a PewResearchCenter project
CONFLICTING VIEWS IN A DIVIDED WORLD 2006
1615 L Street, NW, Suite 700
Washington, DC 20036
t 202.419.4350
f 202.419.4399
www.pewglobal.org
© The Pew Research Center
How Global Publics View: Muslim-Western Relations
Global Issues U.S. Role in the World Asian Rivalries
a PewResearchCenter project
a PewResearchCenter project
CONFLICTING
VIEWS IN A
DIVIDED WORLD
2006
How Global Publics View:
Muslim-Western Relations Global Issues U.S. Role in the World Asian Rivalries
1615 L Street, NW, Suite 700
Washington, DC 20036
t 202.419.4350
f 202.419.4399
www.pewglobal.org
a PewResearchCenter project
China
Egypt
France
Germany
Great Britain
India
Indonesia
Japan
Jordan
Nigeria
Pakistan
Russia
Spain
Turkey
United States
CONFLICTING
VIEWS IN A
DIVIDED WORLD
2006
How Global Publics View:
Muslim-Western Relations Global Issues
U.S. Role in the World Asian Rivalries
1615 L Street, NW, Suite 700
Washington, DC 20036
t 202.419.4350 • f 202.419.4399
www.pewglobal.org
This volume contains the following 2006 Pew Global Attitudes reports:
America’s Image Slips, But Allies Share U.S. Concerns Over Iran, Hamas
No Global Warming Alarm in the U.S., China
June 13, 2006
The Great Divide: How Westerners and Muslims View Each Other
Europe’s Muslims More Moderate
June 22, 2006
Muslims in Europe: Economic Worries Top Concerns About Religious and
Cultural Identity
Few Signs of Backlash From Western Europeans
July 6, 2006
Publics of Asian Powers Hold Negative Views of One Another
China’s Neighbors Worry About Its Growing Military Strength
September 21, 2006
Additional commentaries based on the 2006 survey can be found at pewglobal.org.
ii
FOREWORD
The Pew Global Attitudes Project begins its sixth year of conducting innovative survey research
abroad with a renewed commitment to continue providing independent and unbiased measures of
public attitudes.
Since its inception in 2001, more than 100,000 people in 50 countries have been interviewed in
Global Attitudes surveys. Together, these polls have produced 17 major reports by project staff
as well as thousands of news stories, analyses and data-driven commentaries.
The subjects of the surveys have been as timely and wide-ranging as the news itself:
globalization, terrorism, views on democracy, attitudes toward women, climate change, bird flu
as well as an in-depth look in 2006 at relations between the Muslim World and the West, a topic
that gained new urgency after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and has not receded in
importance.
The results have consistently made news and shaped policy. They stand as a unique resource for
journalists, policymakers and citizens seeking unbiased data to help them understand what unites
and divides people living in different countries and in different cultures.
These surveys have provided solid answers to basic questions about how ordinary people are
responding to the major developments that followed the end of the Cold War and the shock of
September 11. In important ways, these surveys have put a human face on the world by allowing
individuals to talk about their distinctive problems, their personal hopes and their own greatest
fears. As a consequence, the Global Attitudes Project has given ordinary citizens a strong public
voice on the issues that currently confront world leaders.
These studies attract attention in the media and among policymakers, evidence of the quality and
utility of the data. Members of the project team have testified about the survey findings to
Congress as well as briefed key officials in the State Department, foreign diplomats and their
staffs, and members of the intelligence community. In just the first month after its release, the
findings of the 2006 Global Attitudes Project were reported in more than 250 print and broadcast
news stories and opinion columns, including in-depth articles in the International Herald
Tribune, the project’s international newspaper partner, as well as in the Washington Post, New
York Times, Wall Street Journal, Los Angeles Times, Christian Science Monitor newspapers, the
Economist magazine and broadcasts on BBC, CNN, PBS and other major broadcast news
networks. More broadly, this notice by newsmakers reflects the special place that the Global
Attitudes Project has come to occupy as an honest broker of information and ideas.
iii
The project is co-chaired by former Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright and former Sen.
John Danforth of Missouri. Together with Andrew Kohut and his talented staff at the Pew
Research Center, they chart the course of the project. This project has been primarily funded by
the Pew Charitable Trusts with a supplemental grant from the William and Flora Hewlett
Foundation in 2002 to expand the study to include more poor countries, an area of particular
interest to Hewlett.
The world is constantly changing. And the Global Attitudes Project is committed to changing
with it by exploring new topics, seeking new partners and initiating richer conversations in new
corners of the world. But the mission remains the same as it was when Secretary Albright
described it in her introduction to the first Pew Global Attitudes report in 2002: To conduct
surveys of the highest professional quality that are “informative, thought provoking and useful”
to journalists, policymakers, scholars and the public in countries around the world.
iv
CONFLICTING VIEWS
IN A DIVIDED WORLD
2006
Table of Contents
Foreword ...................................................................................................................... iii
Introduction: 2006 Pew Global Attitudes Poll............................................................ vii
About the Pew Global Attitudes Project...................................................................... xi
America’s Image Slips, But Allies Share U.S. Concerns Over Iran, Hamas................ 1
The Great Divide: How Westerners And Muslims View Each Other ........................ 27
Muslims In Europe: Economic Worries Top Concerns About Religious And
Cultural Identity .......................................................................................................... 67
Publics Of Asian Powers Hold Negative Views Of One Another.............................. 85
Methodological Appendix .......................................................................................... 95
Topline Questionnaire................................................................................................T-1
v
vi
Introduction: 2006 Pew Global Attitudes Poll
The 2006 Global Attitudes survey is the seventh in an ongoing series of international polls
designed to provide journalists, policymakers, and the public with objective data on the issues
and trends shaping the world. Since its inception in 2001, the project has examined a range of
topics, including America’s image abroad, globalization, democracy, and terrorism. This year’s
study – conducted in the wake of the controversial cartoon portrayals of Muhammad, a major
terrorist attack in London and continuing bloodshed in Iraq and Afghanistan – explored the great
divide between the West and the Muslim World.
For the first time, the project also featured a comparative study of Muslims in Western Europe –
a previously ignored group that the survey suggests may be key to better relations between the
Islamic World and the West. It also included the third poll conducted by The Pew Global
Attitudes Project in China, a reflection of the project’s ongoing commitment to doing
groundbreaking work. A companion survey in Japan allowed Global Attitudes analysts to
explore the animosity that still exists between these two economic superpowers and traditional
adversaries. Surveys in India and Pakistan allowed analysts to examine relations between these
two historic enemies. A total of 16,710 adults in 15 countries were interviewed as part of the
2006 Global Attitudes survey.
The latest round of polls contained important but disquieting news for Americans. The global
image of the United States has not improved since it fell precipitously following the U.S.-led
invasion of Iraq. At the same time, support for the war on terrorism continues to erode – even
among close U.S. allies like Japan. In only two of the 15 countries surveyed – India and Russia –
do majorities currently support the U.S.-led campaign against terrorism.
The survey clearly identified the causes of this antipathy. The war in Iraq continues to drag down
opinions of the U.S. Majorities in 10 of 14 countries said the war in Iraq has made the world a
more dangerous place. Even in Great Britain, America’s most important ally, twice as many
Britons say the war has made the world more dangerous than say it has made the world safer.
These negative views are not directed merely toward U.S. policies or political leaders but also
toward the American people, a change in attitude first detected in an earlier Global Attitudes
survey. In Spain, for example, slightly more than a third (37%) feel favorably toward Americans,
down from 55% last year.
These disapproving opinions do not arise simply out of inattention or naïve anti-Americanism.
Instead, they are a reaction to U.S. foreign policy, especially the war in Iraq. News accounts of
U.S. prisoner abuses at Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo shape these negative views of the U.S.
vii
among our allies – particularly in Western Europe and Japan, where the publics are paying more
attention to news accounts of these abuses than are Americans.
The survey highlighted fundamental differences that divide Islam from the West. Westerners and
Muslims are sharply critical of one another – Westerners see Muslims as fanatical, violent, and
not tolerant. On the other side of this cultural divide, Muslims see Westerners as selfish,
immoral, and greedy – as well as violent and fanatical.
Muslim publics have an aggrieved view of the West – they blame U.S. and Western policies for
their lack of prosperity. Muslims feel more embittered toward the West and its people than those
in the West feel about Muslims.
The latest surveys also contained some hopeful news. Support for terrorism has declined among
many Muslim publics in recent years – especially in Jordan, Pakistan and Indonesia. But at the
same time, sizable minorities in major Muslim countries say suicide bombing is sometimes
justified. Even among Europe’s Muslims, one-in-seven feel suicide bombings against civilian
targets are defensible.
The survey also found fundamental disagreement between the West and Muslim publics that
could complicate current diplomatic initiatives. For example, large majorities of Muslims in the
Middle East view the election victory of the Hamas Party in Palestine as a positive development
– a view shared by relatively few Westerners.
Similarly, the surveys also found that neighboring Arab Sunni publics express comparatively
little worry about Iran developing a nuclear weapon. The disparity between these views and
those in countries outside the region suggest efforts by the United Nations to block Iran’s atomic
weapons program may be viewed as excessive or hostile by significant numbers of Sunnis in the
region. And despite growing concern over Iran’s nuclear ambitions, the U.S. presence in Iraq is
cited at least as often as Iran – and in many countries much more often – as a threat to world
peace. Even in Great Britain, Spain and Russia, the U.S. is seen as a bigger danger than Iran.
Broad skepticism fills the cultural divide between the West and the Muslim world. The survey
found that Westerners are wary of Muslim values. They also are less optimistic about prospects
for democracy in Muslim countries than Muslims. In some instances, these pessimistic views
may be more motivated by fears and suspicions than by facts. For example, Westerners see more
support for al Qaeda in the Muslim world than the survey found in Islamic countries.
viii
Muslims and Westerners also are deeply divided over how the other culture treats women. Each
side believes the other is not respectful of women. But the surveys of European Muslims also
suggest that they see the quality of life for Muslim women as being better in the West.
The surveys of European Muslims produced perhaps the most hopeful news. European Muslims
side with Islamic moderates, not fundamentalists, and the overwhelming majority reject extreme
tactics like suicide bombing as a way to win political objectives. These Muslims express more
temperate views of Westerners than those in the Middle East or Asia. A majority also express
favorable opinions of Christians and have less negative views of Jews. These surveys of
European Muslims were done in partnership with the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life.
But importantly, the surveys found that Islamic identity is strong among Europe’s Muslims.
Most self identify as Muslims, rather than with a European nationality. Still, Muslims in Europe
worry about their future, and they are more concerned about unemployment than cultural or
religious issues.
No single European point of view about the Muslim experience emerges from these surveys.
British Muslims are the most anxious; they express the most concern about the future and about
extremism – a finding that foreshadowed the foiled plot by Muslim terrorists in Great Britain to
bomb airliners bound for the United States.
Global Attitudes surveys in Asia raised fresh concerns about the fragile relationships that exist
between traditional rivals in this critical region. Roughly seven-in-ten Japanese express an
unfavorable view of China and an equal number of Chinese dislike Japan. Similarly, most
Indians have an unfavorable view of Pakistan and most Pakistanis hold negative views about
India.
The Chinese and Japanese publics also hold very different views of their common neighbor,
North Korea. Nearly all Japanese have a negative opinion of Kim Jong Il’s country, while in
China attitudes toward North Korea tend to be favorable. Majorities in both countries have a
positive opinion of South Korea, although a significant minority of Japanese sees the country in a
negative light.
Together, the 2006 surveys continued the tradition of the Pew Global Attitudes Project to engage
the world on significant issues by providing unbiased analyses of public opinion.
ix
x
About the Pew Global Attitudes Project
The Pew Global Attitudes Project is a series of worldwide public opinion surveys encompassing
a broad array of subjects ranging from people’s assessments of their own lives to their views
about the current state of the world and important issues of the day. The Pew Global Attitudes
Project is co-chaired by former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright, currently
principal, the Albright Group LLC, and by former Senator John C. Danforth, currently partner,
Bryan Cave LLP. The project is directed by Andrew Kohut, president of the Pew Research
Center, a nonpartisan “fact tank” in Washington, DC, that provides information on the issues,
attitudes and trends shaping America and the
world. The Pew Global Attitudes Project is
Pew Global Attitudes Project
Public Opinion Surveys
principally funded by The Pew Charitable
Trusts.
Sample
Interviews
Survey
Summer 2002
Since its inception in 2001, the Pew Global
Attitudes Project has surveyed more than
100,000 people in 50 countries. The project
has released 17 major reports, as well as
numerous commentaries and other releases, on
topics including attitudes towards the U.S. and
American foreign policy, globalization,
democratization, and terrorism.
44 Nations
38,263
November 2002
6 Nations
6,056
March 2003
9 Nations
5,520
21 Publics*
15,948
9 Nations
7,765
May 2005
17 Nations
17,766
Spring 2006
15 Nations
16,710
May 2003
March 2004
* Includes Palestinian Authority
About the 2006 Pew Global Attitudes Survey
Results for the 2006 survey are based on telephone and face-to-face interviews with 16,710
adults in 15 countries, including oversamples of Muslims in four European countries. The
surveys of European Muslims were conducted in partnership with the Pew Forum on Religion &
Public Life, another project of the Pew Research Center, which works to promote a deeper
understanding of issues at the intersection of religion and public affairs.
Interviewing was conducted during the Spring of 2006 under the direction of Princeton Survey
Research Associates International. All surveys are based on national samples except in China,
India, and Pakistan, where the samples were disproportionately or exclusively urban. See the
Methodological Appendix for more details about the survey.
xi
The following countries were included in the survey:
United States
France
Germany
Great Britain
Spain
Russia
Japan
China
Egypt
Indonesia
Jordan
Pakistan
Turkey
India
Nigeria
The project is led by Pew Research Center President Andrew Kohut. The Pew Global Attitudes
Project team includes Bruce Stokes, international economics columnist at the National Journal;
Mary McIntosh, president of Princeton Survey Research Associates International; and Wendy
Sherman, principal at The Albright Group LLC; as well as the Pew Research Center’s Richard
Wike, Elizabeth Mueller Gross, Rich Morin, Juliana Horowitz, Paul Taylor, Jodie T. Allen,
Carroll Doherty, Michael Dimock, and other Pew Research Center staff. The International
Herald Tribune, the project’s international newspaper partner, conducted interviews that were
included as part of the June 22, 2006 report.
For the 2006 survey, the project team consulted with survey and policy experts, regional and
academic experts, and policymakers. Their expertise provided tremendous guidance in shaping
the survey.
Findings from the project are also analyzed in America Against the World: How We Are
Different and Why We Are Disliked, a recent book by Andrew Kohut and Bruce Stokes,
published by Times Books.
xii
RELEASED: TUESDAY, JUNE 13, 2006, 2:00 PM EDT
No Global Warming Alarm in the U.S., China
AMERICA’S IMAGE SLIPS, BUT ALLIES SHARE U.S.
CONCERNS OVER IRAN, HAMAS
15-Nation Pew Global Attitudes Survey
1
2
No Global Warming Alarm in the U.S., China
AMERICA’S IMAGE SLIPS, BUT ALLIES SHARE U.S. CONCERNS
OVER IRAN, HAMAS
A
merica’s global image has again slipped and support for the war on terrorism has
declined even among close U.S. allies like Japan. The war in Iraq is a continuing drag
on opinions of the United States, not only in predominantly Muslim countries but in
Europe and Asia as well. And despite growing concern over Iran’s nuclear ambitions, the U.S.
presence in Iraq is cited at least as often as Iran – and in many countries much more often – as a
danger to world peace.
A year ago, anti-Americanism had shown some signs of abating, in part because of the
positive feelings generated by U.S. aid for tsunami victims in Indonesia and elsewhere. But
favorable opinions of the United States have
Favorable Opinions of the U.S.
fallen in most of the 15 countries surveyed.
Only about a quarter of the Spanish public
1999/
2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
(23%) expresses positive views of the U.S.,
%
%
%
%
%
%
Great Britain 83
75
70
58
55
56
down from 41% last year; America’s image
France
62
63
43
37
43
39
also has declined significantly in India (from
Germany
78
61
45
38
41
37
Spain
50
-38
-41
23
71% to 56%) and Indonesia (from 38% to
Russia
37
61
36
47
52
43
30%).
Yet the survey shows that Americans
and the publics of major U.S. allies share
common concerns, not only over the possible
nuclear threat posed by Iran but also over the
recent victory by the Hamas Party in
Palestinian elections. In contrast, the
predominantly Muslim populations surveyed
generally are less worried about both of these
developments.
Indonesia
Egypt
Pakistan
Jordan
Turkey
75
-23
-52
61
-10
25
30
15
-13
1
15
--21
5
30
38
-23
21
23
30
30
27
15
12
Nigeria
46
--
61
--
--
62
Japan
India
China
77
---
72
54
--
----
----
-71
42
63
56
47
1999/2000 survey trends provided by the Office of
Research, U.S. Department of State
Nearly half of Americans (46%) view the current government in Iran as a “great danger”
to stability in the Middle East and to world peace, up from 26% in 2003. Concern over Iran also
has risen sharply in Western Europe, especially Germany. Currently 51% of Germans see Iran as
a great danger to world peace, compared with just 18% three years ago.
3
Opposition to Iran developing nuclear
weapons is nearly unanimous in Germany, Japan,
France, and Great Britain, as well as in the U.S.
Opinion in predominantly Muslim countries varies
widely: solid majorities in Turkey (61%) and
Indonesia (59%) oppose Iran acquiring nuclear
weapons, but people in Egypt and Jordan are divided,
and most Pakistanis (52%) favor Iran acquiring
nuclear weapons. In addition, more people in major
industrialized nations than in Muslim countries
believe that Iran wants a nuclear program to develop
weapons, not nuclear energy.
Iran Acquiring Nuclear
Weapons?
Oppose
Favor
U.S.
92 3
Germany
97 3
Great Britain
89
5
France
92
7
Russia
82 11
Japan
95 4
China
52 18
India
59 25
Divisions between the West and Muslim
Nigeria
66 28
nations in opinions of the Hamas Party’s victory are
even wider. Fully 71% of Germans and 69% of the
Turkey
61 23
French feel the Hamas triumph will be bad for the
59 30
Indonesia
Palestinian people, among those who are aware of the
Egypt
42 44
issue. Somewhat fewer Americans (50%) express this
42 45
Jordan
Pakistan
15 52
view, although just 20% think the Hamas triumph
will be a good thing for the Palestinians. Among
major U.S. allies, only the British are divided on Hamas’
election – 34% say it will be bad, while 32% take a positive
Hamas Victory for the
Palestinian People…
view.
By contrast, large majorities in Pakistan (87%), Egypt
(76%), Jordan (68%), and Indonesia (61%) feel that the
Hamas Party victory will be good for the Palestinian people,
among those who had heard about the election. In addition,
the Muslim publics surveyed generally feel the Hamas
triumph will increase chances of a fair settlement of the
Mideast conflict – a view that is roundly rejected in the West.
The latest survey by the Pew Global Attitudes Project,
conducted among nearly 17,000 people in the United States
and 14 other nations from March 31-May 14, finds that the
U.S.-led war on terror draws majority support in just two
countries – India and Russia. In India, support for the U.S.-
4
Good Bad
%
%
United States 20
50
DK
%
30
Great Britain
Spain
France
Germany
32
28
24
11
34
47
69
71
34
25
7
17
Russia
24
32
44
Pakistan
Egypt
Jordan
Indonesia
Turkey
87
76
68
61
44
4
13
16
23
23
9
11
16
16
33
India
Nigeria
48
47
30
39
22
14
Based on those who heard about
Hamas victory in Palestinian elections
led war on terror has increased significantly over the past year – from 52% to 65% – even though
opinions of the U.S. have grown more negative over that period.
But in most other countries, support for the war on terror is either flat or has declined. In
Japan, barely a quarter of respondents (26%) now favor the U.S.-led war on terror, down from
61% in the summer of 2002. Only about four-in-ten Indonesians (39%) back the war on terror,
compared with 50% a year ago. And in Spain, the site of a devastating terrorist attack two years
ago, four times as many people oppose the war on terror as support it (76% vs. 19%).
The survey shows that the Iraq war continues to exact a toll on America’s overall image
and on support for the struggle against terrorism. Majorities in 10 of 14 foreign countries
surveyed say that the war in Iraq has made the world a more dangerous place. In Great Britain,
America’s most important ally in Iraq, 60% say the war has made the world more dangerous,
while just half that number (30%) feel it has made the world safer.
Moreover, even as concerns about Iran
have increased, somewhat more Britons believe
that the U.S. military presence in Iraq
represents a great danger to stability in the
Middle East and world peace than say that
about the current government in Iran (by 41%34%). In Spain, fully 56% say the U.S. military
presence in Iraq is a great danger to the stability
of the Middle East and world peace; just 38%
regard the current government in Iran in the
same way. Among America’s traditional allies,
Germany is the only country where more
people say Iran is a great danger than offer the
same view of the U.S. military presence in Iraq
(by 51%-40%).
Dangers to World Peace
IsraeliNorth Palestinian
Korea conflict
%
%
34
43
% saying
‘great danger’
U.S.
Iran
%
46
US in
Iraq
%
31
Great Britain
France
Germany
Spain
34
31
51
38
41
36
40
56
19
16
23
21
45
35
51
52
Russia
20
45
10
41
Indonesia
Egypt
Jordan
Turkey
Pakistan
7
14
19
16
4
31
56
58
60
28
4
14
18
6
8
33
68
67
42
22
Nigeria
15
25
11
27
Japan
India
China
29
8
22
29
15
31
46
6
11
40
13
27
Opinions about threats to global peace
also reflect regional concerns. While solid majorities in Jordan and Egypt see America’s
presence in Iraq as a great danger, even higher percentages in these countries view the IsraelPalestinian conflict as a great danger to regional stability and world peace. The Japanese are
particularly concerned about North Korea – 46% say the government there represents a great
danger to world peace. Those concerns are not shared nearly as much in China, which borders
North Korea; just 11% of Chinese feel that the current government in Pyongyang poses a great
danger to Asian stability and world peace.
5
International News Stories People Have -- and Have Not -- Heard About
The bird flu
disease
Global
warming
Iran nuclear
dispute
Abu Ghraib/
Guantanamo
abuses
Hamas
election
92
91
83
76
58
Germany
France
Britain
Spain
Russia
100
100
97
99
98
95
97
100
93
80
91
82
84
73
69
98
88
90
90
58
85
83
67
68
52
Jordan
Egypt
Turkey
Indones.
Pakistan
98
96
97
99
82
48
47
75
35
12
96
93
68
55
37
79
80
68
28
21
97
98
56
31
20
Nigeria
98
42
56
22
27
Japan
China
India
99
93
99
99
78
57
83
37
50
88
38
23
75
27
21
U.S.
Percent w ho have heard of each new s item
The survey finds sizable gaps in public attentiveness to major issues and events. In this
regard, the extraordinarily high level of attentiveness to bird flu disease is significant. More than
90% of the publics in 14 of 15 countries polled say they have heard of the disease; the only
exception is Pakistan, where 82% say they are aware of the disease.
But attentiveness to other widely covered issues and events varies widely. There is nearly
universal awareness of global warming in major industrialized countries; in addition, 80% of
Russians and 78% of Chinese say they have heard of global warming. Yet global warming has
drawn scant attention in Muslim countries, with the exception of Turkey (75%). And in India,
just 57% say they have heard of global warming.
Reports about U.S. prison abuses at Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo have attracted broad
attention in Western Europe and Japan – more attention, in fact, than in the United States.
Roughly three-quarters of Americans (76%) say they have heard of the prison abuses, compared
with about 90% or more in the four Western European countries and Japan.
Among predominantly Muslim countries, large majorities in Egypt (80%), Jordan (79%),
and Turkey (68%) say they have heard of the reports of prison abuse. But in Indonesia, Pakistan,
and among Muslims in Nigeria, most people have not heard of this issue. Moreover, just 38% of
Chinese and 23% of Indians say they are aware of the prison abuse story.
6
While there is extensive interest in bird flu,
public alarm over the spread of the disease has
been mostly limited to Asia. Nearly two-thirds of
Indonesians (65%) say they are very worried that
they themselves or a family member will be
exposed to the bird flu; bird flu worries also are
extensive in India (57% very worried), Nigeria
(57%), and Russia (56%). But the disease has
generated far less concern in Western Europe and
the United States. Only about one-in-ten Americans
(13%) say they are very worried about the bird flu;
similar levels of concern are evident in France
(13%), Germany (10%), and Great Britain (9%).
Global Warming Concerns
A great A fair Only a little/
deal amount Not at all DK
%
%
%
%
United States 19
34
47
1
Great Britain
Spain
France
Germany
26
51
46
30
41
34
41
34
32
14
14
36
1
2
0
1
Russia
34
31
34
*
Indonesia
Egypt
Jordan
Turkey
Pakistan
28
24
26
41
31
48
51
40
29
25
23
23
34
23
39
1
1
*
8
5
Nigeria
45
33
20
2
Japan
66
27
7
0
India
65
20
13
2
There also is a substantial gap in concern
China
20
41
37
2
over global warming – roughly two-thirds of
Based on those who have heard about the
“environmental problem of global warming.”
Japanese (66%) and Indians (65%) say they
personally worry a great deal about global
warming. Roughly half of the populations of Spain (51%) and France (46%) also express great
concern over global warming, based on those who have heard about the issue.
But there is no evidence of alarm over global
warming in either the United States or China – the two
largest producers of greenhouse gases. Just 19% of
Americans and 20% of the Chinese who have heard of
the issue say they worry a lot about global warming – the
lowest percentages in the 15 countries surveyed.
Moreover, nearly half of Americans (47%) and
somewhat fewer Chinese (37%) express little or no
concern about the problem.
The survey finds the most publics surveyed are
dissatisfied with national conditions. But China is a
notable exception – 81% of Chinese say they are
satisfied with the way things are going in their country,
up from 72% in 2005. Majorities in only two other
countries – Egypt (55%) and Jordan (53%) – express
satisfaction with national conditions.
7
Chinese Optimism,
Western Discontent
Satisfied w/ state of nation
2003 2004 2005 2006
%
%
%
%
United States 50
39
39
29
China
48*
--
72
81
Egypt
Jordan
Spain
Turkey
Pakistan
Great Britain
-42
45
19
29
46
-59
-40
54
38
-69
51
41
57
44
55
53
50
40
35
35
Russia
India
Germany
Japan
Indonesia
France
Nigeria
28
9*
25
12*
15
44
19
26
-20
--32
--
23
41
25
-35
28
--
32
31
29
27
26
20
7
*Summer 2002
Only about three-in-ten Americans (29%) say they are satisfied with the way things are
going in the U.S., down from 39% last year and 50% in 2003. Levels of national satisfaction in
France have followed a similar downward trajectory – from 44% in 2003 to just 20% today.
Public discontent is even higher in Nigeria, which has been wracked by internal strife. Just 7% of
Nigerians have a positive view of the state of the nation, compared with 93% who express a
negative opinion.
Other Major Findings
●
There has been a marked change in views of the Middle East conflict in both Germany
and France. In both countries, increasing numbers sympathize with Israel; Germans now
side with Israel over the Palestinians by about two-to-one (37%-18%).
●
German Chancellor Angela Merkel is enormously popular in France as well as in
Germany. Fully 80% of the French express at least some confidence in Merkel.
●
Positive views of the American people – along with the U.S. – have declined in Spain.
Just 37% of the Spanish feel favorably toward Americans, down from 55% last year.
●
Turks are increasingly turning away from the war on terror. More than three-quarters of
Turks (77%) oppose the U.S.-led war on terror, up from 56% in 2004.
●
Negative views of France have increased over the past year, especially in Muslim
countries. In Turkey, 61% feel unfavorably toward France, up from 51% last year.
8
I. AMERICA’S IMAGE AND U.S. FOREIGN POLICY
W
ith America’s image declining in many parts of the world, favorability ratings for the
United States continue to trail those of other major countries. In Europe, as well as
predominantly Muslim countries, the U.S. is generally less popular than Germany,
France, Japan, and China. However, the U.S. fares somewhat better in Asia; in fact, Indians rate
the U.S. higher than Germany, France, or China and only slightly below Japan. However,
America’s favorability rating has dropped 15 points in India since last year.
Favorability Ratings of...
United States
Germany
France
Japan
China
Rating in...
U.S.
77
66
52
66
52
Britain
56
74
59
68
65
France
39
89
68
83
60
Germany
37
65
72
70
57
Spain
23
72
66
65
45
Russia
43
77
74
73
63
Egypt
30
62
60
63
63
Indonesia
30
56
52
78
62
Pakistan
27
31
25
43
69
Jordan
15
44
46
46
49
Turkey
12
43
18
46
33
Nigeria
62
59
59
64
59
Japan
63
78
72
77
28
India
56
47
46
60
47
China
47
54
59
21
94
Percent w ho rate each nation very or somew hat favorably.
Meanwhile, Japan and China, two neighboring Asian rivals with long histories of
conflict, hold very negative opinions of one another. Slightly more than a quarter of Japanese
(28%) have a positive opinion of China, and even fewer Chinese (21%) have a favorable view of
Japan. On the other hand, traditional European rivals Germany and France rate one another quite
positively; in fact, both rate the other country more favorably than their own.
9
In Western Europe, attitudes toward America remain considerably more negative than
they were in 2002, prior to the Iraq war. 1 However, in a reversal of recent patterns, this year
young people in France and Germany are more likely to have a favorable opinion of the U.S.
than are their older counterparts. Over the last year, positive assessments of the U.S. have
increased among French and German 18-34 year-olds, while declining among those age 35 and
older.
Nigerians Split Over U.S.
In Nigeria, Christians and Muslims hold
starkly different opinions of the U.S., and
America’s relatively high overall rating – 62%
favorable – masks deep divisions between the
country’s two main religious groups. Roughly
nine-in-ten (89%) Nigerian Christians have a
favorable view of the U.S., compared with only
32% of Nigerian Muslims.
Nigerian Views of Major Countries
Percent favorable among
Christians
Muslims
89
68
69
65
48
58
52
61
58
32
This gap has grown slightly since 2003,
when America’s favorability was 85% among
Christians and 38% among Muslims. Christians
US
and Muslims have quite different views of other
countries as well, but these two groups are especially
polarized over the U.S., with Christians holding a more
positive view of the U.S. than of other countries and
Muslims having a more negative view of America than of
other countries.
France’s Image Slips
Turmoil in France over the last year – riots by
immigrants and others last fall, as well as protests in
February through April of this year over an attempt to
change French labor law – appears to have taken a toll on
France’s image. In every country where trends are
available – with one exception – the image of France has
declined significantly since 2005, including double digit
1
No pre-Iraq war data is available from Spain.
10
Germany France
Japan
China
Less Favorable Views
of France
% favorable
2005 2006
%
%
United States 46
52
Change
+6
Germany
France
Spain
Great Britain
78
74
74
71
72
68
66
59
-6
-6
-8
-12
Russia
83
74
-9
Egypt
Indonesia
Jordan
Pakistan
Turkey
-68
50
32
30
60
52
46
25
18
--16
-4
-7
-12
Nigeria
--
59
--
Japan
China
India
-65
55
72
59
46
--6
-9
falls in Indonesia (from 68% to 52% favorable), Turkey (from 30% to 18%), and Great Britain
(from 71% to 59%).
The lone exception is the U.S., where 52% now have a favorable impression of France,
still below the pre-Iraq War level of 79% in February 2002, but up from 46% last year. France is
considerably more popular now among Americans than in May 2003, when only 29% gave
France a favorable grade.
Americans More Favorable
The improved attitudes in the U.S. toward
France are part of a broader trend – the American
public’s feelings about other major countries are
also more positive than in 2005. Germany, China,
and Japan also receive more positive assessments
from the American people.
American Views of Major Countries
Percent favorable
2005
66
63
60
46
A narrow majority of Americans (52%) now
have a favorable opinion of China, up from 43% last
year. And the already strong favorability rating for
Germany has also improved, jumping from 60% in
2005 to 66% this year. Japan’s rating has also
grown from 63% to 66%; however, this is not a
statistically significant change.
Germany
2006
66
52
France
52
43
Japan
China
Favorable Opinion of Americans
Views of the American People
% very/somewhat favorable
Opinions of the American people have
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
%
%
%
%
%
declined, in some cases substantially, since 2002.
Great Britain 83
80
73
70
69
France
71
58
53
64
65
Nonetheless, publics around the world continue to
Germany
70
67
68
65
66
have a more positive opinion of the American people
Spain
-47
-55
37
than they do of the United States. In seven of the 14
Russia
67
65
64
61
57
foreign countries surveyed, at least half of
Jordan
53
18
21
34
38
Indonesia
65
56
-46
36
respondents have a favorable impression of
Egypt
----36
Americans; in contrast, four countries give the U.S.
Pakistan
17
38
25
22
27
Turkey
31
32
32
23
17
positive marks. Americans remain relatively popular
Nigeria
-67
--56
in Britain, France, and Germany; however in Spain,
Japan
73
---82
the image of Americans has plummeted, dropping
India
58
--71
67
from 55% favorable last year to 37% this year. On
China
---43
49
this issue, the Spanish public is now more similar to
Muslim countries than to its Western European neighbors.
11
Although Americans are still unpopular in the five predominantly Muslim countries,
there have been slight, but significant, improvements in Jordan and Pakistan. These are balanced,
however, by declines among Indonesians and Turks. In Turkey – a longstanding NATO ally –
fewer than one-in-five (17%) have a favorable opinion of Americans.
Perceptions of the American people have grown more negative in Nigeria since 2003,
however almost all of the decline has taken place among the country’s Muslim population – in
2003 48% of Muslims had a favorable impression of Americans; three years later only 23% view
Americans favorably. Meanwhile, Nigerian Christians continue to hold Americans in
extraordinarily high regard (88% favorable in 2003, 86% favorable today).
Americans are relatively well-liked in the three Asian countries we surveyed, with 82%
of Japanese giving the American people favorable marks, up from 73% in 2002. Americans
remain popular in India (67% favorable), and in China the favorability rating for Americans has
increased six points to 49%.
Bush Even Less Popular in Europe
While the past year has been a difficult one for President Bush domestically, his troubles
are also reflected in international public opinion. Confidence in Bush to do the right thing in
world affairs has dropped in seven of the 11 countries
In Europe, Confidence
where trend data from 2005 is available. Opinion of
in Bush Falls Further
Bush has continued to decline in European countries,
while Muslims publics remain strongly opposed to the
% with a lot/some confidence in
Bush’s international leadership
American president. At 3%, Turkey now registers the
2001 2003 2005 2006
%
%
%
%
lowest level of confidence in President Bush. The
United States -78
62
50
country with the largest drop in confidence for Bush over
Great Britain 30
51
38
30
the last year, however, is the U.S.; 62% had a lot or some
Germany
51
33
30
25
France
20
20
25
15
confidence in Bush last year, compared to 50% this year.
Bush receives relatively low marks compared to
the other European leaders tested on the survey – Great
Britain’s Tony Blair, France’s Jacque Chirac, Germany’s
Angela Merkel, and Russia’s Vladimir Putin – although
there are some exceptions. For example, Bush is the
highest rated leader in India and Nigeria. In the latter,
Bush’s popularity is overwhelmingly driven by the
country’s Christian population (82% a lot or some
confidence among Christians, 19% among Muslims).
12
Spain
--
26
18
7
Russia
--
8
28
21
Indonesia
Pakistan
Jordan
Egypt
Turkey
------
8
5
1
-8
20
10
1
-8
20
10
7
8
3
Nigeria
--
50
--
52
India
China
Japan
----
----
54
---
56
34
32
Confidence In World Leaders...
Bush
Blair
Chirac
Merkel
Putin
Rating in...
U.S. 50
66
31
38
33
Britain
30
58
37
51
33
Germany
25
51
67
77
50
France
15
44
56
80
24
Spain
7
19
26
37
10
Russia
21
31
44
40
75
Indonesia
20
23
30
Not asked
21
Pakistan
10
6
13
Not asked
7
Egypt
8
6
47
Not asked
19
Jordan
7
4
51
Not asked
14
Turkey
3
7
5
11
9
Nigeria
52
46
37
Not asked
26
India
56
41
29
Not asked
36
50
40
China
34
34
43
Not asked
Japan
32
58
56
Not asked
Percent saying they have "a lot" or "some" confidence in each leader to do the right thing regarding w orld affairs
Tony Blair remains extremely popular among the American people, as two-in-three have
confidence that he will do the right thing in world affairs. Despite being a left-of-center political
figure in Britain, Blair is especially popular among Republicans (88% a lot or some confidence),
although majorities of Democrats (55%) and independents (63%) also have confidence in the
British prime minister. However, Americans place little trust in either Chirac or Putin.
Meanwhile, despite two trips to the U.S. since her election as Germany’s first female chancellor,
a plurality (39%) of Americans declined to offer an opinion of Merkel. Among Germans,
however, she is extremely popular – 77% of Germans have confidence in her ability to handle
international affairs.
13
Waning Support for the War on Terrorism
Nearly five years after the Sept. 11, 2001
attacks, international support for the U.S.-led war on
terrorism continues to wane. Outside of the U.S. only
two countries – India and Russia – register majority
support for the war on terror, and it remains
particularly unpopular in predominantly Muslim
countries, although support has risen eight points
since last year among Pakistanis, whose government
is a key partner in efforts to combat Al Qaeda. Among
several of America’s traditional allies, support has
fallen steeply since 2002, and it has virtually collapsed
in two countries, Spain and Japan. In the former, the
percentage who favor U.S. efforts against terrorism
now stands at 19%, down from 63% in 2003, while
among Japanese it has tumbled from 61% in 2002 to
26% today.
Ongoing Concerns About Iraq
As was true last year, publics from a variety of
regions believe the war in Iraq has generated more
instability in the world. In ten of fifteen countries, a
majority say the war has made the world more
dangerous. The French public is the most likely to
believe this, followed by Jordan, Turkey, and Egypt.
Meanwhile, the U.S. is the only country in which a
majority – although a narrow one (51%) – believes the
war has made the world a safer place, although
pluralities in India and Nigeria also think the war has
made the world safer.
International opinion on the future of Iraq is
generally gloomy. Majorities in most countries
surveyed believe that efforts to establish a stable
democratic government in Iraq will ultimately fail.
Pessimism is strongest in Spain, Turkey, Germany,
Jordan, and Egypt – in all five countries, more than
six-in-ten respondents believe efforts to establish
democracy will definitely or probably fail.
14
Falling Support for U.S.-led
War on Terror
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
%
%
%
%
%
Britain
69
63
63
51
49
France
75
60
50
51
43
Germany 70
60
55
50
47
Spain
-63
-26
19
Russia
73
51
73
55
52
Jordan
Indonesia
Egypt
Pakistan
Turkey
13
31
-20
30
2
23
-16
22
12
--16
37
12
50
-22
17
16
39
10
30
14
Nigeria
--
60
--
--
49
Japan
India
China
61
65
--
----
----
-52
--
26
65
19
War in Iraq to Remove
Saddam Made the World...
A safer place
More dangerous
U.S.
51 37
France
20 76
Spain
7 68
Germany
21 66
Great Britain
30 60
Russia
17 44
Japan
26 61
China
8 44
India
41 34
Nigeria
41 32
Jordan
16 74
Turkey
8 70
Egypt
10 70
Indonesia
12 54
Pakistan
11 52
However, a narrow majority in Great Britain,
the country with the second largest military
contingent in Iraq, believe these efforts will
ultimately succeed. Even greater numbers of Indians
and Nigerians believe democracy will be established
in Iraq.
American public opinion also tends to be
somewhat optimistic about the future of Iraq, with
54% saying efforts to establish a stable democratic
government will be successful, up from 49% in
March of this year, but down from 60% in July 2005.
Views on this issue are driven at least in part by party
affiliation – 76% of Republicans believe the war will
end in success, compared with only 39% of
Democrats and 52% of independents.
15
Efforts to Establish
Democracy in Iraq Will...
Fail
Succeed
U.S.
