CATCHING
THE WIND:
London Array Limited
STATE ACTIONS NEEDED TO SEIZE
THE GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY OF
ATLANTIC OFFSHORE WIND POWER
2014
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Authors: Catherine Bowes & Amber Hewett –– National Wildlife Federation.
This report was produced with much assistance from additional National Wildlife Federation staff including Curtis Fisher,
Miles Grant, Felice Stadler, Lena Moffitt, and Mollie Simon.
National Wildlife Federation sincerely appreciates the time and advice of the following partners that reviewed and
contributed to the report: Rob Sargent and Julian Boggs - Environment America; Jonathan Peress, Susan Reid and Tricia
Jedele - Conservation Law Foundation; David Carr - Southern Environmental Law Center; Kit Kennedy, Doug Sims,
Michael Jasny, and Chris Halfnight - Natural Resources Defense Council; Ken Pruitt – Environmental League of
Massachusetts; Dylan Voorhees – Natural Resources Council of Maine; Conor Bambrick - Environmental Advocates of New
York; David Mizrahi – New Jersey Audubon; Brian O’Hara - Southeast Coastal Wind Coalition; Simon Mahan and Chris
Carnavale - Southern Alliance for Clean Energy; Tim Gestwicki & NCWF Science Advisors - North Carolina Wildlife
Federation; Chris Long - American Wind Energy Association; and Stephanie McClellan - Special Initiative for Offshore Wind.
National Wildlife Federation gratefully acknowledges the following foundations for their support of this project: The New
York Community Trust; Rockefeller Brothers Fund; Mertz Gilmore Foundation; and The John Merck Fund.
Report designed by Barbara Raab Sgouros.
REPORT COSPONSORS
THIS REPORT IS AVAILABLE ONLINE AT WWW.NWF.ORG/OFFSHOREWIND
© 2014 National Wildlife Federation
BARD
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Atlantic coastline is at the epicenter of America’s energy and environmental challenges,
with state leaders currently facing critical decisions to meet the region’s growing energy
demands and protect our communities and wildlife from the impacts of climate change. The
cities, metropolitan areas, and sprawling suburbs that stretch along the East Coast have a
massive, pollution-free energy source ready to meet these challenges –– offshore wind.
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CATCHING THE WIND
3
ATLANTIC OFFSHORE WIND POWER
A GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY TO BENEFIT OUR
ENVIRONMENT AND STRENGTHEN OUR ECONOMY
Along the Atlantic Coast lies a massive, world-class wind energy resource –– far offshore, yet
available to our major metropolitan areas –– offering an unmatched solution to the region’s energy
and environmental challenges. Harnessing just a fraction of this resource, estimated at over
1,300 gigawatts (GW) of electricity generation potential, would result in a fundamental
transformation in how and where this country produces energy –- decreasing our reliance on fossil
fuels, stabilizing energy prices, creating local good-paying jobs, enhancing our nation’s global
competitiveness, and helping protect wildlife and future generations from the dangerous impacts
of climate change. 1
EAST COAST ENERGY GOLD MINE
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SOURCE: Map: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2012); U.S. Energy Information Administration electricity sales data (2014); U.S. Census Bureau population data (2011)
4
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ATLANTIC OFFSHORE WIND
POWER OFFERS A UNIQUE
OPPORTUNITY TO:
1. Produce Clean Power Where
and When We Need It Most
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CATCHING THE WIND
5
Flickr: Nick Humphries
2. Diversify Our Energy Portfolio:
Reducing Costs and Pollution
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OFFSHORE WIND POWER:
Key Opportunity to Meet New
Federal Carbon Pollution Limits
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6
NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION
How Does Price Suppression Work?
Electricity providers purchase power through hourly
auctions from the range of power plants available, selecting
the cheapest sources first before moving onto higher-cost
options. Once online, the primary driver of cost for a power
plant to produce electricity is fuel. Since wind projects pay
nothing for wind, grid operators prioritize this source over
power plants with greater fuel costs. As a result, wind
power displaces the least efficient and most expensive
power sources in our energy mix, decreasing the market
clearing price for electricity and creating significant cost
savings across the system.
