var. ponticus (Podp.) Dorn (1) CF; 6410'; agr
{Thinopyrum ponticum Barkworth & D. R. Dewey}
144
Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey var. brevifolius (J. G. Sm.) Dorn (36) CF, CS, LA,
TA; 5960-11390'; dis, dry, lap, mcf, min, mtg, pjw, plg, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, scf,
shb
Elymus glaucus Buckley var. glaucus (1) CF; 10980'; scf
♦ Elymus hispidus (Opiz) Melderis (2) CF; 8060-9700'; dis, rds
{Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey ssp.
intermedium}
♦ Elymus junceus Fisch. (1) CF; 7480'; min
{Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski}
Elymus lanceolatus (Scribn. & J. G. Sm.) Gould var. riparius (Scribn. & J. G. Sm.)
Dorn (8) CF, LA, TA; 5860-9580'; dis, rds, rip, sbg
♦□■ Elymus repens (L.) Gould (4) CF; 6330-8120'; agr, rip
Elymus scribneri (Vasey) M.E. Jones (3) TA; 11650-12230'; alp
× Elymus scribneri (Vasey) M.E. Jones × Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex
Shinners (2) CF, TA; 11080-11310'; rds, scf
[Putative hybrids based on intermediate morphology.]
Elymus smithii (Rydb.) Gould (23) CF, LA; 5960-9140'; agr, dis, lap, min, mtg, plg,
ppf, rds, rip, sbg
{Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Löve}
Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. subsecundus (Link) Á. Löve &
D. Löve (5) CF, TA; 8190-10260'; mcf, mtg, ppf, rds, sbg
Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners var. trachycaulus (17) CF, CS, TA;
5860-11390'; dis, dry, lap, mcf, mtg, ppf, rds, rip, sbg
Elymus violaceus (Hornem.) Feilberg (1) TA; 12120'; alp
♦ Eragrostis barrelieri Daveau (1) CF; 6450'; rds
♦ Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees (1) CF; 6460'; dis
Erioneuron pilosum (Buckley) Nash (1) CF; 5910'; plg
Festuca arizonica Vasey (27) CF, LA, TA; 7380-11080'; dis, mcf, min, mtg, pjw,
ppf, rds, sbg, shb
Festuca brachyphylla Schult. ex Schult. & Schult. f. var. coloradensis (Fred.) Dorn
(8) CF, TA; 10340-12930'; alp, rds, scf
Festuca calligera (Piper) Rydb. (3) CS, TA; 9490-11390'; asp, sbg
! Festuca hallii (Vasey) Piper (1) TA; 10240'; asp
Festuca idahoensis Elmer (7) CF, CS, TA; 9580-11390'; dis, rds, sbg
Festuca minutiflora Rydb. (3) TA; 11610-12530'; alp, sbg
Festuca rubra L. (2) TA; 9580-9710'; rip, sbg
Festuca saximontana Rydb. var. saximontana (5) CF; 8060-8260'; agr, dis, mtg, rds
Festuca thurberi Vasey (9) CF, CS, TA; 9890-11900'; asp, dis, rds, sbg, scf
♦ Festuca trachyphylla (Hack.) Krajina (1) CF; 8260'; rds
Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batch. (4) CF, TA; 9740-10250'; lap
Glyceria grandis Wats. var. grandis (8) CF; 6540-8720'; lap, rip
Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. (10) CF, LA; 6970-10570'; lap, mcf, rip
Hesperostipa comata (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth var. comata (3) CF; 6530-6970';
mcf, pjw, rip
{Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. var. comata}
Hesperostipa comata (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth var. intermedia (Scribn. & Tweedy)
145
Dorn (3) CF; 8620-9050'; mtg, sbg
{Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. var. intermedia Scribn. & Tweedy}
Hesperostipa neomexicana (Thurb. ex J. M. Coult.) Barkworth (1) CF; 6360'; plg
{Stipa neomexicana (Thurb. ex J. M. Coult.) Scribner}
Hesperostipa spartea (Trin.) Barkworth (3) CF, LA; 7290-8040'; ppf, rip, shb
{Stipa spartea Trin.}
Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth. (12) CF; 5910-7480'; dry, min, pjw, plg, shb
Hopia obtusa (Kunth) Zuloaga & Morrone (7) CF; 6320-6950'; lap, min, rds, rip
{Panicum obtusum Kunth}
Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski (2) CF, TA; 9740-11130'; lap
Hordeum jubatum L. ssp. intermedium Bowden (8) CF; 5860-8510'; dry, lap, rds, rip
Hordeum jubatum L. ssp. jubatum (18) CF, LA, TA; 6080-10060'; agr, dis, lap, min,
mtg, plg, ppf, rds, rip
Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. (32) CF, CS, LA, TA; 7060-11610'; agr, dis,
dry, mcf, mtg, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, scf, shb
Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth ssp. fascicularis (Lam.) N. Snow (1) CF; 6380'; lap
♦ Lolium multiflorum Lam. (2) CF; 6330-8060'; rds, rip
Lycurus setosus (Nutt.) C. Reeder (7) CF; 6380-8050'; min, mtg, pjw, plg, ppf
Melica porteri Scribn. var. porteri (1) CF; 8290'; mcf
Muhlenbergia asperifolia (Nees & Meyen ex Trin.) Parodi (5) CF; 5900-8260'; agr,
lap, mtg, rip
Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Torr. ex Hook.) Rydb. (1) CF; 6760'; dry
Muhlenbergia filiculmis Vasey (2) CF, TA; 9580-10000'; sbg
Muhlenbergia filiformis (Thurb. ex S. Watson) Rydb. (2) CF, TA; 7560-9830'; lap
Muhlenbergia minutissima (Steud.) Swallen (2) CF; 6950-7280'; pjw
Muhlenbergia montana (Nutt.) Hitchc. (10) CF, LA; 7080-10910'; mtg, pjw, ppf, rds,
scf, shb
Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) Britton, Sterns, & Poggenb. (2) CF; 6650-6860';
dry, rip
Muhlenbergia repens (J. Presl) Hitchc. (1) LA; 6950'; rip
Muhlenbergia richardsonis (Trin.) Rydb. (1) CF; 8120'; rds
Muhlenbergia torreyi (Kunth) Hitchc. ex Bush (7) CF; 5910-6470'; dis, plg
Muhlenbergia wrightii Vasey ex J. M. Coult. (5) CF, LA; 6950-8160'; dis, min, rds,
shb
Munroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr. (1) CF; 5970'; plg
Nassella viridula (Trin.) Barkworth (2) CF, LA; 7450-7510'; agr, rds
{Stipa viridula Trin.}
Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. (4) CF, LA; 7140-9480'; asp, mcf, rip
Panicum capillare L. ssp. capillare (9) CF, LA; 5850-8060'; dis, dry, min, rds, rip
Panicum virgatum L. (4) CF; 5850-8050'; dry, ppf, rip
Phalaris arundinacea L. (3) CF; 6700-7150'; dry, rip
Phleum alpinum L. (14) CF, CS, TA; 8970-12930'; alp, rds, rip, sbg, scf
♦ Phleum pratense L. (15) CF, LA, TA; 6950-9750'; agr, lap, mtg, rip, sbg
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (2) CF; 6410-7400'; agr, min
Piptatherum micranthum (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth (9) CF, LA; 6530-8290'; mcf,
pjw, shb
146
♦
♦
♦
!
