Chapter 8 Index
Tables
Table 8B.1. Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Source, 1950-2005
Table 8B.2. National Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions, 1980-2005
Table 8B.3. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions by Province, 1993-2005
Table 8B.4. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions by Industrial Sector, 1991-2005
Table 8B.5. Ambient Air Quality in Chinese Cities, 1980-2005
Table 8B.6. Ambient Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) Levels, Selected Cities, 1986-2004
Table 8B.7. Ambient Sulfur Dioxide Levels, Selected Cities, 1986-2005
Table 8B.8. Ambient Nitrogen Oxide Levels, Selected Cities, 1986-2005
Table 8B.9. Ambient Particulate Deposition Velocity, Selected Cities, 1986-2004
Table 8B.10. Average pH of Precipitation in Cities within "Acid Rain Control Regions", 1994-2005
Table 8B.11. Ambient Air Pollution Standards, 1996
Table 8C.1. Ambient Carbon Monoxide Levels, Selected Cities, 1981-2004
Table 8C.2. Acidity of Precipitation, 1981-1997
Table 8C.3. Comparison of Severity of Acid Rain in Various Cities, 1994-1999
Table 8C.4. Indoor Air Pollution in Chinese Residences: Range of Pollutant Levels Reported in Research Articles
Figures
Figure 8B.1. Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1950-2005
Figure 8B.2. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions, 1997-2005
Figure 8B.3. Industrial Pollutant Emissions by Sector, 2005
Figure 8B.4. Ambient Air Pollutant Levels in China's Major Cities (Annual Averages) Compared to Chinese Class II Air Quality
Standards, 1980-2004
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-1
Table 8B.1. Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Source, 1950-2005
Table 8B.1. Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Source, 1950-2005 (continued)
1. Million Tonnes of Carbon
Year
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Solid
21.2
27.3
34.2
35.6
42.5
50.0
56.0
66.6
138.7
189.8
204.3
142.6
112.4
110.9
109.6
118.2
128.2
104.7
112.7
136.8
181.8
201.0
210.4
213.9
211.9
247.5
248.5
279.4
313.9
322.0
313.3
314.1
341.1
360.8
396.3
432.0
451.6
481.8
514.9
522.0
527.0
546.1
563.4
593.5
633.8
680.6
707.7
680.9
626.8
649.3
654.3
663.3
700.9
839.0
991.0
1,115.7
Fossil Fuels
Liquid
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.9
1.5
2.2
2.5
3.4
5.2
6.3
6.1
5.9
6.4
7.6
9.6
12.2
11.6
13.3
18.2
24.9
31.8
36.8
42.4
48.9
54.7
64.3
69.4
73.4
72.3
70.7
66.3
66.8
68.4
70.0
73.5
78.4
83.5
89.3
93.1
91.3
98.8
107.9
107.3
105.0
115.9
125.0
135.0
134.6
146.4
159.1
161.9
170.3
186.9
232.4
233.2
2. Shares
Gas
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.7
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.1
3.9
4.6
5.3
6.3
7.2
7.6
7.5
6.7
6.3
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.2
7.3
7.5
7.9
8.0
8.4
8.3
9.8
11.3
11.6
12.1
12.1
13.8
14.9
16.3
18.3
19.9
21.9
19.5
24.0
Subtotal
21.5
27.8
35.0
36.6
44.0
52.1
59.1
70.0
143.4
196.9
212.9
150.6
120.1
119.1
119.2
129.8
142.6
118.2
127.9
157.4
209.5
238.2
253.1
263.2
268.5
311.5
325.3
363.2
404.1
412.8
403.1
399.3
427.6
451.1
490.2
531.7
559.2
596.9
640.1
651.1
654.8
687.7
721.4
760.6
807.5
872.8
911.6
897.6
848.1
888.5
911.0
933.4
989.7
1,165.0
1,374.8
1,514.1
Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, 2008.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
Cement
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.9
0.9
1.3
1.7
1.8
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.4
3.1
3.1
3.4
3.4
4.1
6.7
7.6
8.9
10.1
10.9
11.4
12.8
14.7
16.5
19.4
22.0
24.4
28.5
28.1
28.6
34.4
41.9
50.0
57.3
64.7
66.8
69.6
72.9
77.9
81.2
89.9
98.6
117.2
131.9
141.2
Gas
Flaring
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Per Capita
Total
Emissions
Emissions
(t C)
21.6
0.04
27.9
0.05
35.4
0.06
37.1
0.06
44.6
0.07
52.7
0.09
59.9
0.10
70.9
0.11
144.7
0.23
198.5
0.31
214.8
0.33
151.7
0.23
121.2
0.18
120.5
0.17
120.6
0.17
131.3
0.18
144.1
0.19
119.3
0.16
129.1
0.17
158.8
0.20
210.9
0.26
241.5
0.28
256.5
0.30
267.0
0.30
272.4
0.30
316.1
0.34
332.6
0.35
371.4
0.39
413.7
0.42
423.7
0.43
414.8
0.41
411.4
0.40
441.1
0.42
466.5
0.44
507.6
0.47
551.1
0.51
581.2
0.52
621.4
0.55
668.6
0.58
679.2
0.58
683.4
0.57
722.0
0.59
763.4
0.61
810.6
0.64
864.7
0.67
937.6
0.72
978.4
0.74
967.2
0.72
921.0
0.68
966.4
0.70
992.1
0.72
1,023.3
0.73
1,088.3
0.77
1,282.2
0.90
1,506.7
1.06
1,655.3
1.16
Year
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Solid
98.2%