3. Provide an Environmentally
Responsible Energy Source
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Flickr: Billtacular
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CATCHING THE WIND
7
Joachim Lohse
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OFFSHORE WIND POWER
IS A BOOMING GLOBAL
INDUSTRY
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4. Spark Transformative
Economic Development
Opportunities
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8
NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION
Siemens press picture
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CATCHING THE WIND
9
ATLANTIC OFFSHORE WIND
DEVELOPMENT: CURRENT STATUS
Thanks to the leadership of the federal government, visionary state leaders, resolute wind industry
pioneers, and engaged stakeholders along the coast, America is finally on the cusp of reaching a new
clean energy frontier. With strong public support and recent progress by the U.S. Department of the
Interior’s Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) in designating significant areas of the Atlantic
Ocean for offshore wind power development, states now have the opportunity to tap this clean energy
resource at scale and bring thousands of megawatts of clean power online right where we need it.
Key signs of momentum include:
,3D?>:B=E!>?=@E&?CD:@=E,?DECAE?B:'E9C?E/
ESTIMATED GENERATION POTENTIAL OF
FEDERAL WIND ENERGY AREAS (MW)
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10
NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION
CURRENT ATLANTIC OFFSHORE WIND PLANNING AND PROJECT AREAS
0
50
100
150
Nautical Miles
SOURCE: Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Office of Renewable Energy Programs, June 2014.
200
250
STATE ACTIONS TO ADVANCE OFFSHORE WIND POWER
GOAL
CARBON POLICIES
INITIATIVES/ INVESTMENT
FEDERAL ITC
SUPPORTERS*
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12
NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION
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PROGRESS ACHIEVED IN ADVANCING OFFSHORE WIND POWER
FEDERAL LEASING STATUS
STATE REGULATORY APPROVALS FOR
PERMITS/CONTRACTS
PROJECTS MOVING FORWARD
(LEASES/PERMITS & CONTRACTS SECURED)
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ANALYSIS OF STATE ACTIONS
TO ADVANCE ATLANTIC OFFSHORE WIND POWER
State governments have a critical role to play in driving the market for offshore wind power. It is
a pivotal moment in America’s pursuit of this new clean energy frontier, and increased state
leadership is essential to seize the opportunity of the progress made to date and finally launch
offshore wind power for America.
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LEADING THE WAY: -B==B:85=D@@=0E8C;DE"=<BA;
0PPUQYV\]LWZS]OYL\V]OVY+\R[U]QXG\]U\RNV\S]Z\R\UUXVI]RYZ[VXR[U]XZS]T\XU\UFO\VKW[U
SIGNIFICANT MOMENTUM: -B?1<BA;E
1V\R\S\Z[AU\[[WZM]WZR\Z[WG\]OYTWRI]XZS]T\XUWZM]OVYR\UU]XV\]DY[Q]KYGWZM]PYVLXVS
KEY STEPS FORWARD: >?4>A>B0E+D7EC?'0E+D7ED?=D10E%D<B7B?DE
;[X[\U]QXG\][X8\Z]U[\OU]PYVLXVS][Y]XSGXZR\]YPPUQYV\]LWZS]OYL\V]XZS][Q\]P\S\VXT]T\XUWZM]OVYR\UU]QXU]RYKK\ZR\S
INITIAL ACTIVITIES UNDERWAY: -B>AD0E+C?@8E(B?C<>AB0E$C5@8E(B?C<>AB0EDC?4>B
0PPUQYV\]LWZS]V\U\XVRQ]XZS]OV\TWKWZXVI]OTXZZWZM]XR[WGW[W\U]NZS\VLXI
STATES TO WATCH: +D7EB36=8>?D0E(CAAD:@>:5@0E!<C?>;BE
3Y]XR[WG\]YPPUQYV\]LWZS]OYL\V]OTXZZWZM]XR[WGW[W\U
14
NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION
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CATCHING THE WIND
17
RECOMMENDATIONS
The immense vision and leadership of key state and federal leaders, committed industry players,
and engaged stakeholders has brought the U.S. closer than ever before to reaching the new clean
energy frontier of offshore wind power. While getting just one project into the water will serve as an
important national precedent, a pipeline of projects under development –– measured in thousan ds
of megawatts –– is needed to provide the long-term market certainty required to launch an
American offshore wind industry at scale that can reduce costs and deliver the environmental and
economic benefits already evident overseas. State leadership is essential to create the favorable
policy and political environment necessary to seize this opportunity and spur the responsible
development of offshore wind power off our shores.