39 54
Great Britain
43 52
France
57 43
Germany
64 33
Spain
68 18
Russia
58 17
India
19 59
Japan
55 38
China
41 19
Nigeria
18 72
Pakistan
24 38
Jordan
66 34
Indonesia
52 33
Egypt
63 32
Turkey
64 17
II. IRAN AND THE NUCLEAR QUESTION
B
eyond the immediate issue of Iran’s nuclear program, there is widespread sentiment –
especially in the West – that countries that do not have nuclear weapons should be
prevented from developing them. Overwhelming majorities in Germany (91%), Japan
(87%) and France (85%) say non-nuclear countries should be prevented from developing nuclear
weapons. Roughly three-quarters in Great Britain (77%), the
Stop Countries from
United States (74%), and Russia (73%) also say that countries
Developing Nuclear
that do not have nuclear weapons should be prevented from
Weapons?
developing such weapons.
Attitudes in Muslim countries on halting nuclear
weapons proliferation divide along about the same lines as
opinions on Iran’s nuclear program. A narrow majority in
Jordan (53%), 50% of Pakistanis, and 44% of Egyptians say
non-nuclear countries should not be stopped in their attempts
to develop nuclear weapons; comparable percentages in all
three countries say they favor Iran acquiring nuclear weapons.
Most Indonesians (61%) and Turks (58%) say
countries that do not possess nuclear weapons should be
prevented from developing them. Majorities in these countries
also expressed opposition to Iran’s acquisition of nuclear
weapons.
United States
Yes
%
74
No
%
19
DK
%
8
Germany
France
Spain
Great Britain
91
85
84
77
7
15
10
17
2
*
6
7
Russia
73
19
8
Indonesia
Turkey
Egypt
Jordan
Pakistan
61
58
41
32
31
30
26
44
53
50
10
16
14
16
19
Nigeria
65
30
5
Japan
India
China
87
51
49
10
35
22
3
14
29
Divided Over Iran
Publics in Muslim and non-Muslim countries have deeply divided opinions about Iran –
its nuclear program, its government, even the country itself. Solid majorities in four of the five
predominantly Muslim countries express favorable opinions of Iran. In contrast, large majorities
in most major industrialized countries – as well as pluralities in India and China – view Iran
negatively.
More than three-quarters of Indonesians (77%) and nearly as many Pakistanis (72%) have
favorable opinions of Iran. Smaller majorities in Egypt (59%) and Turkey (53%) also express
positive views. Jordan is the only Muslim country surveyed where the public is divided – 49%
express positive opinions of Iran and 51% negative ones.
Nigerians’ views of Iran underscore the divide over Iran between Muslims and nonMuslims. Overall opinion in Nigeria, where Muslims constitute about half the population, is
16
evenly split (43% favorable/44% unfavorable).
However, there are huge differences between the
country’s Muslim and Christian populations; more
than three-quarters of Nigeria’s Muslims (78%)
express favorable views of Iran, compared with just
10% of Nigerian Christians.
In three of four Western European countries
surveyed – Germany, France and Spain – two-thirds
or more express negative opinions of Iran. The lone
exception is Great Britain, where unfavorable
opinions of Iran outnumber favorable ones by a slight
margin (39%-34%).
Most Americans (57%) view Iran negatively,
though the percentage expressing unfavorable
opinions has fallen significantly from the recent past.
In a February 2006 survey by the Gallup
Organization 86% had an unfavorable view of Iran;
that is fairly consistent with findings from Gallup
surveys dating to 2002.
Little Confidence in Ahmadinejad
While publics in most Muslim countries have
high regard for the country of Iran, they voice more
negative opinions of its president. Roughly two-thirds
in both Egypt (68%) and Jordan (65%) say they have
little or no confidence in Iranian President Mahmoud
Ahmadinejad to “do the right thing” in world affairs. In
Turkey, 41% say they have no confidence in the
Ahmadinejad, while only a quarter of Turks say they
have a lot or some confidence in the Iranian president.
Indonesia (48%) and Nigeria (40%) are the only
countries surveyed where pluralities say they have at
least some confidence in Ahmadinejad. In Nigeria,
views of the Iranian leader – like those of the country
itself – are split along religious lines. While 69% of
17
Views of Iran
Unfavorable
Favorable
U.S.
57 25
Russia
38 43
Great Britain
39 34
Spain
66 23
France
77 22
Germany
82 12
India
49 31
China
48 26
Japan
68 24
Nigeria
44 43
Indonesia
16 77
Pakistan
10 72
Egypt
39 59
Turkey
35 53
Jordan
51 49
Confidence in Iran’s President*
A lot/ Not too
Some much None
%
%
%
Great Britain 16
21
39
France
11
28
57
Germany
11
18
60
Spain
4
16
53
DK
%
24
4
10
27
Russia
15
26
18
42
Indonesia
Pakistan
Egypt
Turkey
Jordan
48
32
26
25
22
19
8
42
8
43
4
17
25
41
27
29
44
7
26
9
Nigeria
40
16
21
23
*Confidence in Iranian President Mahmoud
Ahmadinejad to do the right thing regarding
world affairs. This question was not asked in
the United States, India, Japan or China.
Nigeria’s Muslims say they have confidence in Iran’s president, just 13% of the country’s
Christians share that view.
Western Europeans express even less confidence in Ahmadinejad than do the publics of
Muslim countries. Majorities in Germany (60%), France (57%) and Spain (53%) say they have
no confidence in the Iranian leader. Opinion of Iran’s president is less negative in Great Britain;
still, 39% say they have no confidence and 21% not too much confidence in Ahmadinejad.
More See Iran as Danger
An increasing number in the U.S., as well as in Western Europe and Russia, believe that
the government of Iran represents a danger to Mideast stability and world peace. Nearly half of
Americans (46%) now say that the Iranian government poses a great danger to global peace;
three years ago, just 26% expressed this opinion.
The shift has been even more dramatic among Western European publics; 51% of
Germans believe the current government in Tehran
is a great danger to world peace, up from 18% in
Iran’s Government: How Much
of
a Danger to Region and World?
May 2003. In Spain, France and Great Britain, the
percentage of people who see Iran as a great
Great Moderate Small or
danger danger No danger DK
danger has roughly tripled compared with three
%
%
%
%
years ago.
United States 46
34
11
9
Fewer Russians than Americans or Western
Europeans think the government of Iran represents
a serious danger (20%). However, about half of
Russians (52%) say Iran poses a great or at least a
moderate danger to regional stability and world
peace. In May 2003, just 17% of Russians thought
that Iran represented at least a moderate danger.
Iran’s government is viewed as far less
dangerous by publics in the predominantly Muslim
countries surveyed. Nonetheless, 19% of
Jordanians say the government of Iran represents a
great danger – and 25% a moderate danger – to
stability in the Middle East and world peace; in
May 2003, just 16% viewed Iran as a great or
moderate danger. Opinion on this issue has been
more stable in Turkey, Indonesia, and Pakistan. In
18
May 2003
26
45
21
8
Germany
May 2003
Spain
May 2003
Great Britain
May 2003
France
May 2003
Russia
May 2003
51
18
38
11
34
11
31
11
20
8
34
47
26
31
36
43
47
37
32
9
10
28
18
38
16
34
21
48
26
50
5
8
18
20
14
12
1
4
22
33
Japan
China
India
29
22
8
41
28
21
26
18
35
5
33
36
Nigeria
May 2003
15
24
23
17
39
47
23
13
Jordan
May 2003
Turkey
May 2003
Egypt
Indonesia
May 2003
Pakistan
May 2003
19
6
16
11
14
7
9
4
3
25
10
19
17
20
29
18
12
6
56
66
38
50
61
52
63
37
57
1
18
27
22
4
13
10
47
34
each of these countries, as well as in Egypt, no more than about a third believes that the Iranian
government poses a great or moderate danger to peace and stability.
Iran’s Nuclear Goal – Weapons
In the Middle East and major industrialized countries, overwhelming numbers of citizens
say they have heard of the dispute over Iran’s nuclear program. But this is not the case in other
countries. A majority in China (54%) has not heard of the issue, and substantial minorities in
Pakistan (45%), Indonesia (41%), and Nigeria (40%) also are unaware of the Iran nuclear
controversy.
The dominant opinion among those who
have heard about the nuclear dispute – in Muslim
and non-Muslim countries alike – is that Iran wants
to develop nuclear weapons, either as its sole
objective or along with developing nuclear energy.
In major industrialized countries, with the
exception of Great Britain, large majorities express
the opinion that the goal of Iran’s nuclear program
is nuclear weapons; relatively few volunteer that
Tehran has the dual goals of weapons and energy.
The idea that Iran seeks both weapons and energy is
a much more prevalent view in other countries. In
Egypt, 30% think that Iran’s aim is nuclear
weapons, while about as many (28%) think the goal
of its nuclear program is both weapons and energy.
Relatively high percentages in Jordan and Turkey
(28% in each) also volunteer that Iran wants to
develop both weapons and energy from its nuclear
program.
Goals of Iran’s Nuclear Program*
Nuclear Nuclear Both
weapons energy (VOL) DK
%
%
%
%
United States 72
9
10
9
France
Germany
Spain
Great Britain
74
71
65
49
20
16
10
21
5
7
14
14
1
7
11
17
Russia
44
20
27
10
Turkey
Jordan
Indonesia
Egypt
Pakistan
38
38
33
30
26
21
24
44
32
30
28
28
18
28
23
13
10
4
9
21
Nigeria
53
23
16
8
Japan
India
China
72
40
36
16
37
25
8
13
19
4
10
20
* Based on those who have heard about the dispute
over Iran’s nuclear program.
More than four-in-ten Indonesians (44%) say the goal of Iran’s nuclear program is energy
– the highest percentage of the 15 nations surveyed. Still, somewhat more Indonesians (a
combined 51%) say Iran’s goal is either to develop nuclear weapons (33%), or volunteer that it
wants both weapons and energy (18%).
19
What Would Iran Do?
There is no consensus about what Iran would be likely to do if it in fact develops nuclear
weapons. But Americans and Western Europeans generally believe that two cataclysmic
scenarios are likely – that Iran would provide nuclear weapons to terrorist organizations, and that
it would attack Israel.
Large majorities in the U.S. and
Western Europe, as well as about half of
Japanese (52%), say that if Iran
develops nuclear weapons it would be
likely to provide them to terrorist
groups. An Iranian attack on Israel also
is viewed as likely by most Americans
and Western Europeans.
What If Iran Develops Nuclear Weapons?
Percent saying Iran is likely to:
Give
Use
-------To attack------weapons to them only
US or Muslim
terrorists defensively lsrael Europe nations
%
%
%
%
%
United States 80
24
74
63
60
France
Germany
Great Britain
Spain
78
71
64
62
54
35
37
33
63
65
53
60
48
53
48
66
51
40
40
40
Russia
53
72
37
46
26
The publics in predominantly
Turkey
36
55
51
48
29
Muslim countries mostly believe a
Indonesia
23
80
49
50
11
Jordan
19
67
65
51
20
nuclear-armed Iran would use such
Egypt
17
57
61
43
15
weapons for defensive purposes only.
Pakistan
7
55
13
19
9
Fully 80% of Indonesians and smaller
Nigeria
49
37
45
55
15
majorities in other Muslim countries say
Japan
52
25
43
36
39
India
33
43
35
36
24
Iran is likely to use nuclear weapons
China
29
55
31
34
20
only in its own defense. In addition,
relatively small minorities in all five Muslim countries surveyed feel that Iran is likely to pass
along nuclear weapons to terrorists.
At the same time, however, more than six-in-ten in Jordan (65%) and Egypt (61%) say
that if Iran develops nuclear weapons, it would be likely to attack Israel; about half of Turks
(51%) and Indonesians (49%) agree. And in Jordan and Egypt, in particular, sizable minorities
favor Iran actually acquiring nuclear weapons (45% and 44%, respectively).
There also is a widespread belief, in Muslim and non-Muslim countries alike, that a
nuclear-armed Iran is likely to attack the United States or European nations. Two-thirds of
Spaniards (66%) and nearly as many Americans (63%) say such an attack is likely. Roughly half
of the respondents in France, Germany and Britain – as well as in Turkey, Indonesia and Jordan
– say an attack by Iran on the U.S. or Europe is likely.
20
In both Pakistan and China, relatively large percentages declined to offer opinions on
possible actions by Iran, if it were to develop nuclear weapons. In each country, just 37% have
heard of the dispute over Iran’s nuclear program; that is by far the lowest level of awareness
among the 15 countries surveyed.
21
III. GLOBAL CONCERNS AND ISSUES
P
ublic attentiveness to major global events and issues is typically higher in major
industrialized countries than in less developed countries. But awareness of news
developments varies widely, by country and by issue.
The German public consistently expresses broad familiarity with events and issues. While
attention to reports of abuses at Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo is high across all major
industrialized countries, nearly every German interviewed (98%) says they have heard of the
prison abuse. That compares with about 90% in other Western European countries and Japan,
and 76% in the U.S.
Among Muslim publics, sizable majorities in Egypt (80%), Jordan (79%), and Turkey
(68%) have heard of the prison abuse reports. But public attentiveness is far lower in Indonesia
(28%) and Pakistan (21%).
For the most part, Americans are
Public Attentiveness Varies Greatly –
significantly less aware of events and issues
By Country and Issue
than are the publics in Germany and other
Germany US
China
Pakistan
% saying
major industrialized countries. And as is ‘heard of’…
%
%
%
%
Abu
Ghraib
and
typically the case with news interest among
98
76
38
21
Guantanamo
Americans, there are significant gender and
Global warming
95
91
78
12
age differences in attentiveness. For
Iran nuclear
91
83
37
37
instance, 83% of men say they have heard dispute
of the abuse reports at Abu Ghraib and Hamas election
85
58
27
20
victory
Guantanamo, compared with 69% of
U.S. earthquake
66
69
31
85
women. Just 57% of young people under aid to Pakistan
age 30 have heard of these reports; in other
age categories, 75% or more have heard of the prison abuse reports.
The Chinese public is broadly aware of the bird flu (93%) and global warming (78%) but
not of events in the Middle East. Only about four-in-ten Chinese say they have heard of reports
of abuse at Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo (38%) and the Iran nuclear dispute (37%), and even
fewer have heard of the Hamas Party’s victory in the Palestinian election (27%).
Pakistanis show little familiarity with global and even some regional developments. Just
12% of Pakistanis say they have heard of global warming, and only 37% are aware of the nuclear
dispute in neighboring Iran. But one recent development that has drawn broad interest in
Pakistan – aside from bird flu – is the U.S. aid program for the country in response to last fall’s
22
earthquake. Fully 85% of Pakistanis have heard of the American assistance program. That
compares with 69% of Americans and nearly as many Germans (66%).
Global Warming
Americans express relatively little concern over global warming, especially when
compared with publics of other major nations. Barely half of the Americans who have heard of
global warming say they personally worry about the issue a great deal (19%) or a fair amount
(34%). Nearly as many say they worry only a little (26%) or not at all (21%).
The Japanese express the highest level of concern over
global warming among the publics of major industrialized
nations. Fully 66% of Japanese say they worry about this a great
deal, while another 27% say they worry a fair amount. In France,
a combined 87% express a great deal (46%) or fair amount
(41%) of concern. Roughly the same percentage in Spain (85%)
says they worry at least a fair amount about global warming.
Smaller percentages in Great Britain (67%) and Germany (64%)
voice significant concern about global warming.
Global Warming
Concerns Divide
Allies*…
Personally worry…
Great deal/ Little/
fair amount not at all
%
%
Japan
93
7
France
87
14
Spain
85
14
Great Britain 67
32
Germany
64
36
United States 53
47
The American public is deeply divided politically in
And the
concerns over global warming. Only about a third of
American Public*
Republicans (34%) say they worry a great deal (10%) or a fair
In the U.S…. %
%
Republican 34
65
amount (24%) over global warming, based on those who have
Democrat
66
32
heard about the issue. About two-thirds of Democrats (66%) and
Independent 57
42
57% of independents express at least a fair amount of concern
* Based on those who have heard
about global warming
over global warming. Roughly four-in-ten white evangelical
Protestants (41%) express have at least a fair amount of concern
about global warming; that compares with 53% of white mainline Protestants, and 64% of
seculars.
23
More Sympathy for Israel
In past Global Attitudes surveys, the
American public’s strong pro-Israel stance set
it apart from other countries. But that has
changed as Germans, in particular, have
become much more sympathetic to Israel in its
dispute with the Palestinians.
Mideast Sympathies
(Vol) (Vol)
Israel Palestinians Both Neither DK
%
%
%
%
%
United States 48
13
4
14
21
Nearly four-in-ten Germans (37%) say
they sympathize with Israel in the Mideast
conflict compared with 18% who sympathize
with the Palestinians. In March 2004,
Germans’ sympathies were evenly divided
(24% Israel, 24% Palestinians).
Germany
Great Britain
France
Spain
Russia
37
24
38
9
21
18
29
38
32
16
4
5
9
16
12
31
22
12
34
37
11
19
4
9
14
China
Japan
India
7
25
20
23
23
22
12
8
19
15
29
11
42
16
27
Nigeria
29
35
18
6
12
Indonesia
Egypt
Jordan
Turkey
Pakistan
4
2
1
5
6
72
97
97
63
59
5
1
1
2
7
12
*
1
16
6
7
*
*
14
23
The French also have become more
sympathetic to Israel. Four years ago, French
respondents sympathized with the Palestinians over Israel by roughly two-to-one (36% to 19%).
Today, identical percentages sympathize with each side in the Israel-Palestinian dispute.
Among Western European countries, the Spanish stand out
for their strong support for the Palestinians. Roughly a third of
Spanish (32%) say they sympathize more with the Palestinians,
compared with just 9% who feel more sympathetically to Israel.
The Muslim publics surveyed continue to overwhelmingly
side with the Palestinians. Turks sympathize with the Palestinians
over Israel by 63% to 5%, which reflects almost no change since
2004. And virtually all Jordanians and Egyptians (97% each) say
they sympathize with the Palestinians.
24
Growing Share of
Europeans Tilt to Israel
Sympathize more with…
Israel Palestinians
%
%
U.S.
48
13
2004
46
12
2002
41
13
France
2004
2002
38
20
19
38
28
36
Germany
2004
2002
37
24
24
18
24
26
Britain
2004
2002
24
22
17
29
28
28
U.N. Ratings
In most countries, opinions of the United Nations have
been stable in recent years. But the publics in Turkey and Russia,
in particular, have grown more negative toward the world body.
Just 29% of Turks express favorable opinions of the U.N.,
down from 51% in March 2004. Fewer Russians also feel
favorably toward the U.N.; 49% now, compared with 60% in
March 2004. Positive ratings of the U.N. also have declined
somewhat in Great Britain since 2004 – from 74% to 65%.
The American public’s view of the U.N. has been falling
for several years. As recently as September 2001, before the Sept.
11 terrorist attacks, 77% expressed a favorable opinion of the
United Nations; today, just 51% do, although that represents a
slight improvement from last fall (48% in October 2005).
Opinions of the U.N.
Fav Unfav
%
%
U.S.
51
38
2005 48
39
DK
%
11
France
2004
Germany
2004
Britain
2004
Spain
Russia
2004
72
67
68
71
65
74
60
49
60
28
30
25
23
23
18
30
29
18
*
3
7
6
11
7
10
22
21
Indonesia
Egypt
Pakistan
2004
Jordan
2004
Turkey
2004
78
49
42
35
30
21
29
51
18
51
22
27
69
73
51
35
4
*
36
38
1
6
20
14
Opinions of the U.N. in the Muslim countries surveyed
Nigeria
68
26
7
vary widely. More than three-quarters of Indonesians (78%)
56
36
7
express positive views of the U.N., but Egyptians are almost Japan
China
53
25
22
evenly divided (49% favorable/51% unfavorable). The U.N.’s India
39
35
26
image in Turkey has plummeted, but positive views of this
institution have increased modestly in Jordan (to 30% from 21% in 2004) and Pakistan (to 42%
from 35%).
Dubai Ports Debate
The controversy earlier this year over an Arab-owned company possibly running U.S.
ports stirred considerable public anger in the U.S. But it did not resonate widely in
predominantly Muslim countries. Just 45% in Egypt, 36% in Jordan, and significantly smaller
numbers in other Muslim countries, say they have heard of the ports debate.
However, Muslims who have been following the debate largely believe that American
opposition to the ports deal reflected prejudice against Arabs, rather than reasonable concerns
over port security. By 69%-13%, Egyptians feel U.S. opposition to the ports proposal was based
on prejudice rather than reasonable security concerns, and opinion is comparable in Jordan (72%
prejudice/23% reasonable concerns).
25
26
RELEASED: THURSDAY, JUNE 22, 2006, 2:00 PM EDT
Europe’s Muslims More Moderate
THE GREAT DIVIDE: HOW WESTERNERS AND
MUSLIMS VIEW EACH OTHER
13-Nation Pew Global Attitudes Survey
27
28
Europe’s Muslims More Moderate
THE GREAT DIVIDE: HOW WESTERNERS AND MUSLIMS VIEW
EACH OTHER
A
fter a year marked by riots over cartoon portrayals of Muhammad, a major terrorist
attack in London, and continuing wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, most Muslims and
Westerners are convinced that relations between them are generally bad these days.
Many in the West see Muslims as fanatical, violent, and as lacking tolerance. Meanwhile,
Muslims in the Middle East and Asia generally see Westerners as selfish, immoral and greedy –
as well as violent and fanatical.
A rare point of agreement between
Westerners and Muslims is that both believe that
Muslim nations should be more economically
prosperous than they are today. But they gauge the
problem quite differently. Muslim publics have an
aggrieved view of the West – they are much more
likely than Americans or Western Europeans to
blame Western policies for their own lack of
prosperity. For their part, Western publics instead
point to government corruption, lack of education
and Islamic fundamentalism as the biggest
obstacles to Muslim prosperity.
Nothing highlights the divide between
Muslims and the West more clearly than their
responses to the uproar this past winter over
cartoon depictions of Muhammad. Most people in
Jordan, Egypt, Indonesia and Turkey blame the
controversy on Western nations’ disrespect for the
Islamic religion. In contrast, majorities of
Americans and Western Europeans who have heard
of the controversy say Muslims’ intolerance to
different points of view is more to blame.
Relations Between
Muslims and Westerners
Generally good
Generally bad
U.S.
32 55
Germany
France
Spain
Great Britain
Russia
23 70
33 66
14 61
28 61
18 53
British Muslims
German Muslims
French Muslims
Spanish Muslims
23
29
41
49
62
60
58
23
Turkey
Egypt
14
31
39
39
30
64
58
54
53
25
Jordan
Indonesia
Pakistan
Nigerian Muslims
Nigerian Christians
10 77
24 52
The chasm between Muslims and the West is also seen in judgments about how the other
civilization treats women. Western publics, by lopsided margins, do not think of Muslims as
29
“respectful of women.” But half or more in four of the five Muslim publics surveyed say the
same thing about people in the West.
Yet despite the deep attitudinal divide between Western and Muslim publics, the latest
Pew Global Attitudes survey also finds that the views of each toward the other are far from
uniformly negative. For example, even in the wake of the tumultuous events of the past year,
solid majorities in France, Great Britain and the U.S. retain overall favorable opinions of
Muslims. However, positive opinions of Muslims have declined sharply in Spain over the past
year (from 46% to 29%), and more modestly in Great Britain (from 72% to 63%).
For the most part, Muslim publics feel more embittered toward the West and its people
than vice versa. Muslim opinions about the West and its people have worsened over the past year
and by overwhelming margins, Muslims blame Westerners for the strained relationship between
the two sides. But there are some positive indicators as well, including the fact that in most
Muslim countries surveyed there has been a decline in support for terrorism.
The survey by the Pew Global Attitudes Project was
conducted in 13 countries, including the United States, from
March 31-May 14, 2006. 2 It includes special oversamples of
Muslim minorities living in Great Britain, France, Germany and
Spain. In many ways, the views of Europe’s Muslims represent a
middle ground between the way Western publics and Muslims
in the Middle East and Asia view each other.
While Europe’s Muslim minorities are about as likely as
Muslims elsewhere to see relations between Westerners and
Muslims as generally bad, they more often associate positive
attributes to Westerners – including tolerance, generosity, and
respect for women. And in a number of respects Muslims in
Europe are less inclined to see a clash of civilizations than are
some of the general publics surveyed in Europe. Notably, they
are less likely than non-Muslims in Europe to believe that there
is a conflict between modernity and being a devout Muslim.
2
In addition, some questions were asked in China and Japan.
30
Are Muslims
‘Respectful of Women’?
Non-Muslims in…
Great Britain
France
U.S.
Germany
Spain
Yes*
%
26
23
19
17
12
No
%
59
77
69
80
83
Are Westerners?
Muslims in...
Spain
France
Germany
Great Britain
%
82
77
73
49
%
13
23
22
44
Turkey
Egypt
Indonesia
Jordan
Pakistan
42
40
38
38
22
39
52
50
53
52
* Percentage who associate
characteristic with Muslims/people
in Western countries.
Solid majorities of the general publics in Germany and Spain say that there is a natural
conflict between being a devout Muslim and living in a modern society. But most Muslims in
both of those countries disagree. And in France, the scene of recent riots in heavily Muslim
areas, large percentages of both the general public and the Muslim minority population feel there
is no conflict in being a devout Muslim and living in a modern society.
The survey shows both hopeful and
troubling signs with respect to Muslim support for
terrorism and the viability of democracy in Muslim
countries. In Jordan, Pakistan and Indonesia, there
have been substantial declines in the percentages
saying suicide bombings and other forms of
violence against civilian targets can be justified to
defend Islam against its enemies. The shift has been
especially dramatic in Jordan, likely in response to
the devastating terrorist attack in Amman last year;
29% of Jordanians view suicide attacks as often or
sometimes justified, down from 57% in May 2005.
Is There a Conflict Between
Being a Devout Muslim and
Living in a Modern Society?
No conflict
Yes, conflict
U.S.
42 40
Germany
Spain
26 70
36 58
Russia
Great Britain
30 56
France
British Muslims
35 54
74 26
49 47
57 36
German Muslims
Confidence in Osama bin Laden also has
72 28
French Muslims
fallen in most Muslim countries in recent years.
71 25
Spanish Muslims
This is especially the case in Jordan, where just 24%
express at least some confidence in bin Laden now,
Pakistan
17 47
52 43
Indonesia
compared with 60% a year ago. A sizable number of
63 34
Jordan
Pakistanis (38%) continue to say they have at least
Turkey
60 29
some confidence in the al Qaeda leader to do the
70 28
Egypt
right thing regarding world affairs, but significantly
fewer do so now than in May 2005 (51%). Nigerian Christians
34 41
64 33
Nigerian Muslims
However, Nigeria’s Muslims represent a
conspicuous exception to this trend; 61% of
Nigeria’s Muslims say they have at least some confidence in bin Laden, up from 44% in 2003.
The belief that terrorism is justifiable in the defense of Islam, while less extensive than in
previous surveys, still has a sizable number of adherents. Among Nigeria’s Muslim population,
for instance, nearly half (46%) feel that suicide bombings can be justified often or sometimes in
the defense of Islam. Even among Europe’s Muslim minorities, roughly one-in-seven in France,
Spain, and Great Britain feel that suicide bombings against civilian targets can at least sometimes
be justified to defend Islam against its enemies.
31
Anti-Jewish sentiment remains
overwhelming in predominantly Muslim
countries. There also is considerable support
for the Hamas Party, which recently was
victorious in the Palestinian elections.
Majorities in most Muslim countries say
that the Hamas Party’s victory will be
helpful to a fair settlement between Israel
and the Palestinians – a view that is roundly
rejected by Western publics (see “America’s
Image Slips, But Allies Share U.S.
Concerns over Iran, Hamas,” June 13,
2006).
Support for Suicide Bombing
Violence against civilian targets in order
to defend Islam can be justified…*
Often/
Sometimes Rarely Never
DK
%
%
%
%
French Muslims
16
19
64
1=100
Spanish Muslims
16
9
69
7=101
British Muslims
15
9
70
6=100
German Muslims
7
6
83
3=99
Jordan
Spring 2005
Summer 2002
29
57
43
28
31
22
43
11
26
*=100
1=100
8= 99
Egypt
28
25
45
3=101
Turkey
Spring 2005
March 2004
Summer 2002
17
14
15
13
9
6
9
7
61
66
67
64
14=101
13=99
9=100
14= 98
In one of the survey’s most striking
Pakistan
14
8
69
8=99
findings, majorities in Indonesia, Turkey,
Spring 2005
25
19
46
10=100
March 2004
41
8
35
16=100
Egypt, and Jordan say that they do not
Summer 2002
33
5
38
23= 99
believe groups of Arabs carried out the
Indonesia
10
18
71
1=100
Spring 2005
15
18
66
1=100
Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The
Summer 2002
27
16
54
3=100
percentage of Turks expressing disbelief
Nigerian Muslims 46
23
28
3=100
that Arabs carried out the 9/11 attacks has
*Asked of Muslims only.
increased from 43% in a 2002 Gallup
survey to 59% currently. And this attitude is
not limited to Muslims in predominantly Muslim
Did Arabs Carry Out
countries – 56% of British Muslims say they do not
9/11 Attacks?*
believe Arabs carried out the terror attacks against
Yes No
the U.S., compared with just 17% who do.
British Muslims
But Muslim opinion on most issues is not
monolithic, and there are some apparent anomalies in
Muslims’ views of the West and its people. While
large percentages in nearly every Muslim country
attribute several negative traits to Westerners –
including violence, immorality and selfishness –
solid majorities in Indonesia, Jordan and Nigeria
express favorable opinions of Christians.
Moreover, there is enduring belief in
democracy among Muslim publics, which contrasts
32
French Muslims
German Muslims
Spanish Muslims
Indonesia
Egypt
Turkey
17 56
48 46
35 44
33 35
16 65
32 59
Jordan
16 59
39 53
Pakistan
15 41
Nigerian Muslims
42 47
*Asked of Muslims only.
sharply with the skepticism many Westerners express about whether democracy can take root in
the Muslim world. Pluralities or majorities in every Muslim country surveyed say that
democracy is not just for the West and can work in their countries. But Western publics are
divided – majorities in Germany and Spain say democracy is a Western way of doing things that
would not work in most Muslim countries. Most of the French and British, and about half of
Americans, say democracy can work in Muslim countries.
Overall, the Germans and Spanish express
much more negative views of both Muslims and
Arabs than do the French, British or Americans. Just
36% in Germany, and 29% in Spain, express
favorable opinions of Muslims; comparable numbers
in the two countries have positive impressions of
Arabs (39% and 33%, respectively). In France, Great
Britain and the U.S., solid majorities say they have
favorable opinions of Muslims, and about the same
numbers have positive views of Arabs.
These differences are reflected as well in
opinions about negative traits associated with
Muslims. Roughly eight-in-ten Spanish (83%) and
Germans (78%) say they associate Muslims with
being fanatical. But that view is less prevalent in
France (50%), Great Britain (48%) and the U.S.
(43%).
Prospects for Democracy in
Muslim Countries
Democracy can work well…
In most Muslim countries
U.S.
49
Great Britain
France
Germany
Spain
60
59
42
37
German Muslims
80
French Muslims
British Muslims
59
Spanish Muslims
57
76
In your country
Jordan
Indonesia
Egypt
Pakistan
Turkey
74
70
65
50
44
In many ways, the views of Europe’s Muslims
are distinct from those of both Western publics and
Muslims in the Middle East and Asia. Most European Muslims express favorable opinions of
Christians, and while their views of Jews are less positive than those of Western publics, they are
far more positive than those of Muslim publics. And in France, a large majority of Muslims
(71%) say they have favorable opinions of Jews.
Moreover, while publics in largely Muslim countries generally view Westerners as
violent and immoral, this view is not nearly as prevalent among Muslims in France, Spain and
Germany. British Muslims however, are the most critical of the four minority publics studied –
and they come closer to views of Muslims around the world in their opinions of Westerners.
33
Negative Traits Muslims and Non-Muslims See in One Another
Negative Characteristics Muslims Associate with People in Western Countries *
Arrogant
Selfish
Indonesia
81
Nigeria
74
Jordan
73
Indonesia
Turkey
British Muslims
69
67
Turkey
British Muslims
Egypt
63
German Muslims
57
Nigeria
56
Pakistan
French Muslims
Spanish Muslims
Violent
Jordan
81
72
Egypt
75
67
64
Nigeria
74
Turkey
70
Pakistan
53
Indonesia
64
Egypt
Jordan
49
48
British Muslims
Pakistan
52
49
54
51
German Muslims
48
German Muslims
34
French Muslims
45
French Muslims
29
50
Spanish Muslims
43
Spanish Muslims
24
Negative Characteristics Non-Muslims Associate with Muslims *
Fanatical
Spain
83
Germany
Nigeria
India
Violent
Arrogant
Nigeria
73
India
58
78
India
67
Nigeria
55
74
73
Spain
Russia
60
59
Russia
Spain
51
42
Russia
72
Germany
52
France
38
France
Great Britain
50
45
41
Great Britain
U.S.
35
48
U.S.
France
U.S.
43
Great Britain
32
Germany
28
Spanish Muslims
0
Spanish Muslims
Spanish Muslims
0
Spanish
Spanish
Muslims
Spanish
Muslims European countries.
*Top
threeMuslims
traits of six negative traits tested. Lighter
shading
indicates Muslim subpopulations
within Western
In Pakistan, the percentage of Don't Know/Refused responses ranges from 28% to 31% on these characteristics.
Nigerian Muslims asked about "people in Western countries," Nigerian non-Muslims asked about "Muslims."
34
0
35
Other Major Findings
●
Concerns over Islamic extremism are widely shared in Western publics and Muslim
publics alike. But an exception is China, where 59% express little or no concern over
Islamic extremism.
●
Muslims differ over whether there is a struggle in their country between Islamic
fundamentalists and groups wanting to modernize society. But solid majorities of those
who perceive such a struggle side with the modernizers.
●
Fully 41% of the general public in Spain says most or many Muslims in their country
support Islamic extremists. But just 12% of Spain’s Muslims say most or many of the
country’s Muslims support extremists like al Qaeda.
●
Nearly four-in-ten Germans (37%), and 29% of Americans, say there is a natural conflict
between being a devout Christian and living in a modern society.
35
Roadmap to the Report
The first section of the report analyzes how people in predominantly Muslim countries
and non-Muslim countries view each other. This section examines the positive and negative
characteristics Muslims associate with Westerners – including Muslim minorities in four
Western European countries – and the traits that non-Muslims associate with Muslims. Section II
focuses on opinions about the state of relations between the West and Muslims. It also explores
reasons people give for Muslim nations’ lack of prosperity, attitudes to the recent controversy
over cartoon depictions of Muhammad, and Muslim opinions on whether Arabs carried out the
Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Section III deals with the opinions of Muslim publics as to
whether they see a struggle in their countries between modernizers and Islamic fundamentalists,
the concerns that Muslims and non-Muslims alike share over the rise of Islamic extremism, and
Muslim views on terrorism and Osama bin Laden.
The report includes excerpts from interviews conducted by the International Herald
Tribune in selected countries to illustrate some of the themes covered by the survey. These
interviews were conducted separately from the Pew Global Attitudes Project. The bulk of the
interviews are with Muslims.
36
I. MUSLIMS AND THE WEST – HOW EACH SEES THE OTHER
T
o explore how Westerners and Muslims see one another, we asked two batteries of
questions. One is a simple favorability rating that focuses on religious and ethnic
groupings; respondents were asked whether they have a favorable or unfavorable opinion
of Muslims, Christians, Arabs and Jews. The second asked about a series of 11 character traits
(greedy, fanatical, honest, tolerant, etc.); respondents in the West were asked if they associate
these traits with Muslims, and Muslims were asked if they associate these traits with people
living in the West.
The favorability measures show a troubled
relationship between Westerners and Muslims, but the
overall picture is more mixed than unremittingly
negative. With only a few exceptions, attitudes among
Western publics (toward Muslims) and Muslims
(toward Christians) have remained fairly stable over the
past few years.
Among Western publics surveyed, Spain stands
out as the only one where positive views of Muslims
have shown a steep decline – from 46% in 2005 to 29%
currently. Spanish opinions of Jews – and of the United
States and the American people – also have fallen
sharply over the past year. (For more on global
opinions of the U.S. and Americans, see “America’s
Image Slips, But Allies Share U.S. Concerns Over Iran,
Hamas,” June 13, 2006).
Similarly, there has not been a major change in
how most Muslim publics view Christians, with the
exception of Turkey. In Turkey, positive opinions of
Christians have fallen from 31% in 2004 to 16%
currently. Over that period, favorable views among
Turks of both the U.S. and Americans have shown
comparable declines.
37
Rating of Christians,
Muslims, and Jews
Christians Muslims
Rating in…
%
%
United States 88
54
2005
87
57
2004
84
48
Jews
%
77
77
77
Russia
2005
2004
Great Britain
2005
2004
France
2005
2004
Germany
2005
2004
Spain
2005
90
92
93
88
85
84
87
84
84
79
83
75
79
80
59
55
53
63
72
67
65
64
64
36
40
41
29
46
59
63
65
74
78
76
86
82
81
69
67
63
45
58
Indonesia
2005
Jordan
2005
Pakistan
2005
2004
Turkey
2005
2004
64
58
61
58
27
22
24
16
21
31
97
99
93
99
94
94
97
88
83
88
17
13
1
0
6
5
3
15
18
27
India
2005
50
61
41
46
22
28
Percent who say they have a very or somewhat
favorable opinion.
Voices from Egypt
Reporting by the International Herald Tribune*
“There is a combination of reasons for lack of prosperity in certain areas. You cannot exclude the
external factor. The Arab-Israeli conflict played a role in hindering economic development, but
you cannot blame only the outside factor. There are other domestic factors, like deterioration of
education, bad economic policy planning. It is a combination of factors. There has been foreign
exploitation but we should not exaggerate that. Many countries were dependent on the role of
the central government in the economy but discovered recently that it does not help the
economy. We should blame the wrong economic orientation. Now many countries are giving the
private sector more space. But the main reasons for lack of prosperity are lack of qualified human
resources and deterioration of the education system.”
--- Muhammad Kamal, a senior leader in the ruling National Democratic Party
“In the Arab and Islamic worlds and on the Western side, we have not done enough to try to
approach each other to explain our position to one another. We have not tried to have a
coherent dialogue. This is a mistake that we both share. One of the examples of the lack of
proper dialogue was the recent question of caricature of the prophet. The West looked at this
issue from the perspective of freedom of expression and was not ready to listen to the view in
relation to how this was insulting to us. Many people in the Islamic and Arab worlds also asked for
dialogue, but some reacted in a violent way which was counterproductive.”
--- Hesham Youssef, chief of staff of the secretary general's office, Arab League
“Muslims are responsible for their lack of prosperity. Muslims do not follow the teachings of their
religion. If they work hard, cooperate and pay their charity there will be no poor government. But
rich people are selfish. Governments are corrupt and they do not do any good planning to
benefit from their countries' wealth…. Western foreign policy is also to blame. We see them
coming here occupying our countries, taking the oil. Muslim countries are rich in natural resources,
enjoy the best weather. That is why Western governments want to control us and take over our
wealth. Look what they did in Iraq, Afghanistan, and what they are doing now in Sudan. They just
want an excuse to interfere in Sudan and stay there and never leave.”
--- Abeer Ali Muhmmad, 38, fitness trainer, Giza
“I believe the American foreign policy is responsible for the greedy image. They support
dictatorships because they want their oil. But on the other hand I do not believe Western people
are intolerant. We see them engaged in humanitarian causes. While many Westerners took to the
street to protest wars or mistreatment of minorities, people in Egypt or other Muslim places do not
do anything.”
--- Mohsen Hamed Hassan, 43, physician, Cairo
*Interviews were conducted by Abeer Allam.
38
Europe’s Muslims More Positive
A bright spot in Muslim-Christian relations is found in the attitudes of Muslims living in
the West. By lopsided margins (91% among Muslims in France; 82% in Spain; 71% in Great
Britain; and 69% in Germany), Muslims in Western Europe express favorable opinions of
Christians.
Muslims in Western Europe have
considerably more positive views of
Christians than do Muslims living in
Muslim countries. And in Spain and
Germany, Muslims feel much more
favorably toward Christians than the
majority populations feel toward Muslims.