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
Poa alpina L. (6) CF, CS, TA; 10330-12230'; alp, rip, sbg, scf
Poa annua L. (4) CF, TA; 7710-9710'; dis, lap, rip
Poa arctica R. Br. ssp. grayana (Vasey) Á. Löve, D. Löve, & B. M. Kapoor (3) CS,
TA; 11310-12540'; alp, rds
Poa arida Vasey (3) CF, TA; 8230-12210'; lap, mtg, scf
Poa bigelovii Vasey & Scribn. (2) CF; 5860-8050'; ppf, rip
Poa compressa L. (16) CF, LA; 6330-9140'; dis, dry, lap, mcf, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, shb
Poa fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey ssp. fendleriana (38) CF, CS, LA, TA; 6250-12540';
alp, asp, lap, mcf, mtg, pjw, plg, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, scf, shb
Poa glauca Vahl var. glauca (6) CF, CS; 9370-12100'; alp, mcf, scf
Poa glauca Vahl. var. rupicola (Nash ex Rydb.) B. Boivin (10) CF, TA; 1024012930'; alp, asp, scf
Poa interior Rydb. (13) CF, TA; 8000-11620'; ppf, rds, scf, shb
Poa leptocoma Trin. (2) CF, CS; 9340-11470'; rip, scf
Poa palustris L. (3) CF; 8120-9800'; lap, rip
Poa pratensis L. (80) CF, CS, LA, TA; 6240-12100'; agr, alp, asp, dis, dry, lap, mcf,
min, mtg, pjw, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, scf, shb
Poa reflexa Vasey & Scribn. (3) CS, TA; 11470-12540'; alp, scf
Poa secunda J. Presl ssp. secunda (3) CF, TA; 10050-11130'; rds, rip
Poa tracyi Vasey (3) CF, TA; 7110-9770'; scf, shb
Poa wheeleri Vasey (3) CF, LA; 7650-8360'; mcf, ppf
Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. (4) CF; 5850-6600'; lap, rip
Ptilagrostis porteri (Rydb.) W. A. Weber (1) CF; 10880'; lap
Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. (4) CF, TA; 7150-9580'; lap, mtg, rip
Puccinellia nuttalliana (Schult.) Hitchc. (4) CF; 8230-8720'; lap
Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. (20) CF, LA; 5860-8670'; dis, dry, lap, min,
mtg, plg, rds, rip, shb
Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort. (16) CF, LA; 5860-8220'; agr, dry,
lap, min, rip
{Festuca arundinacea Schreb.}
Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv. (7) CF; 6970-8000'; lap, mcf, rip
{Festuca pratensis Huds.}
Schizachne purpurascens (Torr.) Swall. (1) CF; 9110'; mcf
Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash var. scoparium (11) CF, LA; 5960-8390';
dry, plg, ppf, rds, rip, shb
{Andropogon scoparius Michx. var. scoparius}
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. ssp. pumila (1) CF; 6480'; dry
Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. (9) CF, LA; 5850-7340'; min, rds, rip
Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. (1) CF; 8550'; rip
Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. (2) CF; 6520-8260'; lap
Sporobolus airoides (Torr.) Torr. (7) CF; 5850-7580'; min, plg, rip
Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray (6) CF; 5900-8660'; mtg, rds, rip, shb
Sporobolus giganteus Nash (1) CF; 5850'; rip
Trisetum canescens Buckley (1) CF; 8290'; mcf
Trisetum spicatum (L.) K. Richt. (11) CF, CS, TA; 10050-12930'; alp, dis, rds, sbg,
scf
147
♦× ×Triticosecale (1) CF; 8060'; rds
[Collected adjacent to an old cattle barn.]
× ×Triticosecale × Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey var. brevifolius (J. G. Sm.) Dorn
(1) CF; 8060'; rds
[Putative hybrid based on intermediate morphology. The plant combines the
growth form and shattering inflorescences of E. elymoides with the large,
broad florets of ×Triticosecale. Awns of the upper florets in each spikelet are
shortened, as in ×Triticosecale. Both parent taxa were collected at the same
location.]