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18
NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION
London Array Limited
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CATCHING THE WIND
19
ENDNOTES
1
2
Schwartz, M., D. Heimiller, S. Haymes, and W. Musial. Assessment of
Offshore Wind Energy Resources for the United States. National Renewable
Energy Laboratory Technical Report TP-500-45889. (2010)
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/45889.pdf. Hereafter referenced as:
NREL Technical Report TP-500-45889 (2010)
U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retail Sales of Electricity by State
1990-2012. (May 20, 2014) http://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/state/;
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NOAA’s State of the
Coast. (2012) http://stateofthecoast.noaa.gov/population/welcome.html
3
U.S. Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Outlook 2014 with
Projections to 2040. (April 2014)
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/0383(2014).pdf
4
Bailey, B., Wilson, W., and Tareila, C. Understanding Offshore Wind’s
Enhanced Peak Load Coincidence for East Coast Transmission Systems. AWS
Truepower. Presentation at Windpower 2013 Conference, Chicago, May 8,
2013. Available online at:
https://www.awstruepower.com/assets/OffshoreLoadCoincidence-BaileyAWST-Windpower2013.pdf; Dvorak, M.J., et al. US East Coast offshore wind
energy resources and their relationship to peak-time electricity demand.
Wind Energy 2013; 16:977-997. (July 25, 2012)
5
Cape Wind. Cape Wind Would Supply Large Amounts of Electricity as Heat
Wave Sends Electric Demand Soaring. (July 22, 2011); Deepwater Wind. As
Temperatures Soar in the Northeast, Offshore Wind Farm Would Produce
Massive Amount of Electricity. (July 18, 2012)
http://www.dwwind.com/news/as-temperatures-soar-in-the-northeastoffshore-wind-farm-would-produce-massive-amount-of-electricity
6
Fisher, C., and Shearn, I.T. Extreme Weather Extreme Costs: The True
Financial Impact of Superstorm Sandy on New Jersey Homeowners,
Businesses, and Municipalities. US Strong. (2013)
http://usstrong.us/wp/wpcontent/uploads/2013/10/USstrong_ExtremeWeather_FINAL_Links.pdf
7
IPCC AR5: 16 (2014)
8
2014 National Climate Assessment
9
PJM Interconnection. Analysis of Operational Events and Market Impacts
During the January 2014 Cold Weather Events. (May 8, 2014)
http://www.pjm.com/~/media/documents/reports/20140509-analysis-ofoperational-events-and-market-impacts-during-the-jan-2014-cold-weatherevents.ashx
10
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Winter 2013-2014 Operations and
Market Performance in RTOs and ISOs. (April 1, 2014) Presentation and
narrative available online at: http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staffreports/2014/04-01-14.pdf
11
Yeomans, W. Winter 2013-14 Cold Weather Operations. New York
Independent System Operator. Presentation to NYS Public Service
Commission Technical Conference on Winter Pricing and Supply, May 15,
2014.
12
Testimony of Stephen G. Whitley, President and CEO, New York Independent
System Operator, Joint Public Hearing of the NYS Assembly Standing
Committees on Energy and Corporations, March 5, 2009; Johnson, K.
“Blown Away: Wind Power Makes Electricity Cheaper in Texas.” Wall Street
Journal. (August 10, 2009)
http://blogs.wsj.com/environmentalcapital/2009/08/10/blown-away-windpower-makes-electricity-cheaper-in-texas/;
13
14
Tabors, R., Omondi, L., Rudkevich, A., Goldis, E., and Amoako-Gyan, K. Price
Suppression and Emissions Reductions with Offshore Wind: An Analysis of
the Impact of Increased Capacity in New England. Tabors Caramanis
Rudkevich and Newton Energy Group: Cambridge, MA. (June 2014)
Hereafter referenced as: Tabors, R., et al (June 2014)
Charles River Associates. Update to the Analysis of the Impact of Cape Wind
on Lowering New England Energy Prices. Prepared for Cape Wind Associates
LLC. (March 29, 2012)
http://www.capewind.org/sites/default/files/downloads/CRA-Updated-CapeWind-Report-29Mar2012_0.pdf
15
Tabors, R., et al (June 2014)
16
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Clean Power Plant Proposed Rule and
information available online at: http://www2.epa.gov/carbon-pollutionstandards/clean-power-plan-proposed-rule
17
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Regulatory Impact Analysis for the
Final Mercury and Air Toxics Standards. (December 2011)
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ecas/regdata/RIAs/matsriafinal.pdf; For example,
see: Castellote, M., Clark, C.W., and Lammers, M.O. Acoustic and
behavioural changes by fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in response to
shipping and airgun noise. Biological Conservation 2012, 147: 115-122;
Cerchio, S., Strindberg, S., Collins, T., Bennett, C., and Rosenbaum, H.