Favorable Ratings of...
Muslims
Rating in...
Roughly
eight-in-ten
Spanish
Muslims (82%) express positive views of
Christians, but just 29% of the general
public in Spain expresses positive opinions
of Muslims. The gap is substantial, though
somewhat smaller, in views of how
German Muslims regard Christians and
how the German public sees Muslims (69%
vs. 36%).
U.S.
54
France
65
Great Britain
63
Russia
59
Germany
36
Spain
29
Christians
French Muslims
91
Spanish Muslims
82
British Muslims
71
German Muslims
69
Indonesia
64
In the West, attitudes toward Arabs
Jordan 61
are mixed and track closely with attitudes
Egypt 48
toward Muslims. The British, however,
Pakistan 27
hold somewhat less positive views of Arabs
Turkey 16
than Muslims (56% favorable for Arabs vs.
63% for Muslims). In the Muslim world, attitudes toward Arabs are strongly positive, with the
exception of Turkey, a nation with a history of tensions with its Arab neighbors. There, attitudes
towards Arabs are fairly evenly divided (46% favorable/40% unfavorable).
39
Voices from France
Reporting by the International Herald Tribune*
“It's true that relations are bad, but to go from there to saying who's wrong? I think everyone bears
some responsibility. On the Muslim side, it's too much religion, religion, religion, and they don't
want to open up to others. Personally, I think Muslims are a bit aggressive and they neither accept
nor respect the religion of others. As though everything has to go their way. In the end, the others
don't respect them either. No one is making an effort.”
--- Jeannine Pilé, 33, housewife and mother
“There are a lot of people who don't like each other, Europeans and Muslims, because of religion,
but that's not always why. There are a lot of Muslims who are much more open, who don't pray
regularly -- that's what I see in France. What happens in other countries I don't know. From what I
see it's half and half in France. There are some who are super-cool, who are not practicing, who
are very open to France, and others who are less. I would say half and half.”
--- Wahid Chekhar, 34, actor
“When you see your Muslim friends on a daily basis you don't think that relations with Muslims are
bad. But if all you do is watch television, most of what you see are extreme examples of Islam.
Islam is not the religion of terror. But people are afraid of terrorism and too often religion is mixed
up in the debate.”
--- Pierre-Etienne Issoulie, 22, architect, Paris
“The blame lies neither with your average Muslim or your average Westerner, but with extremists.
Look at the conflict in Israel and Palestine. In this conflict extremists are making decisions on both
sides. French people, like other Westerners, sometimes make the mistake of thinking of Islam and
Muslims as something linked to extremism and terrorism. At the same time you have
disadvantaged French Muslims, who identify with Muslims in Palestine, Iraq and Afghanistan. All
this has created a lack of comprehension and communication between Muslims and the West.”
--- Dalil Boubakeur, president of France's Muslim Council and head of the Paris Mosque
“The cultural, social and political reference point for Muslims is traditionally the village, religion,
and the community, not the individual, as in the West. For Muslims, individuality is often seen as
individualism which, if it's misunderstood, can be perceived as a form of selfishness. If many French
people see Muslims as intolerant it is because the images they get from the Muslim world are
unfortunately often associated with fanaticism, group violence and discrimination against
women.”
--- Azouz Begag, minister for equal opportunity, French government
*Interviews were conducted by Katrin Bennhold and Avis Bohlen.
40
Opinions of Jews
Approval ratings for Jews remain strongly
positive throughout the West, with the exception
of Spain, where the favorability number has
dropped to 45% from 58% a year ago. In the
Muslim world, attitudes toward Jews remain
starkly negative, including virtually unanimous
unfavorable ratings of 98% in Jordan and 97% in
Egypt.
Muslims living in Western countries have
a more moderate view of Jews – still more
negative than positive, but not nearly by the
lopsided margins that prevail in Muslim countries.
The Muslims in France are a special case: 71%
have a positive view of Jews. This is the only
Muslim population or sub-population surveyed
whose opinion of Jews is more favorable than not.
Favorable Ratings of…
Jews
Rating in...
U.S.
77
France
86
Great Britain
74
Germany
69
Russia
59
Spain
45
French Muslims
71
German Muslims
38
British Muslims
32
Spanish Muslims
28
Character Traits: Muslims View Westerners
To look more closely into the nature and
Indonesia 17
nuance of the civilization divide, we asked nonTurkey 15
Muslims to state whether they associate each of
Pakistan 6
11 different character traits with Muslims – and
Egypt 2
we asked Muslims the same set of questions about
Jordan 1
Westerners. The character battery includes five
positive traits (generous, honest, devout, tolerant
and respectful of women) and six negative ones (violent, greedy, fanatical, selfish, immoral and
arrogant).
In general, Muslims living in predominantly Muslim nations delivered much more critical
judgments about Westerners than non-Muslims gave regarding Muslims. (In this case, Muslims
in Nigeria, who constitute nearly half of the country’s population, are included as a Muslim
public). With just a handful of exceptions, majorities or pluralities of each Muslim public
associate all of the negative traits on the survey – and none of the positive traits – with
Westerners.
41
Voices from Germany
Reporting by the International Herald Tribune*
“It is difficult to speak about who is guilty. The Western world lacks an understanding of the Muslim
world. You can't blame the Muslim world. The regimes are authoritarian. The state structures are
very strong. Relations are also poor for another reason. Attempts at integrating Muslims in
Germany have been inadequate. There is insufficient support for integration. In some ways, some
Muslims remain susceptible to propaganda and fundamentalism. Another reason is what
happened in Spain and the UK. The terrorists were home grown. It is very worrying.”
--- Andreas von Radetzky, 50, taxi driver, houseman and teacher, Berlin
“Being a Muslim and a Westerner are not necessarily mutually exclusive. The problem is: we need
more middle-class Muslims in the West. Successful middle-class Muslims should be winning the
respect of other Westerners, but instead their accomplishments compete in shaping public
opinion against violence, honor killings and forced marriages, which is how Islam is often
portrayed in Western countries. The negative, inaccurate stereotypes of Islam overwhelm the
positive opinions other Westerners should be forming about their everyday Muslim neighbors, like
the other parents at the kindergarten, the local banker, policeman or shopkeeper.”
--- Cem Ozdemir, 40, member of European Parliament for Germany's Green party
“Yes, we are egocentric. But that is about individualism. It can be positive; it can be negative.
Clans don't exist for us. The social structures are less rigid than before. We are much more mobile.
Regarding tolerance, generally, they [the Muslims] are not tolerant. But then, which religion is?
It is about having respect for how we live, without imposing it on others. Education and integration
is the key. Being able to speak German is essential for integration and understanding the culture
and values. Learning the language is so important. Yet so many live in tightly organized families
who do not speak German.”
--- Stefanie Mates, 42, psychotherapist, Berlin
“Modern European societies put a high emphasis on the individual and its liberties. This contrasts
sharply with the much more community-oriented value system of many Muslims. This cleavage is a
result of substantial differences with regard to the degree of secularization of the different
groups in West European societies. In general, a functioning religious belief system (of any of the
three religious offsprings of the Near East) tends to prefer community orientation to individualism.
The same holds true the other way round: in a strongly individualistic society the upholding of
community-oriented values and habits unavoidably provokes the reproach of intolerance.”
--- Heinz Kramer, 61, head of the Islamic Studies department at the German
Institute for Security Studies, Berlin
*Interviews were conducted by Judy Dempsey.
42
In particular, pluralities in all of the predominantly Muslim countries surveyed associate
Westerners with being greedy, arrogant, immoral, selfish and violent. And solid majorities in
Jordan, Turkey and Egypt – as well as a plurality of Muslims in Nigeria – view Westerners as
being fanatical.
Negative Characteristics Associated with Westerners (Muslim Respondents)
Arrogant
Selfish
Violent
Indonesia
81
Nigeria
74
Jordan
81
Jordan
73
Indonesia
72
Egypt
75
Turkey
69
Turkey
67
Nigeria
74
British Muslims
67
British Muslims
64
Turkey
70
Egypt
63
Pakistan
53
Indonesia
64
German Muslims
57
Egypt
49
British Muslims
52
Nigeria
56
Jordan
48
Pakistan
49
Pakistan
54
German Muslims
48
German Muslims
34
French Muslims
51
French Muslims
45
French Muslims
29
Spanish Muslims
50
Spanish Muslims
43
Spanish Muslims
24
Immoral
Greedy
Fanatical
Indonesia
76
Nigeria
65
Jordan
68
Jordan
73
Egypt
64
Turkey
67
Egypt
70
Jordan
62
Egypt
61
Turkey
67
Indonesia
60
Nigeria
49
British Muslims
63
Turkey
59
British Muslims
44
Nigeria
48
British Muslims
57
Indonesia
41
Pakistan
44
Pakistan
45
German Muslims
38
German Muslims
39
German Muslims
32
French Muslims
26
Spanish Muslims
38
French Muslims
30
Pakistan
24
French Muslims
31
Spanish Muslims
29
Spanish Muslims
21
Lighter shading indicates Muslim subpopulations in Western European countries.
In Pakistan, the percentage of Don't Know/Refuse responses ranges from 28% to 42% on these characteristics.
43
Voices from Great Britain
Reporting by the International Herald Tribune*
“It's hard to pin the blame on anyone. The problem with the Muslims in Britain, certainly the South
Asian community, is they came from very low social backgrounds, from villages in Pakistan. The
gap between civilizations was so great that they could not meaningfully integrate. The second
generation born and gone to school here, and they suffer from a quite serious inferiority complex.
Here are these young men, full of energy and aspirations, but it takes a while to integrate into the
upper echelons of any society. I think there are a lot of frustrations among a group which feels it
has not been able to get where it could have or should have.”
--- Ali Abbas, 31, an economist who migrated from Pakistan
“Relations are bad, for two reasons, one political, one spiritual. The political one is all about oil.
The East has the oil and the West hasn't. They want it. Our countries are very weak. Iraq has
made a big difference to opinion, particularly in Britain. They want to bring the oil price down. It's
all about greed. As for the spiritual aspects, I respect Christianity and Judaism absolutely but they
are heading towards secularism. There is not enough respect for the spiritual side of life.
People in this country describe themselves as Christian, but then you ask them, when was the last
time you went to church?”
--- Hojjat Ramzy, 52, is an Iranian-born Muslim chaplain for Sunni Muslim in Oxford
“My perception is that when you get down and talk to people there isn't a great clash of
civilizations. Particularly from a women's point of view. I have just come back from Saudi Arabia
and I was struck by the fact that women have so much in common in what they want to
change…. In my early twenties I simply blamed the West for dividing countries against each other,
but in my thirties and forties I have seen more about the reality of government and I now feel that
these countries haven't done themselves many favors.”
--- Baroness Pola Uddin, 46, born in what is now Bangladesh and
the first Muslim woman member of the House of Lords
“After the bombings on 7 July last year I was surprised by how fantastic Londoners were, and how
many people were able to look beyond what had happened. Of course it's not a perfect
society, but I was expecting the backlash to be a lot worse…Where we are at the moment? We
have two sides that don't understand each other particularly well. And I think both are equally
responsible. I think the Muslims need to be introspective and look at their community from within
and put their house in order. We do have a serious issue in terms of the miseducation of youth
about Islamic practices, what's acceptable and what is not. We have to look at the importation
of foreign imams. For me a lot of the misunderstanding comes from social and economic
problems, for example up north it's a totally different situation from London. ”
--- Shahedah Vawda, 33, a health scientist originally from South Africa
*Interviews were conducted by John Morrison.
44
By the same token, in judging positive traits Muslim publics find little good to say about
Westerners. A narrow majority of Nigeria’s Muslims (52%) say they associate Westerners with
being generous. But that is very much an exception: otherwise, minorities of the Muslim publics
surveyed associate the following traits with people who live in the West – generous, honest,
devout, and tolerant. Also, fewer than half in all six Muslim publics surveyed say they associate
Westerners with respect toward women.
For the most part, Western European Muslims surveyed express very different – and
more positive – views of Westerners than do Muslims in Muslim countries (including Nigeria).
Majorities or near majorities of Muslims living in Great Britain, France, Germany and Spain
view Westerners as generous, honest, tolerant and respectful of women. Similarly, minorities of
Muslims in these countries associate Westerners with being violent, greedy, fanatical, and
immoral. However, Muslims in Western Europe do tend to see Westerners as selfish, with half or
more Muslims in the four European nations saying they associate this trait with Westerners.
Positive Characteristics Associated with Westerners (Muslim Respondents)
Respectful of Women
Tolerant
Generous
Spanish Muslims
82
French Muslims
70
Spanish Muslims
70
French Muslims
77
Spanish Muslims
69
French Muslims
65
56
German Muslims
62
52
British Muslims
48
34
German Muslims
British Muslims
73
British Muslims
49
Turkey
42
German Muslims
45
Indonesia
Nigeria
41
Indonesia
30
Nigeria
30
Egypt
40
Egypt
27
Egypt
28
Indonesia
38
Pakistan
24
Jordan
28
Jordan
38
22
Jordan
20
Turkey
27
Turkey
15
Pakistan
13
Pakistan
Nigeria
Honest
Devout
Spanish Muslims
66
Turkey
39
German Muslims
56
British Muslims
37
French Muslims
51
Germany Muslims
36
British Muslims
42
Nigeria
36
Jordan
41
Indonesia
35
Egypt
32
Egypt
29
Nigeria
27
French Muslims
26
Turkey
23
Spanish Muslims
26
Pakistan
21
Pakistan
21
Indonesia
20
Jordan
19
Lighter shading indicates Muslim subpopulations in Western European countries.
In Pakistan, the percentage of Don't Know/Refuse responses ranges from 26% to 36% on these characteristics.
45
Voices from India
Reporting by the International Herald Tribune*
“Everyone is selfish. No use calling them [Muslims] selfish alone. They are poor, so there is no doubt
they are aggressive. Maybe that can be considered selfishness, but did you provide them food? If
you don't provide them social security, then they may turn out to be anti-social.”
--- Chunibhai Vaidya, 88, a social worker in Ahmedabad and a Hindu
“America and other countries are trying to make this picture of Islam. Nowadays, we keep
hearing the news. Always there is some news about Islamic terrorism. The media is in the hands of
Israel and America, and they have planned to prove that Islam is terrorism. In India, there are
regular blasts in Kashmir, so the Indians feel insecure. And they feel that if we support Islam, then
maybe we will get overrun, so it's better to oppose Islam and support America.”
--- Mohammad Arif, 40, owner of a small printing business and a Muslim
“The major cause of all these problems is the political community in India. The second problem is
the lack of literacy in the Muslim community. If you have a community that is not well-educated in
general, if they're not getting jobs, what do they do? They have to live. They have to take care of
the family. So they come out and fight. That's why people see them like this.”
--- Manish Goenka, 31, heads the marketing division for a company that
produces speech-recognition software in Mumbai
“The whole relationship between communities is undergoing a transformation. Muslims are feeling
part of a larger Muslim whole rather than a distinct Indianness. The relationship between
communities in India is not under threat. But it is under pressure, because of these various
developments. Democracy was doing a good job in India. It was the free play and
strengthening of the democratic structure which has made people feel more comfortable and
settled. And that is under pressure”
--- Wajahat Habibullah, 60, a retired senior bureaucrat.
He is a Muslim and a well-known authority on Kashmir
*Interviews were conducted by Anand Giridharadas.
46
The Muslim minority population of Great Britain is an exception to this pattern. Across
the full battery of questions, they have much more negative views of Westerners than do the
Muslim minorities of Germany, France and Spain. Meanwhile, among those three countries, the
Muslims in France and Spain have somewhat more positive views of Westerners than do
Muslims in Germany.
Character Traits: Non-Muslims View Muslims
People in non-Muslim countries, including India and Russia as well as the U.S. and
Western Europe, have mixed opinions of the characteristics associated with Muslims. Majorities
of the general populations in all of the non-Muslim countries surveyed say they see Muslims as
devout. Solid majorities of the French and Nigeria’s non-Muslim population also associate
Muslims with being generous; far lower percentages in other non-Muslim countries agree.
Positive Characteristics Associated with Muslims
(Non-Muslim Respondents)
Devout
Spain
Germany
86
85
France
Great Britain
64
56
Great Britain
84
Germany
Russia
81
Nigeria
France
U.S.
69
67
Nigeria
65
56
Russia
India
Generous
Honest
France
Nigeria
63
55
52
Germany
40
46
Great Britain
34
U.S.
Spain
44
43
India
Spain
31
29
India
35
22
U.S.
Russia
26
24
Tolerant
Respectful of Women*
France
45
Nigeria
57
Great Britain
Great Britain
26
Russia
35
33
France
23
India
29
U.S.
19
U.S.
28
Nigeria
27
21
20
Germany
Spain
17
12
Germany
Spain
* Not asked in India and Russia.
But fewer than half in each of the non-Muslim publics associate Muslims with being
tolerant. And with the exception of Nigeria, small minorities say they associate Muslims with
respect for women. This is even in the case among the French, who generally have a more
positive view of Muslims than do other Western publics.
47
Voices from Indonesia
Reporting by the International Herald Tribune*
“World politicians and the media are mostly to blame for the bad relationship between the West
and Muslim countries. But especially Western politicians from superpower countries because they
often issue double-standard regulations that hurt Muslims -- i.e. the Gulf War, the Iraq invasion,
Israel and Palestine, etc. And the Western media often aggravates these conflicts with
disproportionate and biased news coverage.”
--- Rahmawati Husein, 40, professor, Yogyakarta
“The main cause of this poor relationship is because the West connects Islam to terrorism. But my
feeling is that the relationship is beginning to change in Indonesia. This might be in part because
the U.S. foreign policy toward Indonesia recently has been to look at Indonesia, being a large
Muslim country, as a friend and strategic partner instead of an enemy and a threat. It is changing
now because there is a lot of cooperation between many U.S. agencies with Muslim
organizations, like my organization, in Indonesia. We have been working together. We are now
engaged in a partnership.”
--- Din Syamsuddin, chairman of Muhammidiyah, Indonesia's second largest
Muslim organization, Jakarta
“What I have learned since I was a kid was that there have always been wars between Muslims
and Christians or Catholics. They are labeled as religious wars. But the truth is that these wars were
fought, and are fought, for political and economic interests. The religion is not the problem, it's the
people behind the religion. In my opinion, both Muslims and Westerners contributed equally to
worsen the misunderstanding between the two groups. Unfortunately, religion has always been
politicized for political and economical interests…In my opinion, if Muslims nations want to be
more prosperous, they have to stop using violence as a solution and start building business. Islam
needs to change in order to achieve glory.”
--- Imam Karyadi Aryant, 25, fashion designer, Yogyakarta
“In the Quran, Allah said to Muhammad, "I won't change somebody's fate unless they're trying" -meaning, if Muslims want to be more prosperous, they must be willing to learn from the past, be
open to criticism, be willing to learn new things and also help each other. There should be a
stronger Muslim international organization that promotes bonds between Muslim countries, which
would function like the United Nations. I know that capitalism adds to the deterioration of
developing countries, but I'm ashamed to always use that as an excuse.”
--- Atiyatul Izzah, 21, university student, Yogyakarta.
*Interviews were conducted by Peter Gelling.
48
On the negative side, majorities in five of eight non-Muslim publics surveyed associate
Muslims with being fanatical and violent. But there are divisions of opinions about both of these
characteristics. Several countries in the survey, by lopsided margins, associate Muslims with
fanaticism, led by Spain (83%) and Germany (78%). Opinion in France, Great Britain and the
U.S. is more evenly balanced, though half of the French and nearly as many Americans (43%)
say they see Muslims as fanatical.
Negative Characteristics Associated with Muslims
(Non-Muslim Respondents)
Violent
Fanatical
Arrogant
Spain
83
Nigeria
73
India
58
Germany
78
74
India
67
60
Nigeria
55
51
Nigeria
India
73
Spain
Russia
59
Russia
Spain
Russia
France
72
50
Germany
U.S.
52
45
France
Great Britain
Great Britain
48
43
France
Great Britain
41
32
U.S.
Germany
U.S.
Greedy
Selfish
India
Nigeria
64
48
42
38
35
35
28
Immoral
India
Nigeria
55
40
India
Nigeria
50
43
Russia
48
Spain
34
Germany
26
Germany
Spain
44
43
Russia
U.S.
33
24
Russia
Spain
25
21
Great Britain
30
27
27
Great Britain
17
14
10
U.S.
France
Great Britain
19
18
16
France
U.S.
Germany
France
49
Voices from Jordan
Reporting by the International Herald Tribune*
“There is no prosperity because the United States has seized all our products, all our oil, and all our
wealth. All of it goes to the United States and the West. It is not about the internal politics. Look
at Saddam, you see what happened to him -- did he come out with anything? No, it is the
politics of the strong, the way the West deals with us.”
--- Hassan Omar Abdel Rahman, 70, unemployed, former pharmacist
“Generation after generation, we have seen the presence of Israel and the absolute Western
endorsement of Israel, with absolutely no support for us. Even if they do give us some aid, it is at
the cost of our dignity, our existence. It is conditional. This of course generates a certain feeling
for the people here that even if they do give us something, which they can afford to do since
they have wealth, still, it is the strong dominating the weak. And this makes people here feel a
certain injustice. When the weak lose hope that the strong may support them, it creates a kind of
bitterness and hatred for the stronger party.”
--- Nadia Abou Darwish, 50, housewife and former high school teacher
“I blame the people in the West definitely. The media portrays Islam as terrorism. So definitely the
people who watch these things and don't mingle with Arabs, they will come to think that Arabs
are terrorists. So the media definitely plays a role. When something blows up in Israel, all over the
world, they show them saying, 'Look what the Arabs did to us.’”
--- Reem Sandarussi, 26, advertising account manager
“Yes, Muslims are against the west. But why? I believe the reason is this -- it is a sort of reflection of
Muslim dissatisfaction with the western foreign policies, especially on two issues: the Palestinian
issue and now Iraq. These are the apparent issues, which people talk about day and night. And
which the news focuses on day and night. And they come to the eyes and ears of the audience,
of the Muslims who have been surveyed, daily in the bloodiest way -- its killing, women screaming
and yelling, and soldiers frowning. So what they hate is American foreign policy and they see the
Europeans as sort of succumbing to the Americans.”
--- Adnan Abu Odeh, 73, former political adviser to King Hussein
“This is primarily the responsibility of the ruling regimes. Corruption has proliferated in some of
these countries…There is an absence of national oversight and in some countries there is stealing
and embezzlement in every meaning of the word. This is why we find these tragic economic
conditions and this corruption that is gnawing at the bones of most of the Muslim
countries.”
--- Saleh Al Kallab, 59, newspaper columnist and former Jordanian minister of information
*Interviews were conducted by Mona El-Naggar.
50
Muslims Much More Critical
On average, Muslims in predominantly
Muslim countries are more likely to associate
Westerners with multiple negative traits than vice
versa. Indeed, 82% of Jordanians, and nearly as many
Indonesians, Turks, Nigerian Muslims and Egyptians
ascribe three or more negative characteristics to
Westerners. In contrast, far fewer European Muslims
– with the notable exception of British Muslims –
link three or more negative traits to Westerners.
Among non-Muslim publics, 63% in Nigeria
and 53% in Spain associate Muslims with three or
more negative characteristics. But other non-Muslim
publics are less critical of Muslims. In France, the
U.S. and Great Britain, only about a third of
respondents in each country associate Muslims with
three or more negative characteristics; comparable
percentages in each ascribe none of the negative
characteristics listed to Muslims.
51
Muslims More Critical of
Westerners Than Vice Versa
# of negative traits
ascribed to Westerners
by Muslims in…
Great Britain
Germany
Spain
France
3+
%
69
47
38
37
1-2
%
21
34
36
47
0
%
10
20
26
16
Jordan
Indonesia
Turkey
Nigeria
Egypt
82
80
75
74
73
15
17
13
19
18
3
4
12
7
9
Ascribed to Muslims
by non-Muslims in…
Nigeria
Spain
Germany
France
U.S.
Great Britain
3+
%
63
53
46
35
35
30
1-2
%
27
38
40
33
31
36
0
%
10
10
15
32
34
34
Respondents were read a list of six negative traits.
For each, Muslims were asked whether they
associate it with Westerners, while non-Muslims
were asked whether they associate it with
Muslims.
Voices from Nigeria
Reporting by the International Herald Tribune*
“Yes, it's true that the relationship between Muslims and Westerners is that of mutual mistrust. If you
follow the issues, you begin to see that the Westerners are always plotting one discriminatory
policy or the other against Muslims. This was the situation even before September 11, but it only
became more pronounced after September 11. I am a Muslim, I will defend my faith and
practice my faith no matter what, but I also recognize the fact that the next has the right to
practice and defend his faith. So, you see, I'm not a fundamentalist even though I love my
religion. But when they call all Muslims terrorists and call us fundamentalists or fanatics and then
begin to oppress us in the name of fighting terrorism, then you see people reacting in desperate
ways including violence. So, these violent people are actually a creation of the West. After all, we
all know that America necessitated the creation of al-Qaeda and similar groups.”
--- Murtala Mohammed, 28, university student, Political Science, University of Jos
“It is true that relations between Muslims around the world and the West have not been
particularly warm in recent times. And the reason is simple: Sept 11 pitched the West against the
Muslim world. Al-Qaeda became a synonym for Islam and America's so-called war on terror
effectively – and some will say conveniently - became a war on Islam. Muslims are generally
labeled 'fundamentalist' and 'terrorist' and this provides them an excuse to persecute Muslims. I
can tell you that if I travel to say, London, for instance, because my name is Saleh, they will take
time and be thorough in clearing me through the immigrations because as far as they are
concerned, I could be concealing a bomb somewhere. That is how bad it is.”
--- Saleh Bayeri, 43, a politician/Muslim community leader in Jos, Plateau State, central Nigeria
“We have learned in Nigeria that if a country is poor, it's because of the political and economic
systems it chooses. You cannot sincerely blame the West for every problem in the Muslim
countries. If they adopt democracy…and if they adopt the right economic policies, they will
overcome poverty.”
--- Lumumba Dah Adeh, 44, special assistant to President Obasanjo on legislative matters
“It's so easy and convenient to simply say Muslims think Westerners are fanatical and vice versa,
but it's more complex than that. I am a Muslim and I don't consider Westerners or Christians for
that matter as fanatical. The elite simply take advantage of the poverty and ignorance of their
people and manipulate them for their own gains. Otherwise, these people are busy trying to
survive and hardly have time to spare for forming perceptions about foreigners.”
--- Abdul Oroh, 46, deputy chair, Nigerian House of Representatives Committee on Human Rights
*Interviews were conducted by Senan Murray.
52
II. THE RIFT BETWEEN MUSLIMS AND THE WEST:
CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
M
uslims and Westerners agree that relations between them are generally bad, but
disagree about who is to blame. Strong majorities in the Muslim world blame the
West, while Western publics are more divided.
Roughly eight-in-ten Turks (79%) who say relations between Muslims and people in the
West are bad say that Westerners are mostly to blame for this. Smaller but still sizable majorities
in Indonesia (64%), Jordan (61%), Pakistan (60%) and Egypt (56%) also say Westerners are
largely to blame for the poor state of relations (based on those who say relations are generally
bad).
On this question, as on many others, the division in Nigeria between its Christian and
Muslim population is striking. Majorities of both Muslims (77%) and Christians (52%) agree that
relations between Muslims and the West are poor. But 69% of Christian Nigerians blame
Muslims, while an even greater percentage of Muslim Nigerians (83%) blame Westerners.
General Agreement That Relations are Bad; Disagreement Over Who is to Blame
------------Who is mostly to blame for bad relations?**-----------Western
Both
Neither
Jews
Don’t
Muslims
people
(vol.)
(vol.)
(vol.)
know
%
%
%
%
%
%
33
26
22
8
0
11
United States
% saying
relations are bad*
%
55
Germany
France
Spain
Great Britain
Russia
70
66
61
61
53
39
47
32
25
35
17
28
10
27
25
27
19
52
33
28
6
2
4
6
3
0
0
1
1
1
10
4
1
8
7
British Muslims
German Muslims
French Muslims
Spanish Muslims
62
60
58
23
11
6
21
5
48
46
52
28
28
35
21
40
5
3
3
13
1
0
0
4
7
11
3
10
Turkey
Egypt
Jordan
Indonesia
Pakistan
64
58
54
53
25
7
1
3
4
14
79
56
61
64
60
8
16
7
15
7
1
5
*
1
*
1
22
28
10
9
4
2
1
7
9
Nigerian Muslims
Nigerian Christians
77
52
1
69
83
10
11
16
1
3
1
*
2
2
* % saying relations these days between Muslims around the world and people in western countries are bad.
** asked only of those who say relations are bad.
53
Voices from Pakistan
Reporting by the International Herald Tribune*
“ I think we have always been keen to take credit for building bridges between Islam and the
West. That's probably why we feel it's important to have good relations because we feel that is
the only bargaining chip we have to gain international significance -- as a moderate Islamic state
that enjoys good relations with the U.S. and Western Europe.”
--- Muhammad Adnan, 37, government employee, Islamabad
“I don’t think the relations are good at all. Look, on the state level, I don't think we stand
anywhere, but on a person-to-person interaction it's much better. First of all, we need to take into
account that even if relations are good, they are good on our side, not from the Western side.
They perceive Muslims as terrorists. Secondly, the West has an expansionist policy and they want
to get hold of this portion of the world. And it's the rule of nature that you befriend people who
are similar to you. They can't treat Muslims equally and will never be friends with us.”
--- Sadia Omar, 34, housewife, Rawalpindi
“The majority of Pakistanis feel that the causes of their bad relations with the West are: the West's
support to Israel; and Western nations' indifference to the Kashmiri's sufferings at the hands of
Indian security forces. Pakistanis generally have a more moderate and positive attitude toward
the West given the orientation of the country toward the West since its inception. More than 70
percent of Pakistan's trade is with the West.”
--- Fazal-ur-Rahman, 46, director of the East Asia Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad
“Most of the Muslim countries are gripped by dictatorships or they are kingdoms. Societies have
not functioned properly, are dysfunctional. I think lack of progress in science is a key factor too.
Muslims lag far behind in science and technology and this hinders their capability to flourish. We
have the raw materials, we have the labor but we do not have the technology. Then, there is
corruption, nepotism. Also, there is a feeling that West is exploiting our resources and we are
incapacitated to counter Western domination.”
--- Muhammad Nasir, 24, student of international relations, Islamabad
“Most Muslim nations severely lag behind in anything even remotely close to education. Add to
that the fact that most governments have done nothing rather than bleed the country dry
through corruption as a right of passage, not much is going to happen to increase any sort of
prosperity, be it economic or otherwise.”
--- Reem Khan, 25, writer/magazine editor, Lahore
*Interviews were conducted by Salman Masood.
54
In Jordan and Egypt, majorities blame the West generally for bad relations, but about a
quarter of the respondents offer up a more specific source of tension. Fully 28% of Jordanians
and 22% of Egyptians volunteer that “Jews” are mostly to blame for bad relations, although Jews
were not mentioned in the question.
Western publics have mixed views of which side is to blame for the poor relationship
between Muslims and people in the West. A third of Americans say Muslims are mostly to
blame for this, but 26% point to Western people, while 22% volunteer that both sides are to
blame. British opinion divides along similar lines: a third of the British who see relations as poor
blame both sides; 27% blame Westerners; and 25% think that people in Western countries are
mostly to blame.
Among Western publics, the French and Germans are most likely to blame Muslims for
the bad relationship. But in both countries, fewer than half of those who see relations between
the West and Muslims as bad mostly blame Muslims for this (47% in France, 39% in Germany).
Europe’s Muslim minorities generally feel Westerners are responsible for the rift between
Muslims and the West, but this view is less widespread than in predominantly Muslim countries.
Spain’s Muslims stand out because an unusually high percentage (49%) says that relations
between the West and Muslims are good; just 23% of Spanish Muslim say that relations are bad.
Why Aren’t Muslim Nations More Prosperous?
Muslims and Westerners agree that Muslim nations should be doing better economically.
This view is expressed by strong majorities throughout the West and overwhelming percentages
of Muslims. Russia is the only country surveyed where fewer than half (45%) say that Muslim
countries should be more economically prosperous, although a relatively small majority in the
U.S. (56%) also expresses this view.
Consensus breaks down, however, over what is most responsible for Muslim nations’
lack of prosperity. There are differences among Muslim and non-Muslim publics alike, although
Muslims are much more likely to blame U.S. and Western policies than are non-Muslim publics.
Two-thirds of Jordanians (66%) and 59% of Egyptians who say Muslim nations should
be more economically prosperous say Western policies are primarily responsible, or next most
responsible, for the lack of prosperity. Nearly half of those in Turkey (48%) and Indonesia (47%)
who say Muslim nations should be more prosperous also say Western policies are to blame;
however, somewhat more Turks (55%) see lack of education in the Muslim world as the main
obstacle to Muslim prosperity, while Indonesians most often mention government corruption in
Muslim nations as being mainly responsible for Muslims’ lack of prosperity (52%). But only
55
Voices from Russia
Reporting by the International Herald Tribune*
“When a pedestrian and car crash, who to blame? Even if pedestrian did something wrong, the
driver always wrong because he is stronger. When weak and strong collide, the strong one is
wrong. We should have built a system where there is no conflict. The strong West is to blame. To
be concrete, the thing is that the West built such a system of relations that leads people to work
the same, let's say, in the Arab world and West, but consumption in Western world is many times
higher. This egotistical national policy worked as normal colonial policy 100 years ago, but in the
modern global world it doesn't work.”
--- Sergei Markov, 48, director of the Institute of Political Studies and deputy chairman of the
Public Chamber Commission on International Cooperation and Public Diplomacy
“As always in such situations probably both sides have grievances against the other, painful
historical memory. If one speaks of conflicts on the territory of the former Soviet Union, I think these
are echoes of Stalin's policies. It's hard to speak of the whole world, of U.S. policies. Here, I think
Chechnya is the result of horrible Stalin deportation of people. Hatred from their side because of
this. There wasn't a bad attitude to them before the first and second Chechen war.”
--- Karina Cherniak, 57, Orthodox Church youth worker, Moscow
“Many Muslim countries are located in good geographical conditions. They have either oil, or
natural resources. Those rulers who are in these countries, they simply don't work for the good of
the people. The people get impoverished because of this. They don't spiritually develop the
people. If they did, they would understand that people could be just and loyal everywhere. The
authorities there don't distribute resources, don't encourage spiritual growth. Those who are in
power, who are close to resources, they encircle themselves in wealth. There are children, very
poor people, no attention is paid to them.”
--- Tamara Kantayeva, 49, Chechen refugee in Moscow, school teacher
“I think the situation is to blame. Determining who is more or less to blame is a favorite pastime in
the West and in the Muslim East and each blames the other. I think the situation is to blame. Both
sides were not ready for this. There's no doubt that radicalism will grow. Reform in the Muslim
world on a nationalist basis has failed. The nationalist basis has failed and been replaced by Islam.
In the process of globalization, the Muslim world has lost to the West. What is happening is
compensation. We can't repeat your path, so we'll build our own. We don't like that you crush
Muslims in Iraq, Iran and Palestine. This is a symmetrical answer. What we're observing is an
inferiority complex. We can't catch up with you, so we'll punish you.”
--- Aleksei Malashenko, 55, scholar-in-residence, Carnegie Moscow Center,
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
*Interviews were conducted by Sophia Kishkovsky.
56
about a quarter of Pakistanis (24%) blame U.S. and other Western policies, while 60% blame
Muslims’ lack of education.
Notably, solid majorities of Muslims in Spain, Great Britain and France who say Muslim
nations should be more economically prosperous believe government corruption in Muslim
nations is largely responsible for the lack of prosperity. German Muslims generally attribute the
economic weakness of Muslim nations to a lack of education among Muslims.
What is Most Responsible for Muslim Nations’ Lack of Prosperity?*
United States
Government
corruption
%
58
Lack of
education
%
51
U.S. & Western
policies
%
14
Islamic
fundamentalism
%
32
Lack of
democracy
%
28
Great Britain
Spain
France
Germany
Russia
51
50
41
40
23
35
29
38
48
49
22
33
27
20
36
32
42
43
53
41
32
34
48
28
31
Spanish Muslims
British Muslims
French Muslims
German Muslims
64
63
57
29
23
52
32
65
46
36
48
33
6
10
21
19
20
21
40
36
Indonesia
Egypt
Jordan
Pakistan
Turkey
52
49
45
40
22
41
29
28
60
55
47
59
66
24
48
11
14
19
10
9
37
32
28
27
35
* Percent who named each item, from a list of five choices, as most or second most responsible. Based on those who
say Muslim nations should be more prosperous.
Western publics differ over what is mostly responsible for Muslim nations’ lack of
prosperity. Germans most often blame Islamic fundamentalism (53%), while a plurality of
French (48%) see the lack of democracy in the Muslim world as mainly responsible. Americans
generally believe government corruption is to blame for Muslim nations’ failure to prosper
(58%), although 51% point to a lack of education in the Muslim world. A narrow majority in
Great Britain (51%) also views Muslim government corruption is largely responsible for Muslim
nations’ poor economic fortunes.
57
Voices from Spain
Reporting by the International Herald Tribune*
“Westerners can seem very individualist to Muslims. Spain is actually one of the countries where
family and friends matter most compared to other places in Europe. But the idea is still that you
have to succeed on your own. Muslims are always looking out for others. They are always offering
you something. They offer you food even if they're hungry, they offer you their bed even if they
have only one. The idea is that what you give to others you get back in return many times over.”
--- Amira Ruíz, 24, student in international business from Barcelona who
converted from Catholicism to Islam a year ago
“Spain has the same GNP as all the Arab countries combined. Most of them reached
independence two generations ago, so it is difficult to blame the Western world, or imperialism,
for the economic stagnation. Their sociological system, their laws, their education are to blame. It
is a pity because if you know them you realize that from the human point of view their potential is
enormous.”
--- Inocencio Arias, Spain's consul general in Los Angeles and
its former ambassador to the United Nations
“The Muslim world hasn't been able to organize its societies in a modern way. Our governments
lack a clear separation of powers in the modern sense, for example. Assistance from the
West would be more effective if it did not come with so many strings attached. They often ask us
to change our culture to get more assistance. They want us to adopt democracy, to give religion
less prominence. But Muslim countries are not willing to give up their culture.”
--- Ahmed el Abdellaoui, 40, a translator who lives in Madrid but is originally from Morocco
“The Muslim community here is very isolated, so they don't understand the rest of Spain, and
Spaniards don't understand them. Perceptions are based mostly on stereotypes.”
--- Zaida Díaz, 33, an accountant from Madrid
“Some people in Spain want to forget that we were a Muslim country for nearly 800 years. But you
cannot deny your roots, and we all have Islamic roots.”
--- Manuela Aparicio, 58, a publishing executive in Madrid
*Interviews were conducted by Renwick McLean.
58
Seeing the World Differently: The Cartoon Controversy
With just a few exceptions, there is broad public awareness of the dispute over
publication of cartoons with the image of the prophet Muhammad. In most populations surveyed,
more than 80% had heard of the controversy, and this figure rises to more than 90% in Jordan,
Egypt, and among Muslims in Great Britain, Germany and France. But in the U.S., just 65% had
heard of the dispute, and in China only 23% were aware of the issue.
By wide margins, Westerners who had
heard of the controversy believe that Muslim
intolerance is principally to blame for the
controversy, while Muslims, by even more
lopsided majorities, see Western disrespect for
the Islamic religion as the root of the problem.
The clashing points of view are seen clearly in
Nigeria, where 81% of Muslims blame the
controversy on Western disrespect and 63% of
Christians say Muslim intolerance is to blame.
On this issue, unlike many others,
Europe’s Muslim minorities share the
perspective of their fellow Muslims in Muslim
nations. Among those who are aware of the
dispute, more than seven-in-ten Muslims in
Spain (80%), France (79%), Great Britain
(73%) and Germany (71%) say Western
disrespect for Islam spurred the conflict.
Controversy over Cartoons of
Muhammad: What's to Blame?*
Muslim intolerance
U.S.