97.8%
96.8%
95.7%
95.1%
94.9%
93.4%
93.9%
95.9%
95.6%
95.1%
94.0%
92.8%
92.0%
90.9%
90.0%
89.0%
87.8%
87.3%
86.2%
86.2%
83.2%
82.0%
80.1%
77.8%
78.3%
74.7%
75.2%
75.9%
76.0%
75.5%
76.4%
77.3%
77.3%
78.1%
78.4%
77.7%
77.5%
77.0%
76.9%
77.1%
75.6%
73.8%
73.2%
73.3%
72.6%
72.3%
70.4%
68.1%
67.2%
65.9%
64.8%
64.4%
65.4%
65.8%
67.4%
Fossil Fuels
Liquid
0.8%
0.9%
1.0%
1.4%
2.0%
2.8%
3.7%
3.5%
2.3%
2.6%
2.9%
4.0%
4.9%
5.3%
6.3%
7.3%
8.4%
9.7%
10.3%
11.5%
11.8%
13.2%
14.3%
15.9%
17.9%
17.3%
19.3%
18.7%
17.7%
17.1%
17.0%
16.1%
15.1%
14.7%
13.8%
13.3%
13.5%
13.4%
13.4%
13.7%
13.4%
13.7%
14.1%
13.2%
12.1%
12.4%
12.8%
14.0%
14.6%
15.1%
16.0%
15.8%
15.6%
14.6%
15.4%
14.1%
Gas
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
0.1%
0.3%
0.5%
0.5%
0.4%
0.5%
0.4%
0.5%
0.6%
0.6%
0.6%
0.7%
0.8%
1.0%
1.2%
1.4%
1.5%
1.6%
1.7%
1.7%
1.8%
1.8%
1.6%
1.4%
1.4%
1.3%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
1.1%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
1.1%
1.2%
1.3%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
1.5%
1.5%
1.6%
1.8%
1.8%
1.7%
1.3%
1.4%
Subtotal
99.5%
99.4%
98.9%
98.6%
98.6%
98.8%
98.5%
98.7%
99.1%
99.2%
99.1%
99.3%
99.1%
98.9%
98.8%
98.9%
99.0%
99.1%
99.1%
99.1%
99.4%
98.6%
98.7%
98.6%
98.6%
98.5%
97.8%
97.8%
97.7%
97.4%
97.2%
97.0%
96.9%
96.7%
96.6%
96.5%
96.2%
96.1%
95.7%
95.9%
95.8%
95.2%
94.5%
93.8%
93.4%
93.1%
93.2%
92.8%
92.1%
91.9%
91.8%
91.2%
90.9%
90.9%
91.2%
91.5%
Cement
0.5%
0.6%
1.1%
1.4%
1.4%
1.2%
1.5%
1.3%
0.9%
0.8%
0.9%
0.7%
0.9%
1.1%
1.2%
1.1%
1.0%
0.9%
0.9%
0.9%
0.6%
1.3%
1.2%
1.3%
1.2%
1.3%
2.0%
2.0%
2.1%
2.4%
2.6%
2.8%
2.9%
3.2%
3.2%
3.5%
3.8%
3.9%
4.3%
4.1%
4.2%
4.8%
5.5%
6.2%
6.6%
6.9%
6.8%
7.2%
7.9%
8.1%
8.2%
8.8%
9.1%
9.1%
8.8%
8.5%
Gas
Total
Flaring
Emissions
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.1%
100%
0.1%
100%
0.1%
100%
0.2%
100%
0.2%
100%
0.2%
100%
0.2%
100%
0.2%
100%
0.2%
100%
0.2%
100%
0.2%
100%
0.2%
100%
0.2%
100%
0.2%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
100%
Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, 2008.
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-2
Figure 8B.1. Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1950-2005
1600
Cement
1400
Gas
1200
Mt C
1000
800
Liquid
Solid
600
400
200
0
1950
1955
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
China Energy Databook 7.0
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
8-3
Table 8B.2. National Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions (Mt) [1], 1980-2005
Sulfur Dioxide
Particulates from Combustion
Particulates from Industrial
Processes[7] (non-combustion)
[6]
Industry[2]
Year
1980
Total
16.00
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995[8]
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
13.24
12.50
14.12
15.23
15.64
14.95
16.22
16.85
17.95
18.25
23.70
23.57
22.66
20.91
18.57
19.95
19.48
19.27
21.59
22.55
25.49
Households
Industry
Subtotal
4.57
3.62
5.03
4.84
4.16
19.54
4.94
4.97
3.97
3.83
3.81
3.65
3.67
3.64
3.81
17.72
15.94
14.60
16.61
15.67
15.62
17.91
18.91
21.68
Combustion
NonCombustion [3]
11.24
10.75
11.23
11.76
11.77
11.84
13.89
12.65
13.86
13.35
13.34
15.43
16.01
18.43
1.98
2.18
2.18
2.29
1.86
1.79
2.05
1.95
2.75
2.32
2.28
2.48
2.91
3.30
County Level
& above [4]
Township &
Village[5]
11.65
13.23
12.92
13.41
14.05
13.64
13.63
12.10
10.78
5.49
4.09
3.84
3.82
Total
14.85
Households
Industry
Subtotal
12.95
13.84
14.45
14.36
13.98
13.24
13.14
14.14
14.16
14.14
24.71
4.69
5.44
5.36
6.07
6.40
18.31
15.73
14.55
11.59
11.65
10.70
10.12
10.49
10.95
11.82
3.08
2.76
2.06
2.12
2.18
2.08
2.03
2.09
2.34
12.65
11.79
9.53
9.53
8.52
8.04
8.46
8.87
9.49
Industry
County Level
& above [4]
8.45
8.70
8.80
8.07
8.38
7.58
6.85
6.80
5.57
Township &
Village[5]
Total
Industry
9.93
19.97
5.80
4.99
3.96
15.05
13.22
11.75
10.92
9.91
9.41
10.21
9.05
9.11
County Level
& above [4]
Township &
Village[5]
13.05
11.70
10.04
11.26
8.40
7.81
5.79
5.76
6.17
5.83
6.39
5.62
5.48
5.06
4.58
13.58
9.57
8.16
7.17
[1] Coverage of these statistical categories has changed over the years. Before 1991, emissions data for the"industry" category included all enterprises at the county level and above engaged in production activities, whether industrial or not, whereas in 1991 and later years this covered only industrial
enterprises in polluting sectors, leaving out enterprises in other sectors. The coverage of administrative level has also changed. Overall totals before 1995 exclude township and village enterprises.