Seismic surveys negatively affect humpback whale singing activity off
Northern Angola. PLoS ONE 2014, 9(3):e86464; Slotte, A., Hansen, K.,
Dalen, J., and One, E. Acoustic mapping of pelagic fish distribution and
abundance in relation to a seismic shooting area off the Norwegian west
20
NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION
coast. Fish. Res. 2004, 67:143-150
18
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report AR5.
(2014) http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/index.shtml. Hereafter referenced as:
IPCC AR5: 16 (2014); 2014 National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global
Change Research Program. http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report.
Hereafter referenced as: 2014 National Climate Assessment
19
European and U.S. wind-wildlife data was synthesized in NWF’s 2012 report:
The Turning Point for Atlantic Offshore Wind Energy (p 19-23). Online at:
http://www.nwf.org/pdf/Reports/NWF_2012OffshoreWind_Final.pdf
20
National Wildlife Federation. Offshore Wind and Wildlife.
http://www.nwf.org/What-We-Do/Energy-and-Climate/RenewableEnergy/Offshore-Wind/Offshore-Wind-Wildlife-Impacts.aspx
21
EWEA (January 2014)
22
Jackson, Derrick. “New Bedford looks to “Wind City”. Boston Globe (May 26,
2013) http://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2013/05/25/new-bedfordlooks-wind-city/7XnssjgXcWhVEAtFdgdkhJ/story.html; For details on
offshore wind in Denmark visit: http://www.windpower.org/en/; Bertram,
Rebecca. A Fresh Breeze for Seaports. Heinrich Boll Stiftung, Washington DC
(June 2012). Online at:
http://us.boell.org/sites/default/files/downloads/Bertram_Breezy.pdf
23
EWEA (2011)
24
NREL Technical Report TP-500-45889 (2010)
25
Rowley, J. “Marine Commerce Terminal Meeting Jobs Goal.” ecoRI news.
(May 10, 2014) http://www.ecori.org/massachusettsecon/2014/5/10/marine-commerce-terminal-meeting-jobs-goal.html
26
Appleyard, D. “Annual Offshore Wind Investment to Hit €18 Billion”.
RenewableEnergyWorld.com. (July 12, 2013)
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/07/annualoffshore-wind-investment-to-hit-18-billion
27
European Wind Energy Association. The European offshore wind industry –
key trends and statistics 2013. (January 2014)
http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/statistics/European
_offshore_statistics_2013.pdf. Hereafter referenced as: EWEA (January
2014); European Wind Energy Association. Wind in our Sails – The coming
of Europe’s Offshore Wind Industry. (2011)
http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/publications/r
eports/23420_Offshore_report_web.pdf. Hereafter referenced as: EWEA
(2011)
28
Jones, F. “China’s Offshore Wind to Pick Up the Pace.” offshoreWIND.biz.
(June 25, 2014) http://www.offshorewind.biz/2014/06/25/chinese-offshorewind-to-pick-up-the-pace/; Wyatt, S., et al. Detailed appraisal of the
offshore wind industry in China. Carbon Trust. (November 2013)
http://www.carbontrust.com/media/510530/detailed-appraisal-of-theoffshore-wind-industry-in-china.pdf
29
Watanabe, C. “Japan Wind Lobby Boosts Wind Target by Half.” Bloomberg.
(May 30, 2014) http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-30/japan-windlobby-boosts-wind-capacity-target-by-half.html
30
Mitchell, J., and Sessoms, W. “Nothing partisan about renewing American
wind power incentives.” The Hill. (June 10, 2014)
http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/energy-environment/208538nothing-partisan-about-renewing-american-wind-power
31
Cf. Azau, S. “The wind: powerful enough to save Europe’s economy?” Wind
Directions. (April 2012) Volume 31(2).
http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/emags/winddirections/201204/pdf/WD_April_2012.pdf
32
For more information on Cape Wind: http://www.capewind.org/; For more
information on the Block Island Wind Farm: http://dwwind.com/blockisland/block-island-project-overview
33
Musial, W., Elliott, D., Fields, J., Parker, Z., and Scott, G. Analysis of Offshore
Wind Energy Leasing Areas for the Rhode Island/Massachusetts Wind
Energy Area. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Report TP-5000-58091.