Western disrespect
60 20
Russia
France
Germany
Spain
Great Britain
34
67
62
53
59
30
28
26
21
19
Spanish Muslims
French Muslims
British Muslims
German Muslims
5
19
9
15
80
79
73
71
4
3
5
8
90
87
86
84
Jordan
Egypt
Indonesia
Turkey
Nigerian Muslims
Nigerian Christ.
6 81
63 22
India
33 53
* Based on those w ho heard about the controversy.
59
Voices from Turkey
Reporting by the International Herald Tribune*
“Westerners do not like us and we do not like them either. We cannot catch up with their lifestyle
because our moral values are different. We belong to different worlds, different traditions. We
have all seen what they have done in Iraq; they simply do not have conscience.”
--- Hasan Karaer, 42, head waiter at a local restaurant in Istanbul
“It is enough to look at the economic imbalances to see why people think badly about
Westerners. United States, France, England, Germany and many other countries have become
what they are by exploiting either the natural resources or manpower of other countries.
Therefore, Westerners, in this ongoing system based on exploitation, will always remain selfish and
greedy.”
--- Ozlem Ozer, 30, assistant architect, Istanbul
“Muslim Eastern countries consider materialism as a bad thing but for a better future they have to
respect individualism more. So, there is confusion there. In their eyes, individualism is not good in
itself but not all communitarian values are good either. Communitarian lifestyles are oppressive on
people…The Eastern people have to be more critical of themselves. This can also be partly a way
of expressing jealousy for the economic welfare in the West. Westerners may be labeled as
greedy and selfish because they are richer.”
--- Volkan Aytar, 35, program officer, Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation
“The level of socio-economic and human development is much lower when it comes to Muslim
countries. And in the human development comparison between man and woman, there is also a
large gender gap. Another reason why Muslim countries are not doing as well as their Western
counterparts is that in many Muslim countries the social and political relations evolve around
family and kinship, which makes it difficult to develop trust and cooperate with other global and
domestic businesses. Because the level of trust and the level of social capital are low, it prevents
proper, stable production and professional business. They tend to form business relations with
family companies and this creates problems…. Such companies cannot expand and form
international global and business connections.”
--- Prof. Nilufer Narli, sociologist, Vice President of Bahcesehir University in Istanbul
“Of course they [Muslims] will be poor. How many of them are educated people? What are they
actually producing? Most of the people here try to live beyond their means, in debt most of the
time. In Saudi Arabia and Gulf countries they wouldn't have been so rich if they hadn't had any
petrol resources. Name me a single Muslim country that has become rich by hardworking. You
cannot.”
--- Mustafa Umranyildizli, 39, taxi driver, Istanbul
*Interviews were conducted by Sebnem Arsu.
60
While Westerners are firm in their view that
Muslims are to blame for the controversy, they are
not without sympathy for Muslims who were
offended by the cartoons. About half the respondents
in Great Britain and roughly four-in-ten in the United
States, Germany and France voice such sympathy.
But just 17% of the Spanish say they are
sympathetic, while 79% say they are not.
As might be expected, large majorities of
Muslims – in predominantly Muslim countries as
well as Europe – say they sympathize with the
Muslims who were offended by the cartoons.
Feelings of sympathy with those offended by the
cartoons are especially widespread in Jordan (99%)
and Egypt (98%).
Percent Sympathetic to Muslims
Offended by Cartoons
of Muhammad*
U.S.
42
Great Britain
52
Germany
44
Russia
44
France
38
Spain
17
British Muslims
92
Spanish Muslims
84
French Muslims
82
German Muslims
61
*Based on those w ho heard about the
Seeing the World Differently: 9/11
controversy. The question is w orded:
Perhaps the most dramatic measure of the "Regardless of how you feel about the protests,
w ere you sympathetic to Muslims w ho w ere
gulf that separates Muslims from the Western world offended by these cartoons, or not?"
comes in their response to this question: Do you
believe that groups of Arabs carried out the attacks against the United States on Sept. 11, 2001?
By wide margins, Muslims living in Muslim countries say they do not believe this to be
the case. The least skeptical Muslim nation is Jordan; even there, a majority (53%) says they do
not believe Arabs carried out the attacks. The most skeptical nation is Indonesia, where 65% say
they do not believe it and just 16% say they do, with the remaining 20% expressing no opinion.
In Turkey, nearly as many (59%) say they do not believe that groups of Arabs carried out
the Sept. 11 attacks, while 16% say they did. In 2002, a much bigger share of the Turkish public
– 46% – said they believed that Arabs were responsible for Sept. 11, according to a Gallup
survey. Roughly four-in-ten Pakistanis (41%) say they do not believe groups of Arabs carried out
the 9/11 attacks, compared with 5% who think they did; 44% of Pakistanis declined to respond.
The Muslim minorities of France, Germany and Spain are fairly evenly divided over
whether Arabs did, or did not, carry out the Sept.11 attacks, while opinion among British
Muslims is similar to views in predominantly Muslim countries. By 56%-17%, British Muslims
do not believe Arabs were responsible for the 9/11 attacks.
61
III. ISLAM, MODERNITY AND TERRORISM
I
n most Western countries, the prevailing view among non-Muslims is that there is a conflict
between being a devout Muslim and living in a modern society. But Muslims generally
disagree – including Muslims who live in major European countries.
These contrasting views are particularly noteworthy in Germany and Spain. Fully 70% of
the general public in Germany says there is a conflict between being a devout Muslim and living
in a modern society; 57% of German Muslims see no such conflict. In Spain, 58% of the general
public says devout faith in Islam is incompatible with modern life; an even higher percentage of
Spain’s Muslims (71%) disagree.
In France, however, comparably large majorities of the general public (74%) and French
Muslims (72%) say there is no conflict between being a devout Muslim and living in a modern
society. This is one of several indicators suggesting there has not been a backlash among the
French to the rioting this past year by Muslim youths in the outskirts of Paris and elsewhere in
the country.
In a similar vein, the Pew Global Attitudes survey asked people in five predominantly
Muslim countries whether or not they believe there is a struggle between groups who want to
modernize their country and Islamic fundamentalists.
The responses are mixed. In Turkey, 58% say there is a struggle between modernizers
and Islamic fundamentalists, and nearly as many Indonesians (50%) agree. But solid majorities
in Jordan and Egypt see no such struggle; in Pakistan, a relatively large number (50%) declined
to offer an opinion.
Among those who believe there
is a struggle, more people identify with
the modernizers than the Islamic
fundamentalists. In Turkey, for instance,
39% of the public identifies with the
modernizers; just 9% identify with the
Islamic fundamentalists.
Muslim Opinion on the Struggle Between
Modernizers and Islamic Fundamentalists
See no
struggle
%
-------See struggle------and identify with…
Modernizers Fundamentalists
%
%
Jordan
69
16
6
Egypt
60
20
8
Indonesia
40
31
13
Turkey
23
39
9
Pakistan*
14
22
12
The survey also asked people in
*In Pakistan, a high percentage of respondents (50%) did not
non-Muslim countries whether or not
respond.
they see a conflict between being a
devout Christian and living in a modern society. Majorities in all countries – as well as majorities
62
of Muslims in four European countries – say they see no conflict. However, a relatively large
minority of Germans (37%) sees a conflict between being a devout Christian and living in a
modern society.
Islamic Extremism Concerns
The rise of Islamic extremism is a
concern to people in most Muslim and nonMuslim countries alike. These concerns are most
pronounced in a handful of countries – including
Germany, India and Great Britain – where 50%
or more say they are very concerned about the
rise of Islamic extremism. In the U.S., 46% say
they are very concerned, while another 33% say
they are somewhat concerned over the global
rise of Islamic extremism.
Concerns over Islamic extremism have
remained fairly stable since last year in most of
the countries for which trends are available. In
Russia, however, there has been a sharp decline
in intense concern over the past year; currently,
38% of Russians say they are very concerned
about the rise of Islamic extremism around the
world, down from 51% a year ago.
Concern About the Rise of Islamic
Extremism in the World
Very concerned
Somew hat concerned
79
U.S.
93
Germany
89
France
84
Great Britain
77
Spain
73
Russia
77
British Muslims
73
French Muslims
Spanish Muslims
60
German Muslims
58
Pakistan
71
Indonesia
67
Jordan
60
Egypt
Turkey
By and large, the Muslim publics
surveyed also express fairly extensive concern
Nigerian Muslims
over Islamic extremism. Turkey is an exception
Nigerian
Christians
to this pattern – just 39% of Turks say they are
very or somewhat concerned about this.
India
Majorities of Muslims in four Western European
Japan
countries also express at least some concern
China
18
about Islamic extremism. But worries are most
intense in Great Britain, where 52% of Muslims
there say they are very concerned about the spread of Islamic extremism.
54
39
57
47
85
82
Amid this global sea of concern, China stands out as an island of relative calm. Just 3%
of Chinese say they are very concerned about the rise of Islamic extremism around the world,
63
while another 15% say they are somewhat concerned. This is by far the lowest level of concern
among the 21 populations asked this question.
Bin Laden and al Qaeda
Osama bin Laden remains a pariah in the West,
and support for the al Qaeda leader has eroded in
several Muslim countries in recent years. In Jordan,
confidence in bin Laden has plummeted since May
2005. A year ago, 25% of Jordanians said they had a
lot of confidence in bin Laden to “do the right thing
regarding world affairs,” while another 35% said they
had some confidence. Today, almost no Jordanians
(fewer than 1%) express a lot of confidence in bin
Laden, and 24% say they have some confidence in
him.
In Pakistan, confidence in bin Laden also has
fallen, though not quite as dramatically. In May 2005,
a majority of Pakistanis (51%) expressed at least some
confidence in bin Laden; that number has declined to
38% in the current survey.
Most Have Little or No
Confidence in bin Laden
A lot/some confidence
Not too much/no confidence at all
French Muslims
German Muslims
Spanish Muslims
British Muslims
5
7
16
14
Turkey
Jordan
Egypt
Indonesia
Pakistan
24
26
33
38
Nigerian Muslims
93
83
75
68
4 79
74
71
52
30
61 33
To be sure, bin Laden still has followers in the Muslim world. Fully 61% of Muslims in
Nigeria express a lot of confidence (33%) or some confidence (28%) in bin Laden; that
represents a significant increase from May 2003 (44%). Bin Laden’s standing in Pakistan has
eroded, but more Pakistanis still express at least some confidence in bin Laden than say they
have little or no confidence in him (by 38% to 30%). And a third of Indonesians continue to
express at least some confidence in the al Qaeda leader.
Among European Muslims, only about one-in-twenty Muslims in Germany and France
express even some confidence in bin Laden to do the right thing in world affairs. But that figure
rises to 14% among Muslims in Great Britain, and 16% of Spanish Muslims.
64
As for al Qaeda and groups like it, opinion is
mixed in the Muslim world about how much support
they attract. Large majorities in Jordan, Egypt and
Indonesia say they draw just some or very few
supporters. But a majority of Muslims in Nigeria
(56%) say many or most Muslims there support al
Qaeda and similar groups. About a third of Pakistanis
(35%) say such extremists groups have the support of
most or many of the people in that country.
Among people living in the West, majorities
of Muslims and non-Muslims alike say they believe
these extremist groups have very limited following
among Muslims in their countries. But Spain is very
much an exception. Fewer than half of the Spanish
(46%) say Islamic extremists draw support from just
some or very few Spanish Muslims; nearly as many
(41%) say that most or many of Spain’s Muslims
support such groups. By comparison, just 12% of
Spanish Muslims say that many or most of the
country’s Muslims support al Qaeda and similar
groups.
In India and Russia as well, fairly large
percentages of the general publics say many or most
Muslims there support Islamic extremists (41% and
28%, respectively).
How Many Muslims in Your
Country Support Islamic
Extremists Like Al Qaeda?
Many
Most
19
U.S.
41
Spain
Russia
28
France
20
Great Britain
20
Germany
18
British Muslims
12
Spanish Muslims
12
German Muslims
12
French Muslims
9
Pakistan
35
Egypt
Jordan
22
18
Indonesia
14
Turkey
13
Nigerian Muslims
Nigerian Christians
India
56
35
41
In non-Muslim countries, respondents w ere asked
how many Muslims in their country support Islamic
extremists like al Qaeda. In Muslim countries,
respondents w ere asked how many people in their
country do so.
65
66
RELEASED: THURSDAY, JULY 6, 2006, 2:00 PM EDT
Few Signs of Backlash From Western Europeans
MUSLIMS IN EUROPE: ECONOMIC WORRIES TOP
CONCERNS ABOUT RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL
IDENTITY
13-Nation Pew Global Attitudes Survey
67
68
Few Signs of Backlash From Western Europeans
MUSLIMS IN EUROPE: ECONOMIC WORRIES TOP CONCERNS ABOUT
RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL IDENTITY
Muslims in Europe worry about their future, but their concern is more economic than
religious or cultural. And while there are some signs of tension between Europe’s majority
populations and its Muslim minorities,
Muslims More Concerned About Unemployment
Muslims there do not generally believe
Than Religious and Cultural Issues
that most Europeans are hostile toward
------- Muslims in ------people of their faith. Still, over a third of
Great
GerBritain France many
Spain
Muslims in France and one-in-four in
%
%
%
%
%
very
worried
about…
Spain say they have had a bad
Unemployment
46
52
56
55
experience as a result of their religion or Islamic extremism
44
30
23
22
ethnicity.
Decline of religion
45
21
18
18
Influence of pop culture
Modern roles for women
44
22
17
16
18
9
17
10
However, there is little evidence
of a widespread backlash against
Muslim immigrants among the general publics in Great Britain, France, Germany, and Spain.
Majorities continue to express concerns about rising Islamic identity and extremism, but those
worries have not intensified in most of the countries surveyed over the past 12 months; a
turbulent period that included the London subway bombings, the French riots, and the Danish
cartoon controversy.
Opinions held by Muslims in Europe – as well
as opinions about Muslims among Europe’s majority
populations – vary significantly by country. No clear
European point of view emerges with regard to the
Muslim experience, either among Muslims or in the
majority populations on many issues.
Most notably, France shows no signs of a
backlash in response to last year’s riots. In fact, a
counter trend seems to have emerged with slightly
more French people saying that immigration from the
Middle East and North Africa is a good thing than did
so a year ago. The French public is also more
inclined this year to say that Muslims living in France
want to adopt French customs – a view held by an
69
No Evidence of Backlash
Against Muslim Immigrants
General public in…
Spain
May, 2005
Immigration from
Middle East and North
Africa is a…
Bad
Good
thing
DK
thing
%
%
%
62
33
5
67
26
7
France
May, 2005
Nov, 2002
58
53
44
41
45
53
1
2
3
Great Britain
May, 2005
Nov, 2002
57
61
53
32
30
40
11
10
7
Germany
May, 2005
Nov, 2002
34
34
33
59
57
59
7
9
8
overwhelming majority of Muslims in France. Nor do German and British publics express any
increase in negative views of immigrants – although, unlike the French, they are not more
positive toward immigrants this year. Meanwhile, the Spanish public’s view toward immigrants
has grown slightly more negative over the last year.
But in Britain worries about Islamic extremism
are intense among both the general public and the
Muslim minority population as well. Concerns about
the problem rose markedly this year among the general
public. And worries about extremism within the British
Muslim community are greater than in France,
Germany, and Spain.
Very Concerned About Islamic
Extremism in Your Country?
2005
2006
General public in…
Great Britain
42
34
Germany
35
40
35
Spain
43
30
32
France
The survey by the Pew Global Attitudes Project
was conducted in 13 countries, including the United
Muslims in…
States, from March 31-May 14, 2006. 3 It includes
43
Great Britain
special oversamples of Muslim minorities living in
26
France
Great Britain, France, Germany, and Spain. The poll
23
finds that Muslims themselves are generally positive
Germany
about conditions in their host nation. In fact, they are
21
Spain
more positive than the general publics in all four
European countries about the way things are going in
their countries. However, many Muslims, especially in Britain, worry about the future of
Muslims in their country.
The greatest concern among Muslim minorities
in all four countries is unemployment. Islamic
extremism emerges as the number-two worry
generally, a concern shared by Western publics as well
as Muslims in Egypt, Jordan, and Pakistan. The decline
in the importance of religion, adoption of modern roles
by women, and influences of popular culture upon
youth are generally lower-ranked concerns. Overall,
British Muslims express the greatest level of concern
about the issues tested.
3
Experiences of Muslims
in Europe
Muslims in…
Germany
Great Britain
France
Spain
Europeans
hostile to
Muslims?
Yes*
%
51
42
39
31
Had a bad
personal
experience?
Yes
%
19
28
37
25
*% saying most or many Europeans are hostile
toward Muslims.
The principal countries surveyed for this report were Great Britain, France, Germany, Spain, Egypt, Indonesia, Jordan, Pakistan, Turkey,
Nigeria, India, Russia, and the United States, with most of the findings coming from the four western European countries. In addition, a few
findings are presented from China and Japan.
70
The majority of European Muslims do not see many or most Europeans as hostile
towards Muslims. But substantial numbers of Muslims do perceive such hostility. This belief is
most widespread in Germany, where more than half of both Muslims and the general public see
many or most Germans as hostile toward Muslims. At the same time, however, German Muslims
are the least likely to report personal experiences with discrimination.
German Muslims are also far more inclined than those elsewhere in Europe to see new
immigrants as wanting to be distinct – 52% take this view – and German nationals
overwhelmingly (76%) share this view. In contrast, in France, 78% of Muslims say that Muslims
there want to adopt French customs, though 53% of the general public feels that French Muslims
want to remain distinct.
European Muslims show signs of favoring
a moderate version of Islam. With the exception
of Spanish Muslims, they tend to see a struggle
being waged between moderates and Islamic
fundamentalists. Among those who see an
ongoing conflict, substantial majorities in all four
countries say they generally side with the
moderates.
Most French and British Muslims think
women are better off in their countries than in
most Muslim countries. About half of German
and Spanish Muslims agree, and very few think
women actually have it better in most Muslim
countries. Moreover, most are not concerned
about Muslim women in Europe taking on
modern roles in society (although substantial
minorities worry about this).
What Do You Consider Yourself First?
A citizen of your country
A Muslim / A Christian
Muslims in…
Great Britain
Spain
Germany
France
Pakistan
Jordan
Egypt
Turkey
7 81
3 69
13 66
42 46
6 87
21 67
23 59
19 51
Indonesia
39 36
Nigeria
25 71
Christians in...
United States
Germany
Great Britain
Russia
France
Spain
48 42
59 33
59 24
63 16
Religion is central to the identity of
83 14
European Muslims. With the exception of
60 14
Muslims in France, they tend to identify
Nigeria
43 53
themselves primarily as Muslim rather than as
British, Spanish, or German. In France, Muslims
are split almost evenly on this question. The level of Muslim identification in Britain, Spain, and
Germany is similar to that in Pakistan, Nigeria, and Jordan, and even higher than levels in Egypt,
Turkey, and Indonesia. By contrast the general populations in Western Europe are far more
71
secular in outlook. Roughly six-in-ten in Spain, Germany, and Britain identify primarily with
their country rather than their religion, as do more than eight-in-ten in France.
Americans, however, split about evenly on this question: 42% say they first think of
themselves as Christians versus 48% who think of themselves primarily as Americans – a divide
close to that found among French Muslims.
Muslims in Europe are most sharply
distinguished from the majority populations on
opinions about external issues – America, the war
on terrorism, Iran, the Middle East. 4 European
Muslims give the United States lower favorability
ratings than do general publics in Europe, and in
particular, they give the American people lower
ratings. The war on terror is extremely unpopular
among minority Muslim populations – German
Muslims register the highest level of support, at
31%.
Contrasting Opinions of Americans
General public in...
Great Britain
69
Germany
66
France
65
Spain
37
% favorab le opinion
Muslims in...
France
48
Germany
44
Great Britain
39
Spain 33
While Iran is viewed unfavorably in Western
Europe and the United States, it receives very
positive marks from British and Spanish Muslims, while French and German Muslims are
divided. European Muslims take a much more positive view of the Hamas victory in the
Palestinian elections in January than do the majority populations, and perhaps not surprisingly,
they are also much more likely to side with Palestinians in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In
general, European Muslim opinions on external issues are quite similar to those expressed in
predominantly Muslim countries.
About This Report
The report’s detailed findings are presented below. A description of the Pew Global Attitudes
Project can be found at the end of the report, along with a summary of the survey’s methodology
and complete topline results.
4
For more on the opinions of Muslims in Europe on these issues, see the table “Views of European Muslims Compared to Those in
Predominantly Muslim Countries” at the end of this report.
72
Little Anti-Muslim Backlash
Despite concerns about an anti-Muslim
backlash in the wake of a string of highly
publicized events involving Muslims living in
Europe – subway bombings in London, controversy
over Danish cartoons depicting Muhammad, rioting
by Muslim youth in France – most Muslims living
in Europe do not feel that most or even many
Europeans are hostile toward people of their faith.
Indeed, European Muslims are, in general, more
satisfied with national conditions than are the
general publics of these countries.
Substantial majorities of Muslims living in
the European countries surveyed say that in the last
two years they have not had any personally bad
experience attributable to their race, ethnicity or
religion. In France, however, where riots last fall
pitted Muslim youth against French police, 37% of
Muslims report a bad encounter, while in Britain
28% report being the target of discrimination.
How Many Europeans Are
Hostile Toward Muslims?
Just some/very few
Many/most
Germany
34 63
Spain
35 60
France
Great Britain
45 56
Russia*
54 38
German Muslims
43 51
British Muslims
French Muslims
52 42
Spanish Muslims
64 31
Egypt
Pakistan
37 63
Turkey
Jordan
35 57
Indonesia
57 36
Nigerian Muslims
Nigerian Christians
43 50
56 40
60 39
17 61
49 50
49 28
* In Russia the question w as asked about "Russians"
instead of "Europeans."
Muslims in Spain are the least concerned
about European anti-Muslim sentiment – fewer than a third (31%) say most or many Europeans
have hostile attitudes compared with 64% who see only some or very few as hostile. In Great
Britain, 42% of Muslims judge that many or most of their European hosts are unfriendly, while
in France, 39% of resident Muslims share that view. Only in Germany does a narrow 51%majority of resident Muslims view most (22%) or many (29%) Europeans as hostile.
In some of the European host countries surveyed, the general public agrees precisely with
these assessments. In Great Britain, 40% of the public sees most or many of their fellow
countrymen as hostile to Muslims compared with 42% of British Muslims taking that view; in
Germany, 63% of the larger public agrees with the 51% of Muslims who see most or many of
their hosts as hostile. But in France a considerably larger number among the public (56%) see
substantial hostility toward Muslims than do Muslims themselves (39%). And in Spain, nearly
twice as many in the overall population (60%) see most or many Europeans as hostile to
Muslims as do Spanish Muslim, only 31% of whom share that view.
73
One of the biggest perception gaps exists in Nigeria. There 28% of Christians say most or
many Europeans are hostile toward Muslims, compared with 50% of Nigerian Muslims who
believe this. Muslims in the Mideast and Asia judge European hostility to be considerably more
widespread than do European Muslims. As many as 63% in Egypt, 61% in Pakistan, 57% in
Turkey and 50% in Jordan say that most or many Europeans are hostile to Muslims.
Immigrants Mostly Still Welcome
The poll finds little evidence of a general rise in anti-immigration sentiment. With the
continuing exception of Germany, majorities in the European countries surveyed say it is a
“good thing” that people from the Middle East and North Africa came to work in their countries.
These levels of acceptance are essentially unchanged from those recorded a year earlier.
However, in France a somewhat
Germans Most Opposed to Immigration
greater percentage now call such
Mideast and North
Eastern European
immigration a good thing, while in
African Immigration
Immigration
Good
Bad
Bad
Good
Spain a somewhat smaller percentage
General
thing
thing Diff. thing
thing Diff.
say it is good.
public in…
%
%
%
%
Spain
France
Great Britain
Germany
62
58
57
34
33
41
32
59
+29
+17
+25
-25
60
58
58
36
35
41
31
59
+25
+17
+27
-23
Germany is the outlier in this
regard with only 34% of Germans
Muslims in…
calling immigration from the Middle
Spain
85
10
75
16
+75
+59
East and North Africa a good thing
France
83
17
74
26
+66
+48
Great Britain
75
14
68
19
+61
+49
compared with 59% who deem it a
42
30
Germany
46
60
-4
-30
bad thing. However, Germans are no
more welcoming to those migrating from Eastern Europe; only 36% call such immigration a
good thing.
Across the board, immigrants from Eastern Europe are no more and no less welcome than
those from predominantly Muslim countries. In Great Britain, Spain, and France, as in Germany,
the numbers among the general public calling immigration from Eastern Europe a good thing are
virtually identical to those expressing approval of immigrants from the Middle East and North
Africa.
More European Muslims approve of immigration from the Middle East and North Africa
into the country where they now reside than do the general populations of those countries.
Among Muslims in Great Britain, fully 75% call such immigration a good thing; in France, 83%
and in Spain, 85%. Germany again is the exception, with Muslims there splitting 42%-46% on
the good-bad question, although the 42% of Muslim approvers is still significantly higher than
the 34% of the general public that agrees with that judgment.
74
Concerns About the Future
Although most European Muslims are satisfied with the general direction of the countries
they live in, large majorities are still concerned about the future of Muslims in their country.
British Muslims are the most concerned – eight-in-ten (80%) are at least somewhat concerned
including about half (49%) who are very concerned. French Muslims follow closely behind in
their anxiety, with 72% saying they are either very (38%) or somewhat (34%) concerned. The
numbers of Muslims very concerned about the future are somewhat lower in Germany (28%) and
Spain (30%) although substantial majorities in both countries say they are at least somewhat
worried as they look ahead.
Of the issues tested in the survey,
unemployment is the biggest concern of European
Muslims, with majorities in the mid-50% range in
France, Germany and Spain and a 46%-plurality in
Britain saying they are very worried about
joblessness. In addition, between a quarter and a third
of the remaining Muslim samples express at least
some concern on this issue.
How Concerned Are You
About the Future of Muslims
in Your Country?
Very concerned
Somewhat concerned
Muslims in...
Great Britain
France
Spain
31
49
38
30
34
39
Germany
31
28
Muslims in Britain emerge as the most
worried on every other issue tested, with 45% very
worried about the decline of the importance of religion among their co-religionists, 44% very
concerned about the influence of the secular culture (movies, music and television) on their
youth, and, to a lesser but still leading degree, the adoption of modern roles in society by Muslim
women (22% very concerned). Elsewhere in Europe these issues – especially the emergence of
women – engender intense concern among relatively few Muslims.
In fact, not only is the entry of women
Quality of Life for Muslim Women
into modern roles of little or no concern to
in the West
most European Muslims, it is apparently
About
Better Worse the same DK
welcomed by many. About six-in-ten British
Muslims in…
%
%
%
%
and French Muslims, and about half of
France
62
16
21
*
Great Britain
58
13
25
4
German and Spanish Muslims, believe the
Germany
50
17
31
2
quality of life is better for women in their
Spain
46
16
36
2
countries than in most Muslim countries. In
all four countries, the share of Muslims saying women in their countries are worse off is less than
20%. Muslim women in Europe are slightly more likely than men to see the quality of life as
better for women in their country than in most Muslim countries. However, in Spain Muslim
women were considerably more likely than men to believe this.
75
Extremism among European Muslims is a common source of worry among Muslim
minorities in Europe. In particular, Muslims in Great Britain are very concerned. As many
express concerns about this (44%) as are very worried about unemployment. Extremism is of
somewhat less concern in France (30% very worried), Germany (23%) and Spain (22%),
although in all these countries more than four-in-ten Muslims say they are at least somewhat
concerned.
Blending In
Most Europeans doubt that Muslims coming into
their countries want to adopt their national customs and
way of life. Substantial majorities in Germany (76%),
Great Britain (64%), Spain (67%) and Russia (69%) say
that Muslims in their country want to remain distinct from
the larger society.
Fewer French, but still a 53%-majority, agree.
However, the percentage of the general public in France
that believes newly arrived Muslims want to blend into
the French way of life has increased significantly since
last year. In the 2005 survey only 36% of the French
public said that Muslims want to adopt the French way of
life while 59% said they want to remain distinct; now
46% say adopt, 53% say remain distinct.
Muslims in Your Country
Mostly Want to...
Be distinct from society
Adopt national customs
U.S.
44 33
France
53 46
Great Britain
64 22
Spain
Germany
67 21
Russia
76 17
69
10
French Muslims
21 78
Spanish Muslims
27 53
British Muslims
35 41
German Muslims
52 30
48 43
India
For their part, Muslims in France, Great Britain,
and Spain are substantially more likely than their general
publics to say that Muslims want to adopt the customs and way of life of the country into which
they immigrate. Indeed, nearly eight-in-ten French Muslims (78%) believe this.
Again, Germany is different: Only 30% of German Muslims think Muslims coming into
that country today want to assimilate – most say they want to be separate and most Germans
agree.
76
Islamic Identification
Perceptions of the strength of Islamic identity
among Muslims have changed little over the year.
Substantial majorities in both Western Europe and the
United States continue to believe Muslims in their
country have a very or fairly strong sense of Islamic
identity.
European Muslims’ perceptions largely match
those of the general public, with the exception of
Germany. While 84% of the German public sees
Muslims having a strong Islamic identity, only 46% of
Muslims living in Germany agree.
As to whether that sense of Islamic identity is
increasing, strong majorities among the general publics
in Great Britain (69%), France (68%), and Germany
(72% – up from 66% in 2005) say that it is (as do 69% in
India and 56% in Russia). In Spain, however, only a
46%-plurality sees an intensifying Islamic identity – a
view shared by Muslims in that country.
Muslims in Great Britain, however, are the most
likely of all groups sampled to see a strengthening of
Islamic identity with fully 77% agreeing. In France and
Germany, by contrast, the proportion of Muslims who
see Islamic identity intensifying (58% and 54%,
respectively) is smaller than among the general public.
European Muslims who think Islamic identity is
growing tend to consider it a good thing. This is
especially so in Great Britain, where 86% say the
perceived intensifying trend is a good thing, and Spain
where 75% agree.
Most Westerners (as well as Indians) strongly
disagree. Among those in the French general public who
see Islamic identity on the rise, 87% call it a bad thing; in
Germany, 83% say so; in Spain (82%); in India, 78%.
77
Sense of Islamic Identity Among
Mulims in Your Country
Not too/Not at all strong
Very/Fairly strong
U.S.
26 59
Germany
12 84
Great Britain
10 79
Spain
13 79
France
23 76
Russia
34 44
French Muslims
25 75
British Muslims
25 72
Spanish Muslims
32 64
German Muslims
49 46
India
13 82
Is Islamic Identity Among
Muslims in Your Country
Growing?
No
Yes
U.S.
34 47
Germany
22 72
Great Britain
17 69
France
31 68
Russia
21 56
Spain
37 46
British Muslims
19 77
French Muslims
42 58
German Muslims
38 54
Spanish Muslim
41 46
India
25 69
For those in the United States, Western Europe,
Russia and India who see growing Islamic identity as a
bad thing, the primary concern cited is that it may lead
to violence. However, many are also worried that it
may keep Muslims from integrating into the larger
society. For Muslims in Germany who see growing
Islamic identity as worrisome, concern about retarding
integration is paramount for 58%, while fewer than
one-in-five worry about violence. Among French
Muslims, concerns are spilt between violence (40%)
and integration (45%). In most countries, an attendant
loss of freedom tended to be of lesser concern. 5
Is Growing Islamic Identity
Good or Bad?
Bad
Good
U.S.
46 37
Great Britain
59 27
Russia
54 24
Spain
82
13
Germany
83
11
France
87
11
British Muslims
Spanish Muslims
9
14
86
75
For guidance on religious matters, Muslims in
French Muslims
38 59
37 48
Europe, as well as in most of the larger Islamic world, German Muslims
turn to their local Imam, as well as to national and
India
78 21
international religious leaders. Local religious leaders
are especially consulted in Nigeria, where 64% of
* Based on those w ho think there is a grow ing
Muslims see them as the most trustworthy source of sense of Islamic identity among Muslims in their
guidance; in Indonesia, where 60% do so; and in country.
Pakistan and Great Britain where more than four-in-ten Muslims do so. The only countries in
which large numbers – about one-in-four – turn first to religious leaders on television are the two
Arab countries, Egypt and Jordan.
Self-Perceptions
Large percentages of Muslims in Europe say they think of themselves first as a Muslim
rather than as a citizen of their country. The tendency is strongest in Great Britain where 81% in
the Muslim oversample self-identify as Muslim rather than British, while in Spain 69% do so and
in Germany 66%. In sharp contrast, Muslims living in France are far less likely to identify first
with their faith rather their nationality. While a 46%-plurality identifies first as a Muslim, a
nearly equal 42% see themselves as primarily French, while an additional 10% say both equally.
The levels seen in Britain, Spain, and Germany are comparable to those seen in most of
the predominantly Muslim countries surveyed. In Pakistan, 87% primarily identify as Muslims;
in Jordan, 67% do so. In Nigeria, 71% of Muslims see themselves as Muslims first, whereas a
smaller 53%-majority of Christians primarily identify with their faith.
5
In Great Britain and Spain the numbers of Muslims saying that growing Islamic identity is a bad thing are too small to produce statistically
reliable distinctions on the primary cause for that concern.
78
In Turkey a slight 51%-majority now selfidentifies as Muslim rather than Turkish,
although this is a substantial rise from the 43%
who did so in 2005. Among Muslim countries in
the survey, only in Indonesia does the public split
39%-36% between primary national and religious
identity, with 25% selecting both equally.
Percent Who See Themselves
as Muslims First
2005
79
2006
87
63 67
43
By contrast, Christians in European
countries overwhelmingly self-identify with their
respective nationalities rather than with their
faith. And in India, fully 90% of the public selfidentifies as Indian rather than Hindu.
Pakistan
Jordan
51
39 36
Turkey
Indonesia
Indeed, among non-Muslim nations, the United States is the outlier in terms of religious
self-identification with the public closely split on
Concern About the Rise of Islamic
the question of primary identification. Fully 42% of
Extremism in Your Country?
U.S. Christians say they think of themselves as
Not too/At all concerned
Christians first rather than as Americans, compared
Very/Somewhat concerned
with 48% who self-identify primarily as Americans;
an additional 7% say both equally.
U.S.
24 72
Concern About Islamic Extremism
The poll found no overall rise in concern
about extremism among the general publics of
nations with Muslim minorities. The percentage of
the general public very worried about Islamic
extremism was greater this year in the U.S., Britain,
and Germany; however, it was unchanged in France
and considerably lower in Spain and Russia.
Germans are the most concerned about
rising Islamic extremism in their country with 82%
of the general public saying they are very (40%) or
somewhat (42%) concerned. However, concern was
nearly as high a year ago when 78% of Germans
expressed such concern including 35% who then
said they were very concerned.
79
Germany
Great Britain
France
Russia
Spain
17 82
22 77
24 76
22 74
32 66
British Muslims
French Muslims
German Muslims
Spanish Muslims
29
41
44
49
69
59
53
46
Pakistan
Jordan
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
8
30
30
39
54
74
69
68
46
43
Nigerian Muslims
Nigerian Christians
49 49
India
12 85
39 61
Great Britain, however, has seen an increase in worries about Islamic extremism over the
last year, with 77% of the public now saying they are very (42%) or somewhat (35%) concerned.
Strikingly, these concerns are largely shared by Muslims living in Britain, among whom 43% say
they are very concerned and 26% say they are somewhat concerned.
In France, despite that country’s recent experience with riots, worry about Islamic
extremism has remained essentially stable over the last year (76% of the public is at least
somewhat concerned including 30% very concerned). And in Spain and Russia, such concerns
have declined considerably.
As in Great Britain, most Muslims in France and Germany are also worried about
extremism. However, Muslims in Spain are divided on this issue, with 46% expressing at least
some concern and 49% expressing little or no concern.
By contrast, in the predominantly Muslim countries of Egypt, Pakistan, and Jordan large
majorities (68%, 74%, and 69%, respectively) are very or somewhat concerned about the rise of
Islamic extremism in those countries. And in India, with its substantial Muslim minority, 85% of
the predominately Hindu public expresses such concern, essentially the same number as did so
last year.
In Nigeria the level of concern is somewhat lower – a small majority (54%) of the public
worries about Islamic extremism there. Muslims in Nigeria are significantly more likely than
Christians to be concerned about Islamic extremism.
Consistent
with
these
concerns,
majorities or pluralities of Muslims in Britain
(58%), France (56%), and Germany (49%)
believe there is a struggle in their country
between moderates and Islamic fundamentalists.
Again, Spanish Muslims differ from their
European counterparts, with a majority (65%)
saying they do not see such a struggle, a view
they share with 60% of Nigerian Muslims.
Most Seeing Struggle
Side With Moderates
Muslims in…
Great Britain
France
Germany
Spain
Nigeria
See a
struggle*
%
58
56
49
21
36
---and identify with--FundaModerates mentalists
%
%
38
15
50
6
36
7
14
4
18
17
* Think there is a struggle in (survey country) between
In all four European countries – and
moderate Muslims and Islamic fundamentalists.
especially in France – those who do see a
struggle heavily side with the moderates. In Nigeria, however, Muslims split evenly on this
question.
80
Riots & Protests
Awareness of last year’s riots in France is
relatively high among both the general publics and
Muslim minorities in Western Europe, ranging
among the general population from 91% in
Germany to 78% in Spain and among Muslims
from 86% in Germany to 63% in Britain. In Japan,
89% had heard the news.
Those who had heard about the riots were
less numerous in the United States (55%) and in
the Muslim world. In Turkey, 61% had heard
about the riots, in Jordan 47%. But awareness
levels in other Muslim countries ranged downward
from 35% in Egypt, to 23% in Nigeria, 18% in
Indonesia and 11% in Pakistan.
Percent Heard About
Youth Riots in France*
United States
55
Germany
Great Britain
Spain
Russia
91
80
78
67
German Muslims
Spanish Muslims
British Muslims
86
69
63
Turkey
Jordan
Egypt
Indonesia
Pakistan
61
47
35
18
11
Nigerian Christ.
Nigerian Musl.
31
15
By and large, European Muslims –
Japan 89
China 27
irrespective of their views about the riots per se –
India 26
say they are sympathetic to the youths from
* Not asked in France.
immigrant and working class suburbs in France
who felt frustrated by their place in French
society. Muslims in Great Britain are most sympathetic
Sympathetic With Youth Who
(75% so indicate) followed by those in France and
Rioted in France?
Spain (63% of Muslims in both countries). In
No
Yes
Germany, however, more among the general public
(64%) express sympathy than among the
U.S.
44 48
predominantly Turkish Muslims in that country, 53%
Germany
32 64
of whom say they sympathize with the frustrations of
Great Britain
26 62
French youth.
In general, Western publics are divided on this
issue – only 37% of the Spanish public sympathizes
with the French youth. And despite more positive
French views on many related issues this year, only
46% of the French general public takes the side of the
country’s alienated young.
81
Russia
France
Spain
34 57
British Muslims
17 75
Spanish Muslims
French Muslims
German Muslims
30 63
54 46
57 37
36 63
38 53
* Based on those w ho heard about the riots;
asked of all in France.
Regarding publication of cartoons featuring the prophet Mohammad in a Danish
newspaper, the most common way in which people heard about the controversy that ensued was
through television, although in Nigeria people were more likely to hear of it via radio or through
family and friends. Few in any country mentioned a church or mosque or the internet as the
source of their awareness.
82
Views of European Muslims Compared to
Publics in Predominantly Muslim Countries
Direction of country
Satisfied
Dissatisfied
Don’t know/Refused
Muslims in…
General publics in…
Gr. Brit. France Ger. Spain Egypt Turk. Indon. Pak. Jordan
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
51
33
44
76
55
40
26
35
53
38
67
52
19
42
56
73
58
44
11
*
4
5
2
4
1
7
3
Rating of U.S.