Note that the industrial series for "county level and above" goes back much farther than for total industry, and that the number of enterprises covered has changed significantly. In 1996, the "county level and above" category covered nearly 63,000 enterprises, whereas in 1999 only 46,000 were included,
partly due to mergers and closures. The 1999 and later figures for "industry subtotals" include data collected from the "county-level and above" enterprises, as well as data from 25,000 township and village (small-scale) enterprises, plus SEPA'a estimates for emissions from all remaining industrial
enterprises, based on production data and estimated emissions factors. SEPA calculated household emissions figures (which also apparently include other non-industrial emissions besides households) based on household sector coal use and emissions factors estimated from survey data on sulfur and
ash content of coal.
[2] From all emissions sources on industrial enterprise premises. Includes electric utilities. For 1998 and later years, combustion and noncombustion particulate subcategories include all industrial enterprises, instead of only enterprises at the county level and above.
[3] Obtained from direct measurements, mass balances, or empirical equations.
[4] This category covers a smaller range of enterprises than the data in the columns to the left covering "industry subtotal", which includes enterprises below the county level. The " county level and above" data are those that typically appear in NBS's China Statistical Yearbooks . The "county leval and
above" and "township and village" categories sum to "industry subtotal."
[5] Non-state enterprises, generally rural, administered below the county level.
[6] This is a rendering of the Chinese term yanchen , which means literally "smoke dust" .
[7] Solid particulate matter (fenchen ) released in the course of production processes (e.g., grinding and sorting). Calculated as the product of emissions gas volume, particulate density at outlet, and duration of operation. Enterprises are required to report emissions regardless of whether they meet
emissions standards.
[8] Note the change in definition of total emissions, as described in footnote [1]. 1995 was the first year in which emissions estimates for township and village enterprises were presented, and reported emissions of "particulates from combustion" were very high compared to other years. Total emissions of
"particulates from combustion" were 14.78 Mt in 1995, according to the pre-1995 definition.
Source: EB, China Environmenal Yearbook, various years; SSB, China Statistical Yearbook, various years; CCTV, 2000; SEPA, 1999.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-4
Figure 8B.2. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions, 1997-2005
Total sulfur dioxide
SO2, Industry subtotal
SO2, Household subtotal
Total Particulates from Combustion
Particulates, Industry
Particulates, Household
Total Particulates from Industrial Processes
30
25
20
Mt
15
10
5
0
1997
1998
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
1999
2000
2001
2002
China Energy Databook 7.0
2003
2004
2005
8-5
Table 8B.3. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions by Province
1. 1993
Planning
Region
Sulfur Dioxide
Portion
from
Industry[2]
(kt)
204
176
860
615
434
[4]
NonCombustion[3]
(kt)
18
6
131
102
105
Particulates from Combustion
Portion from
Industry[5]
Total
(kt)
(kt)
261
109
173
73
693
460
837
332
736
387
Particulates from
Industrial
Processes[5,6]
(non-combustion)
(kt)
64
37
407
219
174
Provincial
Area
(thousand
2
km )
17
11
188
156
1,200
Sulfur
Dioxide
Emissions
Density
2
(t/km -yr)
21.80
21.03
5.43
8.51
0.55
Particulate
Emissions
Density
2
(t/km -yr)
19.40
18.61
5.85
6.76
0.76
North
Beijing
Tianjin
Hebei
Shanxi
Inner Mongolia
Total[1]
(kt)
366
238
1,021
1,329
658
Northeast
Liaoning
Jilin
Heilongjiang
1,081
286
322
823
188
219
199
42
16
1,069
686
1,279
653
642
467
597
112
186
146
138
473
7.42
2.07
0.68
11.43
5.78
3.09
East
Shanghai
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Anhui
Fujian
Jiangxi
Shandong
441
1,200
536
444
184
343
2,280
357
914
417
341
154
247
1,376
22
127
50
87
14
35
160
189
757
289
641
80
338
1,348
148
581
184
243
72
282
525
66
284
219
198
151
271
336
6
103
102
140
122
167
153
71.16
11.70
5.27
3.18
1.51
2.05
14.89
41.14
10.15
4.99
6.01
1.90
3.65
11.00
South-Central
Henan
Hubei
Hunan
Guangdong
Guangxi
Hainan
519
488
528
543
655
25
409
383
515
508
522
24
45
117
112
86
58
3
613
439
275
264
337
17
439
230
270
243
249
12
290
260
305
532
188
12
167
188
210
178
231
34
3.11
2.60
2.51
3.05
2.84
0.72
5.41
3.72
2.76
4.47
2.28
0.85
Southwest
Sichuan
Guizhou
Yunnan
Xizang (Tibet)
1,784
737
316
1.9
1,194
585
259
1.7
198
108
68
0.0
1,015
347
257
0.1
1,238
236
181
0.1
512
156
127
15
567
176
392
1,183
3.15
4.18
0.80
0.00
2.69
2.85
0.98
0.01
Northwest
Shaanxi
Gansu
Qinghai
Ningxia
Xinjiang
668
389
24
238
305
560
338
17
164
135
43
187
21
7
26
523
207
90
136
267
383
149
42
109
164
136
141
27
59
86
205
455
779
66
1,635
3.26
0.86
0.03
3.61
0.19
3.22
0.76
0.15
2.95
0.22
17,948
305
12,925
125
2,179
7
14,163
267
8,804
-136
6,166
86
9,586
1,635
1.87
2.12
Province
National Total/Average
Balance
[1] Sum of emissions from industry and households.
[2] From all emissions sources on industrial enterprise premises. Includes electric utilities.
[3] Obtained from direct measurements, mass balances, or empirical equations. This is a subcategory within industrial emissions.
[4] This is a rendering of the Chinese term yanchen, which means literally "smoke dust" .
[5] For 1993-1997, data on particulates in the industrial sector do not include emissions from township and village enterprises, but data for 1998 and 1999 do include emissions from
these smaller rural factories. See footnote [1], Table 8B.2.