(April 2013) http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/58091.pdf. Hereafter
referenced as: NREL Technical Report TP-5000-58091 (April 2013); Musial,
W., Elliott, D., Fields, J., Parker, Z., and Scott, G. Assessment of Offshore
Wind Energy Leasing Areas for the BOEM Maryland Wind Energy Area.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Report TP-5000-58562. (June 2013)
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/58562.pdf. Hereafter referenced as:
NREL Report TP-5000-58562 (June 2013); Musial, W., Elliott, D., Fields, J.,
Parker, Z., and Scott, G. Assessment of Offshore Wind Energy Leasing Areas
for the BOEM New Jersey Wind Energy Area. National Renewable Energy
Laboratory Report TP-5000-60403. (October 2013)
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/60403.pdf. Hereafter referenced as:
NREL Report TP-5000-60403 (October 2013); Musial, W., Parker, Z., Fields,
J., Elliott, D., Scott, G., and Draxl, C. Assessment of Offshore Wind Energy
Leasing Areas for the BOEM Massachusetts Wind Energy Area. National
Renewable Energy Laboratory Report TP-5000-60942. (December 2013)
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60942.pdf. Hereafter referenced as:
NREL Report TP-5000-60942 (December 2013); U.S. Department of the
Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. Atlantic Wind Lease Sale 1
(ATLW1) Commercial Leasing for Wind Power on the Outer Continental Shelf
Offshore Virginia – Final Sale Notice. Federal Register July 23, 2013, Vol.
78(141):44150-6 http://www.boem.gov/VA_Final-Sale-Notice_Signed/;
Delaware generation potential calculated using an estimate of 3 MW/km2,
methodology consistent with estimation methods used by NREL under the
Renewable Electricity Futures Study:
http://www.nrel.gov/analysis/re_futures/
34
For more information on BOEM’s activities in a particular state:
http://www.boem.gov/Renewable-Energy-State-Activities/
35
Department of Energy press release: Energy Department Offers Conditional
Commitment to Cape Wind Offshore Wind Generation Project. July 1, 2014.
Online at: http://energy.gov/articles/energy-department-offers-conditionalcommitment-cape-wind-offshore-wind-generation-projec-0; Davidson, Peter.
For Cape Wind, Summer Breeze Makes Offshore Wind Feel Fine. Department
of Energy blog July 1,2014. Online at: http://energy.gov/lpo/articles/capewind-summer-breeze-makes-offshore-wind-feel-fine
36
For more information on the U.S. Department of Energy’s investments in
offshore wind power: http://energy.gov/articles/energy-departmentannounces-innovative-offshore-wind-energy-projects
37
NREL Technical Report TP-5000-58091. (April 2013); NREL Technical Report
TP-5000-60942. (December 2013)
38
Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources. Wind Energy in
Massachusetts: 2,000 MW by 2020. (2009)
http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/doer/renewables/wind/wind-energy-ma2020.pdf; MA Renewable Portfolio Standard:
http://dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=MA05R; An
Act Establishing the Global Warming Solutions Act, St. 2008, c. 298. MA Acts
of 2008:
https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2008/Chapter298; An Act
Relative to Competitively Priced Electricity in the Commonwealth, St. 2012,
c. 209. MA Acts of 2012.
http://www.malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2012/Chapter209.
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, Massachusetts:
http://www.rggi.org/rggi_benefits/program_investments/massachusetts;
For more information on the status of BOEM leasing activities in
Massachusetts: http://www.boem.gov/State-Activities-Massachusetts/
39
For more information on the New Bedford Marine Commerce Terminal:
http://www.masscec.com/programs/new-bedford-marine-commerceterminal; For more information on the Wind Technology Testing Center:
http://www.masscec.com/wttc
40
Cape Wind leasing documents online at: http://www.boem.gov/renewableenergy-program/Current-Projects/Index.aspx; Department of Energy press
release: Energy Department Offers Conditional Commitment to Cape Wind
Offshore Wind Generation Project. July 1, 2014. Online at:
http://energy.gov/articles/energy-department-offers-conditionalcommitment-cape-wind-offshore-wind-generation-projec-0; MA Department
of Public Utilities. [D.P.U. 12-30] Petition of NSTAR Electric Company for
approval by the Department of Public Utilities of a long-term contract to
purchase wind power and renewable energy certificates, pursuant to St.