Favorable
Unfavorable
Don’t Know/Refused
23
65
14
30
69
1
24
67
10
19
76
5
30
69
1
12
76
12
30
67
4
27
56
17
15
85
*
Rating of Americans
Favorable
Unfavorable
Don’t Know/Refused
39
43
18
48
51
2
44
46
11
33
54
13
36
63
1
17
69
14
36
60
5
27
52
20
38
61
1
Rating of Iran
Favorable
Unfavorable
Don’t Know/Refused
71
10
20
48
51
1
40
44
15
68
24
7
59
39
1
53
35
12
77
16
7
72
10
18
49
51
1
U.S. war on terrorism
Favor
Oppose
Don’t know/Refused
13
77
10
21
78
1
31
62
7
12
83
5
10
82
8
14
77
9
39
57
4
30
50
19
16
74
11
Mideast sympathies
Israel
Palestinians
Both (VOL.)
Neither (VOL.)
Don’t Know/Refused
3
75
4
8
10
6
78
8
7
2
14
50
4
22
10
2
75
7
11
4
2
97
1
*
*
5
63
2
16
14
4
72
5
12
7
6
59
7
6
23
1
97
1
1
*
Hamas victory*
Good for Palestinians
Bad for Palestinians
Don’t know/Refused
56
18
26
44
46
10
32
37
32
57
22
21
76
13
11
44
23
33
61
23
16
87
4
9
68
16
16
Iranian nuclear weapons**
Favor
Oppose
Don’t know/Refused
40
41
19
29
71
1
14
78
9
----
44
42
14
23
61
16
30
59
11
52
15
32
45
42
12
* Asked only of those who have heard about the Hamas victory.
** Not asked in Spain.
83
84
RELEASED: THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 21, 2006, 2:00 PM EDT
China’s Neighbors Worry About Its Growing Military Strength
PUBLICS OF ASIAN POWERS HOLD NEGATIVE
VIEWS OF ONE ANOTHER
6-Nation Pew Global Attitudes Survey
85
86
China’s Neighbors Worry About Its Growing Military Strength
PUBLICS OF ASIAN POWERS HOLD NEGATIVE VIEWS OF ONE ANOTHER
There is a good deal of dislike, if not outright
hostility, in how the publics of major Asian countries
view their neighbors. The deepest divides exist
between traditional rivals – roughly seven-in-ten
Japanese express an unfavorable view of China and
an equal number of Chinese dislike Japan. Similarly,
most Indians have an unfavorable view of Pakistan
and most Pakistanis hold negative views about India.
But there are other divisions as well. Both the
Chinese and Japanese express generally unfavorable
views of Pakistan, while the Chinese tend to feel
negatively toward India as well.
Hostility Among Asian Neighbors
Favorability
rating of…
China Japan India Pakistan
China
%
%
%
%
Favorable
94
28
47
69
Unfavorable
5
71
39
7
Japan
Favorable
Unfavorable
21
70
77
22
60
25
43
16
India
Favorable
Unfavorable
33
43
65
28
---
33
50
Pakistan
Favorable
Unfavorable
33
42
33
49
23
67
---
Anxiety about the growing strength of
United States
Favorable
47
63
56
27
China’s military is nearly universal in Japan. That
Unfavorable
43
35
28
56
concern is shared with others among China’s
neighbors – large majorities in both Russia and India see this as a threatening trend. The Chinese,
however, have a very different view: 95% say their rising military might is a good thing.
In China, much of the antipathy toward Japan is
rooted in history – overwhelmingly, the Chinese believe
Japan has yet to atone for its militaristic past. Eight-in-ten
Chinese (81%) believe Japan has not apologized
sufficiently for its military actions during the 1930s and
1940s. And departing Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro
Koizumi’s repeated visits to the Yasukuni Shrine, a
controversial Shinto shrine that memorializes Japan’s war
dead, including Class A World War II war criminals, are
viewed very negatively in China.
87
Fears About China's
Growing Military Power
Good thing
Japan
Russia
India
China
Bad thing
3
12
26
95
93
76
63
3
The latest survey by the Pew Global
Attitudes Project – conducted in China, India,
Japan, Pakistan, Russia, and the United States,
from March 31-May 14, 2006 6 – finds that the
Japanese and Chinese tend to associate a number
of negative characteristics with one another, and
tend not to see certain positive traits in one
another. Both publics consider the other
competitive, as well as greedy and arrogant;
neither sees the other as honest or generous.
Has Japan Apologized Sufficiently for
Its Military Action in World War II?
Yes
No
No apology necessary
81
40
44
14
4
3
Japan
China
The Chinese and Japanese publics also
hold very different views of their common neighbor, North Korea. Nearly all Japanese have a
negative opinion of Kim Jong Il’s country, while in China attitudes toward North Korea tend to
be favorable. Majorities in both countries have a positive opinion of South Korea, although a
significant minority of Japanese sees the country in a negative light.
Other Major Findings
•
A solid majority of the Indian public believes China will replace the U.S. as the world’s
dominant superpower at some point in the next 50 years. However, only minorities
among the Chinese, Japanese, and Russians agree, as do 43% of Americans,
•
As Koizumi prepares to step down, he remains quite popular at home; however he is
decidedly unpopular in China.
•
The Chinese have very positive feelings about hosting the 2008 Summer Olympics, and
they overwhelmingly believe the Games will help improve China’s international
reputation.
•
In China, a strong majority believes most people are better off now, even if some are rich
and some are still poor.
6
These six countries are part of a larger 15-country survey conducted by the Pew Global Attitudes Project. Some data from Indonesia is also
included as part of this report. See pewglobal.org for previous reports and other data from this survey.
88
The Rise of China
China’s economy generates much less concern in
Some Concern About China's
the region than does its military. Still, half of Indians
Growing Economic Power
(50%) consider China’s growing economy a bad thing for
Good thing Bad thing
their country, up significantly from 36% in 2005.
Roughly four-in-ten Russians (39%) have a negative view
India
40 50
of China’s economic strength, a figure basically
48 39
Russia
unchanged from last year. Just over a quarter of Japanese
Japan
68 28
(28%) take a negative view – a perhaps surprisingly low
95 2
China
percentage, given the overall negativity of Japanese
views toward China. Unsurprisingly, the Chinese themselves see their economic growth in a very
positive light.
There is no consensus about the future
Few See China Replacing U.S. as
balance of power between the U.S. and China.
Dominant Power in the Near Future
Asked when, if ever, China will replace the U.S. as
Will happen in…
Will not
the world’s leading superpower, relatively few
10 yrs 20 yrs 50 yrs replace DK
respondents think such a transition will take place in
%
%
%
%
%
the next ten years, although a third (32%) of Indians
India
32
24
9
24
12
U.S.
11
22
10
47
9
do believe this. If the time frame is extended to the
Russia
10
17
13
45
15
next 20 or next 50 years, however, many more
Japan
7
19
13
59
3
people see China ascending to this role. Indeed,
China
4
13
20
34
29
43% of Americans and 37% of Chinese join 65% of
Indians in saying China will replace the U.S. as the world’s dominant power either in the next
10, 20, or 50 years. Japan is the only country in which a majority (59%) says China will never
supplant the U.S.
Antipathy Between China and Japan
Few Chinese and Japanese have a positive impression of the other country. Only one-infive Chinese (21%) have a favorable view of Japan. Meanwhile, 28% of Japanese have a positive
opinion of China, down considerably from 2002 when over half (55%) viewed China favorably.
Moreover, the Chinese and Japanese tend to associate negative characteristics with the
people of the other country. In particular, both countries consider the other competitive, greedy,
and arrogant. The Japanese are especially likely to say the Chinese are nationalistic and selfish,
while the Chinese tend to see the Japanese as male-dominated.
89
On the positive side, majorities in both
countries see the other’s citizens as hardworking.
And most Chinese see the Japanese as inventive
and modern, although far fewer Japanese see the
Chinese this way. In both China and Japan,
relatively few characterize people from the other
country as sophisticated, tolerant, honest, or
generous.
Chinese and Japanese See Negative
Traits in One Another
Competitive
Male-dominated
Arrogant
Greedy
Selfish
Nationalistic
Violent
Hardworking
Rude
Chinese view
of Japanese
%
74
72
69
68
67
66
65
61
57
Japanese view
of Chinese
%
84
62
66
69
75
82
50
64
52
Despite the negative views the Chinese
and Japanese have about one another, in neither
Inventive
68
45
Modern
68
29
country does a majority see the other as an
Sophisticated
42
20
adversary – about a third of both the Chinese
Tolerant
22
27
(33%) and Japanese (31%) think of the other
Honest
15
23
Generous
9
20
country in this way. However, in Japan, 53%
consider China a serious problem, and 34% of Chinese say the same about Japan. In both
countries, relatively few say the other is not much of a problem (16% in China, 15% in Japan).
When asked which country in the world poses the greatest danger to their country, most
Chinese (58%) say the U.S., while 22% name Japan. The Japanese are roughly divided between
those who consider China the biggest threat (39%) and those who feel that North Korea (35%)
presents the greatest danger to their country. Nearly
Japanese and Chinese Have Little
one-in-five (18%) Japanese think the U.S. poses the
Confidence in Each Other’s Leader
greatest threat to Japan.
Rating Koizumi and Hu
Outgoing
Japanese
Prime
Minister
Junichiro Koizumi remains relatively popular at
home, as 61% of Japanese have a lot or some
confidence in him to do the right thing in world
affairs. In China, however, Koizumi receives low
marks – 58% say they have either not too much or
no confidence in the Japanese leader. The Japanese
reciprocate by giving China’s leader an even more
negative rating – 71% say they have either not too
much or no confidence in Chinese President Hu
Jintao.
90
Japan
A lot/some confidence
Not too much/no confidence
Don’t know
Hu
%
25
71
4
Koizumi
%
61
38
1
China
A lot/some confidence
Not too much/no confidence
Don’t know
----
10
58
32
Indonesia
A lot/some confidence
Not too much/no confidence
Don’t know
37
33
30
48
26
26
India
A lot/some confidence
Not too much/no confidence
Don’t know
24
37
39
30
30
40
Russia
A lot/some confidence
Not too much/no confidence
Don’t know
39
25
36
----
Elsewhere, 48% of Indonesians have a lot or some confidence in Koizumi, compared
with only 26% who have not too much or no confidence in the Japanese leader. They are more
divided over Hu: 37% say they have at least some confidence, while 33% have not too much or
none.
Indians are divided between those who generally have confidence in Koizumi (30%) and
those who do not (30%). Their views about Hu are more negative, with 37% saying they have
little or no confidence and 24% voicing at least some confidence in the Chinese leader.
The Legacy of World War II
The belief that Japan has not sufficiently
apologized for its military actions in the 1930s and 1940s
is widely held in China, but nearly half of the Japanese
public also thinks their country has not atoned for World
War II. The opinion that Japan’s apology has not been
adequate is particularly common among Japanese women
(47%) and less common among Japanese age 65 and over
(33%).
Has Japan Apologized
Sufficiently for World War II?
Total
Yes No
%
%
40 44
No apology
necessary
%
14
DK
%
2
Men
Women
41
39
40
47
18
10
1
4
18-34
35-49
50-64
65+
37
42
36
44
48
42
53
33
15
11
10
20
1
4
1
3
Japanese respondents only.
An ongoing flashpoint for tensions between the
two Asian powers has been Prime Minister Koizumi’s regular visits to the Yasukuni Shrine.
Chinese opposition to these visits is overwhelming (78% oppose), while the Japanese are divided
– 52% support the visits and 45% oppose them. In Japan, opinions about the Prime Minister’s
shrine visits are strongly correlated with how
people feel about Koizumi in general: 66% of
Koizumi's Visit to Yasukuni Shrine
those who have a lot or some confidence in him
Support Oppose
support his trips to Yasukuni, compared with only
30% of those who have little or no confidence in
78
him.
52
45
To many observers, the shrine visits call
to mind Japan’s militaristic past, but the Japanese
4
public shows no signs of abandoning the
China
Japan
country’s post-WWII pacifism. Two-thirds (67%)
oppose changing Article 9 of the Japanese constitution, written in 1947, which prevents the
country from using warfare as an instrument of foreign policy, and at least in theory, prohibits
the establishment of an official military. 7
7
Article 9 has generally been interpreted to allow for “self-defense” forces, hence the establishment of the Japanese Self Defense Forces (JSDF).
91
Culture and the Economy
Both the Japanese and Chinese
are extremely proud of their
distinctive cultures. Large and
growing majorities in both countries
agree with the statement “Our people
are not perfect, but our culture is
superior to others.” In Japan, 83%
agree with this sentiment, up from
73% in 2002. Three-in-four Chinese
(75%) say they agree, up from 66%
four years ago. 8
Views on Culture and the Economy
Agree
%
75
66
Disagree
%
21
29
DK
%
4
5
Japan
Summer, 2002
83
73
17
25
*
2
Our way of life needs to be
protected against foreign influence.
China
Summer, 2002
69
64
25
31
6
5
Japan
Summer, 2002
78
63
21
35
1
2
Our people are not perfect but our
culture is superior to others.
China
Summer, 2002
Most people have a better life
now, even though some are rich
and some are still poor.
China
There is also a strong sense in
77
22
2
both countries that their cultures must
be
protected
against
outside
influences. In Japan, 78% agree with the statement “Our way of life needs to be protected against
foreign influence,” a significant increase from four years ago, when 63% felt this way. Nearly
seven-in-ten (69%) Chinese agree with this statement, up slightly from 64% in 2002. 9
While they may have reservations about the impact of globalization on their culture, the
Chinese overwhelmingly embrace the free market reforms that have transformed their country in
recent years, even if those reforms have created economic disparities. Fully 77% agree that
“Most people have a better life now, even though some are rich and some are still poor.”
Differing Views About Korea
With near unanimity, the Japanese public takes a dim view of North Korea – 97% have a
negative opinion of their communist neighbor across the Sea of Japan. In China, however, about
half of the public (51%) has a positive view of North Korea and just 31% have an unfavorable
view. The Japanese also feel much more threatened by Kim Jong Il’s regime than do the Chinese
– 46% of Japanese consider the North Korean government a great danger to stability in Asia and
world peace, compared with only 11% in China. 10
8
The 2002 Pew Global Attitudes survey revealed that agreement with this statement is common in different parts of the world. Indeed, majorities
agreed in 36 of 43 countries where this question was asked.
9
In 2002, majorities agreed with this statement in all 43 countries where the question was asked.
10
For more on this question, see “America’s Image Slips, But Allies Share U.S. Concerns Over Iran, Hamas; No Global Warming Alarm in the
U.S., China,” Pew Global Attitudes Project, June 13, 2006.
92
South Korea also receives more favorable marks in
China than in Japan. Fully 64% of Chinese have a favorable
view of South Korea, while only 18% have a negative view.
Meanwhile, most (56%) Japanese also have a positive view
of South Korea, but a significant minority (43%) sees the
country negatively.
Japan and China also differ over the likelihood of
Korean unification. The vast majority of Japanese (71%) say
North and South Korea will not be unified in the near future,
while 25% think they will. In China, a plurality (39%) say
the two Koreas will be unified sometime soon, while 26%
say this will not take place, and roughly one-in-three (35%)
are unable to offer an opinion.
Olympic Fever in China
The Chinese public is enthusiastic about hosting the
2008 Summer Olympics. Almost unanimously, they believe
the Olympics will be a good thing for China (97% good
thing, 1% bad thing). And more than nine-in-ten (93%) say
the Olympics will help China’s image around the world,
while 1% believe the international spotlight will hurt their
country’s image, and 3% say it will have no impact.
Chinese and Japanese
Divided over North Korea
Rating of North Korea
Favorable
Unfavorable
97
51
31
3
China
Japan
Rating of South Korea
Favorable
64
Unfavorable
56
43
18
China
Japan
Of course, the Olympics are already receiving a great deal of attention in China, but a
plurality (43%) of Chinese say that it is the right amount of attention. Another 21% say not
enough attention is being devoted to the Olympics, while one-quarter (25%) think there is too
much focus on the 2008 Games.
U.S.-India Relations
Diplomatic relations between the U.S. and India have grown closer over the last few
years, as evidenced by President Bush’s trip to India earlier this year, as well as the recent
nuclear agreement between the two countries. 11 And these growing ties are reflected in Indian
public opinion: 70% of Indians believe relations between their country and the U.S. have
improved in recent years, and those who think relations have improved overwhelmingly consider
this a good thing.
11
Under the agreement, the U.S. and India would cooperate on civilian nuclear technology, and the U.S. would essentially recognize India’s
status as a nuclear power. The agreement has not yet received congressional approval in the U.S.
93
Meanwhile, four-in-ten (43%) Pakistanis say
U.S.-India relations have gotten better, and they are
divided over whether this is a positive development.
Only 16% of Pakistanis think relations between the
U.S. and neighboring India have not improved; 42%
are unable to offer an opinion.
Most Indians (62%) have heard about the
nuclear agreement between the U.S. and their country,
while only 25% of Pakistanis are aware of this. In
India, three-quarters (75%) of those who have heard of
the nuclear deal approve of it, while in Pakistan the
reverse is true – roughly three-quarters (73%) of those
who are aware of the deal oppose it.
Have Relations Improved
Between the U.S. and…
Indian opinion
Improved
Good thing
Bad thing
Neither
Don’t know
Not improved
Don’t know
Pakistani opinion
Improved
Good thing
Bad thing
Neither
Don’t know
Not improved
Don’t know
India
%
70
64
4
2
*
20
10
43
21
18
3
1
16
42
Pakistan
%
40
26
12
1
1
41
19
49
41
5
3
1
20
30
U.S.-Pakistani Relations
There is no consensus in Pakistan about the direction of U.S.-Pakistani relations –
roughly half (49%) say relations have improved in recent years, while 20% believe they have not
improved and 30% offer no opinion. The overwhelming majority of those who believe relations
have grown stronger believe this is a positive development.
Indians are divided over whether U.S.-Pakistani relations have strengthened in recent
years – 40% say they have, 41% believe they have not, and 19% are not sure. Those who think
relations have improved tend to consider this a positive trend.
94
Methodological Appendix
ABOUT THE 2006 GLOBAL ATTITUDES SURVEY
Results for the survey are based on telephone and face-to-face interviews conducted under the
direction of Princeton Survey Research Associates International. All surveys are based on national
samples except in China, India, and Pakistan, where the samples were disproportionately or exclusively
urban.
The table below shows the margin of sampling error based on all interviews conducted in that
country. For results based on the full sample in a given country, one can say with 95% confidence that the
error attributable to sampling and other random effects is plus or minus the margin of error. In addition to
sampling error, one should bear in mind that question wording and practical difficulties in conducting
surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of opinion polls.
Country:
Sample design:
Mode:
Languages:
Fieldwork dates:
Sample size:
Great Britain
Probability
Telephone adults 18 plus
English, Urdu, and Arabic
April 4-26, 2006
902 including a 412 Muslim
oversample; sample is weighted to
be representative of the general
population
Margin of Error: 6%
Representative: Telephone households
Country:
Sample design:
Mode:
Languages:
Fieldwork dates:
Sample size:
Country:
Sample design:
Country:
Sample design:
Mode:
Languages:
Fieldwork dates:
Sample size:
France
Quota
Telephone adults 18 plus
French
April 5-19, 2006
905 including a 400 Muslim
oversample; sample is weighted to
be representative of the general
population
Margin of Error: 4%
Representative: Telephone households
Germany
Probability
Telephone adults 18 plus
German and Turkish
April 5-27, 2006
902 including a 413 Muslim
oversample; sample is weighted to
be representative of the general
population
Margin of Error: 6%
Representative: Telephone households
China
Probability sample in six cities and
surrounding rural areas – Shanghai,
Beijing, Guangzhou, Xinxiang,
Jinzhong, and Luzhou
Mode:
Face-to-face adults 18 to 60
Languages:
Chinese (dialects: Mandarin,
Beijingese, Cantonese, Sichun,
Hubei, Dongbei, Shanghaiese)
Fieldwork dates: April 7-18, 2006
Sample size:
2180
Margin of Error: 2%
Representative: Disproportionately urban
Country:
Sample design:
Mode:
Languages:
Fieldwork dates:
Sample size:
Margin of Error:
Representative:
Country:
Sample design:
Mode:
Languages:
India
Probability
Face-to-face adults 18-64
Hindi, Gujarati, Tamil, Kannada,
Bengali
Fieldwork dates: April 15-May 3, 2006
Sample size:
2029
Margin of Error: 2%
Representative: Urban only
Egypt
Probability
Face-to-face adults 18 plus
Arabic
April 5-27, 2006
1000
3%
Adult population
95
Country:
Sample design:
Mode:
Languages:
Fieldwork dates:
Sample size:
Margin of Error:
Representative:
Indonesia
Probability
Face-to-face adults 18 plus
Bahasa Indonesia
April 8-30, 2006
1022
3%
Eighteen provinces representing
87% of population
Country:
Sample design:
Mode:
Languages
Fieldwork dates:
Sample size:
Margin of Error:
Representative:
Japan
Probability
Telephone adults 18 plus
Japanese
March 31-April 21, 2006
500
5%
Telephone households
Country:
Sample design:
Mode:
Languages:
Fieldwork dates:
Sample size:
Margin of Error:
Representative:
Jordan
Probability
Face-to-face adults 18 plus
Arabic
April 5-27, 2006
1000
3%
Adult population
Country:
Sample design:
Mode:
Languages:
Fieldwork dates:
Sample size:
Margin of Error:
Representative:
Nigeria
Probability
Face-to-face adults 18 plus
Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa, and English
April 20-29, 2006
1000
3%
Adult population
Country:
Sample design:
Mode:
Languages:
Fieldwork dates:
Sample size:
Margin of Error:
Representative:
Pakistan
Probability
Face-to-face adults 18 plus
Urdu
April 7-28, 2006
1277
3%
Disproportionately urban
Country:
Sample design
Mode:
Languages:
Fieldwork dates:
Sample size:
Margin of Error:
Representative:
Russia
Probability
Face-to-face adults 18 plus
Russian
April 6-16, 2006
1000
3%
Adult population
Country:
Sample design:
Mode:
Languages:
Fieldwork dates:
Sample size:
Spain
Probability
Face-to-face adults 18 plus
Spanish and Arabic
April 7-May 4, 2006
979 including a 402 Muslim
oversample; sample is weighted to
be representative of the general
population
Margin of Error: 4%
Representative: Adult population
96
Country:
Sample design:
Mode:
Languages:
Fieldwork dates:
Sample size:
Margin of Error:
Representative:
Turkey
Probability
Face-to-face adults 18 plus
Turkish
April 1-25, 2006
1013
3%
Adult population
Country:
Sample design:
Mode:
Languages:
Fieldwork dates:
Sample size:
Margin of Error:
Representative:
United States
Probability
Telephone adults 18 plus
English
May 2-14, 2006
1001
3%
Telephone households in
continental U.S.
Pew Global Attitudes Project: Spring 2006 Survey
15 Nation Survey
–FINAL TOPLINE–
United States – May 2-14, 2006 (N=1001)
Russia – April 6-16, 2006 (N=1000)
Nigeria – April 20-29, 2006 (N=1000)
China – April 7-18, 2006 (N=2180)
Japan – March 31 – April 21, 2006 (N=500)
India – April 15 – May 3, 2006 (N=2029)
Turkey – April 1-25, 2006 (N=1013)
Indonesia – April 8-30, 2006 (N=1022)
Pakistan – April 7-28, 2006 (N=1277)
Jordan – April 5-27, 2006 (N=1000)
Egypt – April 5-27, 2006 (N=1000)
Great Britain – April 4-26, 2006 (N=902, includes N=412 Muslim oversample)*
France – April 5-19, 2006 (N=905, includes N=400 Muslim oversample)
Germany – April 5-27, 2006 (N=902, includes N=413 Muslim oversample)
Spain – April 7 – May 4, 2006 (N=979, includes N=402 Muslim oversample)
*
General population data from Great Britain, France, Germany, and Spain includes the Muslim oversamples,
but is weighted to be representative of the general population.
NOTE: Data based on national samples except in China, India, and Pakistan where the samples were
disproportionately or exclusively urban. See Methodological Appendix for details. Previous versions
of the topline were released with each of the four 2006 reports.
Q.1
Now thinking about (survey country), overall, are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the way
things are going in our country today?
Don’t know/
Dissatisfied
Refused
Satisfied
United States
29
65
6=100
May, 2005
39
57
4=100
March, 2004
39
55
6=100
April 8, 2003
50
41
9=100
Summer, 2002
41
55
4=100
Great Britain (GP)
35
58
6=99
May, 2005
44
51
5=100
March, 2004
38
58
4=100
May, 2003
46
49
5=100
March, 2003
30
63
7=100
Summer, 2002
32
64
4=100
Great Britain (Muslims)
51
38
11=100
France (GP)
20
80
1=101
May, 2005
28
71
*=99
March, 2004
32
68
*=100
May, 2003
44
56
*=100
March, 2003
31
67
2=100
Summer, 2002
32
67
1=100
France (Muslims)
33
67
*=100
Germany (GP)
29
67
5=101
May, 2005
25
73
2=100
March, 2004
20
78
2=100
May, 2003
25
73
2=100
March, 2003
18
79
3=100
Summer, 2002
31
66
2=99
Germany (Muslims)
44
52
4=100
T-1
Q.1 CONTINUED…
Spain (GP)
May, 2005
May, 2003
March, 2003
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
March, 2003
Summer, 2002
Egypt
Turkey
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
March, 2003
Summer, 2002
Indonesia
May, 2005
May, 2003
Summer, 2002
India
May, 2005
Summer, 2002
Pakistan
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
Summer, 2002
Jordan
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
Summer, 2002
Nigeria (GP) 12
May, 2003
Nigeria (Christians)
May, 2003
Nigeria (Muslims)
May, 2003
China
May, 2005
Summer, 2002
Japan
Summer, 2002
12
Dissatisfied
46
44
52
47
19
62
71
69
64
58
71
42
56
55
58
79
81
93
73
64
85
92
67
57
83
58
39
41
67
39
44
30
30
56
78
93
80
95
80
92
80
13
19
33
72
86
Satisfied
50
51
45
41
76
32
23
26
28
35
20
55
40
41
40
19
18
4
26
35
15
7
31
41
9
35
57
54
29
49
53
69
59
42
21
7
19
5
20
8
19
81
72
48
27
12
Don’t know/
Refused
4=100
5=100
3=100
12=100
5=100
7=101
6=100
5=100
9=101
7=100
9=100
2=99
4=100
4=100
2=100
2=100
2=101
3=100
1=100
1=100
1=101
1=100
1=99
2=100
8=100
7=100
4=100
5=100
4=100
13=101
3=100
1=100
11=100
2=100
1=100
*=100
*=99
0=100
0=100
*=100
1=100
6=100
10=101
19=100
1=100
2=100
The Nigeria sample includes 514 Christians and 468 Muslims. The general population sample is weighted to reflect the
demographic characteristics of the population.
T-2
Q.2
Please tell me if you have a very favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat unfavorable, or very
unfavorable opinion of (INSERT)? [READ ITEMS a. AND b. FIRST, FOLLOWED BY
ROTATING ITEMS c. THRU k.]
--- FAVORABLE --Some
Very
what
Total
a. The United States
United States
May, 2005
Great Britain (GP)
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
March, 2003
Summer, 2002
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
March, 2003
Summer, 2002
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
March, 2003
Summer, 2002
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
May, 2005
May, 2003
March, 2003
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
March, 2003
Summer, 2002
Egypt
Turkey
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
March, 2003
Summer, 2002
77
83
56
55
58
70
48
75
23
39
43
37
43
31
63
30
37
41
38
45
25
61
24
23
41
38
14
19
43
52
47
36
28
61
30
12
23
30
15
12
30
49
50
11
13
15
18
14
27
6
2
3
6
9
6
9
4
2
4
3
6
4
9
4
4
14
8
3
4
9
9
9
11
4
8
5
2
4
6
2
3
6
T-3
28
33
45
42
43
52
34
48
17
37
40
31
34
25
54
26
35
37
35
39
21
52
20
19
27
30
11
15
34
43
38
25
24
53
25
10
19
24
13
9
24
--- UNFAVORABLE --Some
Total
Very
what
17
14
33
38
34
26
40
16
65
60
57
62
57
67
34
69
60
54
59
54
71
35
67
73
50
56
74
76
47
40
44
55
68
33
69
76
67
63
83
84
55
7
4
13
11
10
12
16
4
47
17
15
20
19
22
8
31
14
10
10
12
30
4
42
36
16
27
39
55
19
10
15
23
25
6
36
67
54
45
68
67
42
10
10
20
27
24
14
24
12
18
43
42
42
38
45
26
38
46
44
49
42
41
31
25
37
34
29
35
21
28
30
29
32
43
27
33
9
13
18
15
17
13
Don’t know/
Refused
5=99
3=100
11=100
7=100
8=100
5=101
11=99
9=100
14=102
1=100
*=100
1=100
*=100
2=100
2=99
1=100
3=100
5=100
3=100
1=100
4=100
4=100
10=101
5=101
9=100
6=100
12=100
5=100
10=100
8=100
10=101
9=100
4=100
6=100
1=100
12=100
10=100
7=100
3=101
5=101
15=100
Q.2 CONTINUED…
Indonesia
May, 2005
May, 2003
Summer, 2002
India
May, 2005
Summer, 2002
Pakistan
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
Summer, 2002
Jordan
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
Summer, 2002
Nigeria (GP)
May, 2003
Nigeria (Christians)
May, 2003
Nigeria (Muslims)
May, 2003
China
May, 2005
Japan
Summer, 2002
b. Americans
United States
May, 2005
Great Britain (GP)
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
Summer, 2002
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
Summer, 2002
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
Summer, 2002
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
May, 2005
May, 2003
Spain (Muslims)
--- FAVORABLE --Some
Very what
Total
30
7
23
38
6
32
15
2
13
61
5
56
56
18
38
71
29
42
54
22
32
27
7
20
23
6
17
21
4
17
13
3
10
10
2
8
15
6
9
21
9
12
5
2
3
1
*
1
25
6
19
62
34
28
61
31
30
89
55
34
85
49
36
32
11
21
38
14
24
47
9
38
42
5
37
63
8
55
72
13
59
85
88
69
70
73
80
83
39
65
64
53
58
71
48
66
65
68
67
70
44
37
55
47
33
53
49
20
18
21
27
25
7
5
5
5
13
10
7
5
8
9
15
12
11
4
16
11
6
T-4
32
39
49
52
52
53
58
32
60
59
48
45
61
41
61
57
59
52
58
33
33
39
36
27
---UNFAVORABLE --Some
Total
Very
what
67
25
42
57
17
40
83
48
35
36
9
27
28
14
14
17
9
8
27
16
11
56
42
14
60
48
12
61
50
11
81
71
10
69
58
11
85
55
30
80
59
21
93
67
26
99
83
16
75
57
18
36
16
20
36
21
15
8
3
5
13
5
8
67
31
36
59
37
22
43
6
37
53
13
40
35
6
29
26
3
23
9
9
21
22
19
15
11
43
35
36
43
42
26
51
26
24
25
29
23
46
51
30
41
54
3
1
5
4
5
5
3
25
8
7
13
13
5
15
4
4
5
7
3
28
18
8
16
34
6
8
16
18
14
10
8
18
27
29
30
29
21
36
22
20
20
22
20
18
33
22
25
20
Don’t know/
Refused
4=101
5=100
1=99
3=100
16=100
12=100
19=100
17=100
17=100
18=100
6=100
20=99
*=100
0=101
1=99
0=100
*=100
2=100
2=99
4=101
2=100
1=100
3=100
10=100
5=100
3=101
2=100
7=101
2=99
10=100
8=100
8=100
5=100
8=102
18=100
*=100
*=100
3=99
*=100
3=100
2=101
8=100
11=100
6=99
4=100
7=100
11=101
11=99
15=100
13=101
13=100
Q.2 CONTINUED…
Russia
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
Summer, 2002
Egypt
Turkey
March, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
Summer, 2002
Indonesia
May, 2005
May, 2003
Summer, 2002
India
May, 2005
Summer, 2002
Pakistan
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
Summer, 2002
Jordan
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
Summer, 2002
Nigeria (GP)
May, 2003
Nigeria (Christians)
May, 2003
Nigeria (Muslims)
May, 2003
China
May, 2005
Japan
Summer, 2002
c. China
United States
May, 2005
Great Britain (GP)
May, 2005
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
May, 2005
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
May, 2005
Germany (Muslims)
--- FAVORABLE --Some
Very
what
Total
57
11
46
61
10
51
64
13
51
65
17
48
67
9
58
36
8
28
17
2
15
23
4
19
32
6
26
32
5
27
31
5
26
36
6
30
46
8
38
56
6
50
65
5
60
67
23
44
71
28
43
58
24
34
27
5
22
22
5
17
25
5
20
38
8
30
17
3
14
38
2
36
34
9
25
21
4
17
18
3
15
53
21
32
56
28
28
67
32
35
86
45
41
88
50
38
23
9
14
48
16
32
49
6
43
43
5
38
82
16
66
73
10
63
52
43
65
65
61
60
58
76
57
46
61
12
9
10
13
21
7
6
23
6
5
18
T-5
40
34
55
52
40
53
52
53
51
41
43
--- UNFAVORABLE --Some
Total
Very
what
34
11
23
29
6
23
26
8
18
25
7
18
24
3
21
63
33
30
69
55
14
63
46
17
53
32
21
60
43
17
50
38
12
60
18
42
46
9
37
42
11
31
32
7
25
26
12
14
18
9
9
23
15
8
52
34
18
55
41
14
47
34
13
51
40
11
62
50
12
61
30
31
66
39
27
73
33
40
82
46
36
46
29
17
40
19
21
29
17
12
9
4
5
10
4
6
75
36
39
47
29
18
39
5
34
49
11
38
16
3
13
24
2
22
29
35
14
17
9
41
42
24
34
37
19
10
13
3
3
3
12
13
9
5
4
7
19
22
11
14
6
29
29
15
29
33
12
Don’t know/
Refused
10=101
11=101
11=101
10=100
9=100
1=100
14=100
14=100
15=100
8=100
19=100
5=101
8=100
2=100
3=100
7=100
11=100
19=100
20=99
22=99
27=99
11=100
21=100
1=100
0=100
6=100
*=100
1=100
4=100
3=99
6=101
2=100
3=101
5=100
12=100
8=100
2=100
3=100
19=100
22=100
21=100
18=100
29=99
*=101
*=100
1=101
10=101
16=99
20=100
Q.2 CONTINUED…
Spain (GP)
May, 2005
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
May, 2005
Summer, 2002
Egypt
Turkey
May, 2005
Indonesia
May, 2005
Summer, 2002
India
May, 2005
Pakistan
May, 2005
Jordan
May, 2005
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
May, 2005
Japan
Summer, 2002
d. Germany
United States
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
February, 2002 13
August, 1998
Great Britain (GP)
May, 2005
Summer, 2002
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
May, 2005
Summer, 2002
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
May, 2005
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
May, 2005
Spain (Muslims)
13
--- FAVORABLE --Some
Very what
Total
45
5
40
57
18
39
51
9
42
63
14
49
60
11
49
71
12
59
63
20
43
33
7
26
40
9
31
62
11
51
73
16
57
68
4
64
47
12
35
56
15
41
69
47
22
79
56
23
49
8
41
43
6
37
59
14
45
61
18
43
58
9
49
94
58
36
88
53
35
28
3
25
55
8
47
66
60
50
44
83
65
74
75
68
45
89
89
88
91
65
64
71
72
77
74
20
15
8
8
22
13
20
18
18
9
20
18
13
25
12
10
29
58
27
17
46
45
42
36
61
52
54
57
50
36
69
71
75
66
53
54
42
14
50
57
--- UNFAVORABLE --Some
Total
Very
what
38
12
26
21
5
16
26
12
14
27
7
20
28
6
22
18
2
16
32
12
20
43
32
11
39
24
15
31
3
28
25
2
23
30
6
24
39
22
17
21
8
13
7
3
4
4
2
2
46
10
36
53
18
35
32
9
23
25
7
18
39
10
29
5
1
4
9
1
8
71
22
49
42
7
35
13
17
28
41
11
19
12
12
17
22
11
11
7
10
33
34
25
15
10
15
4
4
9
15
3
5
3
2
5
9
3
3
1
3
8
6
9
4
2
6
9
13
19
26
8
14
9
10
12
13
8
8
6
7
25
28
16
11
8
9
Don’t know/
Refused
18=101
23=101
23=100
10=100
12=100
11=100
6=101
24=100
21=100
6=99
2=100
2=100
13=99
23=100
23=99
17=100
5=100
5=101
10=101
14=100
4=101
2=101
2=99
1=100
3=100
21=100
23=100
23=101
15=100
6=100
16=100
14=100
13=100
16=101
33=100
*=100
*=100
4=99
*=101
2=100
1=99
4=100
13=100
14=101
11=100
The February 2002 numbers are from a Gallup survey, and the question wording was: “I’d like your overall opinion of
some foreign countries. First, is our overall opinion of Germany very favorable, mostly favorable, mostly unfavorable, or
very unfavorable?”