[6] Solid particulate matter released in the course of production processes (e.g. grinding and sorting). Calculated as emissions gas volume times particulate density at outlet times
duration of operation. Enterprises are required to report emissions regardless of whether they meet emissions standards.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-6
Table 8B.3. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions by Province (continued)
2. 1994
Planning
Region
[1]
Sulfur Dioxide
Portion
Particulates from Combustion[4]
from
NonPortion from
[2]
[3]
[5]
Industry
Combustion
Industry
Total
(kt)
(kt)
(kt)
(kt)
176
17
263
126
195
6
186
86
906
152
775
478
684
98
795
343
499
54
790
386
Particulates from
Industrial
[5,6]
Processes
(non-combustion)
(kt)
59
33
381
197
148
Provincial
Area
(thousand
2
km )
17
11
188
156
1,200
Sulfur
Dioxide
Emissions
Density
2
(t/km -yr)
20.98
22.74
5.77
6.08
0.55
Particulate
Emissions
Density
2
(t/km -yr)
19.16
19.42
6.15
6.35
0.78
North
Beijing
Tianjin
Hebei
Shanxi
Inner Mongolia
Total
(kt)
352
257
1,085
949
658
Northeast
Liaoning
Jilin
Heilongjiang
1,048
268
320
771
184
232
158
42
15
1,011
584
1,058
593
333
457
431
149
166
146
138
473
7.19
1.94
0.68
9.89
5.31
2.59
East
Shanghai
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Anhui
Fujian
Jiangxi
Shandong
452
1,523
544
393
152
509
2,247
362
983
412
310
127
416
1,431
36
141
47
79
18
48
156
184
686
265
494
373
396
1,300
141
519
163
227
86
281
566
62
294
213
216
179
282
344
6
103
102
140
122
167
153
72.88
14.84
5.34
2.82
1.25
3.05
14.68
39.69
9.55
4.70
5.09
4.55
4.06
10.74
South-Central
Henan
Hubei
Hunan
Guangdong
Guangxi
Hainan
569
517
527
607
616
26
460
395
516
581
511
24
63
110
140
100
72
4
657
422
278
306
323
11
477
220
271
286
239
14
257
225
245
565
201
13
167
188
210
178
231
34
3.41
2.76
2.51
3.41
2.67
0.77
5.48
3.45
2.49
4.90
2.27
0.69
Southwest
Sichuan
Guizhou
Yunnan
Xizang (Tibet)
1,832
734
331
2
1,027
623
249
2
192
86
66
0
1,092
339
255
0
494
242
161
0
323
156
140
15
567
176
392
1,183
3.23
4.16
0.84
0.00
2.50
2.81
1.01
0.01
Northwest
Shaanxi
Gansu
Qinghai
Ningxia
Xinjiang
827
374
33
222
275
642
323
24
166
182
67
175
3
6
36
556
255
87
107
288
436
168
36
95
148
211
109
28
59
125
205
455
779
66
1,635
4.03
0.82
0.04
3.36
0.17
3.74
0.80
0.15
2.52
0.25
18,250
13,414
2,184
14,138
8,069
5,828
9,586
1.90
2.08
Province
National Total/Average
[1] Sum of emissions from industry and households.
[2] From all emissions sources on industrial enterprise premises. Includes electric utilities.
[3] Obtained from direct measurements, mass balances, or empirical equations. This is a subcategory within industrial emissions.
[4] This is a rendering of the Chinese term yanchen, which means literally "smoke dust" .
[5] For 1993-1997, data on particulates in the industrial sector do not include emissions from township and village enterprises, but data for 1998 and 1999 do include emissions from
these smaller rural factories. See footnote [1], Table 8B.2.
[6] Solid particulate matter released in the course of production processes (e.g. grinding and sorting). Calculated as emissions gas volume times particulate density at outlet times
duration of operation. Enterprises are required to report emissions regardless of whether they meet emissions standards.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-7
Table 8B.3. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions by Province (continued)
3. 1995
Planning
Region
[1]
Sulfur Dioxide
Portion
from
Non[2]
[3]
Industry
Combustion
(kt)
(kt)
215
24
262
8
944
146
658
58
532
58
Particulates from Combustion[4]
Portion from
[5]
Industry
Total
(kt)
(kt)
279
124
197
93
680
446
830
362
941
397
Particulates from
Industrial
[5,6]
Processes
(non-combustion)
(kt)
63
30
371
221
195
Provincial
Area
(thousand
2
km )
17
11
188
156
1,200
Sulfur
Dioxide
Emissions
Density
2
(t/km -yr)
22.79
28.88
6.18
6.45
0.62
Particulate
Emissions
Density
2
(t/km -yr)
20.32
20.05
5.59
6.73
0.95
North
Beijing
Tianjin
Hebei
Shanxi
Inner Mongolia
Total
(kt)
383
326
1,162
1,007
742
Northeast
Liaoning
Jilin
Heilongjiang
1,085
317
342
816
202
245
135
30
16
973
648
1,086
605
367
461
399
148
135
146
138
473
7.44
2.29
0.72
9.41
5.77
2.58
East
Shanghai
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Anhui
Fujian
Jiangxi
Shandong
489
924
541
492
167
363
2,319
381
1,045
413
352
143
281
1,582
28
149
51
88
30
50
129
186
411
262
632
123
383
1,296
133
541
147
260
90
280
606
63
270
187
220
217
229
390
6
103
102
140
122
167
153
78.80
9.01
5.32
3.53
1.37
2.17
15.15
40.09
6.63
4.42
6.11
2.80
3.67
11.01
South-Central
Henan
Hubei
Hunan
Guangdong
Guangxi
Hainan
659
540
561
560
757
24
530
402
579
535
579
25
75
114
167
105
85
5
691
432
318
230
498
12
479
192
307
208
300
12
402
238
271
642
276
14
167
188
210
178
231
34
3.95
2.88
2.67
3.15
3.28
0.72
6.55
3.57
2.80
4.90
3.36
0.77
Southwest
Sichuan
Guizhou
Yunnan
Xizang (Tibet)
2,233
715
359
2
1,082
567
258
2
273
78
81
0
1,380
400
280
0
597
249
161
5
430
205
178
11
567
176
392
1,183
3.94
4.06
0.92
0.00
3.19
3.43
1.17
0.01
Northwest
Shaanxi
Gansu
Qinghai
Ningxia
Xinjiang
802
422
33
233
349
652
347
26
173
222
66
189
3
5
45
697
366
93
111
339
477
178
39
94
172
244
122
34
54
132
205
455
779
66
1,635
3.91
0.93
0.04
3.53
0.21
4.59
1.07
0.16
2.50
0.29
18,908
14,050
2,293
14,775
8,380
6,390
9,586
1.97
2.21
Province
National Total/Average
[1] Sum of emissions from industry and households.