2008, c. 169, § 83 and 220 C.M.R. § 17.00 et seq. (November 26, 2012)
http://web1.env.state.ma.us/DPU/FileRoomAPI/api/Attachments/Get/?path
=12-30%2f112612dpuord.pdf
41
McCann, J., et al. Rhode Island Ocean Special Area Management Plan.
Adopted by the RI Coastal resources Management Council on October 19,
2010. Volumes 1 and 2 available at:
http://seagrant.gso.uri.edu/oceansamp/documents.html
42
RI Renewable Portfolio Standard:
http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=RI08R;
An Act Relating to Public Utilities and Carriers, H 5002. RI Acts of 2009.
http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/BillText/BillText09/HouseText09/H5002.pdf;
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, Rhode Island:
http://www.rggi.org/rggi_benefits/program_investments/rhode_island; For
more information on the status of BOEM leasing activities in Rhode Island:
http://www.boem.gov/State-Activities-Rhode-Island/
43
State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Public Utilities
Commission. [Docket No. 4185] Review of Amended Power Purchase
Agreement between Narragansett Electric Company and Deepwater Wind
Block Island, LLC Pursuant to R.I. Gen. Laws § 39-26.1-7. (August 11, 2010)
http://www.ripuc.org/eventsactions/docket/4185_Report_and_0rder.pdf;
Kuffner, A. R.I. Coastal Guardians OK Deepwater Wind’s 5-Turbine Project off
Block Island. Providence Journal. (May 13, 2014)
http://www.providencejournal.com/news/government/20140513-r.-i.coastal-guardians-ok-deepwater-winds-5-turbine-project-off-block-island.ece
44
For more information on the status of BOEM leasing activities in Maryland:
http://www.boem.gov/State-Activities-Maryland/
45
Maryland Offshore Wind Energy Act of 2013. Chapter 3, House Bill 226.
(Approved April 9, 2013)
http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2013RS/chapters_noln/Ch_3_hb0226E.pdf;
NREL Report TP-5000-58562 (June 2013); Regional Greenhouse Gas
Initiative, Maryland: http://www.boem.gov/State-Activities-Rhode-Island/
46
Virginia Offshore Wind Development Authority enabling legislation:
http://wind.jmu.edu/offshore/documents/Title%2067,%20Chapter%2012,
%20Code%20of%20VA.pdf; Virginia Energy Council. Executive Order 16.
(June 4, 2014) -
https://governor.virginia.gov/news/newsarticle?articleId=4913; For more
information on Dominion’s Virginia Offshore Wind Technology Advancement
Project: https://www.dom.com/about/stations/renewable/vowtap.jsp; For
more information on the status of BOEM leasing activities in Virginia:
http://www.boem.gov/State-Activities-Virginia/
47
Long Island Power Authority. Request for Proposals for 280 MW of New, OnIsland, Renewable Capacity and Energy. (October 18, 2013)
http://www.lipower.org/proposals/280MW.html; NYS Department of State.
Offshore Atlantic Ocean Study. (July 2013)
http://docs.dos.ny.gov/communitieswaterfronts/ocean_docs/NYSDOS_Offshore
_Atlantic_Ocean_Study.pdf; NY State Energy Research & Development
Authority, NY Renewable Portfolio Standard:
https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/Energy-Data-and-Prices-Planning-andPolicy/Program-Planning/Renewable-Portfolio-Standard.aspx; Regional
Greenhouse Gas Initiative, New York:
http://www.rggi.org/rggi_benefits/program_investments/new_york; For
more information on the status of BOEM leasing activities in New York:
http://www.boem.gov/State-Activities-New-York/
48
NREL Report TP-5000-60403 (October 2013); State of New Jersey, 214th
Legislature, Senate, No. 2036. Offshore Wind Economic Development Act.