T-6
Q.2 CONTINUED…
Russia
May, 2005
Egypt
Turkey
May, 2005
Indonesia
May, 2005
India
May, 2005
Pakistan
May, 2005
Jordan
May, 2005
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
May, 2005
Japan
e. France
United States
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
February, 2002
Great Britain (GP)
May, 2005
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
May, 2005
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
May, 2005
Summer, 2002
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
May, 2005
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
May, 2005
Egypt
Turkey
May, 2005
Indonesia
May, 2005
India
May, 2005
Pakistan
May, 2005
--- FAVORABLE --Some
what
Total Very
77
22
55
79
21
58
62
27
35
43
8
35
48
12
36
56
8
48
71
15
56
47
11
36
56
17
39
31
8
23
36
11
25
44
6
38
36
2
34
59
18
41
68
26
42
48
9
39
54
8
46
58
9
49
78
13
65
52
46
33
29
79
59
71
41
68
74
78
72
78
82
44
66
74
76
74
83
60
18
30
52
68
46
55
25
32
15
11
8
8
23
14
18
8
13
20
30
10
12
14
12
13
25
25
21
22
27
3
7
8
15
10
16
5
10
T-7
37
35
25
21
56
45
53
33
55
54
48
62
66
68
32
53
49
51
53
61
33
15
23
44
53
36
39
20
22
--- UNFAVORABLE --Some
Total
Very
what
14
4
10
13
3
10
33
18
15
41
28
13
40
25
15
27
5
22
12
2
10
32
13
19
14
6
8
21
10
11
24
12
12
54
18
36
59
29
30
30
10
20
17
6
11
45
14
31
26
3
23
32
6
26
18
1
17
30
33
49
60
16
32
22
39
31
26
21
22
13
11
43
27
15
19
15
6
36
61
51
30
15
31
14
24
26
12
14
24
36
3
11
7
23
7
7
7
3
3
1
21
6
3
7
3
1
15
46
35
6
2
15
5
12
14
18
19
25
24
13
21
15
16
24
19
14
19
10
10
22
21
12
12
12
5
21
15
16
24
13
16
9
12
12
Don’t know/
Refused
9=100
8=100
5=100
15=100
12=100
17=100
17=100
21=100
29=99
48=100
40=100
2=100
4=100
12=101
15=100
7=100
20=100
11=101
5=101
19=101
21=100
18=100
11=100
5=100
9=100
7=100
19=99
0=99
0=100
0=99
6=100
9=100
7=100
13=100
7=100
11=100
5=100
12=101
11=100
5=101
21=100
19=100
17=99
17=100
23=100
31=100
50=99
42=100
Q.2 CONTINUED…
Jordan
May, 2005
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
May, 2005
Japan
f. Japan
United States
May, 2005
August, 1998
Great Britain (GP)
May, 2005
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
May, 2005
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
May, 2005
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
May, 2005
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
May, 2005
Egypt
Turkey
May, 2005
Indonesia
May, 2005
India
May, 2005
Pakistan
May, 2005
Jordan
May, 2005
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
May, 2005
Japan
--- FAVORABLE --Some
Very
what
Total
46
9
37
50
9
41
59
16
43
65
22
43
52
8
44
59
12
47
65
11
54
72
7
65
66
63
62
68
69
57
83
76
86
70
64
67
65
66
58
73
75
63
46
55
78
85
60
66
43
49
46
46
64
69
58
21
17
77
22
17
9
15
14
18
13
10
29
10
9
27
14
22
11
24
23
22
15
21
22
32
23
28
18
21
7
11
18
25
10
2
3
27
T-8
44
46
53
53
55
39
70
66
57
60
55
40
51
44
47
49
52
41
31
34
56
53
37
38
25
28
39
35
46
44
48
19
14
50
--- UNFAVORABLE --Some
Total
Very
what
53
21
32
49
23
26
28
8
20
18
5
13
41
13
28
22
2
20
25
6
19
24
2
22
14
16
23
9
11
12
17
23
13
14
18
13
18
12
18
17
16
31
32
26
16
11
25
11
16
18
50
49
26
17
37
70
76
22
5
5
8
3
3
6
5
6
6
2
2
4
5
3
10
5
3
13
24
18
3
2
11
4
8
10
13
21
7
6
9
29
43
2
9
11
15
6
8
6
12
17
7
12
16
9
13
9
8
12
13
18
8
8
13
9
14
7
8
8
37
28
19
11
28
41
33
20
Don’t know/
Refused
1=100
1=100
13=100
17=100
8=101
19=100
11=101
4=100
21=101
21=100
15=100
24=101
20=100
31=100
*=100
1=100
1=100
16=100
18=100
20=100
17=100
22=100
23=99
10=100
10=101
5=99
22=100
19=100
6=100
4=100
16=101
23=100
41=100
32=99
4=100
6=101
10=100
14=100
5=100
10=101
7=100
1=100
Q.2 CONTINUED…
--- FAVORABLE --Some
Very
what
Total
--- UNFAVORABLE --Some
Total
Very
what
Don’t know/
Refused
g. Jews
United States
May, 2005
March, 2004
Mid-July, 2003
June, 2003
March, 2002
Mid-Nov., 2001
March, 2001
Sept., 2000 (RVs)
June, 1997
Great Britain (GP)
May, 2005
March, 2004
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
May, 2005
March, 2004
1991 14
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
May, 2005
March, 2004
1991
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
May, 2005
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
May, 2005
March, 2004
1992
1991
Egypt
Turkey
May, 2005
March, 2004
Indonesia
May, 2005
India
May, 2005
Pakistan
May, 2005
March, 2004
Jordan
May, 2005
14
77
77
77
72
79
74
75
72
77
82
74
78
76
32
86
82
81
72
71
69
67
63
52
38
45
58
28
59
63
65
65
58
2
15
18
27
17
13
22
28
6
5
3
1
0
40
37
36
20
25
18
24
16
27
26
22
24
23
4
12
18
28
14
15
13
11
10
5
10
6
18
4
15
15
18
11
9
0
1
4
6
3
2
4
6
1
*
1
*
0
37
40
41
52
54
56
51
56
50
56
52
54
53
28
74
64
53
58
56
56
56
53
47
28
39
40
24
44
48
47
54
49
2
14
14
21
14
11
18
22
5
5
2
1
0
5
7
8
9
8
9
7
10
8
9
7
6
9
47
13
16
11
14
28
22
21
20
24
44
39
20
60
30
26
25
22
26
97
65
60
49
72
76
39
17
71
74
80
98
100
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
33
3
3
3
3
9
5
5
4
6
31
14
6
37
9
7
8
7
8
82
50
44
32
39
36
24
7
62
64
73
96
99
3
5
6
6
6
7
5
8
5
7
4
4
6
14
10
13
8
11
19
17
16
16
18
13
25
14
23
21
19
17
15
18
15
15
16
17
33
40
15
10
9
10
7
2
1
17=99
16=100
15=100
19=100
13=100
17=100
18=100
18=100
15=100
9=100
19=100
15=99
15=100
22=101
1=100
2=100
8=100
14=100
1=100
10=101
12=100
17=100
24=100
18=100
17=101
22=100
12=100
11=100
11=100
10=100
13=100
16=100
*=99
20=100
23=101
23=99
11=100
12=101
40=101
56=101
23=100
21=100
17=100
1=100
0=100
In 1991, the introduction for the favorability rating of Jews in France, Germany, and Russia was worded, respectively,
“I’d like you to rate some different groups of people in (Western Europe/Germany/Russia) according to how you feel
about them.”
T-9
Q.2 CONTINUED…
Nigeria
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
Japan
h. Christians
United States
May, 2005
March, 2004
Great Britain (GP)
May, 2005
March, 2004
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
May, 2005
March, 2004
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
May, 2005
March, 2004
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
May, 2005
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
May, 2005
March, 2004
Egypt
Turkey
May, 2005
March, 2004
Indonesia
May, 2005
India
May, 2005
Pakistan
May, 2005
March, 2004
Jordan
May, 2005
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
Japan
i. Muslims
United States
May, 2005
March, 2004
Mid-July, 2003
June, 2003
March, 2002
--- FAVORABLE --Some
Very
what
Total
28
9
19
43
15
28
11
2
9
42
5
37
--- UNFAVORABLE --Some
Total
Very
what
52
27
25
30
13
17
76
43
33
42
6
36
Don’t know/
Refused
20=100
26=99
13=100
16=100
88
87
84
88
85
84
71
87
84
84
91
79
83
75
69
79
80
82
90
92
93
48
16
21
31
64
58
50
61
27
22
24
61
58
79
95
63
57
62
56
55
46
37
36
19
23
24
34
27
23
21
15
23
25
32
16
48
44
44
6
2
5
6
20
17
16
20
4
2
4
11
10
45
78
9
6
26
31
29
42
48
48
52
64
60
50
64
56
62
60
46
54
48
66
42
48
49
42
14
16
25
44
41
34
41
23
20
20
50
48
34
17
54
51
5
6
6
5
6
6
16
13
15
9
8
17
13
16
24
15
10
12
6
3
3
51
69
63
52
32
38
36
19
54
58
62
38
41
20
5
36
36
1
2
1
1
1
1
9
3
4
2
3
3
1
3
10
5
3
5
2
1
1
11
54
46
33
7
9
19
8
39
41
45
11
12
7
2
12
6
4
4
5
4
5
5
7
10
11
7
5
14
12
13
14
10
7
7
4
2
2
40
15
17
19
25
29
17
11
15
17
17
27
29
13
3
24
30
6=99
7=100
10=100
8=101
9=100
9=99
13=100
*=100
1=100
6=99
1=100
4=100
4=100
9=100
6=99
6=100
10=100
6=100
5=101
5=100
4=100
1=100
15=100
16=100
17=100
4=100
4=100
15=101
20=100
19=100
20=100
15=101
1=100
1=100
1=100
*=100
1=100
6=99
54
57
48
47
50
47
19
18
13
9
12
7
35
39
35
38
38
40
24
22
32
31
30
29
10
8
14
12
10
11
14
14
18
19
20
18
22=100
21=100
20=100
22=100
20=100
24=100
T-10
Q.2 CONTINUED…
Great Britain (GP)
May, 2005
March, 2004
Great Britain (Muslim)
France (GP)
May, 2005
March, 2004
1991 (N. Africans)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
May, 2005
March, 2004
1991 (Turks)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
May, 2005
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
May, 2005
March, 2004
Egypt
Turkey
May, 2005
March, 2004
Indonesia
March, 2004
India
March, 2004
Pakistan
May, 2005
March, 2004
Jordan
May, 2005
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
May, 2005
Japan
--- FAVORABLE --Some
Very
what
Total
63
14
49
72
18
54
67
18
49
86
55
31
65
7
58
64
9
55
64
16
48
49
7
42
91
46
45
36
4
32
40
4
36
41
5
36
35
3
32
83
44
39
29
4
25
46
14
32
94
53
41
59
17
42
55
14
41
53
15
38
95
84
11
88
74
14
83
61
22
88
66
22
97
78
19
99
85
14
41
10
31
46
15
31
94
84
10
94
88
6
97
87
10
93
89
4
99
95
4
66
48
18
36
8
28
98
92
6
23
1
22
20
2
18
23
2
21
--- UNFAVORABLE --Some
Total
Very what
20
8
12
14
5
9
18
6
12
9
2
7
35
12
23
34
13
21
29
9
20
42
12
30
9
4
5
54
15
39
47
11
36
46
11
35
46
14
32
14
3
11
62
27
35
37
13
24
4
1
3
33
9
24
36
10
26
38
15
23
4
1
3
8
5
3
11
5
6
9
3
6
2
*
2
1
*
1
51
32
19
43
25
18
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
7
1
6
1
*
1
31
18
13
58
34
24
1
*
1
49
9
40
50
15
35
66
16
50
Don’t know/
Refused
17=100
14=100
16=101
5=100
*=100
2=100
7=100
9=100
0=100
10=100
13=100
13=100
19=100
3=100
10=101
17=100
2=100
9=101
10=101
11=100
1=100
4=100
5=99
3=100
1=100
*=100
9=101
12=101
3=99
4=100
1=100
*=100
0=100
3=100
6=100
*=99
28=100
30=100
11=100
j. Iran
United States
Feb., 2006 15
Feb., 2004
March, 2003
Feb., 2002
August, 1998
March, 1996
Aug., 1991
Aug., 1989
15
25
7
17
13
11
11
6
13
5
8
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
The 1989, 1991, and 2002-2006 trends from Gallup.
T-11
17
6
14
11
9
10
5
12
4
57
86
77
79
84
75
84
79
89
31
46
31
31
38
40
46
35
62
26
40
46
48
46
35
38
44
27
19=101
7=100
6=100
8=100
5=100
14=100
10=100
9=100
6=100
Q.2 CONTINUED…
--- FAVORABLE --Some
what
Total Very
Great Britain (GP)
34
3
31
Great Britain (Muslims) 71
30
41
France (GP)
22
1
21
France (Muslims)
48
11
37
Germany (GP)
12
1
11
Germany (Muslims)
40
13
27
Spain (GP)
23
3
20
Spain (Muslims)
68
24
44
Russia
43
10
33
Egypt
59
13
46
Turkey
53
18
35
Indonesia
77
22
55
India
31
7
24
Pakistan
72
41
31
Jordan
49
12
37
Nigeria (GP)
43
19
24
Nigeria (Christians)
10
2
8
Nigeria (Muslims)
78
38
40
China
26
2
24
Japan
24
3
21
k. The United Nations
United States
Late October, 2005
March, 2004
Early Sept., 2001
Aug., 1999
June, 1999
Early Sept., 1998
Sept., 1997
Feb., 1996
June, 1995
Feb., 1995
July, 1994
May, 1993
May, 1990
Great Britain (GP)
March, 2004
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
March, 2004
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
March, 2004
1991
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
March, 2004
1991
Egypt
51
48
55
77
76
70
69
64
65
67
62
76
73
70
65
74
38
72
67
59
68
71
83
58
60
42
49
60
80
49
15
9
14
23
19
19
14
11
19
14
13
21
21
15
16
22
9
10
10
11
13
21
21
15
11
8
11
13
21
11
T-12
36
39
41
54
57
51
55
53
46
53
49
55
52
55
49
52
29
62
57
48
55
50
62
43
49
34
38
47
59
38
--- UNFAVORABLE --Some
Total
Very
what
39
15
24
10
3
7
77
30
47
51
15
36
82
32
50
44
21
23
66
32
34
24
10
14
38
9
29
39
9
30
35
20
15
16
2
14
49
29
20
10
4
6
51
18
33
44
25
19
70
46
24
4
13
17
48
8
40
68
15
53
38
39
35
18
19
23
23
28
29
28
26
19
17
19
23
18
47
28
30
40
25
23
10
32
30
43
29
18
4
51
19
15
15
6
5
7
7
9
9
8
8
5
4
6
8
4
27
8
6
15
4
3
3
11
8
28
9
5
1
24
19
24
20
12
14
16
16
19
20
20
18
14
13
13
15
14
20
20
24
25
21
20
7
21
22
15
20
13
3
27
Don’t know/
Refused
28=101
20=101
*=99
1=100
6=100
15=99
11=100
7=99
20=101
1=99
12=100
7=100
20=100
18=100
1=101
14=101
20=100
5=100
26=100
8=100
11=100
13=100
10=100
5=100
5=100
7=100
8=100
8=100
6=100
5=100
12=100
5=100
10=100
11=100
11=99
7=99
16=101
*=100
3=100
1=100
7=100
6=100
7=100
10=100
10=100
15=100
22=100
21=99
16=100
*=100
Q.2 CONTINUED…
Turkey
March, 2004
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
March, 2004
Jordan
March, 2004
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
Japan
l. Arabs
United States
Oct., 2001 16
March, 1993
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
Japan
16
--- FAVORABLE --Some
Very
what
Total
29
5
24
51
13
38
78
30
48
39
9
30
42
18
24
35
9
26
30
6
24
21
6
15
68
24
44
82
33
49
53
14
39
53
8
45
56
8
48
50
54
39
56
65
68
84
39
45
33
85
45
90
46
84
30
78
76
51
16
90
29
38
14
9
7
9
26
8
31
1
10
4
35
11
40
13
33
6
52
28
28
4
54
2
4
Trends from 2001 and 1993 from Gallup.
T-13
36
45
32
47
39
60
53
38
35
29
50
34
50
33
51
24
26
48
23
12
36
27
34
--- UNFAVORABLE --Some
Total
Very
what
51
32
19
35
19
16
18
2
16
35
19
16
22
11
11
27
17
10
69
36
33
73
47
26
26
7
19
10
4
6
44
10
34
25
3
22
36
5
31
30
37
32
19
20
31
16
51
48
58
12
34
10
40
12
49
6
23
39
68
7
45
44
10
12
12
3
7
9
4
9
20
24
5
8
2
25
1
30
2
1
23
42
2
7
7
20
25
20
16
13
22
12
42
28
34
7
26
8
15
11
19
4
22
16
26
5
38
37
Don’t know/
Refused
20=100
14=100
4=100
26=100
36=100
38=100
1=100
6=100
7=101
8=100
4=101
22=100
7=99
21=101
9=100
29=100
25=100
15=100
1=100
0=100
9=99
8=101
9=100
3=100
22=101
*=100
13=99
4=100
21=100
17=101
1=100
10=100
16=100
3=100
26=100
19=101
Q.2 CONTINUED…
--- FAVORABLE --Some
Very
what
Total
--- UNFAVORABLE --Some
Total
Very
what
Don’t know/
Refused
m. South Korea
China
Japan
64
56
10
6
54
50
18
43
2
9
16
34
18=100
1=100
n. North Korea
China
Japan
51
3
5
*
46
3
31
97
4
78
27
19
18=100
1=101
33
33
65
9
2
8
24
31
57
50
43
28
32
5
2
18
38
26
17=100
24=100
7=100
p. Pakistan
India
China
Japan
23
33
33
4
2
2
19
31
31
67
42
49
48
5
6
19
37
43
10=100
26=101
19=101
q. Australia
China
Japan
60
89
14
19
46
70
19
8
2
1
17
7
20=99
3=100
o. India
Pakistan
China
Japan
Q.3
Which of the following phrases comes closer to describing your view? I favor the U.S.-led efforts
to fight terrorism, OR I oppose the U.S.-led efforts to fight terrorism.
Favor
United States
73
May, 2005
76
March, 2004
81
Summer, 2002
89
Great Britain (GP)
49
May, 2005
51
March, 2004
63
May, 2003
63
Summer, 2002
69
Great Britain (Muslims) 13
France (GP)
43
May, 2005
51
March, 2004
50
May, 2003
60
Summer, 2002
75
France (Muslims)
21
Germany (GP)
47
May, 2005
50
March, 2004
55
May, 2003
60
Summer, 2002
70
Germany (Muslims)
31
Oppose
19
18
13
8
42
40
30
30
23
77
57
48
47
39
23
78
50
45
43
35
25
62
T-14
Don’t know/
Refused
8=100
6=100
6=100
3=100
10=101
9=100
7=100
7=100
8=100
10=100
1=101
1=100
3=100
1=100
3=101
1=100
3=100
5=100
2=100
5=100
5=100
7=100
Q.3 CONTINUED…
Spain (GP)
May, 2005
May, 2003
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
Summer, 2002
Egypt
Turkey
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
Summer, 2002
Indonesia
May, 2005
May, 2003
Summer, 2002
India
May, 2005
Summer, 2002
Pakistan
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
Summer, 2002
Jordan
May, 2005
March, 2004
May, 2003
Summer, 2002
Nigeria (GP)
May, 2003
Nigeria (Christians)
May, 2003
Nigeria (Muslims)
May, 2003
China
Japan
Summer, 2002
Q.4
Favor
19
26
63
12
52
55
73
51
73
10
14
17
37
22
30
39
50
23
31
65
52
65
30
22
16
16
20
16
12
12
2
13
49
60
77
87
19
36
19
26
61
Oppose
76
67
32
83
35
34
20
28
16
82
77
71
56
71
58
57
42
72
64
30
41
10
50
52
60
74
45
74
86
78
97
85
47
36
19
11
77
59
63
72
32
Don’t know/
Refused
5=100
7=100
5=100
5=100
13=100
11=100
7=100
21=100
11=100
8=100
9=100
12=100
7=100
7=100
12=100
4=100
8=100
5=100
5=100
5=100
7=100
25=100
19=99
26=100
25=101
10=100
35=100
11=100
1=99
10=100
1=100
2=100
4=100
4=100
4=100
2=100
3=99
5=100
18=100
2=100
7=100
Do you think it’s a good thing or a bad thing that people (INSERT) come to live and work
in this country?
a.
From the Middle East and North Africa
Good thing
Great Britain (GP)
57
May, 2005
61
November, 2002
53
Great Britain (Muslims) 75
Bad thing
32
30
40
14
T-15
Don’t know/
Refused
11=100
10=101
7=100
12=101
Q.4a CONTINUED…
France (GP)
May, 2005
November, 2002
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
May, 2005
November, 2002
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
May, 2005
Spain (Muslims)
b.
Good thing
58
53
44
83
34
34
33
42
62
67
85
Don’t know/
Refused
1=100
2=100
3=100
1=101
7=100
9=100
8=100
13=101
5=100
7=100
5=100
Bad thing
31
28
41
19
41
47
50
26
59
60
53
60
35
22
16
Don’t know/
Refused
11=100
10=100
6=100
13=100
1=100
1=100
3=100
1=101
6=101
9=100
8=100
10=100
5=100
6=100
9=100
From East European countries
Good thing
Great Britain (GP)
58
May, 2005
62
November, 2002
53
Great Britain (Muslims) 68
France (GP)
58
May, 2005
52
November, 2002
47
France (Muslims)
74
Germany (GP)
36
May, 2005
31
November, 2002
39
Germany (Muslims)
30
Spain (GP)
60
May, 2005
72
Spain (Muslims)
75
Q.5
Bad thing
41
45
53
17
59
57
59
46
33
26
10
Now on a different subject, some people feel that democracy is a Western way of doing things that
would not work in most Muslim countries – others think that democracy is not just for the West
and can work well in most Muslim countries. Which comes closer to your opinion?
Democracy
would not work
United States
37
Great Britain (GP)
30
Great Britain (Muslims)
29
France (GP)
41
France (Muslims)
23
Germany (GP)
54
Germany (Muslims)
16
Spain (GP)
55
Spain (Muslims)
31
India
26
T-16
Democracy
would work well
49
60
59
59
76
42
80
37
57
57
Don’t know/
Refused
14=100
10=100
12=100
1=101
1=100
4=100
4=100
8=100
11=99
17=100
Q.5b
Some feel that we should rely on a democratic form of government to solve our country's
problems. Others feel that we should rely on a leader with a strong hand to solve our country's
problems. Which comes closer to your opinion?
Russia
May, 2005
Summer, 2002
1991
Q.5c
Democratic
government
29
28
21
51
Strong
leader
61
66
70
39
Don’t know/
Refused
10=100
6=100
9=100
10=100
Some people in our country feel that democracy is a Western way of doing things that would not
work here – others think that democracy is not just for the West and can work well here. Which comes
closer to your opinion?
Western way
Egypt
31
Turkey
38
May, 2005
38
May, 2003
37
Summer, 2002
43
1999 17(U.S. State Dept.) 59
Indonesia
23
May, 2005
16
May, 2003
53
Summer, 2002
25
1999 (U.S. State Dept.) 22
Pakistan
16
May, 2005
18
May, 2003
28
Summer, 2002
15
1999 (U.S. State Dept.) 13
Jordan
21
May, 2005
19
May, 2003
25
Summer, 2002
34
Nigeria (GP)
19
May, 2003
21
Nigeria (Christians)
22
May, 2003
23
Nigeria (Muslims)
16
May, 2003
20
Can work here
65
44
48
50
43
30
70
77
41
64
67
50
43
57
44
39
74
80
69
63
79
75
76
75
83
75
Don’t know/
Refused
4=100
18=100
14=100
14=101
14=100
11=100
7=100
7=100
6=100
11=100
12=101
34=100
39=100
15=100
41=100
49=101
5=100
1=100
7=101
3=100
2=100
3=99
2=100
2=100
1=100
5=100
IF CHRISTIAN ASK ‘CHRISTIAN’, IF MUSLIM ASK ‘MUSLIM’, IF HINDU ASK ‘HINDU’:
Q.6
Do you think of yourself first as (name of country’s people) or first as a (Muslim/Christian/Hindu)?
United States
Great Britain
France
Germany
17
Country’s
People
48
59
83
59
Religion
42
24
14
33
Both equally Other Don’t know/
(VOL)
(VOL) Refused
7
1
2=100
8
7
2=100
3
*
*=100
8
1
*=100
1999 trends provided by the Office of Research, U.S. Department of State.
T-17
(N)
(N=820)
(N=215)
(N=325)
(N=285)
Q.6 CONTINUED…
Country’s
People
Spain
60
Russia
63
Nigeria
43
Great Britain (Muslims)
7
France (Muslims)
42
Germany (Muslims)
13
Spain (Muslims)
3
Egypt
23
Turkey
19
May 2005
29
Indonesia
39
May 2005
35
Pakistan
6
May 2005
7
Jordan
21
May 2005
23
Nigeria
25
India
90
Religion
14
16
53
81
46
66
69
59
51
43
36
39
87
79
67
63
71
10
Both equally Other Don’t know/
(VOL)
(VOL) Refused
21
4
1=100
20
1
1=101
3
0
1=100
8
1
3=100
10
*
2=100
9
8
3=100
25
2
*=99
18
*
0=100
30
*
*=100
27
1=100
25
0
0=100
26
*=100
7
*
0=100
13
1=100
12
0=100
13
*=99
2
*
2=100
*
0
*=100
(N)
(N=786)
(N=790)
(N=514)
(N=412)
(N=400)
(N=413)
(N=402)
(N=936)
(N=1001)
(N=909)
(N=1233)
(N=972)
(N=468)
(N=1720)
ASK ALL:
Q.7
Do you think that relations these days between Muslims around the world and people in Western
countries such as the United States and Europe are generally good or generally bad?
Generally
good
United States
32
Great Britain (GP)
28
Great Britain (Muslims) 23
France (GP)
33
France (Muslims)
41
Germany (GP)
23
Germany (Muslims)
29
Spain (GP)
14
Spain (Muslims)
49
18
Russia 18
Egypt
31
Turkey
14
Indonesia
39
Pakistan
30
Jordan
39
Nigeria (GP)
17
Nigeria (Christians)
24
Nigeria (Muslims)
10
18
Generally
bad
55
61
62
66
58
70
60
61
23
53
58
64
53
25
54
63
52
77
Neither
(VOL)
1
3
9
1
*
3
7
21
27
20
10
13
2
6
6
10
10
10
Don’t know/
Refused
12=100
6=100
7=100
1=101
0=99
4=100
4=100
4=100
2=101
9=100
1=100
9=100
6=100
39=100
1=100
10=100
15=101
3=100
In Russia the question wording included “in Western countries such as the United States and Europe, including
Russia…”
T-18
ASK IF RELATIONS GENERALLY BAD (Q7=2)
Q.8
Who do you think is mostly to blame for this, Muslims or people in Western countries?
Muslims
United States
33
Great Britain (GP)
25
Great Britain (Muslims)
11
France (GP)
47
France (Muslims)
21
Germany (GP)
39
Germany (Muslims)
6
Spain (GP)
32
Spain (Muslims)
5
Russia
35
Egypt
1
Turkey
7
Indonesia
4
Pakistan
14
Jordan
3
Nigeria (GP)
30
Nigeria (Christians)
69
Nigeria (Muslims)
1
Western
people
26
27
48
28
52
17
46
10
28
25
56
79
64
60
61
52
10
83
Both
(VOL)
22
33
28
19
21
27
35
52
40
28
16
8
15
7
7
13
16
11
Neither
(VOL)
8
6
5
2
3
6
3
4
13
3
5
1
1
*
*
2
3
1
Jews Don’t know/
(VOL) Refused
(N)
0
11=100 (N=566)
1
8=100
(N=545)
1
7=100
(N=256)
0
4=100
(N=566)
0
3=100
(N=228)
0
10=99
(N=296)
0
11=101 (N=256)
1
1=100
(N=444)
4
10=100 (N=91)
1
7=99
(N=531)
22
2=102
(N=537)
1
4=100
(N=647)
10
7=101
(N=523)
9
9=99
(N=345)
28
1=100
(N=539)
1
2=100
(N=635)
*
2=100
(N=267)
1
2=99
(N=359)
ASK ALL:
Q.9
In your opinion, how many Europeans do you think are hostile toward Muslims – would you
say most, many, just some or very few?
Just
Very
Don’t know/
Many
some
few
Refused
Most
Great Britain (GP)
15
25
38
18
4=100
Great Britain (Muslims)
24
18
34
18
6=100
France (GP)
19
37
28
17
*=101
France (Muslims)
18
21
32
28
1=100
Germany (GP)
18
45
27
7
3=100
Germany (Muslims)
22
29
22
21
7=101
Spain (GP)
26
34
27
8
5=100
Spain (Muslims)
10
21
32
32
6=101
12
26
40
14
8=100
Russia 19
Egypt
30
33
30
7
1=101
Turkey
20
37
26
9
7=99
Indonesia
10
26
40
17
7=100
Pakistan
38
23
10
7
21=99
Jordan
22
28
36
13
1=100
Nigeria (GP)
11
27
26
20
16=100
Nigeria (Christians)
9
19
22
27
23=100
Nigeria (Muslims)
14
36
30
13
7=100
19
In Russia the question was worded: “…how many Russians do you think are hostile toward Muslims…”
T-19
Q.9b
In your opinion, how many Americans do you think are hostile toward Muslims – would you
say most, many, just some or very few?
Just
Very
Don’t know/
Many
some
few
Refused
Most
United States
13
26
37
19
6=100
Egypt
26
31
28
15
1=101
Turkey
26
35
23
8
8=100
Indonesia
14
29
35
17
6=101
Pakistan
35
24
14
6
21=100
Jordan
21
30
30
18
1=100
Nigeria (GP)
15
28
25
18
15=101
Nigeria (Christians)
11
17
23
26
22=99
Nigeria (Muslims)
19
40
26
9
5=99
Q.10
All things considered, do you think that Muslim nations should be more economically prosperous
than they are today, or don’t you think so?
United States
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria 20 (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
Yes,
should be
56
70
83
86
94
73
89
81
84
45
83
90
91
87
85
95
92
98
No,
should not be
19
10
9
13
6
16
8
12
9
31
14
3
5
4
14
5
7
2
Don’t know/
Refused
24=99
20=100
8=100
1=100
1=101
11=100
4=101
8=101
7=100
24=100
3=100
7=100
4=100
9=100
1=100
1=101
1=100
0=100
ASK IF THINKS MUSLIM NATIONS SHOULD BE MORE PROSPEROUS (Q.10=1):
Q.11
What is most responsible for Muslim nations’ lack of prosperity? (READ LIST, ROTATE) Is it the policies
of the U.S. and other western nations, the lack of democracy in the Muslim world, the lack of education in the
Muslim world, Islamic fundamentalism, or corruption in the government of Muslim nations?
US/West Lack of
policies democracy
United States
6
13
Great Britain (GP)
7
15
Great Britain (Muslims) 17
7
France (GP)
14
24
France (Muslims)
27
16
Germany (GP)
9
10
20
Lack of
Islamic
Govt
education fundamentalism corruption
21
15
37
18
18
30
27
5
37
19
22
21
16
9
31
29
34
15
Other
(VOL)
2
1
1
*
0
1
DK/Ref
6=100
11=100
6=100
*=100
1=100
3=101
(N)
(N=571)
(N=672)
(N=345)
(N=806)
(N=373)
(N=736)
Nigeria question wording reads: “All things considered, do you think that Nigeria should be more economically prosperous
than it is today, or don’t you think so?”
T-20
Q.11 CONTINUED…
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
Pakistan
Jordan
US/West Lack of
policies democracy
16
18
20
14
31
9
21
16
39
21
32
17
32
16
14
14
43
18
Lack of
Islamic
Govt
education fundamentalism corruption
40
9
11
13
22
28
12
1
35
27
23
9
16
5
16
29
4
8
19
4
28
37
3
17
13
9
16
Other
(VOL)
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
DK/Ref
4=100
2=100
8=99
4=101
1=99
9=100
2=102
13=101
*=100
Nigeria 21 (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
US/West Lack of
policies democracy
2
14
1
16
3
12
Lack of
education
8
7
10
Other
(VOL)
2
1
3
DK/Ref
(N)
*=99
(N=948)
*=99
(N=471)
*=101 (N=459)
Conflict
Govt
among groups corruption
7
66
5
69
9
64
(N)
(N=375)
(N=804)
(N=335)
(N=453)
(N=832)
(N=911)
(N=919)
(N=1132)
(N=845)
ASK IF THINKS MUSLIM NATIONS SHOULD BE MORE PROSPEROUS (Q.10=1):
Q.12
What is SECOND most responsible for Muslim nations’ lack of prosperity? (READ LIST, ROTATE) Is it the
policies of the U.S. and other western nations, the lack of democracy in the Muslim world, the lack of education
in the Muslim world, Islamic fundamentalism, or corruption in the government of Muslim nations?
US/West Lack of
policies democracy
United States
8
15
Great Britain (GP)
15
17
Great Britain (Muslims) 19
15
France (GP)
13
24
France (Muslims)
20
24
Germany (GP)
11
18
Germany (Muslims)
17
18
Spain (GP)
13
21
Spain (Muslims)
15
11
Russia
15
15
Egypt
20
11
Turkey
16
18
Indonesia
15
21
Pakistan
10
13
Jordan
23
10
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
21
US/West Lack of
policies democracy
4
24
2
31
5
18
Lack of
Islamic
Govt
education fundamentalism corruption
29
17
21
17
14
22
25
5
26
19
21
20
16
12
26
19
20
26
25
10
18
16
20
22
12
5
29
22
18
14
13
9
33
26
5
15
22
7
24
23
7
24
15
10
29
Other
(VOL)
1
1
1
1
*
1
2
3
7
2
10
2
1
2
4
DK/
Ref
9=100
15=101
10=101
1=100
2=100
6=101
10=100
7=100
22=101
13=99
5=101
18=100
10=100
21=100
8=99
(N)
(N=571)
(N=672)
(N=345)
(N=806)
(N=373)
(N=736)
(N=375)
(N=804)
(N=335)
(N=453)
(N=832)
(N=911)
(N=919)
(N=1132)
(N=845)
Lack of
Conflicts
education among groups
15
25
13
27
18
23
Other
(VOL)
5
2
8
DK/
Ref
3=100
3=99
2=100
(N)
(N=948)
(N=471)
(N=459)
Govt
corruption
24
21
26
For Nigeria in Q11 and Q12 the question wording reads: “What is most responsible [and second most responsible] for Nigeria’s
lack of prosperity? Is it the policies of the U.S. and other western nations, the weakness of democracy in Nigeria, the lack of
education in Nigeria, corruption in the Nigerian government, or conflict among ethic and religious groups in Nigeria?”
T-21
NOTE: IN US, RUSSIA AND THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Q.13 AND Q.14 WERE ROTATED
ASK ALL:
Q.13
Do you think there is a natural conflict between being a devout Muslim and living in a modern society,
or don’t you think so?
United States
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
Q.14
Yes,
conflict
29
24
22
14
23
37
27
26
18
24
Don’t know/
Refused
18=100
11=100
4=100
0=100
*=100
4=100
7=100
6=100
4=100
15=100
2=100
11=100
5=100
36=100
3=100
15=100
25=100
3=100
No
conflict
62
70
65
86
77
61
64
72
74
64
Don’t know/
Refused
9=100
6=100
13=100
0=100
1=101
3=101
10=101
3=101
8=100
12=100
Do you think most Muslims coming to our country today want to adopt (survey country) customs and
way of life or do you think that they want to be distinct from the larger (survey country) society? 22
Adopt
customs
United States
33
May, 2005
32
Great Britain (GP)
22
May, 2005
19
Great Britain (Muslims)
41
22
No
conflict
42
35
49
74
72
26
57
36
71
30
70
60
52
17
63
48
34
64
Do you think there is a natural conflict between being a devout Christian and living in a modern society,
or don’t you think so?
United States
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Q.15
Yes,
conflict
40
54
47
26
28
70
36
58
25
56
28
29
43
47
34
37
41
33
Want to be
distinct
44
49
64
61
35
Both
(VOL)
6
6
6
12
12
In Russia and India, the question was worded “…Muslims in our country...”
T-22
Don’t know/
Refused
16=99
13=100
7=99
9=101
12=100
Q.15 CONTINUED…
Adopt
customs
46
36
78
17
9
30
21
20
53
10
12
43
28
France (GP)
May, 2005
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
May, 2005
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
May, 2005
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
May, 2005
India
May, 2005
Q.16
Both
(VOL)
*
4
1
4
1
9
7
8
16
13
9
5
5
Don’t know/
Refused
1=100
1=100
1=101
3=100
2=100
10=101
4=99
4=100
5=101
9=101
8=101
4=100
6=100
In your opinion, how strong a sense of Islamic identity do Muslims in our country have - very strong,
fairly strong, not too strong, or not strong at all?
United States
May, 2005
Great Britain (GP)
May, 2005
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
May, 2005
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
May, 2005
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
May, 2005
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
May, 2005
India
May, 2005
Q.17
Want to be
distinct
53
59
21
76
88
52
67
68
27
69
72
48
61
Very
strong
21
20
31
29
28
14
19
17
39
33
18
35
30
24
13
10
49
38
Fairly
strong
38
45
48
51
44
62
63
58
45
41
28
44
44
40
31
35
33
39
Not too
strong
20
17
8
8
19
18
13
17
10
14
35
11
12
28
29
31
11
13
Not strong
at all
6
5
2
2
6
5
4
8
2
4
14
2
2
4
5
5
2
3
Don’t know/
Refused
15=100
13=100
10=99
10=100
3=100
1=100
1=100
1=101
3=99
7=99
5=100
9=101
12=100
4=100
23=101
20=101
5=100
7=100
In your opinion, these days do you think there is a growing sense of Islamic identity among Muslims
in our country or don’t you think so?
United States
May, 2005
Great Britain (GP)
May, 2005
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
May, 2005
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
May, 2005
Germany (Muslims)
Yes
47
50
69
63
77
68
70
58
72
66
54
No
34
30
17
21
19
31
29
42
22
27
38
T-23
DK/Refused
20=101
20=100
14=100
16=100
5=101
1=100
1=100
0=100
6=100
7=100
8=100
Q.17 CONTINUED…
Spain (GP)
May, 2005
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
May, 2005
India
Yes
46
47
46
56
55
69
No
37
35
41
21
21
25
DK/Refused
17=100
18=100
13=100
22=99
24=100
6=100
May, 2005
64
28
8=100
ASK IF THINKS GROWING SENSE OF ISLAMIC IDENTITY (Q17=1):
Q.18
Do you think this is a good thing or a bad thing for our country?
Good thing
United States
37
May, 2005
42
Great Britain (GP)
27
May, 2005
31
Great Britain (Muslims)
86
France (GP)
11
May, 2005
9
France (Muslims)
59
Germany (GP)
11
May, 2005
10
Germany (Muslims)
48
Spain (GP)
13
May, 2005
16
Spain (Muslims)
75
Russia
24
May, 2005
23
India
21
May, 2005
21
Bad thing
46
48
59
56
9
87
89
38
83
85
37
82
76
14
54
61
78
77
Don’t know/
Refused
17=100
10=100
15=101
13=100
5=100
2=100
2=100
3=100
6=100
5=100
16=101
5=100
8=100
11=100
23=101
16=100
2=101
2=100
(N)
(N=485)
(N=646)
(N=314)
(N=576)
(N=232)
(N=576)
(N=225)
(N=452)
(N=187)
(N=562)
(N=1408)
ASK IF GROWING ISLAMIC IDENTITY IS A BAD THING (Q18=2):
Q.19
Which one of the following worries you most about Islamic identity in our country today?
(READ LIST) It can lead to violence; it can lead to a loss of personal freedoms; it will prevent
Muslims from integrating into our society. 23
United States
May, 2005
Great Britain (GP)
May, 2005
France (GP)
May, 2005
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
May, 2005
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
May, 2005
23
Lead to
violence
48
47
38
30
50
50
40
50
41
19
48
48
Loss of
freedoms
20
23
8
12
17
25
15
8
12
12
5
18
Prevent
integration
27
23
49
54
33
25
45
42
46
58
41
30
Due to small sample sizes data are not reported for British Muslims and Spanish Muslims.
T-24
Don’t know/
Refused
5=100
7=100
5=100
4=100
*=100
*=100
0=100
*=100
1=100
11=100
6=100
4=100
(N)
(N=236)
(N=217)
(N=392)
(N=89)
(N=379)
(N=87)
(N=244)
Q.19 CONTINUED…
Russia
May, 2005
India
May, 2005
Lead to
violence
54
66
68
57
Loss of
freedoms
18
11
22
22
Prevent
integration
17
18
8
13
Don’t know/
Refused
(N)
11=100 (N=301)
5=100
2=100
(N=1095)
8=100
ASK ALL:
Q.20
How concerned, if at all, are you about the rise of Islamic extremism in our country these days?
Are you very concerned, somewhat concerned, not too concerned or not at all concerned about the
rise of Islamic extremism in our country these days?
Very
concerned
United States
38
May, 2005
31
Great Britain (GP)
42
May, 2005
34
Great Britain (Muslims)
43
France (GP)
30
May, 2005
32
France (Muslims)
26
Germany (GP)
40
May, 2005
35
Germany (Muslims)
23
Spain (GP)
35
May, 2005
43
Spain (Muslims)
21
Russia
40
May, 2005
52
Egypt
29
Turkey
18
Indonesia
16
India
51
May, 2005
48
Pakistan
50
Jordan
33
Nigeria (GP)
25
Nigeria (Christians)
26
Nigeria (Muslims)
25
Q.21
Somewhat Not too
concerned concerned
34
16
39
19
35
17
36
22
26
16
46
16
41
18
33
20
42
11
43
14
30
16
31
22
34
15
25
24
34
13
32
9
39
19
28
18
27
37
34
8
36
9
24
4
36
22
29
24
23
25
36
23
Not at all Don’t know/
concerned Refused
8
4=100
9
3=101
5
1=100
6
2=100
13
3=101
8
*=100
8
*=99
21
*=100
6
1=100
7
1=100
28
3=100
10
2=100
7
1=100
25
6=101
9
4=100
4
3=100
11
2=100
21
16=101
17
3=100
4
3=100
4
3=100
4
18=100
8
1=100
21
1=100
24
2=100
16
*=100
How concerned, if at all, are you about the rise of Islamic extremism around the WORLD these days?
Are you very concerned, somewhat concerned, not too concerned or not at all concerned about the rise
of Islamic extremism around the world these days?