Polemoniaceae
Collomia linearis Nutt. (2) CF, LA; 7450-9980'; scf, shb
Ipomopsis aggregata (Pursh) V. E. Grant ssp. formosissima (Greene) Wherry (17)
CF; 5850-9490'; dry, min, mtg, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, shb
{Ipomopsis aggregata (Pursh) V. Grant ssp. texana (Greene) W.C. Martin &
C.R. Hutchins}
Ipomopsis laxiflora (J. M. Coult.) V. E. Grant (1) CF; 6330'; plg
!! Phlox sp. nov. (6) TA; 12200-12620'; alp
[First discovered during this inventory. Thus far the taxon is known only
from the ranch, where found growing in alpine scree near the crest of the
Culebra Range.]
Phlox pulvinata (Wherry) Cronquist (5) CF, CS, TA; 11310-12620'; alp, scf
Polemonium foliosissimum A. Gray (4) CF, TA; 7440-9710'; rds, sbg, shb
! Polemonium occidentale Greene var. occidentale (6) CF, TA; 9580-11130'; lap, sbg
Polemonium pulcherrimum Hook. var. delicatum (Rydb.) Cronquist (8) CS, TA;
10780-12010'; scf
Polemonium viscosum Nutt. (5) CS, TA; 11740-12620'; alp
Polygonaceae
Bistorta bistortoides (Pursh) Small (5) CF, CS, TA; 10790-12230'; alp, lap, rip
{Polygonum bistortoides Pursh}
Bistorta vivipara (L.) Delarbre (13) CF, CS, TA; 9030-12200'; alp, asp, lap, rip, sbg
{Polygonum viviparum L.}
Eriogonum alatum Torr. var. alatum (17) CF, LA; 6900-9430'; mtg, pjw, ppf, rds,
rip, shb
○+ Eriogonum aliquantum Reveal (1) CF; 6380'; plg
! Eriogonum arcuatum Greene var. xanthum (Small) Reveal (4) TA; 11900-12540';
alp
{Eriogonum jamesii Benth. var. xanthum (Small) Reveal}
Eriogonum corymbosum Benth. var. velutinum Reveal (1) CF; 5900'; plg
Eriogonum jamesii Benth. var. jamesii (18) CF, LA; 5960-9430'; dry, mtg, pjw, plg,
ppf, rds, rip, shb
Eriogonum lonchophyllum Torr. & A. Gray (3) CF; 6360-6470'; plg
♦ Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve (9) CF; 6330-7870'; dis, lap, mtg, rip
{Polygonum convolvulus L.}
Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill (3) TA; 11740-12610'; alp
Persicaria amphibia (L.) Gray (6) CF, TA; 6380-9800'; lap
{Polygonum amphibium L.}
148
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach (1) CF; 7560'; lap
{Polygonum hydropiper L.}
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray (7) CF; 6380-8720'; lap, rip
{Polygonum lapathifolium L.}
♦ Persicaria maculosa Gray (1) LA; 6950'; rip
{Polygonum persicaria L.}
♦ Polygonum aviculare L. (4) CF, LA; 6320-8720'; lap, rds, rip
♦ Polygonum buxiforme Small (12) CF, LA, TA; 6330-9580'; lap, mtg, rds, rip
{ Polygonum aviculare L., in part}
Polygonum douglasii Greene (3) CF, TA; 10260-11130'; lap, sbg
Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. var. prolificum Small (2) CF; 5850-6430'; lap, rip
Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. var. ramosissimum (4) CF; 6320-6920'; min, rds
Polygonum sawatchense Small ssp. sawatchense (3) CF, CS; 8510-11390'; lap, shb
♦ Rumex acetosella L. (3) CF, TA; 7290-10410'; dis, mtg, rip
♦ Rumex crispus L. (17) CF, LA; 6330-9140'; agr, lap, rip, sbg
Rumex fueginus Phil. (2) CF; 8680-8720'; lap
Rumex occidentalis S. Watson (1) TA; 9580'; sbg
Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f. (15) CF; 6210-8090'; dis, dry, lap, mtg, rip
Portulacaceae
Claytonia megarhiza (A. Gray) Parry ex S. Watson (5) CS, TA; 11740-12610'; alp
Lewisia pygmaea (A. Gray) B. L. Rob. (2) TA; 12230-12580'; alp
Montia chamissoi (Ledeb. ex Spreng.) Greene (3) CF; 8710-9030'; lap, rip
Phemeranthus parviflorus (Nutt.) Kiger (4) CF; 6950-8050'; pjw, ppf, shb
{Talinum parviflorum Nutt.}
♦ Portulaca oleracea L. (11) CF, LA; 5850-7550'; dis, lap, min, mtg, pjw, plg, rds, rip,
shb
Potamogetonaceae
Potamogeton foliosus Raf. var. foliosus (10) CF, CS, TA; 5860-11390'; lap, rip
Potamogeton gramineus L. (4) CF, TA; 9010-10060'; lap
Potamogeton illinoensis Morong (1) CF; 8240'; lap
Potamogeton natans L. (4) CF; 7460-8720'; lap
Potamogeton nodosus Poir. (3) CF; 6820-7560'; lap, rip
Potamogeton pusillus L. var. pusillus (1) TA; 10250'; lap
Stuckenia filiformis (Pers.) Börner ssp. alpina (Blytt) R. R. Hayes, Les, & M. Král
(1) CF; 7560'; rip
{Potamogeton filiformis Pers. var. alpinus (Blytt) Asch. & Graebn.}
Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Börner (8) CF; 6540-8720'; lap, rip
{Potamogeton pectinata L.}
Zannichellia palustris L. (3) CF, LA; 6430-7460'; lap, rip
Primulaceae
Androsace chamaejasme Wulfen ssp. lehmanniana (Spreng.) Hultén (8) CS, TA;
11650-12930'; alp
{Androsace chamaejasme Wulfen var. carinata (Torr.) Kunth}
Androsace septentrionalis L. (43) CF, CS, LA, TA; 6870-12930'; alp, asp, dis, mcf,
min, mtg, pjw, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, scf, shb
[I am not recognizing varieties. Plants from the ranch form a continuous
149
gradation between var. glandulosa (Woot. & Standl.) H. St. John and var.
puberulenta (Rydb.) R. Knuth; many plants are only arbitrarily assignable.]