(2010) ftp://www.njleg.state.nj.us/20102011/S2500/2036_R2.PDF; For
more information on Fishermen’s Energy Atlantic City Windfarm:
http://www.fishermensenergy.com/atlantic-city-windfarm.php; For more
information on the status of BOEM leasing activities in New Jersey:
http://www.boem.gov/State-Activities-New-Jersey/
49
DE Renewable Portfolio Standard:
http://depsc.delaware.gov/electric/delrps.shtml; Regional Greenhouse Gas
Initiative, Delaware:
http://www.rggi.org/rggi_benefits/program_investments/delaware; For
more information on the status of BOEM leasing activities in Delaware:
http://www.boem.gov/State-Activities-Delaware/
50
The University of Maine Advanced Structures and Composites Center. Press
release, “Electrons from first offshore wind turbine in North America to flow
into U.S. grid at noon.” (June 13, 2013) http://composites.umaine.edu/; For
more information on Aqua Ventus Maine: http://maineaquaventus.com/; For
more information on the status of BOEM leasing activities in Maine:
http://www.boem.gov/State-Activities-Maine/
51
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Coastal Wind: Energy for North
Carolina’s Future: A Study of the Feasibility of Wind Turbines in the Pamlico
and Albemarle Sounds and in Ocean Waters off the North Carolina Coast.
Prepared for the North Carolina General Assembly. (June 2009)
http://www.climate.unc.edu/Portals/Climate/Coastal%20Wind%20Energy%20for%20NC2019s%20Future.pdf; UNC ongoing Studies
toward fulfillment of the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act offshore of North
Carolina: Stakeholder Uses and Essential Fish Habitat and Wind Energy Call
Areas, information available at:
http://marine.unc.edu/research/projects/boem-offshore-wind-studiesphase-i/; North Carolina Coastal Ocean Observing System, NC Wind Study
information available at: http://nccoos.org/projects/nc-wind-study/; North
Carolina Transmission Planning Collaborative. Carolinas Wind Study.
(September 9, 2013) http://www.nctpc.org/nctpc/document/REF/2013-0909/2013_Carolinas_Wind_Study_Report_FINAL_redacted.pdf; State of North
Carolina. Report of the Governor’s Scientific Advisory Panel on Offshore
Energy. (Submitted to Gov. Bev Perdue on September 30, 2011)
http://www.energync.net/Portals/14/Documents/OffshoreEnergy/12-132011%20Offshore%20Energy%20REPORT%20FINAL.pdf; Gov. Pat
McCrory’s letter of support to BOEM available at:
http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=BOEM-2012-0088-0031;
For more information on the status of BOEM leasing activities in North
Carolina: http://www.boem.gov/state-activities-north-carolina/
52
South Carolina Energy Office. South Carolina’s Role in Wind Energy
Development, prepared in response to Act 318 of 2008; South Carolina
General Assembly, 120th Session, S. 757, Wind Energy Capabilities of South
Carolina. (Passed May 28, 2014)
http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess120_2013-2014/bills/757.htm; For more
information on Clemson University’s Wind Turbine Testing Facility:
http://www.clemson.edu/facilities/energyawareness/projects/windturbine.html; For more information on the status of
BOEM leasing activities in South Carolina: http://www.boem.gov/StateActivities-South-Carolina/
53
Georgia Institute of Technology and Southern Company. Southern Winds: A
Summary of Wind Power Generation Potential off the Georgia Coast. (2007)
http://www.southerncompany.com/what-doing/pdf/WindReport.pdf; For
more information on the status of BOEM leasing activities in Georgia:
http://www.boem.gov/State-Activities-Georgia/
54
Georgia Wind Working Group: http://www.gawwg.org/home.html; Georgia
Department of Natural Resources Coastal and Marine Portal update:
http://coastalgadnr.org/sites/uploads/crd/pdf/CAC/GCAMP_CAC.pdf
55
State of New Hampshire General Court. House Bill 1312, An act establishing
a committee to study offshore wind energy and the development of other
ocean power technology. (February 19, 2014)
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/legislation/2014/HB1312.html
56
For more information on the status of BOEM leasing activities in Florida:
http://www.boem.gov/State-Activities-Florida/
CATCHING THE WIND
21
Inspiring Americans to protect
wildlife for our children’s future
Flickr: Alex Berger
www.nwf.org