Very
concerned
United States
46
May, 2005
42
Great Britain (GP)
50
May, 2005
43
Great Britain (Muslims)
52
France (GP)
48
May, 2005
46
France (Muslims)
35
Somewhat Not too
concerned concerned
33
11
37
11
34
9
37
14
25
10
41
7
43
8
38
14
T-25
Not at all Don’t know/
concerned
Refused
6
5=101
6
4=100
3
3=99
4
1=99
10
4=101
4
0=100
3
*=100
13
0=100
Q.21 CONTINUED…
Germany (GP)
May, 2005
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
May, 2005
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
May, 2005
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
India
May, 2005
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
Japan
Very
Somewhat Not too
concerned concerned concerned
55
38
4
48
39
8
29
29
15
39
38
15
45
37
10
29
31
19
38
35
13
51
33
8
23
31
28
15
24
21
30
37
26
51
34
8
46
36
10
42
29
4
30
30
26
24
28
24
24
23
25
24
33
23
3
15
39
34
48
15
Not at all Don’t know/
concerned Refused
3
1=101
4
1=100
22
5=100
6
2=100
6
2=100
19
3=101
9
4=99
4
4=100
16
2=100
22
18=100
7
1=101
4
3=100
5
3=100
5
19=99
12
1=99
22
3=101
25
3=100
18
2=100
20
23=100
3
1=101
ASK NON-MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘MUSLIMS’. ASK MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘PEOPLE IN WESTERN
COUNTRIES’ EXCEPT IN INDIA ASK MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘HINDUS’:
Q.22
Which of these characteristics do you associate with (Muslims / people in Western countries such as the United
States and Europe)? The first is (INSERT). Do you associate this with (Muslims / people in Western countries)
or not?
Yes,
No,
Don’t know/
do not associate
Refused
(N)
associate
a. Generous
ASKED OF NON-MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘MUSLIMS’:
United States
26
Great Britain
34
France
63
Germany
40
Spain
29
Russia
24
India
31
Nigeria
55
24=100
35=100
0=100
16=100
20=100
20=101
9=100
11=100
(N=994)
(N=490)
(N=505)
(N=489)
(N=577)
(N=942)
(N=1905)
(N=532)
ASKED OF MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘PEOPLE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES’:
Great Britain (Muslims)
56
37
7=100
France (Muslims)
70
30
0=100
Germany (Muslims)
45
47
8=100
Spain (Muslims)
69
23
8=100
Egypt
27
68
5=100
Turkey
15
68
17=100
Indonesia
30
65
6=101
Pakistan
24
42
34=100
Jordan
20
78
3=101
Nigeria
52
47
1=100
(N=412)
(N=400)
(N=413)
(N=402)
(N=936)
(N=1001)
(N=909)
(N=1233)
(N=972)
(N=468)
T-26
50
31
37
44
51
57
60
34
Q.22 CONTINUED…
Yes,
associate
b.
No,
do not associate
Don’t know/
Refused
(N)
Violent
ASKED OF NON-MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘MUSLIMS’:
United States
45
Great Britain
32
France
41
Germany
52
Spain
60
Russia
59
India
67
Nigeria
73
13=100
14=100
*=100
7=100
10=100
14=101
6=99
5=100
(N=994)
(N=490)
(N=505)
(N=489)
(N=577)
(N=942)
(N=1905)
(N=532)
ASKED OF MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘PEOPLE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES’:
Great Britain (Muslims)
52
39
9=100
France (Muslims)
29
71
0=100
Germany (Muslims)
34
60
6=100
Spain (Muslims)
24
71
6=101
Egypt
75
22
3=100
Turkey
70
19
11=100
Indonesia
64
30
6=100
Pakistan
49
22
28=99
Jordan
81
18
2=101
Nigeria
74
25
1=100
(N=412)
(N=400)
(N=413)
(N=402)
(N=936)
(N=1001)
(N=909)
(N=1233)
(N=972)
(N=468)
c.
42
54
59
41
30
28
26
22
Greedy
ASKED OF NON-MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘MUSLIMS’:
United States
24
Great Britain
17
France
10
Germany
14
Spain
34
Russia
33
India
55
Nigeria
40
16=100
13=100
1=100
12=100
20=100
22=99
11=100
12=99
(N=994)
(N=490)
(N=505)
(N=489)
(N=577)
(N=942)
(N=1905)
(N=532)
ASKED OF MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘PEOPLE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES’:
Great Britain (Muslims)
63
30
7=100
France (Muslims)
31
66
3=100
Germany (Muslims)
39
51
10=100
Spain (Muslims)
38
49
12=99
Egypt
70
26
4=100
Turkey
67
18
14=99
Indonesia
76
19
5=100
Pakistan
44
24
31=99
Jordan
73
24
3=100
Nigeria
48
49
3=100
(N=412)
(N=400)
(N=413)
(N=402)
(N=936)
(N=1001)
(N=909)
(N=1233)
(N=972)
(N=468)
T-27
60
70
89
74
46
44
34
47
Q.22 CONTINUED…
Yes,
associate
d.
No,
Don’t know/
do not associate
Refused
(N)
Fanatical
ASKED OF NON-MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘MUSLIMS’:
United States
43
Great Britain
48
France
50
Germany
78
Spain
83
Russia
72
India
73
Nigeria
74
41
40
50
19
10
17
21
20
16=100
13=101
*=100
3=100
6=99
12=101
6=100
6=100
(N=994)
(N=490)
(N=505)
(N=489)
(N=577)
(N=942)
(N=1905)
(N=532)
ASKED OF MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘PEOPLE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES’:
Great Britain (Muslims)
44
45
11=100
France (Muslims)
26
73
1=100
Germany (Muslims)
38
54
9=101
Spain (Muslims)
21
72
7=100
Egypt
61
33
6=100
Turkey
67
14
20=101
Indonesia
41
48
11=100
Pakistan
24
35
42=101
Jordan
68
29
3=100
Nigeria
49
45
6=100
(N=412)
(N=400)
(N=413)
(N=402)
(N=936)
(N=1001)
(N=909)
(N=1233)
(N=972)
(N=468)
NO ITEM e.
f.
Honest
ASKED OF NON-MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘MUSLIMS’:
United States
44
Great Britain
56
France
64
Germany
52
Spain
43
Russia
22
India
35
Nigeria
46
20=100
22=100
1=100
15=100
22=100
20=100
9=100
12=100
(N=994)
(N=490)
(N=505)
(N=489)
(N=577)
(N=942)
(N=1905)
(N=532)
ASKED OF MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘PEOPLE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES’:
Great Britain (Muslims)
42
50
8=100
France (Muslims)
51
49
*=100
Germany (Muslims)
56
33
11=100
Spain (Muslims)
66
22
12=100
Egypt
32
64
4=100
Turkey
23
61
16=100
Indonesia
20
69
11=100
Pakistan
21
47
32=100
Jordan
41
54
5=100
Nigeria
27
72
2=101
(N=412)
(N=400)
(N=413)
(N=402)
(N=936)
(N=1001)
(N=909)
(N=1233)
(N=972)
(N=468)
T-28
36
22
35
33
35
58
56
42
Q.22 CONTINUED…
Yes,
associate
g.
No,
do not associate
Don’t know/
Refused
(N)
Selfish
ASKED OF NON-MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘MUSLIMS’:
United States
27
Great Britain
30
France
27
Germany
44
Spain
43
Russia
48
India
64
Nigeria
48
17=100
20=101
1=100
10=100
20=100
20=100
9=100
12=100
(N=994)
(N=490)
(N=505)
(N=489)
(N=577)
(N=942)
(N=1905)
(N=532)
ASKED OF MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘PEOPLE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES’:
Great Britain (Muslims)
67
23
10=100
France (Muslims)
51
49
0=100
Germany (Muslims)
57
35
9=101
Spain (Muslims)
50
39
11=100
Egypt
63
32
5=100
Turkey
69
15
16=100
Indonesia
81
15
4=100
Pakistan
54
16
29=99
Jordan
73
22
5=100
Nigeria
56
43
2=101
(N=412)
(N=400)
(N=413)
(N=402)
(N=936)
(N=1001)
(N=909)
(N=1233)
(N=972)
(N=468)
h.
56
51
72
46
37
32
27
40
Devout
ASKED OF NON-MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘MUSLIMS’:
United States
67
Great Britain
84
France
69
Germany
85
Spain
86
Russia
81
India
56
Nigeria
65
18
8
29
13
8
11
36
27
14=99
8=100
2=100
2=100
6=100
8=100
7=99
9=101
ASKED OF MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘PEOPLE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES’:
Great Britain (Muslims)
37
46
17=100
France (Muslims)
26
70
3=99
Germany (Muslims)
36
54
10=100
Spain (Muslims)
26
62
12=100
Egypt
29
65
7=101
Turkey
39
45
16=100
Indonesia
35
53
12=100
Pakistan
21
42
36=99
Jordan
19
72
9=100
Nigeria
36
59
5=100
T-29
(N=994)
(N=490)
(N=505)
(N=489)
(N=577)
(N=942)
(N=1905)
(N=532)
(N=412)
(N=400)
(N=413)
(N=402)
(N=936)
(N=1001)
(N=909)
(N=1233)
(N=972)
(N=468)
Q.22 CONTINUED…
Yes,
associate
i.
No,
do not associate
Don’t know/
Refused
(N)
Immoral
ASKED OF NON-MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘MUSLIMS’:
United States
19
Great Britain
16
France
18
Germany
26
Spain
21
Russia
25
India
50
Nigeria
43
16=100
17=99
1=100
5=100
18=100
24=100
13=101
15=100
(N=994)
(N=490)
(N=505)
(N=489)
(N=577)
(N=942)
(N=1905)
(N=532)
ASKED OF MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘PEOPLE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES’:
Great Britain (Muslims)
57
29
14=100
France (Muslims)
30
65
5=100
Germany (Muslims)
32
57
11=100
Spain (Muslims)
29
57
14=100
Egypt
64
30
6=100
Turkey
59
22
19=100
Indonesia
60
33
7=100
Pakistan
45
23
32=100
Jordan
62
33
5=100
Nigeria
65
32
3=100
(N=412)
(N=400)
(N=413)
(N=402)
(N=936)
(N=1001)
(N=909)
(N=1233)
(N=972)
(N=468)
j.
65
66
81
69
61
51
38
42
Arrogant
ASKED OF NON-MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘MUSLIMS’:
United States
35
Great Britain
35
France
38
Germany
28
Spain
42
Russia
51
India
58
Nigeria
55
12=100
11=100
*=99
6=100
16=100
18=100
10=100
10=100
(N=994)
(N=490)
(N=505)
(N=489)
(N=577)
(N=942)
(N=1905)
(N=532)
ASKED OF MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘PEOPLE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES’:
Great Britain (Muslims)
64
28
8=100
France (Muslims)
45
53
2=100
Germany (Muslims)
48
46
7=101
Spain (Muslims)
43
44
13=100
Egypt
49
45
7=101
Turkey
67
17
17=101
Indonesia
72
24
4=100
Pakistan
53
16
31=100
Jordan
48
48
5=101
Nigeria
74
25
1=100
(N=412)
(N=400)
(N=413)
(N=402)
(N=936)
(N=1001)
(N=909)
(N=1233)
(N=972)
(N=468)
T-30
53
54
61
66
42
31
32
35
Q.22 CONTINUED…
Yes,
associate
k.
No,
do not associate
Don’t know/
Refused
(N)
Tolerant
ASKED OF NON-MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘MUSLIMS’:
United States
28
Great Britain
35
France
45
Germany
21
Spain
20
Russia
33
India
29
Nigeria
27
15=101
14=100
*=100
5=101
10=100
17=100
8=101
6=100
(N=994)
(N=490)
(N=505)
(N=489)
(N=577)
(N=942)
(N=1905)
(N=532)
ASKED OF MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘PEOPLE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES’:
Great Britain (Muslims)
48
43
9=100
France (Muslims)
65
34
*=99
Germany (Muslims)
62
33
5=100
Spain (Muslims)
70
22
8=100
Egypt
28
65
7=100
Turkey
27
56
17=100
Pakistan
13
51
36=100
Indonesia
34
60
6=100
Jordan
28
66
5=99
Nigeria
30
69
2=101
(N=412)
(N=400)
(N=413)
(N=402)
(N=936)
(N=1001)
(N=909)
(N=1233)
(N=972)
(N=468)
l.
58
51
55
75
70
50
64
67
Respectful of women
ASKED OF NON-MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘MUSLIMS’:
United States
19
Great Britain
26
France
23
Germany
17
Spain
12
Nigeria
57
69
59
77
80
83
33
12=100
15=100
*=100
3=100
5=100
10=100
ASKED OF MUSLIMS ABOUT ‘PEOPLE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES’:
Great Britain (Muslims)
49
44
7=100
France (Muslims)
77
23
0=100
Germany (Muslims)
73
22
5=100
Spain (Muslims)
82
13
5=100
Egypt
40
52
8=100
Turkey
42
39
19=100
Indonesia
38
50
12=100
Pakistan
22
52
26=100
Jordan
38
53
9=100
Nigeria
41
55
5=101
T-31
(N=994)
(N=490)
(N=505)
(N=489)
(N=577)
(N=532)
(N=412)
(N=400)
(N=413)
(N=402)
(N=936)
(N=1001)
(N=909)
(N=1233)
(N=972)
(N=468)
ASK THE CHINESE ABOUT THE JAPANESE AND THE JAPANESE ABOUT THE CHINESE:
ASIA22 Which of these characteristics do you associate with (the Chinese, the Japanese)? The first is (INSERT).
Do you associate this with (the Chinese, the Japanese) or not?
a. Generous
China
Japan
Yes,
associate
9
20
No,
do not associate
76
76
b. Violent
China
Japan
65
50
23
47
12=100
4=101
Greedy
China
Japan
68
69
18
28
14=100
2=99
Honest
China
Japan
15
23
67
71
18=100
6=100
Selfish
China
Japan
67
75
20
22
13=100
3=100
Arrogant
China
Japan
69
66
17
31
14=100
3=100
Tolerant
China
Japan
22
27
60
68
18=100
6=101
Hardworking
China
Japan
61
64
26
34
14=101
2=100
Rude
China
Japan
57
52
27
43
15=99
5=100
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
Don’t know/
Refused
16=101
3=99
Sophisticated
China
Japan
42
20
35
76
23=100
4=100
Inventive
China
Japan
68
45
19
52
13=100
3=100
Nationalistic
China
Japan
66
82
17
17
17=100
1=100
68
29
19
69
13=100
2=100
m. Modern
China
Japan
T-32
ASIA22 CONTINUED…
n.
o.
Yes,
associate
No,
do not associate
Don’t know/
Refused
Competitive
China
Japan
74
84
13
15
13=100
1=100
Male-dominated
China
Japan
72
62
13
34
15=100
5=101
ASK ALL:
Q.23
Do you think there is a struggle in (survey country) between groups who want to modernize
the country and Islamic fundamentalists or don’t you think so?
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
Pakistan
Jordan
Yes,
a struggle
29
58
50
36
25
No,
not a struggle
60
23
40
14
69
Don’t know/
Refused
11=100
19=100
10=100
50=100
6=100
ASK IF THINKS THERE IS A STRUGGLE (Q.23=1):
Q.23b Which side do you identify with more in this struggle, the groups who want to modernize the
country or Islamic fundamentalists?
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
Pakistan
Jordan
Groups wanting
Islamic
to modernize fundamentalists
70
27
67
16
61
26
60
34
63
24
Don’t know/
Refused
3=100
18=101
12=99
6=100
12=99
(N)
(N=271)
(N=588)
(N=507)
(N=519)
(N=254)
ASK MUSLIMS ONLY:
Q.24
How concerned, if at all, are you about the future of Muslims in this country – very concerned,
somewhat concerned, not too concerned, or not at all concerned?
Very
concerned
Great Britain (Muslims)
49
France (Muslims)
38
Germany (Muslims)
28
Spain (Muslims)
30
Somewhat
concerned
31
34
31
39
Not too
concerned
12
14
15
20
Not at all Don’t know/
concerned
Refused
7
2=101
14
*=100
25
2=101
9
2=100
ASK MUSLIMS ONLY:
Q.25
Overall, do you think that the quality of life for Muslim women in (survey country) is better, worse,
or about the same as the quality of life for women in most Muslim countries?
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (Muslims)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (Muslims)
Better
58
62
50
46
Worse
13
16
17
16
T-33
About
the same
25
21
31
36
Don’t know/
Refused
4=100
*=99
2=100
2=100
ASK MUSLIMS ONLY:
Q.26
Please tell me how worried you are about each the following issues related to Muslims living in
(survey country). The first one is [READ ITEM]. Are you very worried, somewhat worried,
not too worried, or not at all worried about [READ ITEM, ROTATE]?
Very Somewhat
worried worried
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Not too
worried
Not at all
worried
Don’t know/
Refused
A decline in the importance of religion
among (survey country’s) Muslims
Great Britain (Muslims)
45
France (Muslims)
21
Germany (Muslims)
18
Spain (Muslims)
18
28
36
26
29
15
20
16
21
9
23
37
30
2=99
*=100
3=100
2=100
Muslim women in (survey country)
taking on modern roles in society
Great Britain (Muslims)
22
France (Muslims)
16
Germany (Muslim)
9
Spain (Muslims)
10
22
30
11
22
27
18
16
20
27
34
58
45
2=100
2=100
6=100
2=99
The influence of music, movies, and
television on Muslim youth in
(survey country)
Great Britain (Muslims)
44
France (Muslims)
17
Germany (Muslims)
18
Spain (Muslims)
17
26
25
27
21
19
22
14
19
9
36
39
41
2=100
0=100
2=100
2=100
Unemployment among
(survey country) Muslims
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (Muslims)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (Muslims)
46
52
56
55
32
32
25
28
13
9
8
10
6
7
9
7
4=101
0=100
3=100
1=101
Extremism among
(survey country) Muslims
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (Muslims)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (Muslims)
44
30
23
22
26
35
30
24
15
17
16
22
11
19
24
29
4=100
*=101
7=100
3=100
ASK MUSLIMS ONLY IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND ASK ALL IN NIGERIA:
Q.27
Do you think there is a struggle in (survey country) between moderate Muslims and Islamic
fundamentalists or don’t you think so?
Don’t know/
No
Refused
Yes
Great Britain (Muslims)
58
35
7=100
France (Muslims)
56
43
1=100
German (Muslims)
49
40
12=101
Spain (Muslims)
21
65
14=100
Nigeria (GP)
35
45
20=100
Nigeria (Christians)
35
33
33=101
Nigeria (Muslims)
36
60
4=100
T-34
ASK IF THINKS THERE IS A STRUGGLE (Q27=1)
Q.28
Which side do you identify with more in this struggle, moderate Muslims or Islamic
fundamentalists?
Moderate
Islamic
Don’t know/
Refused
(N)
Muslims fundamentalists
Great Britain (Muslims)
66
25
9=100 (N=242)
France (Muslims)
89
10
1=100 (N=219)
German (Muslims)
75
14
12=101 (N=193)
Spain (Muslims)
68
18
14=100 (N=84)
Nigeria (GP)
49
47
4=100 (N=352)
Nigeria (Christians)
48
47
6=101 (N=178)
Nigeria (Muslims)
49
49
2=100 (N=168)
ASK MUSLIMS ONLY:
Q.29
Some people think that suicide bombing and other forms of violence against civilian targets are
justified in order to defend Islam from its enemies. Other people believe that, no matter what the
reason, this kind of violence is never justified. Do you personally feel that this kind of violence is
often justified to defend Islam, sometimes justified, rarely justified, or never justified?
Often
justified
Great Britain (Muslims)
3
France (Muslims)
6
Germany (Muslims)
1
Spain (Muslims)
6
Egypt
8
Turkey
3
May, 2005
3
March, 2004
6
Summer, 2002
4
Indonesia
2
May, 2005
2
Summer, 2002
5
Pakistan
7
May, 2005
12
March, 2004
27
Summer, 2002
19
Jordan
5
May, 2005
24
Summer, 2002
15
Nigeria
8
Sometimes
justified
12
10
6
10
20
14
11
9
9
8
13
22
7
13
14
14
24
33
28
38
Rarely
justified
9
19
6
9
25
9
6
9
7
18
18
16
8
19
8
5
28
31
22
23
Never
justified
70
64
83
69
45
61
66
67
64
71
66
54
69
46
35
38
43
11
26
28
Don’t know/
Refused
6=100
1=100
3=99
7=101
3=101
14=101
13=99
9=100
14=98
1=100
1=100
3=100
8=99
10=100
16=100
23=99
*=100
1=100
8=99
3=100
(N)
(N=412)
(N=400)
(N=413)
(N=402)
(N=936)
(N=1001)
(N=909)
(N=1233)
(N=972)
(N=468)
IN EGYPT, TURKEY, INDONESIA, PAKISTAN, AND JORDAN, ASK ABOUT ‘PEOPLE.’ ELSEWHERE
ASK ABOUT ‘MUSLIMS’.
Q.30
In your opinion, how many (Muslims/people) in our country support Islamic extremists like al Qaeda –
would you say most, many, just some or very few?
Most
United States
8
Great Britain (GP)
9
Great Britain (Muslims)
6
France (GP)
6
France (Muslims)
4
Germany (GP)
4
Germany (Muslims)
5
Many
11
11
6
14
5
14
7
T-35
Just
some
31
31
19
37
18
48
16
Very
few
39
41
54
43
71
29
50
Don’t know/
Refused
13=102
8=100
15=100
*=100
2=100
4=99
21=99
Q.30 CONTINUED…
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
Most
15
4
8
6
2
3
16
14
2
11
10
12
Many
26
8
20
16
11
11
25
21
16
34
25
44
Just
some
30
22
32
30
23
39
33
17
33
24
19
28
Very
few
16
46
28
46
42
35
17
15
46
14
16
12
Don’t know/
Refused
13=100
20=100
13=101
3=101
22=100
12=100
9=100
33=100
3=100
18=10
30=100
4=100
Q. 30a In your opinion, how many Muslims around the world support Islamic extremists like al Qaeda –
would you say most, many, just some or very few?
China
Japan
Most
2
9
Many
11
34
Just
some
26
48
Very Don’t know/
few
Refused
17
44=100
7
2=100
ASK MUSLIMS ONLY:
Q.31
In the last two years, have you personally had a bad experience due to your race, ethnicity, or
religion, or hasn’t this happened to you?
Don’t know/
No
Refused
Yes
Great Britain (Muslims)
28
72
*=100
France (Muslims)
37
63
0=100
German y (Muslims)
19
81
*=100
Spain (Muslims)
25
74
1=100
ASK ALL:
Q.32
Have you heard about last year’s riots by youths from immigrant and working class suburbs in
France and elsewhere? [NOT ASKED IN FRANCE]
Yes,
have heard
United States
55
Great Britain (GP)
80
Great Britain (Muslims) 63
Germany (GP)
91
Germany (Muslims)
86
Spain (GP)
78
Spain (Muslims)
69
Russia
67
Egypt
35
Turkey
61
Indonesia
18
India
26
Pakistan
11
Jordan
47
No,
haven’t heard
44
20
36
8
14
20
30
28
63
34
72
54
65
50
T-36
Don’t know/
Refused
1=100
0=100
1=100
1=100
0=100
2=100
1=100
4=99
2=100
5=100
11=101
20=100
24=100
3=100
Q.32 CONTINUED…
Yes,
have heard
Nigeria (GP)
23
Nigeria (Christians)
31
Nigeria (Muslims)
15
China
27
Japan
89
No,
haven’t heard
71
63
80
63
11
Don’t know/
Refused
6=100
7=101
6=101
11=101
0=100
ASK IF HEARD ABOUT RIOTS (Q32=1)
Q.33
Regardless of how you feel about the riots, were you sympathetic to the youths from immigrant
and working class suburbs in France who felt frustrated by their place in French society, or not? 24
Yes,
No,
sympathetic not sympathetic
United States
48
44
Great Britain (GP)
62
26
Great Britain (Muslims)
75
17
France (GP)
46
54
France (Muslims)
63
36
Germany (GP)
64
32
Germany (Muslims)
53
38
Spain (GP)
37
57
Spain (Muslims)
63
30
Russia
57
34
Don’t know/
Refused
8=100
12=100
8=100
*=100
*=99
4=100
9=100
6=100
6=99
10=101
(N)
(N=704)
(N=650)
(N=257)
(N=905)
(N=400)
(N=815)
(N=355)
(N=731)
(N=280)
(N=674)
ASK ALL:
Q.34
Have you heard about the dispute about the publication of cartoons with the image of the prophet
Muhammad?
Yes,
No,
Don’t know/
Refused
have heard haven’t heard
United States
65
34
1=100
Great Britain (GP)
88
12
0=100
Great Britain (Muslims)
96
4
0=100
France (GP)
86
14
0=100
France (Muslims)
93
7
0=100
Germany (GP)
91
9
0=100
Germany (Muslims)
96
4
0=100
Spain (GP)
84
15
1=100
Spain (Muslims)
80
19
1=100
Russia
71
26
3=100
Egypt
98
2
*=100
Turkey
89
8
3=100
Indonesia
75
21
4=100
India
44
42
14=100
Pakistan
87
8
5=100
Jordan
99
1
*=100
Nigeria (GP)
79
19
2=100
Nigeria (Christians)
69
27
4=100
Nigeria (Muslims)
91
8
1=100
China
23
67
10=100
Japan
64
36
*=100
24
In France, this question was asked of all respondents.
T-37
ASK IF HEARD OF MUHAMMAD CARTOON (Q34=1):
Q.35
How did you first hear about this controversy? (READ)
From a
friend/
On the
On
From a
family
radio television newspaper member
United States
11
63
12
5
Great Britain (GP)
20
55
20
3
Great Britain (Muslims) 7
56
14
15
France (GP)
23
59
12
3
France (Muslims)
7
65
12
9
Germany (GP)
15
59
17
3
Germany (Muslims)
5
73
9
8
Spain (GP)
2
57
30
8
Spain (Muslims)
1
54
17
18
Russia
9
85
4
1
Egypt
10
64
4
17
Turkey
1
96
2
1
Indonesia
1
89
3
6
India
3
67
25
4
Pakistan
12
43
13
29
Jordan
6
57
10
21
Nigeria (GP)
32
21
5
38
Nigeria (Christians)
18
35
11
34
Nigeria (Muslims)
44
10
1
40
In your
church/
mosque
*
*
1
*
2
0
*
0
6
0
2
*
1
1
2
2
3
0
5
Internet/
website
7
1
4
2
5
4
4
3
3
1
2
1
*
0
*
2
1
1
*
Other
(VOL)
1
*
2
0
*
1
*
*
1
*
1
0
*
*
1
1
0
0
0
DK/Ref (N)
1=100 (N=704)
1=100 (N=820)
1=100 (N=395)
*=100 (N=804)
0=100 (N=372)
1=100 (N=865)
*=99 (N=401)
*=100 (N=806)
0=100 (N=321)
1=101 (N=707)
0=100 (N=922)
0=101 (N=899)
0=100 (N=760)
*=100 (N=914)
*=100 (N=1151)
0=99 (N=987)
*=100 (N=791)
0=99 (N=356)
*=100 (N=425)
ASK IF HEARD OF MUHAMMAD CARTOON (Q34=1):
Q.36
What is more to blame for this controversy, Western nations’ disrespect for the Islamic religion,
or Muslims’ intolerance to different points of view?
Western
disrespect
United States
20
Great Britain (GP)
19
Great Britain (Muslims)
73
France (GP)
28
France (Muslims)
79
Germany (GP)
26
Germany (Muslims)
71
Spain (GP)
21
Spain (Muslims)
80
Russia
30
Egypt
87
Turkey
84
Indonesia
86
India
53
Jordan
90
Nigeria (GP)
55
Nigeria (Christians)
22
Nigeria (Muslims)
81
Muslim
Both
intolerance (VOL)
60
9
59
13
9
8
67
3
19
2
62
4
15
7
53
22
5
11
34
19
3
4
8
5
5
6
33
7
4
2
32
11
63
11
6
12
T-38
Neither
(VOL)
3
3
5
1
1
2
4
2
1
4
4
1
1
3
2
1
2
*
Don’t know/
Refused
8=100
6=100
5=100
1=100
1=102
6=100
4=101
2=100
2=99
13=100
1=99
2=100
2=100
5=101
2=100
1=100
2=100
1=100
(N)
(N=704)
(N=820)
(N=395)
(N=804)
(N=372)
(N=865)
(N=401)
(N=806)
(N=321)
(N=707)
(N=922)
(N=899)
(N=760)
(N=914)
(N=987)
(N=791)
(N=356)
(N=425)
ASK IF HEARD OF MUHAMMAD CARTOON (Q34=1):
Q.37
Regardless of how you feel about the protests, were you sympathetic to Muslims who were
offended by these cartoons, or not?
Yes,
sympathetic
United States
42
Great Britain (GP)
52
Great Britain (Muslims) 92
France (GP)
38
France (Muslims)
82
Germany (GP)
44
Germany (Muslims)
61
Spain (GP)
17
Spain (Muslims)
84
Russia
44
Egypt
98
Turkey
80
Indonesia
96
India
61
Pakistan
96
Jordan
99
Nigeria (GP)
67
Nigeria (Christians)
36
Nigeria (Muslims)
93
No,
not sympathetic
54
43
6
62
18
54
33
79
12
42
1
14
3
36
3
1
32
63
7
Don’t know/
Refused
4=100
6=101
2=100
*=100
*=100
2=100
6=100
4=100
5=101
14=100
1=100
6=100
1=100
4=101
1=100
*=100
1=100
2=101
1=101
(N)
(N=704)
(N=820)
(N=395)
(N=804)
(N=372)
(N=865)
(N=401)
(N=806)
(N=321)
(N=707)
(N=922)
(N=899)
(N=760)
(N=914)
(N=1151)
(N=987)
(N=791)
(N=356)
(N=425)
ASK MUSLIMS ONLY:
Q.38
On a different subject, do you believe that groups of Arabs carried out the attacks against the
United States (the World Trade Center and the Pentagon) on September 11 (2001) or don’t you
believe this? 25
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (Muslims)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (Muslims)
Egypt
Turkey
Gallup, 2002
Indonesia
Gallup, 2002
Pakistan
Gallup, 2002
Jordan
Nigeria
25
Believe
17
48
35
33
32
16
46
16
20
15
4
39
42
Do not
believe
56
46
44
35
59
59
43
65
75
41
86
53
47
Don’t know/
Refused
27=100
6=100
21=100
32=100
9=100
25=100
11=100
20=101
5=100
44=100
10=100
8=100
11=100
In 2002, the question wording was “According to news reports, groups of Arabs carried out the attacks against the USA on September 11.
Do you believe this to be true or not?”
T-39
ASK MUSLIMS ONLY:
Q.39
Now I’m going to read you a list of individuals and organizations. Please tell me which one of these
you trust the most to offer you guidance as a Muslim. [READ LIST] your local Imam or sheik, national
religious leaders in (survey country), religious leaders on television, Imams and institutions outside our
country, such as al-Azhar or the Saudi Imams of Mecca and Medina.
Local
Imam
or sheik
Great Britain (Muslims) 42
France (Muslims)
26
Germany (Muslims)
18
Spain (Muslims)
26
Egypt
29
Turkey
27
Indonesia
60
Pakistan
46
Jordan
25
Nigeria
64
National
religious
leaders
4
18
25
5
30
37
30
19
24
13
Religious Imams and
leaders
institutions
on television outside
4
28
6
31
3
12
4
30
22
16
6
7
3
4
6
11
25
26
3
11
None
(VOL)
16
19
32
30
3
16
2
7
0
9
DK/Ref
6=100
1=101
10=100
6=101
*=100
8=101
1=100
11=100
*=100
*=100
ASK MUSLIMS ONLY:
Q.39b Which one of these do you trust the second most to offer you guidance as a Muslim. [READ LIST] your local
Imam or sheik, national religious leaders in (survey country), religious leaders on television, Imams and
institutions outside our country, such as al-Azhar or the Saudi Imams of Mecca and Medina.
Local Imam
or sheik
Egypt
15
Turkey
27
Indonesia
23
Pakistan
14
Jordan
28
Nigeria
20
National religious
leaders
21
21
45
28
19
26
Religious leaders
Imams and
on television
institutions outside DK/Ref
29
26
9=100
7
7
38=100
20
6
6=100
12
10
36=100
19
30
4=100
13
20
21=100
ASK ALL:
Q.40
Now I’m going to read a list of political leaders. For each, tell me how much confidence you
have in each leader to do the right thing regarding world affairs– a lot of confidence, some confidence,
not too much confidence, or no confidence at all? 26 [ITEM d NOT ASKED IN U.S.]
A lot of
confidence
a.
No
Some
Not too much confidence
confidence confidence
at all
Don’t know/
Refused
French President Jacques Chirac
United States
May, 2005
May, 2003
Great Britain (GP)
May, 2005
May, 2003
Great Britain (Muslims)
26
3
3
3
5
5
6
3
28
32
23
32
43
24
21
23
25
28
28
27
27
19
24
21
33
29
17
39
45
23=101
19=100
13=100
6=100
8=100
4=100
12=100
In 2001 response categories were “A great deal, a fair amount, not too much or none at all.”
T-40
Q.40 CONTINUED…
A lot of
confidence
France (GP)
14
May, 2005
13
May, 2003
21
August, 2001
16
France (Muslims)
22
Germany (GP)
14
May, 2005
24
May, 2003
34
Germany (Muslims)
7
Spain (GP)
3
May, 2005
4
May, 2003
12
Spain (Muslims)
12
Russia
9
May, 2005
10
May, 2003
4
Egypt
14
Turkey
1
May, 2005
1
May, 2003
2
Indonesia
5
May, 2005
4
May, 2003
4
India
5
May, 2005
8
Pakistan
3
May, 2005
5
May, 2003
4
Jordan
15
May, 2005
17
May, 2003
18
Nigeria (GP)
9
May, 2003
18
Nigeria (Christians)
13
May, 2003
24
Nigeria (Muslims)
4
May, 2003
12
China
6
Japan
3
b.
No
Some
Not too much confidence
confidence confidence
at all
42
25
19
52
21
14
54
14
10
50
23
9
50
14
14
53
22
8
56
11
4
50
11
3
28
15
36
23
36
25
36
36
17
39
19
22
30
26
21
35
24
8
47
17
3
38
23
7
33
27
20
4
7
65
9
13
53
9
13
55
25
27
9
25
26
4
32
34
12
24
13
16
22
12
8
10
9
31
7
19
29
18
6
29
36
25
24
39
22
21
43
24
14
28
22
15
27
28
13
34
14
7
29
28
6
22
30
25
25
27
19
37
17
2
53
32
4
Don’t know/
Refused
0=100
*=100
*=99
2=100
*=100
3=100
5=100
1=99
14=100
13=99
7=100
8=100
11=101
23=99
24=101
28=100
7=101
23=100
24=100
20=99
35=101
41=100
18=100
41=99
51=101
47=100
39=99
43=100
1=101
1=100
1=100
26=100
15=101
32=100
13=100
19=100
17=100
39=101
8=100
U.S. President George W. Bush
United States
22
May, 2005
34
May, 2003
49
Great Britain (GP)
4
May, 2005
9
May, 2003
16
August, 2001
4
Great Britain (Muslims) 1
28
28
29
26
29
35
26
5
T-41
19
19
11
26
27
25
36
8
29
17
9
42
33
22
28
80
2=100
2=100
2=100
2=100
2=100
1=99
6=100
6=100
Q.40 CONTINUED…
A lot of
confidence
France (GP)
2
May, 2005
5
May, 2003
3
August, 2001
2
France (Muslims)
2
Germany (GP)
3
May, 2005
8
May, 2003
8
August, 2001
3
Germany (Muslims)
1
Spain (GP)
2
May, 2005
4
May, 2003
9
Spain (Muslims)
1
Russia
5
May, 2005
4
May, 2003
1
Egypt
1
Turkey
*
May, 2005
2
May, 2003
1
Indonesia
4
May, 2005
3
May, 2003
2
India
14
May, 2005
20
Pakistan
1
May, 2005
2
May, 2003
1
Jordan
*
May, 2005
*
May, 2003
*
Nigeria (GP)
26
May, 2003
31
Nigeria (Christians)
45
May, 2003
52
Nigeria (Muslims)
6
May, 2003
13
China
6
Japan
5
c.
No
Some
Not too much confidence
confidence confidence
at all
13
23
62
20
27
48
17
28
51
18
43
32
4
10
84
22
26
46
22
34
35
25
28
38
48
27
19
13
10
69
5
19
71
14
33
47
17
15
56
1
10
85
16
33
32
24
40
17
7
27
54
7
21
70
3
4
80
6
8
75
7
8
80
16
35
39
17
48
25
6
27
63
42
16
19
34
19
12
9
11
54
8
19
47
4
3
81
7
29
64
1
25
75
1
3
96
26
22
22
19
15
32
37
9
4
24
13
8
13
36
43
15
17
54
28
29
8
27
43
25
Don’t know/
Refused
0=100
*=100
*=99
5=100
*=100
2=99
1=100
1=100
3=100
7=100
3=100
2=100
4=101
4=101
14=100
16=101
11=100
1=100
14=101
9=100
4=100
6=100
7=100
2=100
9=100
15=100
27=102
23=99
11=100
*=100
0=101
0=100
4=100
3=100
6=101
3=100
2=100
2=101
29=100
1=101
British Prime Minister Tony Blair
United States
May, 2005
May, 2003
Great Britain (GP)
May, 2005
May, 2003
August, 2001
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
May, 2005
25
29
51
11
20
28
14
5
5
8
41
44
32
47
40
43
46
26
39
42
T-42
13
11
4
20
20
15
23
16
33
32
8
7
5
20
20
13
16
47
23
18
13=100
9=100
8=100
1=99
1=101
1=100
1=100
6=100
0=100
*=100
Q.40 CONTINUED…
A lot of
confidence
May, 2003
3
France (Muslims)
3
Germany (GP)
8
May, 2005
9
May, 2003
10
Germany (Muslims)
2
Spain (GP)
2
May, 2005
4
May, 2003
11
Spain (Muslims)
*
Russia
5
May, 2005
5
May, 2003
1
Egypt
1
Turkey
*
May, 2005
2
May, 2003
1
Indonesia
4
May, 2005
4
May, 2003
1
India
10
May, 2005
15
Pakistan
1
May, 2005
2
May, 2003
1
Jordan
*
May, 2005
*
May, 2003
*
Nigeria (GP)
18
May, 2003
26
Nigeria (Christians)
30
May, 2003
41
Nigeria (Muslims)
5
May, 2003
12
China
4
Japan
6
d.
Some
confidence
37
20
43
43
44
27
17
24
32
2
26
32
16
5
7
12
8
19
23
10
31
32
5
5
5
4
3
1
28
24
40
32
14
16
30
52
No
Not too much confidence Don’t know/
confidence
at all
Refused
33
26
*=99
21
54
1=99
32
13
3=99
31
13
4=100
30
14
2=100
14
46
11=100
33
41
6=99
42
26
4=100
18
33
6=100
14
77
7=100
29
13
27=100
29
7
27=100
21
30
33=101
26
66
2=100
6
68
19=100
12
56
18=100
8
73
9=99
37
24
16=100
32
12
30=101
35
45
8=99
17
19
23=100
14
11
28=100
12
44
38=100
20
37
35=99
3
70
21=100
38
57
1=100
32
64
1=100
9
90
0=100
24
19
11=100
20
25
6=101
12
3
15=100
18
4
5=100
38
38
5=100
22
44
6=100
26
4
35=99
33
5
4=100
Osama bin Laden
Great Britain (GP)
May, 2005
May, 2003
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
May, 2005
May, 2003
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
May, 2005
May, 2003
Germany (Muslims)
1
1
1
4
*
*
0
3
*
1
0
3
1
1
3
10
*
1
2
2
1
*
1
4
T-43
4
4
3
11
3
5
3
8
2
6
1
2
89
92
91
57
96
93
95
85
93
91
95
81
5=100
2=100
2=100
18=100
1=100
1=100
*=100
2=100
4=100
3=101
2=99
10=100
Q.40 CONTINUED…
A lot of
confidence
Spain (GP)
0
May, 2005
*
May, 2003
1
Spain (Muslims)
8
Russia
2
May, 2005
1
May, 2003
*
Egypt
4
Turkey
1
May, 2005
3
May, 2003
7
Indonesia
4
May, 2005
8
May, 2003
19
India
0
May, 2005
3
Pakistan
17
May, 2005
29
May, 2003
24
Jordan
*
May, 2005
25
May, 2003
38
Nigeria (GP)
17
May, 2003
19
Nigeria (Christians)
4
May, 2003
7
Nigeria (Muslims)
33
May, 2003
30
China
2
Japan
0
e.