Primula angustifolia Torr. (6) CS, TA; 11310-12930'; alp, scf
Primula parryi A. Gray (2) TA; 10780-10790'; rip
Primula pauciflora (Greene) A. R. Mast & Reveal var. pauciflora (15) CF, CS, TA;
7930-12180'; alp, lap, mcf, rip, sbg
{Dodecatheon pulchellum (Raf.) Merrill}
Ranunculaceae
Aconitum columbianum Nutt. ssp. columbianum (3) CF; 8710-9540'; lap, rip
Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. (7) CF; 8290-9340'; mcf, rip, scf
Anemone cylindrica A. Gray (7) CF, LA; 7440-8620'; mtg, ppf, shb
Anemone patens L. var. multifida Pritz. (9) CF, LA; 7450-8950'; lap, mcf, mtg, ppf
Aquilegia coerulea E. James var. coerulea (9) CF, CS, TA; 7460-12210'; alp, asp,
mcf, scf, shb
Aquilegia elegantula Greene (11) CF, CS, TA; 8060-11310'; asp, mcf, rip, scf
Caltha leptosepala DC. (13) CF, CS, TA; 10270-12230'; alp, lap, rip, sbg, scf
Clematis columbiana (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray var. columbiana (15) CF, TA; 687010340'; mcf, ppf, rip, scf, shb
Clematis columbiana (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray var. tenuiloba (A. Gray) J. S. Pringle
(5) CF; 6950-8950'; mcf, ppf, shb
Clematis hirsutissima Pursh var. hirsutissima (2) CF; 7930-8450'; mcf, mtg
Clematis hirsutissima Pursh var. scottii (Porter) R. O. Erickson (9) CF, LA; 71408550'; pjw, ppf, shb
Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. (6) CF, LA; 6380-7150'; agr, dry, rip
○● Delphinium alpestre Rydb. (2) TA; 12230-12540'; alp
Delphinium ramosum Rydb. (9) CF, TA; 7100-10260'; mcf, mtg, ppf, sbg
Myosurus minimus L. (1) CF; 8080'; lap
Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. diffusus With. (18) CF, TA; 6160-9780'; lap, rip
Ranunculus cardiophyllus Hook. (3) CF, TA; 8250-9490'; lap, sbg
Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh (19) CF, LA, TA; 6510-9710'; lap, mcf, rip
Ranunculus flammula L. var. ovalis (J. M. Bigelow) L. D. Benson (1) TA; 10060';
lap
Ranunculus gmelinii DC. (1) CF; 9800'; lap
Ranunculus inamoenus Greene var. inamoenus (20) CF, CS, LA, TA; 6890-11760';
agr, asp, lap, mcf, mtg, rip, sbg, scf, shb
Ranunculus macauleyi A. Gray (6) CS, TA; 11490-12930'; alp, rip, scf
Ranunculus macounii Britton (8) CF; 6970-8970'; agr, lap, rip, shb
Ranunculus pedatifidus Sm. var. affinis (R. Br.) L. D. Benson (1) CS; 12100'; alp
Ranunculus ranunculinus (Nutt.) Rydb. (8) CF; 6760-8060'; mcf, pjw, shb
Ranunculus sceleratus L. var. multifidus Nutt. (4) CF, TA; 6820-9800'; lap, rip
Thalictrum alpinum L. (6) CF, CS, TA; 9580-12150'; alp, lap, sbg
Thalictrum fendleri Engelm. ex A. Gray (5) CF, LA; 6650-8970'; dry, mcf, rip, scf,
shb
Rhamnaceae
Ceanothus fendleri A. Gray (7) CF, LA; 7520-9050'; dry, mcf, mtg, ppf, sbg, shb
Rosaceae
150
!
♦
×
!
Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roem. var. alnifolia (1) CF; 9980'; scf
Cercocarpus montanus Raf. (24) CF, LA; 6250-9430'; dry, lap, mcf, pjw, plg, ppf,
shb
Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe var. chrysocarpa (3) CF; 7350-7770'; rip
Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. (17) CF, TA; 7840-12540'; alp, mcf, pjw, rip, sbg,
scf, shb
{Potentilla fruticosa L.}
Drymocallis fissa (Nutt.) Rydb. (1) CF; 7890'; shb
{Potentilla fissa Nutt.}
Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr. (2) CF; 6380-6470'; min, plg
Fragaria vesca L. (14) CF, LA; 6890-9230'; mcf, ppf, rip, shb
Fragaria virginiana Mill. (23) CF, CS, TA; 7510-12010'; alp, asp, dis, mcf, rds, rip,
sbg, scf
Geum aleppicum Jacq. (2) CF, LA; 7380-8510'; lap, rip
Geum macrophyllum Willd. var. perincisum (Rydb.) Raup (14) CF, CS, TA; 811011470'; lap, mcf, rip, sbg, scf
Geum rivale L. (3) TA; 9830-10620'; lap
Geum rossii (R. Br.) Ser. var. turbinatum (Rydb.) C. L. Hitchc. (7) CS, TA; 1165012930'; alp, rip
Geum triflorum Pursh var. triflorum (3) CF, TA; 9490-10270'; sbg
Holodiscus dumosus (Nutt. ex Hook.) A. Heller (3) CF, TA; 9430-11080'; rds, scf,
shb
Malus pumila Mill. (1) CF; 7190'; rds
[This collection was obtained along a gravel road shoulder in a small canyon
where apparently naturally established. No evidence of old homesteads were
observed in the immediate area.]
