Grazing systems in Spain
M.R. Mosquera-Losada1, A. González-Rodríguez2, C. Dupraz3, A.
Rigueiro-Rodríguez1
1
University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Research Centre of Mabegondo, Spain
3 INRA, Montpellier, France
2Agrarian
1
Grazing systems in Spain
INTRODUCTION
DAIRY PRODUCTION IN SPAIN
REDUCING CONCENTRATE USE
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
CONCLUSIONS
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
2
Grazing systems in Spain
Climate
Humid Oceanic
- Mild Winter
- Cool Summer
Mediterranean
- Mildness Winter
- Dryness Summer
European Biogeographic Regions
Habitat Directive. EU
Boreal Region
Atlantic Region
Continental Region
Alpine Region
Mediterranean Area
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
3
Grazing systems in Spain
150
300
250
100
150
300
50
0
E F M A M J J A S O N D
Month
250
100
200
T (ªC)
0
150
50
P(mm)
150
50
P(mm)
200
T (ªC)
100
100
50
0
0
E F M A M J J A S O N D
Meses
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
4
Grazing systems in Spain
INTRODUCTION
DAIRY PRODUCTION IN SPAIN
REDUCING CONCENTRATE USE
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
CONCLUSIONS
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
5
Grazing systems in Spain
150
300
250
150
50
P(mm)
200
T (ªC)
100
100
50
0
0
E F M A M J J A S O N D
Month
2.500.000
GALICIA
litres x 1000
2.000.000
Dairy Milk Production
1.500.000
1.000.000
ASTURIAS
CANTABRIA
500.000
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Andalucía
Year
Asturias (Principado de)
Canarias
Castilla y León
Cataluña
Extremadura
M adrid (Comunidad de)
Navarra (Comunidad Foral de)
2006
2007
2008
2009
VASQUE COUNTRY
Aragón
Balears (Illes)
Cantabria
Castilla-La M ancha
Comunitat Valenciana
Galicia
M urcia (Región de)
País Vasco
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
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Grazing systems in Spain
SPAIN
Num ber of BOVINE farms
GALICIA
45
Dairy cows
40
35
Number(X 1000)
1.400
number x 1000
1.200
1.000
800
30
25
20
15
600
10
400
5
dairy
meat
0
200
2003
2005
0
2007
Year
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Year
Num ber of BOVINE cow s
GALICIA
Meat cows
400
6.800
6.400
Number (X 1000)
number x 1000
6.600
6.200
6.000
5.800
5.600
dairy
meat
315
5.400
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Year
230
2003
2005
2007
Year
7
Grazing systems in Spain
BOVINE FARMS
Number of farms
Number of cow s
800
100
700
50
0
N u m b er o f a n im als (x
1 000 )
N u m b er o f farm s
150
50163 farms
623965 an
600
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2007
YEAR
• Increase number of animals/farm
• Profitability
• Intensification
Sixties-Seventies
300000 farms (+6)
1.030.577 animals (65 %)
8
Grazing systems in Spain
Innovations
•
System
•
Soil fertility
•
Sown
•
Management
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
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Grazing systems in Spain
Innovations
System:
Intensification
* Use of silage replacing hay: maize silage
* Use of concentrates (protein resource): enriched mixtures but also red
clover grazing
Soil fertility
Sown
Management
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
10
Grazing systems in Spain
Innovations
System:
Soil fertility
* Use of fertilizers
N:Type (urea vs nitramon)
Date (early vs late)
Dose
P: deficiencies vs excess
Organic fertilizers
Sown
Management
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
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Grazing systems in Spain
Innovations
System:
Soil fertility
Sown
* Crop rotations: rye + maize
* Legumes and grasses varieties
Management
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
12
Grazing systems in Spain
Innovations
System:
150
300
250
Soil fertility
150
50
P(mm)
200
T (ªC)
100
100
50
0
Sown
0
E F M A M J J A S O N D
Month
150
300
250
200
150
50
P(mm)
100
T (ªC)
Management
* Silage: grass vs maize
* System: rot vs cont
* Stocking rate
* Grazing:
Residual and offer grazing height
First grazing period
100
50
0
0
E F M A M J J A S O N D
Meses
INNOVATIONS: REDUCING CONCENTRATE USE AS FEEDING ANIMALS
REPRESENTS THE 60-70% OF PRODUCTION COSTS
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
13
Grazing systems in Spain
INTRODUCTION
DAIRY PRODUCTION IN SPAIN
REDUCING CONCENTRATE USE
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
CONCLUSIONS
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
14
Grazing systems in Spain
REDUCING ANIMAL PRODUCTION COSTS: agroforestry systems
Transhumance:
High altitude areas
Tree low density areas
SHEEP CARRIED TO ALPS
FROM MEDITERRANEAN AREAS
Forage trees or shrubs:
Leaves and branches:
Morus alba
Robinia pseudoacacia
Fraxinus excelsior
Betula alba
Fruits:
Acorns
Uncomercial chesnut fruits
ASSOCIATION CLOVER + SHRUBS
WINTER
SUMMER
Reduce climate change future impacts
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
15
CROPS IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS MAY BE LESS
SENSITIVE TO CLIMATE CHANGE HAZARDS
16
Land
Equivalent
Ratio
1.2 to 1.6
Poplars-winter cereals
14 year cycle
17
Grazing systems in Spain
18
Grazing systems in Spain
INTRODUCTION
DAIRY PRODUCTION IN SPAIN
REDUCING CONCENTRATE USE
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
CONCLUSIONS
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
19
Grazing systems in Spain
Nutrient
Nutrient Contamination
RIVERS
Secuestro de Carbono
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
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Grazing systems in Spain
Animal Manure
2000
(3.5 cows/ha) 25 mg/l N-NO3 (10 month)
60% forestry area
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
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Agroforestry
Forestry
DEEP ROOTS : NITRATE AND PESTICIDE LEACHING REDUCED
22
Deep roots ecosystem services
23
Strong reduction of Nitrogen transfers to
water tables
Average nitrate leaching
Site : Restinclières,
Prades Le Lez,
France
Agroforestry
Agriculture
Forestry
24
Grazing systems in Spain
+ shade
+ light
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
25
Grazing systems in Spain
FRAGMENTED HABITAT
AGROFORETRY SYSTEMS
CORRIDORS
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
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Grazing systems in Spain
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
Dupraz et al 2011
27
Product and Protect
28
Grazing systems in Spain
Edges,
Tree groups, Alley cropping
Interaction in separate lands
SOWN FIREBREAKS
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
29
Grazing systems in Spain
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
30
Grazing systems in Spain
INTRODUCTION
DAIRY PRODUCTION IN SPAIN
REDUCING CONCENTRATE USE
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
CONCLUSIONS
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
31
Agroforestry could help to solve some of the
future problems of intensive dairy systems
through:
– Increasing combined production
– Reducing environmental problems
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• Thanks at all
mrosa.mosquera.losada@usc.es
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