[2] From all emissions sources on industrial enterprise premises. Includes electric utilities.
[3] Obtained from direct measurements, mass balances, or empirical equations. This is a subcategory within industrial emissions.
[4] This is a rendering of the Chinese term yanchen, which means literally "smoke dust" .
[5] For 1993-1997, data on particulates in the industrial sector do not include emissions from township and village enterprises, but data for 1998 and 1999 do include emissions from
these smaller rural factories. See footnote [1], Table 8B.2.
[6] Solid particulate matter released in the course of production processes (e.g. grinding and sorting). Calculated as emissions gas volume times particulate density at outlet times
duration of operation. Enterprises are required to report emissions regardless of whether they meet emissions standards.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-8
Table 8B.3. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions by Province (continued)
4. 1996
Planning
Region
Province
North
Beijing
Tianjin
Hebei
Shanxi
Inner Mongolia
Northeast
Liaoning
Jilin
Heilongjiang
East
Shanghai
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Anhui
Fujian
Jiangxi
Shandong
South-Central
Total
(kt)
[1]
Sulfur Dioxide
Portion
from
Industry[2]
(kt)
212
200
983
670
542
[4]
NonCombustion[3]
(kt)
16
4
168
53
62
Particulates from Combustion
Portion from
Industry[5]
Total
(kt)
(kt)
111
86
436
337
400
Particulates from
Industrial
[5,6]
Processes
(non-combustion)
(kt)
58
31
362
191
195
806
199
236
122
20
16
596
339
431
365
124
135
433
1,041
400
319
144
258
1,557
28
62
39
63
20
46
99
148
485
137
183
85
222
577
52
231
167
215
182
204
315
Henan
Hubei
Hunan
Guangdong
Guangxi
Hainan
515
388
523
525
527
22
65
90
157
102
71
2
449
181
264
199
228
14
296
265
273
442
219
36
Southwest
Sichuan
Guizhou
Yunnan
Xizang (Tibet)
959
586
270
2
144
34
83
0
496
247
137
5
489
108
113
20
Northwest
Shaanxi
Gansu
Qinghai
Ningxia
Xinjiang
610
342
17
176
170
48
205
4
6
34
362
158
46
98
127
213
114
27
47
127
13,636
1,862
7,583
5,615
National Total/Average
[1] Sum of emissions from industry and households.
[2] From all emissions sources on industrial enterprise premises. Includes electric utilities.
[3] Obtained from direct measurements, mass balances, or empirical equations. This is a subcategory within industrial emissions.
[4] This is a rendering of the Chinese term yanchen, which means literally "smoke dust" .
[5] For 1993-1997, data on particulates in the industrial sector do not include emissions from township and village enterprises, but data for 1998 and 1999 do include emissions from
these smaller rural factories. See footnote [1], Table 8B.2.
[6] Solid particulate matter released in the course of production processes (e.g. grinding and sorting). Calculated as emissions gas volume times particulate density at outlet times
duration of operation. Enterprises are required to report emissions regardless of whether they meet emissions standards.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-9
Table 8B.3. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions by Province (continued)
5. 1997
Planning
Region
Province
North
Beijing
Tianjin
Hebei
Shanxi
Inner Mongolia
Northeast
Liaoning
Jilin
Heilongjiang
East
Shanghai
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Anhui
Fujian
Jiangxi
Shandong
South-Central
Total[1]
(kt)
Sulfur Dioxide
Particulates from
[4]
Portion
Particulates from Combustion
Industrial
Processes[5,6]
from
NonPortion from
Industry[2]
Combustion[3]
Industry[5]
Total
(non-combustion)
(kt)
(kt)
(kt)
(kt)
(kt)
211
7
95
69
235
7
81
29
1,009
160
408
369
689
72
348
235
532
59
370
218
838
193
224
143
24
11
573
303
412
362
99
126
401
998
411
332
117
217
1,497
18
50
33
71
19
31
76
116
361
129
167
45
174
477
40
145
196
217
198
146
345
Henan
Hubei
Hunan
Guangdong
Guangxi
Hainan
681
387
468
476
498
17
104
105
148
59
69
3
468
180
209
155
188
16
427
230
258
318
268
29
Southwest
Chongqing
Sichuan
Guizhou
Yunnan
Xizang (Tibet)
397
641
609
270
1
27
108
36
73
0
94
391
177
145
5
144
264
135
95
20
Northwest
Shaanxi
Gansu
Qinghai
Ningxia
Xinjiang
548
358
25
186
160
38
201
10
6
20
323
167
50
94
127
209
95
31
50
114
13,626
1,788
6,846
5,484
National Total/Average
[1] Sum of emissions from industry and households.
[2] From all emissions sources on industrial enterprise premises. Includes electric utilities.
[3] Obtained from direct measurements, mass balances, or empirical equations. This is a subcategory within industrial emissions.
[4] This is a rendering of the Chinese term yanchen, which means literally "smoke dust" .
[5] For 1993-1997, data on particulates in the industrial sector do not include emissions from township and village enterprises, but data for 1998 and 1999 do include emissions
from these smaller rural factories. See footnote [1], Table 8B.2.