Physocarpus monogynus (Torr.) J. M. Coult. (9) CF; 6650-10700'; mcf, pjw, rip, scf,
shb
Potentilla anserina L. (19) CF; 6210-9620'; agr, lap, mtg, rds, rip
Potentilla concinna Richardson var. bicrenata (Rydb.) S. L. Welsh & B. C. Johnst.
(3) CF, LA; 7140-7980'; mcf, mtg, rip
Potentilla concinna Richardson var. concinna (10) CF, CS, TA; 7930-12930'; alp,
mcf, mtg, ppf, rds, shb
Potentilla diversifolia Lehm. var. diversifolia (8) CS, TA; 10320-12930'; alp, rds,
sbg, scf
Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. var. elmeri (Rydb.) Jeps. (1) LA; 7380'; mtg
Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. var. fastigiata (Nutt.) S. Watson (9) CF, CS,
TA; 7590-11620'; lap, mcf, rds, sbg, scf, shb
{Potentilla gracilis Dougl. var. glabrata (Lehm.) Hitchc.}
Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. var. pulcherrima (Lehm.) Fernald (9) CF, TA;
6970-12230'; alp, dis, mcf, rip, sbg
Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. var. pulcherrima (Lehm.) Fernald × Potentilla
hippiana Lehm. (1) TA; 10320'; sbg
Potentilla hippiana Lehm. (17) CF, LA, TA; 7190-11610'; agr, dry, mtg, ppf, rip,
sbg, shb
Potentilla nivea L. (1) TA; 12330'; alp
151
Potentilla norvegica L. (8) CF, LA; 6330-8310'; lap, rds, rip
Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. (1) CF; 6380'; lap
Potentilla pensylvanica L. (15) CF, LA, TA; 6950-11550'; agr, min, mtg, pjw, ppf,
rip, sbg, scf
Potentilla plattensis Nutt. (9) CF, TA; 9490-10320'; dis, lap, sbg, scf
Potentilla rivalis Nutt. (1) CF; 8720'; lap
Potentilla subjuga Rydb. (3) TA; 11490-12230'; alp, scf
Prunus americana Marshall (7) CF, LA; 5970-7510'; agr, pjw, rip, shb
♦ Prunus armeniaca L. (1) CF; 6520'; pjw
[One sterile tree found along a roadside near the abandoned mining town of
Koehler. This tree does not appear to have been planted.]
♦ Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (1) CF; 6810'; rds
[A single fruiting tree was found on the shoulder of Hwy 555 where it
crosses the Canadian River. The location suggests the tree was established
from a discarded pit.]
Prunus virginiana L. var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr. (4) CF; 6520-7930'; mtg, pjw, shb
Prunus virginiana L. var. melanocarpa (A. Nelson) Sarg. (18) CF, LA; 6250-9360';
agr, dry, mcf, mtg, pjw, plg, rip, shb
Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC. (1) CF; 7930'; min
[This collection came from a single small shrub growing on revegetated coal
mine spoils; the species otherwise was not recorded from the ranch.]
Rosa arkansana Porter var. arkansana (2) CF; 7190-8080'; ppf
Rosa arkansana Porter var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell (3) CF, LA; 7560-7990'; pjw,
ppf, shb
♦! Rosa canina L. (1) CF; 7930'; min
[A single large fruiting shrub found on the edge of revegetated coal mine
spoils; apparently adventive.]
Rosa nutkana C. Presl var. hispida Fernald (5) CF, TA; 6870-11080'; asp, mcf, rds,
scf
Rosa sayi Schwein. (4) CF, TA; 7030-10980'; mcf, scf, shb
Rosa woodsii Lindl. var. ultramontana (S. Watson) Jeps. (3) CF; 6700-8970'; asp,
lap, shb
Rosa woodsii Lindl. var. woodsii (5) CF; 5960-7890'; dry, mcf, min, plg, shb
Rubus deliciosus Torr. (1) CF; 6650'; rip
Rubus idaeus L. var. aculeatissimus Regel & Tiling (12) CF, TA; 6700-11740'; alp,
mcf, ppf, rds, rip, sbg, scf, shb
{Rubus idaeus L. var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim.}
Rubus neomexicanus A. Gray (2) CF; 7000-7030'; shb
Sibbaldia procumbens L. (8) CS, TA; 10320-12930'; alp, rip, sbg, scf
♦× Spiraea ×vanhouttei (Briot) Zabel (1) CF; 6460'; dis
[Collected around old home sites in the abandoned mining town of Koehler,
where planted and apparently persisting and spreading locally.]
