( , , , . , / $ ! % & ' %( "# /, 0 , 1 , ) )**+ , , Take subtrees of the recursion tree (breath first) and automatically perform them on connected machines in usual fashion (depth first). .2 3 5 6% & 4789:6 1 1 4788+6 ; < 1 &478896 = 1 478896 ! 1 5 4788:6 % > &4)**06 "# 2 . ! 5!< !.. 4)**+6 %%% )**+ , 4 recursion tree single machine - connected machines (LAN and/or Web) 0 )**+ + $ 5 , " A , > 2 4 6 , , , B , 6 , , , 4@ , 4 ,) 5G H (1G5 5G 5G H1 I I G5 HJJG5 6 ( 4 , %C D Aimplements SerializableB% D , 4 6 , 2 , , , K D , 4 4 , 6% 6% % % , D D , , , , % = D& % , D 6 E7 4 ? )**+ 6 % F )**+ D = , , 4 3 6 D L ; , , , , 4 A , , , / / %% , % D % > ,) , D L 1 4 6 , 5G , 0 2 , 6% - D ( % 4 1 D H G5 %%% D > , , %%% B6 , % 4)*G M ( , 4 NE / , J& J( 6 6 . /, , O . , , )* , / D , , , , 2 , &Adata transfer time’ < ‘CPU-timeB , /, , , , D , , 4 B , 3 , 6 M , , A )**+ , % , ,, B% 8 . /, , , (4 )6 2 4 E7 " K " P , !2 / , 4 . , A , = 6D 1 % B $ 7% , 6 %%%% D & , , , D 7 ) %%%% , 6 Q )*G4 4@ )% . 0% !2 , , 6% , M , D( , (, 1 ' M (4 06 4 % %/ % 0986 D L )**+ , ,B , , 4) @ 7R )6 7) Data partition/full fanout (Goldbach) and recursive decent (Hamiltonian) problems compared with IDEAL: T1 / (#machines - 1) & 6 4S " , @) 1 L = )* , , 0 8 0)6 3000 Hamiltonian ,D 2500 IDEAL % Goldbach 2-1300000 2000 ,B , , D = 7R ) @ @ ) + F %%% 70***** , = %1 Seconds L , , $ 1000 M 1 , & (( 1500 4 , 54S 6D , 500 76 0 S 1 2 4 8 16 32 # Worker machines 70 )**+ & & 6 . M 79 ,/ , , Number of parameter sets handled by each Worker machine - 24 equal machines 100 92 91 89 90 80 17 cities w ith local cutoff 70 Seconds 8000 # parametersets 10000 Homgen. machines Heterogen. machines 6000 60 50 40 30 25 4000 20 16 12 2000 14 14 12 8 4 7 5 6 14 15 7 12 13 13 22 23 24 9 8 3 2 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 1 35 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Worker machine number # m achine s )**+ 13 12 10 7? 16 17 18 19 20 21 & & & 6 , 4 , %! B , $ M M , M 6 79 )**+ 4 2 6@ @ , 2 ( A B M 6 4 ! ,/ , ! , , @ 7*** , M iD i-1 , , , i k 4 k K 6 M $ 1 , (4 6 , G@ % 2 , )**+ , D D (4 6 D (4 )6 78 % )**+ )* Improving performance of STEP/EXPRESS (A. Næss) – handcoded, not ‘pure’ PRP . ! 5!< !.. !" &; " D. & "LT &D. & "LT /=! !I H D 4&U 7VE@ WW "$&U 7VN@ W K W 6( 4&U 7VE@ WW "$&U 7VN@ W XW 6T !"$H!" &;T 2 , 4! 6 6 - 4 , 4 6 ! , , !" &;J 4 .'C ; !(J4 6T = D( & (" I !"$H!" &;T 6 , , , - " !" &; ! , , 4 , 1 '6 .'C ; !(J4 6T & " ! .! DJ J( = !"$H!" &;T = , T )) )**+ J 4+ C T , 7* ,:1 ' % . K D ) 0 M 7)) 6 5 % D ! 4! "# J , R D , 6D ! , , , 1' & 4 %%6 DJ% )**+ , , 4 , , , , - 6 )0 )**+ )+ 0 , C- 1 )**+ )**? Y D , K , planet-lab.org 1, D % % . , . , 4 , C 1S = (4 6 %"! 6 D$ 4 " 5 6 (4 K )**+ > % I , ' , )? )**+ 7%?6 , +? , , % )F