CHABOT COLLEGE CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY
Chabot College
Semester 3
Novell IPX
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NetWare Networks
In the early 1980’s, Novell developed a network
operating system (NOS) that grew to dominate the
market: NetWare.
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Based on work done by Xerox (XNS)
Client/Server
Multi-platform support (Mac, PC, UNIX)
Proprietary Protocol Stack: IPX/SPX
NetWare servers act as routers
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Major NetWare Versions
– NetWare 2.x
– NetWare 3.12
– NetWare 4.11 (dubbed IntraNetWare)
– NetWare 5 (current release)
In the last 15 years, NetWare has seen major
changes in Ethertype, directory services, and
layer 3 protocols.
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Decline of Novell
With the rapid emergence of another NOS,
Microsoft NT, and the TCP/IP-driven Internet:
– Novell no longer leads the NOS market
– NetWare 5.0 is IP-based
– Novell’s Directory Services (NDS) remains
viable
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Novell Today
“IPX and NLMs are dead”
-- 9/00, Carl Ledbetter, Novell chief technology officer.
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Legacy Networks
There is an enormous installed base of
NetWare networks. These legacy networks
require support for:
– IPX/SPX
– Multiple Ethernet Frame Types
– Proprietary Novell routing protocols and
service advertisements.
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The hero of our story...
Cisco Systems continues to support legacy
NetWare networks with a rich feature-set
that can be added to any release of its
IOS.
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Cisco Routers in NetWare
NetWare servers can route, but Cisco
routers add flexibility, manageability and
scalability to a NetWare network.
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Novell’s Legacy Protocol Suite
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Key NetWare Features
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Novell IPX Addressing
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Novell IPX Addressing
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A true story….
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Multiple Novell Encapsulations
• Remember the defaults!
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Ethernet Frame Type History
• 1980 - Xerox, Intel and DEC release
Ethernet Version I (no longer used)
• 1982 - Xerox, Intel and DEC release
Ethernet Version II, aka
– Ethernet v2
– Ethernet II
– DIX Ethernet
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Ethernet Frame Type History
• 1982+ - Ethernet II becomes the de facto
standard for framing TCP/IP.
– TCP/IP is the Internet’s protocol.
– The Internet evolved from the DoD’s ARPANET.
(Remember: TCP/IP -> Internet-> ARPA)
Ethernet II (used with TCP/IP networks)
64 bits
Preamble
48 bits
DA
48 bits
SA
16 bits
Type
variable
Data
32 bits
FCS
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Ethernet Frame Type History
Meanwhile…
• 1982 - IEEE’s 802 committee begins
working on their own Ethernet
standard, 802.3
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Ethernet Frame Type History
The plot thickens...
• 1983 - Upstart Novell, newly
incorporated, can’t wait for IEEE and
releases a frame format based on the
preliminary 802.3 specification.
Ethernet_802.3 (used in legacy Novell Netware)
64 bits
Preamble
48 bits
DA
48 bits
SA
16 bits
Length
variable
Data
32 bits
FCS
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Ethernet Frame Type History
Novell’s frame format has no field for
indicating what Layer 3 protocol should
get the packet.
After all, IPX is the only Layer 3 protocol
worth running, right?
Ethernet_802.3 (used in legacy Novell Netware)
64 bits
Preamble
48 bits
DA
48 bits
SA
16 bits
Length
variable
Data
32 bits
FCS
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Ethernet Frame Type History
1985 - IEEE releases the 802.3 spec with
the LLC fields (which use Service Access
Points to point to layer 3 protocols),
making Novell’s format incompatible.
Ethernet_802.2 (an 802.3 frame with LLC)
64 bits
Preamble
variable
Data
48 bits
DA
32 bits
FCS
48 bits
SA
16 bits
Length
8 bits
DSAP
8 bits
SSAP
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Ethernet Frame Type History
Quick note:
There are two SAPs in this chapter, they
are not the same:
LLC: Service Access Points
Novell: Service Advertisement Protocol
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Ethernet Frame Type History
• Finally, Ethernet 802.3 SNAP was
created because of compatibility issues
between Ethernet II and 802.3.
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Ethernet Frame Type Recap
• Ethernet II
– aka DIX Ethernet, Ethernet v2, arpa
• Ethernet 802.3
– aka 802.3 raw, Novell Proprietary, novell ether
• Ethernet 802.3/802.2
– aka IEEE 802.3, Ethernet 802.2, sap
• Ethernet 802.3 SNAP
– aka Ethernet SNAP, snap
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Cisco Encapsulation Names
These Ethernet frame types and their IOS
names are on the CCNA exam.
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Default Frame Type
Note: The default Ethernet encapsulation
type on Cisco routers does not match the
default Ethernet encapsulation type on
Novell servers after NetWare 3.11.
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Important!
• Every frame type in use on your network
must have it’s own logical network.
• Ethernet 802.3 and Ethernet II can live
together on the same wire, but an 802.3
station can’t “talk” to a node that only uses
Ethernet II.
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Multiple Frame Types
If two frame types are in use on the
same segment that a Cisco router lives
on, that router’s interface will need two
logical (network) addresses, one for
each frame type.
How can e0 have two addresses?
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Subinterfaces
• Actually, one Cisco router interface can
have over 4 billion logical addresses.
• This is done using the subinterface
command.
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Subinterfaces
In global configuration mode, invoke the
serial interface using a decimal point
followed by the subinterface you wish to
create.
Router(config)#int s0.1
Router(config-subif)#
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Subinterfaces
By using subinterfaces you put one physical
interface on multiple logical networks:
e0.1 ip address 169.199.69.190 255.255.255.192
e0.2 ip address 169.199.69.254 255.255.255.192
e0.3 ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
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Subinterfaces
This allows a single interface to have multiple
IPX addresses (and thus encapsulation types)
Ethernet0.1 is up, line protocol is up
IPX address is 4F.0000.0c04.8c8b, SAP [up] line-up
Ethernet0.2 is up, line protocol is up
IPX address is 219A.0000.0c04.8c8b, NOVELL-ETHER
[up] line-up
Ethernet0.3 is up, line protocol is up
IPX address is 3B.0000.0c04.8c8b, ARPA [up] line-up
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Subinterfaces
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Novell Uses RIP for Routing
• Novell RIP is different than IP RIP.
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IP RIP vs. Novell RIP
Novell RIP:
– has more than one metric (hop count & ticks)
– can equal-cost load balance over multiple paths
– sends updates every 60 seconds by default, not 30
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Novell SAP
All servers and routers keep a complete list
of the services available throughout the
network in server information tables.
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Novell SAP
• SAP updates
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are broadcast
are sent by file servers, print servers, etc.
occur every 60 seconds (default)
are NOT forwarded by routers
To prevent excessive traffic across WAN links,
routers build comprehensive SAP tables and
send those instead of forward individual
updates.
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GNS Get Nearest Server
If there are no NetWare servers on the local network, the
Cisco router will respond with a server address from its
own SAP table.
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IPX Configuration Tasks
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IPX Global Configuration Tasks
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IPX Configuration Example
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Verifying IPX Operation
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Troubleshooting
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Troubleshooting
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Troubleshooting
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Troubleshooting
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Troubleshooting
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Troubleshooting