Rubiaceae
Galium boreale L. (11) CF, LA; 7380-9140'; dry, mcf, min, mtg, rip, sbg, shb
Galium mexicanum Kunth var. asperrimum (A. Gray) L. C. Higgins & S. L. Welsh
(4) CF, LA; 6890-7450'; mcf, mtg, shb
152
Galium trifidum L. var. subbiflorum Wiegand (3) CF, TA; 9710-9800'; lap, rip, scf
Ruppiaceae
Ruppia cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande (1) CF; 6080'; rip
Salicaceae
× Populus ×acuminata Rydb. (5) CF; 6460-7500'; dis, mtg, rip
Populus angustifolia E. James (18) CF, LA; 6600-8630'; min, rip
Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall var. occidentalis Rydb. (1) CF; 6610';
mtg
Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall var. wislizenii (S. Watson) Dorn (8) CF;
5850-7060'; dry, rip
Populus tremuloides Michx. (21) CF, LA, TA; 7290-11080'; asp, mcf, ppf, rds, rip,
sbg, scf, shb
Salix amygdaloides Andersson (10) CF; 6080-7860'; agr, lap, mtg, rip
Salix arctica Pall. var. petraea (Andersson) Bebb (2) TA; 11650-12380'; alp
Salix bebbiana Sarg. (5) CF; 7370-9560'; lap, rip, sbg
Salix boothii Dorn (1) CF; 8540'; rip
Salix brachycarpa Nutt. var. brachycarpa (2) CS; 11310-11820'; alp, scf
Salix eriocephala Michx. var. ligulifolia (C. R. Ball) Dorn (1) CF; 7660'; rip
Salix exigua Nutt. ssp. exigua (16) CF, LA; 5860-8450'; lap, min, mtg, plg, rip
Salix irrorata Andersson (2) CF; 7510-7660'; rip
Salix lasiandra Benth. var. lasiandra (3) CF; 7560-8960'; lap, rip
Salix planifolia Pursh (2) TA; 11880-12170'; alp
Salix reticulata L. var. nana Andersson (5) TA; 11650-12460'; alp, rip
{Salix reticulata L. ssp. nivalis (Hook.) A. & D. Löve & Kapoor}
Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook. (4) CF; 7290-10910'; mcf, scf
Santalaceae
Arceuthobium douglasii Engelm. (10) CF; 6980-9210'; mcf, scf, shb
Arceuthobium vaginatum (Willd.) J. Presl var. cryptopodium (Engelm.) Cronquist (8)
CF, LA; 7650-9110'; mcf, ppf, sbg
Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. var. pallida (A. DC.) M. E. Jones (8) CF; 63309750'; mtg, pjw, plg, sbg, shb
Phoradendron juniperinum Engelm. ex A. Gray (8) CF; 6380-7860'; min, pjw, plg
Sapindaceae
Acer glabrum Torr. var. glabrum (14) CF, LA; 7140-9080'; mcf, rds, rip, shb
[Several collections from the ranch fit var. neomexicanum (Greene) Kearney
& Peebles; however, this variety fully intergrades with var. glabrum and does
not appear to warrant taxonomic distinction.]
Acer negundo L. var. interius (Britton) Sarg. (3) CF; 6200-6860'; dry, rip
Acer negundo L. var. negundo (1) CF; 6720'; agr
Saxifragaceae
Heuchera parvifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray (19) CF, CS, TA; 6650-12540'; alp,
mcf, pjw, rip, sbg, scf, shb
Saxifraga bronchialis L. var. austromontana (Wiegand) Piper ex G. N. Jones (10)
CF, TA; 8970-12540'; alp, mcf, sbg, scf
○ Saxifraga cernua L. (3) TA; 12330-12610'; alp
Saxifraga cespitosa L. var. delicatula (Small) Engl. & Irmsch. (2) TA; 12330153
12530'; alp
Saxifraga flagellaris Willd. ex Sternb. var. crandallii (Gand.) Dorn (4) TA; 1223012930'; alp
Saxifraga hirculus L. (1) CF; 10880'; lap
[First documented in New Mexico by Keller (2006) from ―a marshy wetland
just east of Little Costilla Creek,‖ apparently the same general location as the
specimen listed here.]
Saxifraga odontoloma Piper (6) CF, CS, TA; 9540-11750'; rip, scf
Saxifraga rhomboidea Greene (11) CF, CS, TA; 8420-12930'; alp, mcf, sbg, scf
Saxifraga rivularis L. var. debilis (Engelm. ex A. Gray) Dorn (4) CS, TA; 1078012530'; alp, rip, scf
{Saxifraga debilis Engelm.}
Saxifraga serpyllifolia Pursh var. chrysantha (A. Gray) Dorn (1) TA; 12530'; alp
{Saxifraga chrysantha A. Gray}
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh (4) CF, LA; 7380-7870'; mtg, rip, shb
♦■ Verbascum thapsus L. (13) CF, LA; 6470-8390'; min, mtg, ppf, rds, rip
Solanaceae
Chamaesaracha coronopus (Dunal) A. Gray (1) CF; 6470'; plg
♦ Lycium barbarum L. (2) CF; 6460-7510'; agr, dis
Lycium pallidum Miers (5) CF; 5910-6600'; pjw, plg, rip
Physalis hederifolia A. Gray var. comata (Rydb.) Waterf. (3) CF; 5900-6380'; plg
Physalis hederifolia A. Gray var. fendleri (A. Gray) Cronquist (1) LA; 7430'; pjw
Physalis longifolia Nutt. (7) CF; 5850-6630'; agr, lap, plg, rds, rip
Physalis subulata Rydb. var. neomexicana (Rydb.) Waterf. ex Kartesz & Gandhi (8)
CF, LA; 6380-7260'; agr, dry, min, mtg, pjw, rds, rip
{Physalis foetens Poir. var. neomexicana (Rydb.) Waterf. ex Kartesz &
Gandhi}
Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf. (5) CF; 5910-6470'; lap, plg, rds
Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. (1) CF; 6380'; agr
Solanum heterodoxum Dunal var. novomexicanum Bartlett (3) CF; 5970-6380'; lap,
plg, rds
Solanum jamesii Torr. (5) CF; 6470-7310'; pjw
♦ Solanum physalifolium Rusby (2) CF; 6970-7870'; rds, rip
{Solanum sarrachoides Sendt.}
♦ Solanum triflorum Nutt. (3) CF, LA; 7240-8110'; dis, mtg, rds
Tamaricaceae
♦□■ Tamarix chinensis Lour. (13) CF; 5860-7430'; dry, lap, min, plg, rip
Typhaceae
Sparganium emersum Rehmann (4) CF, TA; 7560-10060'; lap
Typha domingensis Pers. (5) CF; 6080-6930'; lap, rip
× Typha domingensis Pers. × Typha latifolia L. (1) CF; 6380'; lap
[Hybrid status inferred from morphology. Putative parent species and hybrid
were collected from the same location.]
