Anu Toots
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Decline in conventional participation
Increasing public (violent) protest; rise of radical
right
New and diverse forms of public participation
Expansion of d. non christian world
Transition from government to governance
◦ Dichotomy between representative power ja crass-root
initiatives is disappearing
◦ Public participation becomes attached to the
administrative power (besides legislative)
◦ Various participatory arenas modify citizenship
competencies
riigiteadused.tlu.ee
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Most European/democratic countries have
introduced citizenship as part of formal schooling
CCE relies on concept of liberal democracy using
it as synonym of dem. government
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To what extent new trends in dem. governance
have become part of CCE in schools?
riigiteadused.tlu.ee
◦ Focus on universal values
◦ Universal approach badly reflects variety of models of
democracy & governance

IEA International Civic and Citizenship Education
Study (ICCS 2009)

Full article in Hedke & Zimenkova (eds).
Education for Civic and Political Participation. A
Critical Approach. Routledge 2012 (forthcoming).
riigiteadused.tlu.ee
◦ 38 countries, incl. (26) 12 European
◦ 14-15 year old 8 Grade students + their teachers
◦ expert survey
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Well institutionalised
Strictly defined roles
One arena, defined
regularity
Inidvidual decisions
Majority rule
Voters-driven policy
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Ballot box
Government
Institutionalisation varies
Changing roles
Various arenas and
regularity
Negotiated decisions
Consensus
Expert-driven policy
Issue networks, citizen
forums, one-stop-shops
Governance
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Administrative forms of participation do not
replace traditional ones but complement them
Thus, CCE should equip students with more
diverse set of skills
Pol. participation is not limited by voting age;
participation comes here & now
CCE should become
MORE DIVERSE
APPLICABLE TODAY
riigiteadused.tlu.ee
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