[6] Solid particulate matter released in the course of production processes (e.g. grinding and sorting). Calculated as emissions gas volume times particulate density at outlet times
duration of operation. Enterprises are required to report emissions regardless of whether they meet emissions standards.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-10
Table 8B.3. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions by Province (continued)
6. 1998
Planning
Region
Province
North
Beijing
Tianjin
Hebei
Shanxi
Inner Mongolia
Northeast
Liaoning
Jilin
Heilongjiang
East
Total[1]
(kt)
305
230
1,403
1,420
728
Sulfur Dioxide
Particulates from
Portion
Particulates from Combustion[4]
Industrial
from
NonPortion from
Processes[5,6]
Industry[2]
Combustion[3]
Total
Industry[5]
(non-combustion)
(kt)
(kt)
(kt)
(kt)
(kt)
193
8
121
83
95
200
4
97
80
26
1,212
210
1,032
792
1,006
1,100
108
1,827
1,314
802
569
66
570
362
203
Provincial
Area
(thousand
km2)
17
11
188
156
1,200
Sulfur
Dioxide
Emissions
Density
(t/km2-yr)
11.48
17.73
6.45
7.05
0.47
Particulate
Emissions
Density
(t/km2-yr)
12.88
10.89
10.84
16.84
0.64
992
284
300
752
212
222
115
23
10
891
457
543
751
361
445
577
159
124
146
138
473
5.16
1.53
0.47
10.07
4.46
1.41
Shanghai
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Anhui
Fujian
Jiangxi
Shandong
489
1,255
660
424
165
305
2,259
391
1,216
625
379
155
244
1,760
19
77
69
80
23
24
99
156
534
369
342
99
178
919
107
518
352
310
89
170
785
101
549
708
585
459
374
925
6
103
102
140
122
167
153
63.04
11.85
6.14
2.72
1.28
1.46
11.50
41.56
10.55
10.58
6.65
4.60
3.31
12.05
South-Central
Henan
Hubei
Hunan
Guangdong
Guangxi
Hainan
1,003
569
722
679
701
20
768
492
619
643
643
20
101
115
157
74
82
3
648
322
450
342
436
21
612
278
410
324
402
21
966
605
874
922
614
28
167
188
210
178
231
34
4.60
2.62
2.95
3.61
2.79
0.59
9.67
4.95
6.30
7.10
4.55
1.44
Southwest
Chongqing
Sichuan
Guizhou
Yunnan
Xizang (Tibet)
680
1,408
1,928
360
1
364
718
852
307
1
28
139
72
76
1
273
1,792
672
355
5
129
1,433
473
312
5
223
705
441
207
17
82
485
176
392
1,183
8.26
2.90
10.94
0.92
0.00
6.01
5.15
6.31
1.43
0.02
Northwest
Shaanxi
Gansu
Qinghai
Ningxia
Xinjiang
660
383
31
215
336
561
332
20
186
191
51
171
4
9
35
438
228
77
101
255
397
189
60
83
135
447
163
83
75
148
205
455
779
66
1,635
3.22
0.84
0.04
3.26
0.21
4.32
0.86
0.21
2.66
0.25
20,914
15,944
2,053
14,551
11,785
13,212
9,586
2.18
2.90
National Total/Average
[1] Sum of emissions from industry and households.
[2] From all emissions sources on industrial enterprise premises. Includes electric utilities.
[3] Obtained from direct measurements, mass balances, or empirical equations. This is a subcategory within industrial emissions.
[4] This is a rendering of the Chinese term yanchen, which means literally "smoke dust" .
[5] For 1993-1997, data on particulates in the industrial sector do not include emissions from township and village enterprises, but data for 1998 and 1999 do include emissions from
these smaller rural factories. See footnote [1], Table 8B.2.
[6] Solid particulate matter released in the course of production processes (e.g. grinding and sorting). Calculated as emissions gas volume times particulate density at outlet times
duration of operation. Enterprises are required to report emissions regardless of whether they meet emissions standards.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-11
Table 8B.3. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions by Province (continued)
7. 1999
Planning
Region
Province
North
Beijing
Tianjin
Hebei
Shanxi
Inner Mongolia
Northeast
Liaoning
Jilin
Heilongjiang
East
Shanghai
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Anhui
Fujian
Jiangxi
Shandong
South-Central
Henan
Hubei
Hunan
Guangdong
Guangxi
Hainan
Southwest
Chongqing
Sichuan
Guizhou
Yunnan
Xizang (Tibet)
Northwest
Shaanxi
Gansu
Qinghai
Ningxia
Xinjiang
National Total/Average
Total[1]
(kt)
233
242
1,326
1,239
691
Sulfur Dioxide
Particulates from
Portion
Particulates from Combustion[4]
Industrial
from
NonPortion from
Processes[5,6]
Industry[2]
Combustion[3]
Total
Industry[5]
(non-combustion)
(kt)
(kt)
(kt)
(kt)
(kt)
162
7
79
56
100
152
4
109
58
21
1,117
173
914
714
907
932
130
925
801
617
522
62
550
347
169
Provincial
Area
(thousand
km2)
17
11
188
156
1,200
Sulfur
Dioxide
Emissions
Density
(t/km2-yr)
13.90
21.45
7.05
7.94
0.58
Particulate
Emissions
Density
(t/km2-yr)
10.66
11.55
9.69
9.88
0.60
937
294
294
724
210
215
141
49
13
816
387
527
623
307
422
453
134
118
146
138
473
6.43
2.13
0.62
8.70
3.78
1.36
403
980
636
410
190
284
1,830
311
935
608
364
170
237
1,452
17
65
72
79
17
29
80
136
439
336
355
97
190
713
90
423
325
320
80
185
581
41
458
690
451
377
357
787
6
103
102
140
122
167
153
65.02
9.55
6.25
2.94
1.57
1.70
11.95
28.50
8.74
10.08
5.78
3.90
3.28
9.80
850
553
758
695
583
22
678
504
606
669
548
22
91
110
163
81
75
4
756
336
433
347
324
22
658
309
421
335
320
22
1,004
484
784
944
458
21
167
188
210
178
231
34
5.09
2.95
3.61
3.90
2.53
0.66
10.55
4.37
5.79
7.26
3.39
1.27
941
813
1,494
337
1
759
526
679
277
1
38
114
65
54
0
236
566
569
380
1
141
534
402
257
1
182
665
484
235
3
82
485
176
392
1,183
11.42
1.68
8.48
0.86
0.00
5.08
2.54
5.97
1.57
0.00
648
312
31
208
337
573
257
19
176
198
45
119
4
13
34
435
179
70
118
244
395
135
53
92
125
394
149
64
80
120
205
455
779
66
1,635
3.16
0.69
0.04
3.15
0.21
4.04
0.72
0.17
3.01
0.22
18,575
14,601
1,947
11,590
9,534
11,753
9,587
1.94
2.43
[1] Sum of emissions from industry and households.
[2] From all emissions sources on industrial enterprise premises. Includes electric utilities.
[3] Obtained from direct measurements, mass balances, or empirical equations. This is a subcategory within industrial emissions.
[4] This is a rendering of the Chinese term yanchen, which means literally "smoke dust" .