Typha latifolia L. (3) CF; 6380-8700'; lap
Ulmaceae
154
♦□ Ulmus pumila L. (9) CF; 5870-7020'; agr, dis, dry, mtg, plg, rds, rip
Urticaceae
Urtica dioica L. var. procera (Muhl. ex Willd.) Wedd. (12) CF, LA, TA; 633010170'; dis, lap, mcf, mtg, rip, sbg
{Urtica dioica L. ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland.}
Verbenaceae
Glandularia bipinnatifida (Nutt.) Nutt. var. bipinnatifida (7) CF; 5860-6360'; lap,
plg, rip
Phyla cuneifolia (Torr.) Greene (3) CF; 5970-6240'; lap, plg, rip
Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. (19) CF, LA; 5960-8760'; dis, dry, lap, min, plg,
ppf, rds, rip
Verbena macdougalii A. Heller (26) CF, LA; 6360-9140'; dis, dry, mcf, min, mtg,
plg, ppf, rds, rip, sbg
Verbena plicata Greene (1) CF; 6470'; plg
Violaceae
Viola adunca Sm. (8) CF, CS, TA; 9970-12170'; alp, rds, sbg, scf
Viola canadensis L. (9) CF, LA; 6890-10140'; asp, mcf, rip, shb
Viola macloskeyi Lloyd var. pallens (Banks ex DC.) C. L. Hitchc. (1) TA; 9770'; scf
Viola nephrophylla Greene (7) CF, TA; 7660-9770'; lap, rip, scf
Viola nuttallii Pursh (1) LA; 7190'; shb
● Viola pedatifida G. Don (22) CF, LA; 7110-8160'; asp, mcf, mtg, ppf, rip, shb
Vitaceae
Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) Hitchc. (7) CF; 5900-7010'; agr, plg, rip, shb
Zygophyllaceae
♦■ Tribulus terrestris L. (1) CF; 6450-6450'
155
CHAPTER VI
DISCUSSION
Floristic Comparisons
Comparisons with other floristic inventories provide a means of determining the
floristic affinities of the ranch relative to other areas of the Rocky Mountains.
Comparisons were performed here using two simple measures of similarity, Sørensen’s
Index (Sørensen 1948; Zuur et al. 2007) and Jaccard’s Index (Jaccard 1912; Real and
Vargas 1996). These can be used for pair-wise comparisons between two areas or
samples, A and B. Expressed as a percentage, a value of 100 indicates that both areas
have all species in common, while zero indicates no species are shared. Thus, a higher
value indicates a higher floristic similarity. Both measures are sensitive to the relative
sizes of the samples being compared and do not account for species abundances.
Sørensen’s Index (often misspelled Sørenson) measures the percentage of taxa
common to both areas relative to the mean number of taxa in the two areas. It can be
calculated as:
QS = 2c/(a + b + 2c) * 100
Where a = the number of species unique to area A, b = the number of species unique to
area B, and c = the number species common to both areas A and B.
Jaccard’s Index expresses the percentage of taxa common to both areas relative to
the total number. It gives less weight to the taxa in common than does Sørensen’s Index
(Zuur et al. 2007). Jaccard’s Index can be calculated as follows, with a, b, and c as
previously defined:
QS = c/(a + b + c) * 100
156
These two indices were used to determine the relative floristic similarity between
Vermejo Park Ranch and five adjacent floristic inventories conducted through the RM
(Table 14). These inventories used similar methodologies and a shared nomenclature.
Thus, direct comparisons are valid. The first four listed (Elliott 2000; Reif 2006; Larson
2008; Hartman, unpubl., summer 1968) show comparable levels of similarity; these four
lie within the Southern Rockies, as does the ranch. Furthermore, the first three directly
border the ranch. The fifth inventory (Kuhn 2009) lies within the western Great Plains.
Correspondingly, it shows a much lower similarity despite its geographic proximity.
Table 14. Pair-wise comparisons of floristic similarity between Vermejo Park Ranch and
adjacent floristic inventories using Sørensen’s Index and Jaccard’s Index. The study areas
of Elliott (2000), Larson (2008), and Hartman (unpubl.) share a border with the ranch.
Floristic Inventory
San Isabel and Rio Grande Nat. Forests, CO (Elliott 2000)
Carson Nat. Forest and Vicinity, NM (Larson 2008)
Philmont Scout Ranch, NM (Hartman, unpubl.)
Santa Fe Nat. Forest and Vicinity, NM (Reif 2006)
Comanche/Cimarron Nat. Grasslands, CO/KS (Kuhn 2009)
Sørensen’s
58.7
57.5
56.8
55.7
30.5
Jaccard’s
41.5
40.4
39.3
38.6
18.0
Sørensen’s Index was further applied to determine the relative floristic similarity
between the ranch and fifty-one other floristic inventories from the Rockies (Figure 17).
From this larger comparison, it is apparent that the ranch is most similar to adjacent areas
of New Mexico and southern Colorado, followed by the Front Range and other
mountains of Colorado. Areas in the Great Plains show lower similarity, as do areas
farther north in Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.
157
Figure 17. Comparison of the floristic similarity between the ranch and other floristic
inventories from the Rockies through the RM using Sørensen’s Index. Each shaded area
represents a floristic inventory. Darker shading indicates a greater floristic similarity to
the ranch. The most similar inventories are in adjacent areas of New Mexico and southern
Colorado.