Some
confidence
2
1
1
8
6
2
3
22
3
4
8
29
27
39
0
4
21
22
21
24
35
17
16
9
6
3
28
14
11
2
No
Not too much confidence Don’t know/
confidence
at all
Refused
5
89
3=99
6
91
2=100
3
91
4=100
13
62
10=101
17
58
17=100
11
69
16=99
5
71
21=100
42
29
3=100
4
75
17=100
6
73
14=100
7
67
11=100
33
19
14=99
27
10
27=99
26
10
7=100
12
77
11=100
7
72
14=100
10
20
32=100
11
12
26=100
7
20
28=100
44
30
2=100
20
18
2=100
26
18
1=100
10
48
8=99
12
50
10=100
9
71
10=100
6
74
10=100
11
22
6=100
17
28
10=99
25
25
37=100
13
82
3=100
Russian President Vladimir Putin
United States
3
May, 2003
2
Great Britain (GP)
3
May, 2003
10
August, 2001
1
Great Britain (Muslims) 2
France (GP)
2
May, 2003
5
August, 2001
2
France (Muslims)
3
Germany (GP)
5
May, 2003
24
August, 2001
4
Germany (Muslims)
3
Spain (GP)
1
May, 2003
5
Spain (Muslims)
2
Russia
27
May, 2003
28
30
38
30
43
25
13
22
43
12
18
45
51
37
29
9
26
11
48
48
T-44
26
28
27
23
35
15
34
27
39
17
29
18
31
11
31
24
24
13
19
19
19
24
13
22
46
43
25
38
60
17
6
24
43
46
33
46
4
3
22=100
13=100
16=100
10=99
17=100
24=100
1=102
1=101
9=100
2=100
4=100
1=100
4=100
14=100
13=100
13=101
17=100
8=100
1=99
Q.40 CONTINUED…
A lot of
confidence
Egypt
1
Turkey
1
Indonesia
2
India
11
Pakistan
1
Jordan
2
Nigeria (GP)
4
May, 2003
11
Nigeria (Christians)
6
May, 2003
13
Nigeria (Muslims)
3
May, 2003
9
China
13
Japan
2
f.
No
Not too much confidence Don’t know/
confidence
at all
Refused
47
25
9=100
6
62
22=99
29
11
38=99
14
14
36=100
11
31
51=100
45
33
8=100
28
16
29=99
29
12
21=100
23
12
36=100
32
8
19=100
34
21
21=100
26
17
23=100
16
2
32=100
44
11
5=100
German Chancellor Angela Merkel
United States
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Turkey
g.
Some
confidence
18
8
19
25
6
12
22
27
23
28
21
25
37
38
5
6
1
12
13
34
11
5
4
9
1
33
45
16
68
47
43
37
32
22
31
10
14
15
12
12
16
13
12
19
18
18
6
11
11
36
7
22
9
31
19
23
5
58
39=102
23=100
35=100
1=100
3=101
1=100
9=100
25=100
33=100
37=100
25=100
14
30
11
15
11
19
3
18
12
21
19
39
17
18
27
11
44
21
15
28
23
18
10
16
22
26
42
8
19
8
43
16
20
13
39
21
57
52
60
43
53
29
18
25
41
4
17
27
21
34
7
24=100
24=100
4=100
4=100
10=100
23=100
27=100
18=99
42=101
7=100
26=100
29=100
44=101
9=101
23=100
33=100
11=100
Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
2
10
*
6
*
5
1
12
3
5
6
9
15
4
13
2
25
T-45
Q.40 CONTINUED…
A lot of
confidence
h.
Some
confidence
No
Not too much confidence Don’t know/
confidence
at all
Refused
Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf
ASK MUSLIMS ONLY:
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (Muslims)
German (Muslims)
Spain (Muslims)
16
4
9
6
34
22
28
15
15
24
12
15
27
44
22
43
8=100
6=100
30=101
20=100
ASK OF ALL:
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
3
13
7
4
43
3
8
3
13
21
24
33
18
30
26
23
12
35
35
7
20
19
7
40
25
25
26
33
29
4
49
14
25
18
24
12
9=101
27=100
36=100
10=100
7=101
6=100
26=100
36=100
14=100
i.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak
ASK MUSLIMS ONLY:
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (Muslims)
German (Muslims)
Spain (Muslims)
6
9
6
10
26
34
29
22
14
21
11
15
30
34
21
39
25=101
2=100
33=100
15=101
ASKED OF ALL:
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
49
9
11
9
13
10
6
15
37
24
42
17
26
30
20
41
11
8
19
8
41
24
25
22
3
32
5
18
18
12
17
8
1=101
28=101
23=100
48=100
3=101
24=100
32=100
14=100
9
5
6
*
30
32
18
25
18
25
16
53
7
8
21
18
36=100
30=100
39=100
4=100
19
13
28
30
7
17
30
8
26=100
40=100
32=100
1=100
j.
Chinese President Hu Jintao
Russia
Indonesia
India
Japan
k.
Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi
Indonesia
India
China
Japan
7
8
1
13
41
22
9
48
T-46
Q.40 CONTINUED…
A lot of
confidence
l.
No
Some
Not too much confidence
confidence confidence
at all
Don’t know/
Refused
Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
m.
7
9
5
27
34
20
32
23
42
14
10
18
20=100
24=100
15=100
36
26
47
27
25
30
28
39
16
2=100
2=100
2=101
Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
Q.41
7
8
6
How much of a danger is the (INSERT) and world peace? A great danger, moderate danger,
small danger, or no danger at all?
A great
danger
a.
Moderate
danger
Small
danger
No
danger at all
36
39
44
38
40
45
25
39
38
29
30
40
40
41
30
24
32
16
25
12
18
21
14
14
14
27
25
21
10
8
12
11
15
15
13
18
15
35
29
40
37
19
14
24
14
12
22
15
21
16
20
27
19
15
13
26
29
18
7
11
5
5
4
2
6
6
19
5
9
11
15
3
3
5
14
10
8
21
19
30
26
26
20
30
31
27
20
17
19
38
Don’t know/
Refused
Current government in
North Korea to stability in Asia
United States
May, 2003
Nov., 2002
Great Britain (GP)
May, 2003
Nov., 2002
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
May, 2003
Nov., 2002
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
May, 2003
Nov., 2002
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
May, 2003
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
May, 2003
Nov., 2002
Egypt
Turkey
May, 2003
Nov., 2002
Indonesia
May, 2003
India
Pakistan
May, 2003
34
38
21
19
31
13
17
16
18
10
14
23
37
16
12
21
16
11
10
6
7
14
6
7
9
4
14
6
8
4
T-47
13=100
7=100
16=100
26=100
10=100
18=100
24=100
4=99
6=100
10=100
4=100
16=101
6=100
14=100
31=101
33=100
22=100
37=101
26=101
36=100
29=100
12=100
41=100
34=100
33=100
17=101
11=99
38=100
56=100
39=100
Q.41 CONTINUED...
Jordan
May, 2003
Nigeria (GP)
May, 2003
Nigeria (Christians)
May, 2003
Nigeria (Muslims)
May, 2003
China
Japan
b.
A great
danger
18
15
11
18
15
22
6
15
11
46
Moderate
danger
24
23
17
18
19
22
16
15
36
28
Small
danger
34
24
23
21
18
19
30
23
16
14
No
danger at all
21
20
15
25
9
19
23
31
7
9
34
45
41
36
43
44
25
47
37
37
33
34
47
40
28
26
31
23
32
9
20
20
19
17
20
29
18
21
12
6
25
10
23
17
23
19
23
15
28
41
8
16
10
13
24
14
15
18
39
32
27
8
22
23
10
12
27
17
18
15
18
36
16
16
14
23
27
20
10
6
33
36
22
20
19
19
26
21
15
22
3
5
3
3
10
8
23
3
9
9
20
2
6
4
15
6
11
22
8
35
20
25
22
34
32
29
36
15
27
51
23
30
17
27
7
17
29
35
3
4
Don’t know/
Refused
3=100
19=101
33=99
17=99
39=100
18=100
25=100
16=100
31=101
3=100
Current government in Iran to
stability in the Middle East
United States
May, 2003
Nov., 2002
Great Britain (GP)
May, 2003
Nov., 2002
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
May, 2003
Nov., 2002
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
May, 2003
Nov., 2002
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
May, 2003
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
May, 2003
Nov., 2002
Egypt
Turkey
May, 2003
Nov., 2002
Indonesia
May, 2003
India
Pakistan
May, 2003
Jordan
May, 2003
Nigeria (GP)
May, 2003
Nigeria (Christians)
May, 2003
Nigeria (Muslims)
May, 2003
China
Japan
46
26
33
34
11
24
23
31
11
17
19
51
18
24
29
38
11
17
20
8
12
14
16
11
14
7
9
8
4
3
19
6
15
24
20
31
9
17
22
29
T-48
9=100
8=100
13=100
14=100
12=100
10=100
14=100
1=100
4=100
5=100
1=100
5=100
8=101
9=100
18=100
18=100
20=100
22=101
22=100
33=100
30=100
4=99
27=100
22=100
20=100
13=101
10=100
36=100
47=100
34=100
1=101
18=100
23=100
13=101
32=101
14=100
13=100
12=100
33=101
5=101
Q.41 CONTINUED...
c.
Moderate
danger
Small
danger
No
Don’t know/
danger at all Refused
31
41
66
36
56
40
51
56
67
45
56
60
31
15
28
58
25
15
37
31
29
39
40
20
48
35
42
20
22
16
27
32
12
46
22
11
36
27
25
29
25
40
14
11
2
14
6
13
5
7
3
11
9
4
12
17
9
5
23
24
22
9
21
9
3
3
2
2
3
12
4
4
3
3
4
5
14
8
1
10
16
5
4
6
7=100
5=100
9=100
0=100
1=100
2=100
12=100
11=100
9=99
15=101
1=101
20=100
6=100
32=100
45=101
*=100
15=100
20=100
7=100
31=100
4=100
43
45
66
35
49
51
45
52
53
41
68
42
33
13
22
67
27
22
33
27
40
36
35
17
51
38
38
24
26
26
28
25
26
44
18
15
28
27
28
26
27
37
8
10
5
12
9
7
11
7
4
9
5
7
12
17
9
5
21
16
26
9
14
3
1
2
2
3
1
4
2
5
5
2
4
5
14
8
1
6
9
5
3
3
10=100
9=100
10=100
0=100
1=100
4=101
15=99
14=101
12=100
17=100
1=101
21=100
6=100
38=100
46=100
0=101
19=100
25=100
10=100
34=100
6=100
American presence in Iraq to
stability in the Middle East
United States
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
Japan
d.
A great
danger
Israeli-Palestinian conflict to
stability in the Middle East
United States
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslim)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
Japan
T-49
ASK ALL:
Q.42
Now I will read a list of some things that have happened in the world recently. For each one,
please tell me if you’ve heard of it or not. The first is [INSERT ITEM]. Have you heard of it or not?
a.
Never heard
of it
Don’t know/
Refused
83
84
81
82
82
91
81
73
74
69
93
68
55
50
37
96
56
53
60
37
83
17
16
19
18
19
9
17
25
22
29
6
29
41
38
45
4
40
41
37
54
17
*=100
1=101
0=100
0=100
0=101
0=100
1=99
2=100
3=99
2=100
1=100
3=100
4=100
12=100
18=100
*=100
4=100
6=100
3=100
9=100
0=100
58
67
72
83
83
85
69
68
78
52
98
56
31
21
20
97
27
28
27
27
75
41
32
28
17
17
14
29
30
18
45
1
38
60
59
60
3
66
63
68
62
24
1=100
1=100
0=100
0=100
0=100
*=99
2=100
2=100
4=100
3=100
1=100
7=101
9=100
19=99
20=100
*=100
7=100
9=100
5=100
11=100
1=100
The dispute about Iran’s nuclear program
United States
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
Japan
b.
Heard
of it
The Hamas Party’s victory in the
Palestinian elections
United States
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
Japan
T-50
Q.42 CONTINUED...
c.
Never heard
of it
Don’t know/
Refused
76
90
80
88
84
98
83
90
77
58
80
68
28
23
21
79
22
27
18
38
88
23
10
19
12
16
2
16
9
19
40
19
26
62
57
56
21
71
65
77
52
12
1=100
0=100
*=99
0=100
0=100
0=100
1=100
1=100
4=100
2=100
1=100
6=100
10=100
20=100
24=101
*=100
7=100
8=100
5=100
9=99
*=100
69
73
84
63
59
66
56
55
51
38
39
54
31
60
85
54
39
47
31
31
60
30
26
15
37
41
31
41
43
43
58
60
41
60
29
9
45
55
46
64
59
40
1=100
1=100
1=100
0=100
0=100
2=99
3=100
2=100
6=100
4=100
2=101
5=100
9=100
11=100
6=100
1=100
6=100
7=100
5=100
10=100
*=100
Reports about abuses in American run
prisons at Abu Ghraib, Guantanamo
and elsewhere
United States
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
Japan
d.
Heard
of it
U.S. aid to Pakistan following the October
earthquake
United States
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
Japan
T-51
Q.42 CONTINUED...
e.
Never heard
of it
Don’t know/
Refused
92
97
95
100
100
100
99
99
85
98
96
97
99
99
82
98
98
98
99
93
99
8
3
5
*
1
*
1
1
14
2
4
1
1
*
10
2
2
3
1
5
1
*=100
0=100
0=100
0=100
0=101
0=100
1=101
*=100
1=100
1=101
0=100
1=99
*=100
1=100
8=100
*=100
0=100
0=101
0=100
2=100
0=100
91
100
85
97
88
95
76
93
75
80
47
75
35
57
12
48
42
57
26
78
99
9
1
15
3
12
5
22
6
21
17
51
22
57
34
60
47
54
38
71
19
1
*=100
0=101
0=100
0=100
0=100
*=100
2=100
1=100
4=100
3=100
2=100
3=100
8=100
9=100
28=100
5=100
4=100
5=100
3=100
4=101
0=100
The disease called bird flu found in many
countries around the world
United States
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
Japan
f.
Heard
of it
The environmental problem of global
warming
United States
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
Japan
T-52
Q.42 CONTINUED...
Heard
of it
g.
Never heard
of it
Don’t know/
Refused
The debate over an Arab-owned
company possibly running U.S. ports
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
45
24
10
8
36
20
25
15
53
69
78
63
59
74
68
81
2=100
7=100
12=100
29=100
5=100
6=100
7=100
5=101
ASK IF HEARD OF DEBATE OVER ARAB RUN PORTS (Q42g=1):
Q.43
Do you think that American opposition to a Dubai company managing several U.S. ports
reflects reasonable concerns about terrorism or does it reflect prejudice against Arabs? 27
Reasonable
concerns
Egypt
13
Turkey
26
Indonesia
38
Pakistan
15
Jordan
23
Nigeria (GP)
51
Nigeria (Christians) 66
Prejudice
against Arabs
69
64
58
63
72
40
26
Other
(VOL)
18
1
0
0
2
1
1
Don’t know/
Refused
*=100
9=100
4=100
22=100
3=100
9=101
8=101
(N)
(N=414)
(N=246)
(N=109)
(N=133)
(N=365)
(N=199)
(N=128)
ASK ALL:
Q.44
Overall, do you think the war with Iraq that removed Saddam Hussein from power made the world
a safer place or a more dangerous place?
Safer
place
United States
51
May, 2005
49
Great Britain (GP)
30
May, 2005
39
Great Britain (Muslims) 11
France (GP)
20
May, 2005
23
France (Muslims)
17
Germany (GP)
21
May, 2005
28
Germany (Muslims)
16
Spain (GP)
7
May, 2005
13
Spain (Muslims)
4
Russia
17
May, 2005
17
Egypt
10
27
More dangerous No change
place
(VOL)
37
4
40
5
60
4
47
8
76
4
76
3
70
6
81
2
66
7
58
9
70
3
68
17
68
14
79
12
44
25
49
24
70
15
Due to the small sample size data are not reported for Nigerian Muslims.
T-53
Don’t know/
Refused
8=100
6=100
7=101
6=100
9=100
1=100
2=101
1=101
6=100
6=101
11=100
8=100
5=100
5=100
14=100
10=100
5=100
Q.44 CONTINUED...
Turkey
May, 2005
Indonesia
May, 2005
Pakistan
May, 2005
India
May, 2005
Jordan
May, 2005
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
May, 2005
Japan
Safer
place
8
14
12
13
11
9
41
45
16
26
41
53
27
8
8
26
More dangerous No change
place
(VOL)
70
9
59
14
54
27
50
24
52
6
53
11
34
12
26
15
74
10
66
7
32
16
19
14
46
19
44
14
57
19
61
5
Don’t know/
Refused
13=100
13=100
7=100
13=100
31=100
27=100
13=100
14=100
*=100
1=100
12=101
14=100
8=100
34=100
16=100
8=100
ASK ALL:
Q.45
Regardless of what you think about the original decision to use military force in Iraq, do you now
believe that efforts to establish a stable democratic government in Iraq will definitely succeed,
probably succeed, probably fail, or definitely fail?
Definitely
succeed
United States
9
March, 2006
10
February, 2006
16
January, 2006
14
December, 2005
16
Late Oct, 2005
12
July, 2005
17
Great Britain (GP)
2
Great Britain (Muslims) 4
France (GP)
3
France (Muslims)
3
Germany (GP)
2
Germany (Muslims)
9
Spain (GP)
2
Spain (Muslims)
4
Russia
3
Egypt
1
Turkey
2
Indonesia
3
India
23
Pakistan
11
Jordan
2
Nigeria (GP)
23
Nigeria (Christian)
23
Nigeria (Muslims)
24
China
2
Japan
2
Probably
succeed
45
39
39
42
41
44
43
50
20
40
26
31
21
16
13
14
31
15
30
36
27
32
49
56
40
17
36
T-54
Probably
fail
31
33
28
26
28
29
25
35
30
40
33
52
30
45
30
38
38
22
36
13
10
37
12
6
19
34
51
Definitely Don’t know/
fail
Refused
8
7=100
10
8=100
11
6=100
8
10=100
9
6=100
8
7=100
8
7=100
8
5=100
34
12=100
17
*=100
37
1=100
12
4=101
29
12=101
23
14=100
34
18=100
20
25=100
25
6=101
42
19=100
16
15=100
6
22=100
14
38=100
29
2=102
6
10=100
2
13=100
11
6=100
7
40=100
4
7=100
Q.46
Now thinking about the dispute between Israel and the Palestinians, which side do you sympathize
with more, Israel or the Palestinians?
Both
Neither
Don’t know/
Palestinians
(VOL)
(VOL)
Refused
Israel
United States
48
13
4
14
21=100
March, 2004
46
12
8
15
19=99
Mid-July, 2003
41
13
8
18
20=100
April, 2002
41
13
6
21
19=100
Mid-Oct., 2001
47
10
8
18
17=100
Early Sept., 2001
40
17
6
23
14=100
Sept. 1997
48
13
5
16
18=100
Sept. 1993
45
21
3
18
12=100
Chicago CFR 1990
34
13
7
26
20=100
Chicago CFR 1978
38
12
8
15
13=100
Great Britain (GP)
24
29
5
22
19=99
March, 2004
22
28
15
18
17=100
April, 2002
17
28
11
23
21=100
Great Britain (Muslims)
3
75
4
8
10=100
France (GP)
38
38
9
12
4=101
March, 2004
20
28
11
30
11=100
April, 2002
19
36
8
25
12=100
France (Muslims)
6
78
8
7
2=101
Germany (GP)
37
18
4
31
11=101
March, 2004
24
24
7
32
12=99
April, 2002
24
26
4
33
13=100
Germany (Muslims)
14
50
4
22
10=100
Spain (GP)
9
32
16
34
9=100
Spain (Muslims)
2
75
7
11
4=99
Russia
21
16
12
37
14=100
March, 2004
23
14
15
34
14=100
Egypt
2
97
1
*
*=100
Turkey
5
63
2
16
14=100
March, 2004
6
63
4
16
11=100
Indonesia
4
72
5
12
7=100
India
20
22
19
11
27=99
Pakistan
6
59
7
6
23=101
March, 2004
1
81
1
2
14=99
Jordan
1
97
1
1
*=100
March, 2004
1
93
*
4
2=100
Nigeria (GP)
29
35
18
6
12=100
Nigeria (Christians)
47
12
16
10
15=100
Nigeria (Muslims)
10
61
19
2
8=100
China
7
23
12
15
42=99
Japan
25
23
8
29
16=101
ASK IF HEARD ABOUT HAMAS WINNING THE ELECTION (Q42b=1):
Q.47
Do you think it will be good or bad for the Palestinian people that Hamas won the election in January?
United States
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Good
20
32
56
24
44
11
32
Bad
50
34
18
69
46
71
37
T-55
Don’t know/
Refused
30=100
34=100
26=100
7=100
10=100
17=99
32=101
(N)
(N=644)
(N=622)
(N=294)
(N=748)
(N=332)
(N=719)
(N=284)
Q.47 CONTINUED...
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
Bad
47
22
32
13
23
23
30
4
16
39
55
21
Good
28
57
24
76
44
61
48
87
68
47
31
64
Don’t know/
Refused
25=100
21=100
44=100
11=100
33=100
16=100
22=100
9=100
16=100
14=100
14=100
15=100
(N)
(N=705)
(N=315)
(N=518)
(N=918)
(N=567)
(N=310)
(N=452)
(N=303)
(N=969)
(N=273)
(N=145)
(N=126)
ASK IF HEARD ABOUT HAMAS WINNING THE ELECTION (Q42b=1):
Q.48
Do you think that Hamas winning the election will be helpful or harmful to a FAIR settlement
of the dispute between Israel and the Palestinians?
Harmful
57
50
29
70
55
67
48
52
29
41
20
34
27
37
8
22
42
56
27
Helpful
United States
15
Great Britain (GP)
24
Great Britain (Muslims)
41
France (GP)
27
France (Muslims)
38
Germany (GP)
18
Germany (Muslims)
26
Spain (GP)
23
Spain (Muslims)
45
Russia
25
Egypt
66
Turkey
31
Indonesia
57
India
42
Pakistan
77
Jordan
57
Nigeria (GP)
41
Nigeria (Christians)
30
Nigeria (Muslims)
53
Don’t know/
Refused
28=100
26=100
30=100
3=100
7=100
14=99
27=101
25=100
26=100
34=100
15=101
35=100
16=100
21=100
15=100
21=100
17=100
14=100
20=100
(N)
(N=644)
(N=622)
(N=294)
(N=748)
(N=332)
(N=719)
(N=284)
(N=705)
(N=315)
(N=518)
(N=918)
(N=567)
(N=310)
(N=452)
(N=303)
(N=969)
(N=273)
(N=145)
(N=126)
ASK ALL:
Q.49
Should countries that now do not have nuclear weapons be stopped from developing them,
or don’t you think so?
United States
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Yes, should
be stopped
74
77
43
85
69
91
70
84
56
T-56
No, should
not be stopped
19
17
47
15
30
7
24
10
28
Don’t know/
Refused
8=101
7=101
10=100
*=100
1=100
2=100
6=100
6=100
16=100
Q.49 CONTINUED...
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
Japan
Yes, should
be stopped
73
41
58
61
51
31
32
65
74
55
49
87
No, should
not be stopped
19
44
26
30
35
50
53
30
20
41
22
10
Don’t know/
Refused
8=100
14=99
16=100
10=101
14=100
19=100
16=101
5=100
6=100
4=100
29=100
3=100
ASK IF HEARD ABOUT IRAN NUCLEAR CONTROVERSY (Q42a=1):
Q.50
Why do you think Iran wants to have a nuclear program to develop nuclear weapons, or
to develop nuclear energy?
Weapons
United States
72
Great Britain (GP)
49
Great Britain (Muslims) 19
France (GP)
74
France (Muslims)
46
Germany (GP)
71
Germany (Muslims)
39
Spain (GP)
65
Spain (Muslims)
38
Russia
44
Egypt
30
Turkey
38
Indonesia
33
India
40
Pakistan
26
Jordan
38
Nigeria (GP)
53
Nigeria (Christians)
62
Nigeria (Muslims)
45
China
36
Japan
72
Energy
9
21
47
20
49
16
33
10
24
20
32
21
44
37
30
24
23
11
34
25
16
Both
(VOL)
10
14
14
5
3
7
14
14
15
27
28
28
18
13
23
28
16
20
11
19
8
Don’t know/
Refused
9=100
17=101
20=100
1=100
2=100
7=101
14=100
11=100
23=100
10=101
9=99
13=100
4=99
10=100
21=100
10=100
8=100
7=100
10=100
20=100
4=100
ASK ALL:
Q.51
Would you favor or oppose Iran acquiring nuclear weapons?
United States
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Russia
Favor
3
5
40
7
29
3
14
11
Oppose
92
89
41
92
71
97
78
82
T-57
Don’t know/
Refused
5=100
6=100
19=100
*=99
1=101
1=101
9=101
8=101
(N)
(N=864)
(N=749)
(N=331)
(N=740)
(N=326)
(N=814)
(N=347)
(N=716)
(N=299)
(N=688)
(N=870)
(N=684)
(N=563)
(N=1044)
(N=552)
(N=960)
(N=559)
(N=274)
(N=279)
(N=850)
(N=436)
Q.51 CONTINUED...
Favor
44
23
30
25
52
45
28
15
42
18
4
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
Japan
Oppose
42
61
59
59
15
42
66
79
51
52
95
Don’t know/
Refused
14=100
16=100
11=100
16=100
32=99
12=99
7=101
7=101
7=100
29=99
1=100
ASK ALL:
Q.52
If Iran were to develop nuclear weapons, do you think they would be likely to
[INSERT ITEM, RANDOMIZE] or not? Would Iran be likely to [NEXT ITEM], or not?
Yes,
likely
a.
Don’t know/
Refused
63
66
48
27
48
33
53
34
66
34
46
43
48
50
36
19
51
55
60
49
34
36
27
26
38
56
52
65
44
56
21
45
38
40
31
36
41
40
39
32
22
44
38
56
10=100
8=100
14=100
17=100
*=100
1=99
4=101
10=100
13=100
22=101
16=100
17=100
22=101
13=99
24=101
41=100
10=100
13=100
18=100
7=100
28=100
8=100
74
72
53
31
63
42
13
16
21
47
36
57
13=100
12=100
27=101
22=100
1=100
1=100
Attack the U.S. or European nations
United States
February, 2006
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
Japan
b.
No,
not likely
Attack Israel
United States
February, 2006
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
T-58
Q.52 CONTINUED...
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
Japan
c.
No,
not likely
26
44
22
39
40
28
24
34
35
45
27
38
26
52
36
46
Don’t know/
Refused
9=100
20=100
18=100
24=100
23=100
12=101
25=100
17=100
30=100
42=100
8=100
17=100
21=101
12=100
34=101
11=100
80
82
64
20
78
51
71
38
62
25
53
17
36
23
33
7
19
49
65
30
29
52
11
11
18
54
22
49
24
47
21
48
29
67
35
57
41
49
65
36
19
56
38
38
9=100
7=100
18=100
26=100
*=100
1=101
6=101
16=101
17=100
27=100
18=100
16=100
28=99
20=100
26=100
44=100
17=101
15=100
16=100
14=100
33=100
11=101
60
40
16
51
32
40
29
40
15
27
41
70
48
68
55
57
41
67
12=99
19=100
14=100
1=100
1=101
6=101
14=100
19=100
18=100
Provide nuclear weapons to
terrorist organizations
United States
February, 2006
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
Japan
d.
Yes,
likely
65
36
60
37
37
61
51
49
35
13
65
45
54
36
31
43
Attack another Muslim country
United States
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
T-59
Q. 52 CONTINUED…
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
Japan
e.
Yes,
likely
26
15
29
11
24
9
20
15
21
8
20
39
No,
not likely
54
77
46
79
51
51
73
71
56
88
43
50
Don’t know/
Refused
19=99
8=100
25=100
10=100
26=101
41=101
7=100
14=100
23=100
4=100
37=100
11=100
63
46
15
45
27
58
32
53
19
14
36
23
13
36
11
24
53
54
52
16
68
13=100
17=100
20=101
1=100
1=101
7=100
16=101
14=100
22=100
13=99
7=100
22=100
7=100
21=100
34=100
9=100
10=100
13=100
7=100
29=100
7=100
Use them for defensive purposes only
United States
Great Britain (GP)
Great Britain (Muslims)
France (GP)
France (Muslims)
Germany (GP)
Germany (Muslims)
Spain (GP)
Spain (Muslims)
Russia
Egypt
Turkey
Indonesia
India
Pakistan
Jordan
Nigeria (GP)
Nigeria (Christians)
Nigeria (Muslims)
China
Japan
24
37
66
54
73
35
53
33
59
72
57
55
80
43
55
67
37
33
41
55
25
ASK IF HEARD ABOUT BIRD FLU (Q42e=1):
Q.53
As you may know, people in several countries around the world have died from a disease known as
bird flu. How worried are you that you or someone in your family will be exposed to bird flu –
very worried, somewhat worried, not too worried or not worried at all? 28
United States
May, 2003
Great Britain (GP)
May, 2003
28
Very
worried
13
9
9
12
Somewhat
worried
31
28
21
24
Not too
worried
29
29
34
30
Already
Not at all exposed Don’t know/
worried
(VOL)
Refused
(N)
26
0
1=100 (N=932)
34
0
*=100
35
0
1=100 (N=490)
34
0
*=100
In 2003 Question: “As you may know, people in several countries in Asia and Canada have recently died from a new
disease known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS. How worried are you that you or someone in your family
will be exposed to SARS - very worried, somewhat worried, not too worried or not worried at all? Asked of half sample in
United States.”
T-60
Q. 53 CONTINUED…
Very
worried
France (GP)
13
May, 2003
14
Germany (GP)
10
May, 2003
23
Spain (GP)
27
May, 2003
43
Russia
56
May, 2003
59
Egypt
35
Turkey
20
May, 2003
49
Indonesia
65
May, 2003
50
India
57
Pakistan
54
May, 2003
34
Jordan
37
May, 2003
25
Nigeria (GP)
57
May, 2003
82
Nigeria (Christians)
55
May, 2003
86
Nigeria (Muslims)
59
May, 2003
78
China
23
Japan
29
Somewhat
worried
21
38
23
23
29
28
25
24
46
16
27
22
30
23
22
25
35
36
22
8
21
6
24
10
35
39
Not too
worried
35
27
27
28
22
15
13
11
18
16
9
11
14
9
7
10
17
26
10
4
11
2
9
5
27
24
Already
Not at all exposed
worried
(VOL)
31
0
20
0
40
0
27
0
21
0
13
0
6
0
4
0
*
1
46
0
11
0
2
0
4
0
10
*
14
1
20
0
6
6
11
0
10
*
5
0
12
*
4
0
8
0
6
0
14
*
8
0
Don’t know/
Refused
(N)
0=100 (N=901)
0=99
0=100 (N=501)
*=101
2=101 (N=904)
*=99
1=101 (N=975)
2=100
0=100 (N=899)
1=99
(N=987)
3=99
0=100 (N=1012)
2=100
1=100 (N=2005)
2=100 (N=1078)
11=100
0=101 (N=976)
2=100
1=100 (N=983)
1=100
1=100 (N=501)
2=100
*=100 (N=464)
1=100
1=100 (N=2036)
0=100 (N=497)
ASK IF HEARD ABOUT GLOBAL WARMING (Q42f=1):
Q.54
How much do you personally worry about global warming – a great deal, a fair amount,
only a little, or not at all?
A great
deal
United States
19
Great Britain (GP)
26
France (GP)
46
Germany (GP)
30
Spain (GP)
51
Russia
34
Egypt
24
Turkey
41
Indonesia
28
India
65
Pakistan
31
Jordan
26
Nigeria (GP)
45
Nigeria (Christians)
45
Nigeria (Muslims)
47
China
20
Japan
66
A fair
amount
34
41
41
34
34
31
51
29
48
20
25
40
33
33
31
41
27
T-61
Only a
little
26
25
12
29
12
24
20
14
21
10
32
28
16
16
16
29
6
Not at all
21
7
2
7
2
10
3
9
2
3
7
6
4
4
4
8
1
Don’t know/
Refused
1=101
1=100
0=100
1=101
2=101
*=99
1=100
8=101
1=100
2=100
5=100
*=100
2=100
2=100
2=100
2=100
0=100
(N)
(N=932)
(N=498)
(N=843)
(N=486)
(N=836)
(N=803)
(N=439)
(N=757)
(N=352)
(N=1163)
(N=211)
(N=479)
(N=420)
(N=294)
(N=121)
(N=1698)
(N=495)
ASK ALL:
Q.55
What country in the world, if any, represents the greatest danger to (survey country)?
[ACCEPT ONE ANSWER ONLY]
China
Russia
12
China
0
Japan
39
Iran
4
*
*
Iraq
3
0
0
N. Korea Pakistan
2
0
*
1
35
*
Russia
0
1
*
US
39
58
18
Japan Taiwan Other
2
0
3
22
3
2
0
0
2
DK/
Refused
34=99
13=100
5=99
ASK ALL:
Q.56
Do you think China will replace the U.S. as the world’s leading superpower in the next 10 years,
the next 20 years, the next 50 years, or do you think China will not replace the U.S. as the world’s
leading superpower?
United States
Russia
India
China
Japan
Next
10 years
11
10
32
4
7
Next
20 years
22
17
24
13
19
Next
50 years
10
13
9
20
13
Will not
replace
47
45
24
34
59
Don’t know/
Refused
9=99
15=100
12=101
29=100
3=101
ASK THE CHINESE ABOUT ‘JAPAN’ AND THE JAPANESE ABOUT ‘CHINA’:
Q.57
Now thinking about (China or Japan), all things considered, which of these descriptions comes
closest to your view of (China or Japan) today. Do you think (China or Japan) is an adversary,
a serious problem BUT NOT an adversary, OR not much of a problem?
China
Japan
An
adversary
33
31
A serious
problem
34
53
Not much
of a problem
16
15
Don’t know/
Refused
18=101
1=100
ASK ALL:
Q.58
Overall do you think that China’s growing economy is a good thing or a bad thing for our country?
Russia
May 2005
India
May 2005
China
May 2005
Japan
Q.59
Good thing
48
46
40
53
95
89
68
Bad thing
39
40
50
36
2
4
28
Don’t know/
Refused
13=100
14=100
10=100
10=99
2=99
7=100
4=100
And overall do you think that China’s growing military power is a good thing or a bad thing for
our country?
Don’t know/
Bad thing
Refused
Good thing
Russia
12
76
12=100
India
26
63
11=100
China
95
3
2=99
Japan
3
93
3=100
T-62
Q.60
Thinking about Korea, do you think the two Koreas will be reunified in the near future?
China
Japan
Q.61
No,
not reunified
26
71
Don’t know/
Refused
35=100
4=100
Overall, do you think that Japan has apologized sufficiently for its military actions during the 1930s
and 1940s, that Japan has not apologized sufficiently, or do you think no apology is necessary?
China
Japan
Q.62
Yes,
reunified
39
25
Yes, sufficiently
No, not
apologized sufficient apology
3
81
40
44
No apology
necessary
4
14
Don’t know/
Refused
12=100
2=100
Japanese Prime Minister Koizumi has visited and paid tribute at the Yasukuni Shrine every year
since taking office. Do you support or oppose PM Koizumi’s visit to the Yasukuni Shrine?
China
Japan
Support
4
52
Oppose
78
45
Don’t know/
Refused
18=100
3=100
Q.63
Do you favor or oppose changing article nine of the Japanese constitution so that Japan could
officially have a military and could declare war?
Don’t know/
Oppose
Refused
Favor
Japan
27
67
6=100
Q.64
Do you favor or oppose changing the Imperial Household Act so that a female could succeed
to the imperial throne?
Don’t know/
Oppose
Refused
Favor
Japan
76
19
5=100
Q.65
In general, do you think (survey country’s) parents put too much pressure on their children to do
well in school, not enough pressure, or about the right amount of pressure?
United States
India
China
Japan
Too much
pressure
15
61
63
59
Not enough
pressure
56
22
11
9
T-63
Right amount
of pressure
24
15
20
30
Don’t know/
Refused
4=99
2=100
7=101
2=100
Q.66
a.
b.
c.
Now thinking about other issues, please tell me whether you completely agree, mostly agree,
mostly disagree or completely disagree with the following statements.
Completely
agree
Our people are not perfect,
but our culture is superior
to others
China
26
Summer, 2002
21
Japan
23
Summer, 2002
29
Mostly
agree
Mostly
disagree
49
45
60
44
18
22
16
22
3
7
1
3
4=100
5=100
*=100
2=100
22
27
30
20
47
37
48
43
22
23
20
30
3
8
1
5
6=100
5=100
1=100
2=100
Most people have a better life
now, even though some are
rich and some are still poor
China
21
56
17
5
2=100
Our way of life needs to be
protected against foreign
influence
China
Summer, 2002
Japan
Summer, 2002
Q.67
As you may know, the 2008 Summer Olympics will be held in China. Do you think this will be a
good thing or a bad thing for China?
China
Q.68
Bad thing
1
Don’t know/
Refused
2=100
Help
93
Hurt
1
No
impact
3
Don’t know/
Refused
3=100
Overall, do you think we are paying too much attention to the Olympics, not enough attention,
or just the right amount of attention?
China
Q.70
Good thing
97
Do you think the Olympics will help China’s image around the world, hurt China’s image around
the world, or will the Olympics have no impact on China’s image?
China
Q.69
Completely Don’t know/
disagree
Refused
Too much
25
Not enough
21
Right
amount
43
Don’t know/
Refused
11=100
Do you think relations between (survey country) and the US have been improved in recent years,
or don’t you think so?
No, have
Don’t know/
not improved
Refused
Yes, improved
India
70
20
10=100
Pakistan
49
20
30=99
T-64
ASK IF THINKS RELATIONS HAVE IMPROVED (Q.70=1):
Q.71
Is this a good thing or a bad thing?
India
Pakistan
Good
thing
91
82
Bad
thing
5
10
Neither
(VOL)
3
5
Don’t know/
Refused
1=100
2=99
(N)
(N=1422)
(N=662)
ASK ALL IN PAKISTAN ABOUT ‘INDIA’ AND ASK ALL IN INDIA ABOUT ‘PAKISTAN’:
Q.72
Now thinking about (Pakistan/India), do you think relations between (Pakistan/India) and the
US have improved in recent years, or don’t you think so?
India
Pakistan
Yes, improved
40
43
No, have
not improved
41
16
Don’t know/
Refused
19=100
42=101
ASK IF THINKS RELATIONS HAVE IMPROVED (Q.72=1):
Q.73
Is this a good thing or a bad thing?
India
Pakistan
Good
thing
64
50
Bad
thing
31
41
Neither
(VOL)
3
6
Don’t know/
Refused
(N)
1=99
(N=807)
2=99
(N=610)
ASK ALL:
Q.74
Have you heard about the agreement between the US and India concerning India’s nuclear
technology?
Yes, have
No, have
Don’t know/
not heard
Refused
heard
India
62
28
10=100
Pakistan
25
33
42=100
ASK IF HAVE HEARD OF INDIA AGREEMENT (Q74=1):
Q.75
Do you support or oppose the recent agreement between the US and India accepting India’s status
as a country with nuclear weapons?
Don’t know/
Oppose
Refused
(N)
Support
India
75
22
4=101
(N=1285)
Pakistan
20
73
7=100
(N=386)
T-65
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CONFLICTING VIEWS IN A DIVIDED WORLD 2006
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© The Pew Research Center
How Global Publics View: Muslim-Western Relations
Global Issues U.S. Role in the World Asian Rivalries
a PewResearchCenter project
a PewResearchCenter project
CONFLICTING
VIEWS IN A
DIVIDED WORLD
2006
How Global Publics View:
Muslim-Western Relations Global Issues U.S. Role in the World Asian Rivalries
1615 L Street, NW, Suite 700
Washington, DC 20036
t 202.419.4350
f 202.419.4399
www.pewglobal.org