[5] For 1993-1997, data on particulates in the industrial sector do not include emissions from township and village enterprises, but data for 1998 and 1999 do include emissions from
these smaller rural factories. See footnote [1], Table 8B.2.
[6] Solid particulate matter released in the course of production processes (e.g. grinding and sorting). Calculated as emissions gas volume times particulate density at outlet times
duration of operation. Enterprises are required to report emissions regardless of whether they meet emissions standards.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-12
Table 8B.3. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions by Province (continued)
8. 2000
Planning
Region
Total[1]
(kt)
224
330
1,321
1,202
664
Province
North
Beijing
Tianjin
Hebei
Shanxi
Inner Mongolia
Northeast
Liaoning
Jilin
Heilongjiang
East
Shanghai
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Anhui
Fujian
Jiangxi
Shandong
South-Central
Sulfur Dioxide
Particulates from
Portion
Particulates from Combustion[4]
Industrial
from
NonPortion from
Processes[5,6]
Industry[2]
Combustion[3]
Total
Industry[5]
(non-combustion)
(kt)
(kt)
(kt)
(kt)
(kt)
146.4
77.5
100
52
49
214
116
172
112
59
1,134
188
788
672
116
903
299
985
791
194
506
158
484
303
180
Provincial
Area
(thousand
km2)
17
11
188
156
1,200
Sulfur
Dioxide
Emissions
Density
(t/km2-yr)
13.33
29.19
7.03
7.70
0.55
Particulate
Emissions
Density
(t/km2-yr)
5.97
15.19
4.19
6.31
0.40
932
286
297
706
202
222
227
84
75
797
363
508
547
283
409
250
80
99
146
138
473
6.40
2.07
0.63
5.47
2.63
1.07
327
1,141
562
351
214
288
1,461
138
61
31
45
11
35
335
141
396
254
281
115
240
673
83
375
247
244
104
234
543
58
21
7
37
12
6
130
6
103
102
140
122
167
153
74.98
11.71
5.82
2.83
1.85
1.94
11.73
22.77
3.86
2.50
2.01
0.95
1.44
4.39
Henan
Hubei
Hunan
Guangdong
Guangxi
Hainan
465
1,202
593
395
225
323
1,796
877
560
773
905
830
204
839
747
508
627
882
801
20
130
52
146
23
30
2
735
363
441
276
599
18
691
322
381
265
591
18
44
42
60
12
8
0
167
188
210
178
231
34
3.36
4.12
4.31
4.66
0.89
24.69
4.40
1.94
2.10
1.55
2.60
0.53
Southwest
Chongqing
Sichuan
Guizhou
Yunnan
Xizang (Tibet)
1,223
1,450
386
386
80
664
994
643
324
1
175
229
808
62
-
214
904
506
286
1
122
799
343
233
1
92
105
163
53
0
82
485
176
392
1,183
14.84
2.99
2.19
0.98
0.07
2.59
1.86
2.87
0.73
0.00
Northwest
Shaanxi
Gansu
Qinghai
Ningxia
Xinjiang
623
369
32
206
311
554
312
20
174
188
70
57
12
32
123
411
167
82
151
205
372
125
64
126
84
39
42
18
26
120.7
205
455
779
66
1,635
3.04
0.81
0.04
3.12
0.19
2.01
0.37
0.10
2.29
0.13
19,951
16,125
3,826
11,654
9,533
2,121
9,587
2.08
1.22
National Total/Average
[1] Sum of emissions from industry and households.
[2] From all emissions sources on industrial enterprise premises. Includes electric utilities.
[3] Obtained from direct measurements, mass balances, or empirical equations. This is a subcategory within industrial emissions.
[4] This is a rendering of the Chinese term yanchen, which means literally "smoke dust" .
[5] For 1993-1997, data on particulates in the industrial sector do not include emissions from township and village enterprises, but data for 1998 and 1999 do include emissions from
these smaller rural factories. See footnote [1], Table 8B.2.
[6] Solid particulate matter released in the course of production processes (e.g. grinding and sorting). Calculated as emissions gas volume times particulate density at outlet times
duration of operation. Enterprises are required to report emissions regardless of whether they meet emissions standards.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-13
Table 8B.3. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions by Province (continued)
9. 2001
Planning
Region
Province
North
Beijing
Tianjin
Hebei
Shanxi
Inner Mongolia
Northeast
Liaoning
Jilin
Heilongjiang
East
Shanghai
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Anhui
Fujian
Jiangxi
Shandong
Total[1]
(kt)
201
268
1,289
1,199
646
Sulfur Dioxide
Portion
from
Industry[2]
(kt)
126
199
1,096
902
485
NonCombustion
(kt)
74
69
193
297
161
Particulates from Combustion[3]
Portion from
Industry[4]
Total
(kt)
(kt)
90
44
133
84
719
552
1,026
832
396
240
Particulates from
Industrial
[4,5]
Processes
(non-combustion)
(kt)
63
24
673
503
145
Provincial
Area
(thousand
km2)
17
11
188
156
1,200
Sulfur
Dioxide
Emissions
Density
(kt/km2-yr)
11.96
23.72
6.86
7.68
0.54
Particulate
Emissions
Density
(kt/km2-yr)
5.36
11.77
3.82
6.57
0.33
839
265
292
608
191
219
232
75
73
709
325
490
475
242
399
394
121
104
146
138
473
5.75
1.92
0.62
4.86
2.36
1.04
473
1,148
592
396
200
306
1,722
300
1,088
556
349
186
259
1,409
173
61
36
48
14
47
313
135
429
202
264
101
168
648
62
408
187
226
90
159
527
18
268
308
253
159
208
644
6
103
102
140
122
167
153
76.29
11.19
5.82
2.84
1.65
1.83
11.25
21.77
4.18
1.98
1.89
0.83
1.01
4.23
897
540
762
973
697
20
760
484
587
935
663
19
137
56
175
39
34
1
695
308
449
203
479
10
645
284
379
182
474
9
705
353
627
359
473
13
167
188
210
178
231
34
5.37
2.88
3.63
5.47
3.02
0.59
4.16
1.64
2.14
1.14
2.08
0.29
722
1,135
1,381
357
1
569
941
571
294
1
153
194
810
63
19
888
495
235
1
110
766
282
195
1
214
532
250
98
2
82
485
176
392
1,183
8.76
2.34
7.83
0.91
0.00
0.23
1.83
2.81
0.60
0.00
South-CentralHenan
Hubei
Hunan
Guangdong
Guangxi
Hainan
Southwest
Chongqing
Sichuan
Guizhou
Yunnan
Xizang (Tibet)
Northwest
Shaanxi
Gansu
Qinghai
Ningxia
Xinjiang
619
370
35
200
300
542
315
24
169
189
77
55
11
32
110.99
364
163
60
125
198
295
122
42
108
98
294
129
46
97
98
205
455
779
66
1,635
3.02
0.81
0.04
3.03
0.18
1.78
0.36
0.08
1.89
0.12
National Total/Average
19,478
15,666
3,812
10,698
8,519
9,906
9,587
2.03
1.12
[1] Sum of emissions from industry and households.