158
Species Richness and Inventory Completeness
A primary goal of this inventory was to document as many species as possible on
the ranch. Because it is not feasible to fully document a flora (Rosenzweig et al. 2003), it
is useful to estimate the true species richness and the completeness of an inventory. This
can be done using a species accumulation curve, also called a collector’s curve, which
depicts the total number of taxa documented after a given amount of collecting effort
(Colwell and Coddington 1994). Effort can be defined as the number of days in the field,
the number of sites visited, or the number of collections made. Figure 18 shows a species
accumulation curve for the ranch, with sampling effort given as the number of
consecutive days in the field. As expected, this curve shows a rapid initial rate of
accumulation followed by a gradual decline as sampling effort increases and fewer
species remain undocumented. With further effort, the curve can be expected to approach
an asymptote reflecting the actual species richness of the area. In Figure 18 it is apparent
that this asymptote has not been reached, indicating that additional undocumented species
are present on the ranch. What is not readily apparent is the number of undocumented
taxa that remain.
A variety of equations have been developed to extrapolate species accumulation
curves and estimate the actual species richness of an area (Colwell and Coddington 1994;
Turner et al. 2000). These generally are applied to a randomization of the species
accumulation curve and are fitted using non-linear regression. Randomization
compensates for sampling heterogeneity due to the order in which samples are added
(Colwell and Coddington 1994). Such sampling heterogeneity is apparent in Figure 18,
159
which shows different patterns of accumulation on the ranch between 2008 and 2009.
Further elimination of sampling heterogeneity can be achieved by averaging an infinite
number of randomizations to produce a smooth curve representing the expected
accumulation of species in the absence of sampling bias or error (Figure 19).
Figure 18. Species accumulation curve for the ranch, showing the cumulative number of
taxa collected after each consecutive day in the field. Unnamed hybrids are excluded
from the counts. The drop in accumulations in May and June of 2008 is likely a result of
drought conditions. The continued accumulation in late 2008 and 2009 indicates that
undocumented taxa remain.
160
Figure 19. Randomization of the species accumulation curve to reduce heterogeneity
caused by sampling bias. The original curve from Figure 18 is shown in gray.
Superimposed is a curve generated from a single randomization of the data (black line)
and the expected curve obtained by averaging an infinite number of randomizations
(dotted black line). Expected curve generated with EstimateS (Colwell 2005).
The software WS2M (Turner et. al 2000) was used to fit a variety of equations to
randomizations of the species accumulation curve for the ranch to obtain estimates of
actual species richness (Figure 20). Using the full sampling effort of 146 field days, these
estimates vary from 1,205 to 1,499 taxa with a mean of 1,356. It is apparent in Figure 20
that the lower of these estimates have not yet reached a stable value, thus suggesting they
under predict richness. Of the higher estimates, the F3 and F5 equations (see Rosenzweig
et al. 2003 for details) are favored because they rapidly approach an asymptote that has
161
been shown to closely match true species richness (Rosenzweig et al. 2003; Beck and
Kitching 2007). The F3 equation predicts 1,422 taxa (confidence interval of 1,114-1,730),
an increase of 324 over the 1,098 (excluding unnamed hybrids) documented from the
ranch. The F5 equation estimate is similar, although it overpredicts with low sampling
effort.
Results from the F3 equation suggest that about 77% of the actual species
richness was documented from the ranch. Clearly, further collecting effort is justified.
However, this percentage may be an underestimate of completeness due to a focus on
collecting undocumented taxa in the latter half of the survey and seasonal patterns of
precipitation that created an upward bias in the accumulation rate, possibly causing the
equations to overshoot the asymptote and thus overpredict total species richness. If
sampling procedures had been uniform between each field season, with all species
collected at all sites, the actual accumulation curve may have leveled more quickly,
leading to a lower estimate of species richness and a higher, more correct, estimate of
completeness.
Similar estimates (data not shown) were calculated for forty-nine other floristic
inventories conducted through the RM using these equations (63-90%, with a mean of
79%). These percentages were compared against several indicators of collecting effort,
including the number of days in the field, number of sites visited, and number of
collections per square mile. Surprisingly, no correlations were found. In particular,
completeness did not increase as collection density increased. Further analyses are
warranted.
162
Figure 20. Estimates of species richness for the ranch using a range of equations (dotted
lines). The F3 and F5 equations are highlighted (thick dotted lines). Each point along a
dotted line depicts the total species richness predicted by the equation for the amount of
sampling effort indicated by the corresponding point on the x-axis. As sampling effort
increases the predictions converge toward the true species richness. Also shown is the
actual species accumulation curve (solid black line). Estimates were generated with
WS2M (Turner et al. 2000).
163
CHAPTER VII
CONCLUSIONS
The 1,112 unique taxa documented by 7,503 collections during this inventory
represent a substantial increase in our knowledge of the region’s flora. With 8.2
collections per square mile, the ranch is now among the most intensively surveyed areas
in the Rockies. The data gathered will be of use to researchers, government agencies, and
land managers. It will also provide a baseline for biodiversity studies and assessing
changes in the flora over time.
However, much remains to be done. Additional surveys on the ranch will likely
add more species to the flora. Furthermore, the 26 state records reported here, combined
with numerous other records added to the state in recent years, indicates that a large
percentage of New Mexico’s vascular plant biodiversity remains undocumented. This is
not to mention the many, often unreported, range extensions and county records.
The discovery of two species new to science is of particular interest, although not
too surprising given the paucity of prior collecting effort on the ranch and the rate at
which novelties continue to be found in North America. The discovery of the Phlox was
simply a result of being the first to botanize the area where it occurs. In contrast, the
Botrychium was uncovered only through targeted searches for the genus. Without these
searches it would have remained undetected.
The system described here for digital data collection in the field is offered as a
way to increase the geospatial accuracy and information content associated with
herbarium specimens, thereby increasing their utility to researchers.
164
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