[2] From all emissions sources on industrial enterprise premises. Includes electric utilities.
[3] This is a rendering of the Chinese term yanchen, which means literally "smoke dust" .
[4] For 1993-1997, data on particulates in the industrial sector do not include emissions from township and village enterprises, but data for 1998 and 1999 do include emissions
from these smaller rural factories. See footnote [1], Table 8B.2.
[5] Solid particulate matter released in the course of production processes (e.g. grinding and sorting). Calculated as emissions gas volume times particulate density at outlet times
duration of operation. Enterprises are required to report emissions regardless of whether they meet emissions standards.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-14
Table 8B.3. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions by Province (continued)
10. 2002
Planning
Region
North
Total[1]
(kt)
Beijing
192
Tianjin
235
Hebei
1,279
Shanxi
1,199
Inner Mongolia
731
Province
Northeast
Liaoning
Jilin
Heilongjiang
East
Shanghai
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Anhui
Fujian
Jiangxi
Shandong
South-Central Henan
Hubei
Hunan
Guangdong
Guangxi
Hainan
Sulfur Dioxide
Portion
from
NonIndustry[2]
Combustion
(kt)
(kt)
121
71
201
34
1,053
226
907
292
559
172
Particulates from
Combustion[3]
Portion from
Industry[4]
Total
(kt)
(kt)
81
33
96
78
738
545
1,008
818
424
253
Particulates from
Industrial
Processes[4,5]
(non-combustion)
(kt)
46
26
630
493
140
Provincial
Area
(thousand
km2)
17
11
188
156
1,200
Sulfur
Dioxide
Emissions
Density
(kt/km2-yr)
11.43
20.80
6.80
7.68
0.61
Particulate
Emissions
Density
(kt/km2-yr)
4.82
8.50
3.93
6.46
0.35
793
265
287
573
187
213
220
78
74
636
303
473
424
228
380
339
102
97
146
138
473
5.44
1.92
0.61
4.36
2.20
1.00
447
1,120
624
396
193
293
1,690
325
1,055
594
349
181
248
1,394
122
65
30
47
12
45
296
107
386
197
243
84
158
619
56
370
187
207
75
149
502
15
226
326
241
148
239
603
6
103
102
140
122
167
153
72.10
10.92
6.13
2.84
1.59
1.76
11.04
17.26
3.76
1.94
1.74
0.69
0.95
4.04
937
529
743
974
683
22
807
473
576
952
646
22
130
66
167
22
37
0
682
296
434
192
457
12
623
270
367
179
451
11
682
335
608
334
430
12
167
188
210
178
231
34
5.61
2.82
3.54
5.47
2.96
0.65
4.09
1.58
2.07
1.08
1.98
0.35
700
1,117
1,325
364
1
552
930
577
293
1
148
187
748
71
188
852
428
176
1
111
714
362
132
1
203
427
241
78
2
82
485
176
392
1,183
8.50
2.30
7.52
0.93
0.00
2.28
1.76
2.43
0.45
0.00
Southwest
Chongqing
Sichuan
Guizhou
Yunnan
Xizang (Tibet)
Northwest
Shaanxi
Gansu
Qinghai
Ningxia
Xinjiang
638
427
32
222
296
554
374
22
187
193
84
53
10
35
103
328
156
61
121
191
263
114
39
103
98
274
118
41
108
94
205
455
779
66
1,635
3.11
0.94
0.04
3.36
0.18
1.60
0.34
0.08
1.83
0.12
National Total/Average
19,266
15,620
3,646
10,127
8,042
9,410
9,587
2.01
1.06
[1] Sum of emissions from industry and households.
[2] From all emissions sources on industrial enterprise premises. Includes electric utilities.
[3] This is a rendering of the Chinese term yanchen, which means literally "smoke dust" .
[4] For 1993-1997, data on particulates in the industrial sector do not include emissions from township and village enterprises, but data for 1998 and 1999 do include
emissions from these smaller rural factories. See footnote [1], Table 8B.2.
[5] Solid particulate matter released in the course of production processes (e.g. grinding and sorting). Calculated as emissions gas volume times particulate density at outlet
times duration of operation. Enterprises are required to report emissions regardless of whether they meet emissions standards.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-15
Table 8B.3. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions by Province (continued)
11. 2003
Particulates from
Combustion[3]
Portion from
Industry[4]
Total
(kt)
(kt)
71
29
103
87
700
539
1,097
878
480
329
Total[1]
(kt)
183
259
1,422
1,363
1,288
Sulfur Dioxide
Portion
from
Industry[2]
(kt)
114
230
1,195
1,033
1,138
NonCombustion
(kt)
69
29
227
330
150
823
272
356
637
188
285
186
84
71
588
289
508
405
201
417
451
1,240
734
455
304
438
1,836
316
1,178
707
405
293
392
1,540
135
62
27
50
11
46
296
115
388
205
260
104
197
624
South-CentralHenan
Hubei
Hunan
Guangdong
Guangxi
Hainan
1,039
609
848
1,075
874
23
902
543
671
1,054
831
22
137
66
177
21
43
1
Southwest
Chongqing
Sichuan
Guizhou
Yunnan
Xizang (Tibet)
766
1,207
1,323
453
1
613
1,051
570
381
1
Northwest
Shaanxi
Gansu
Qinghai
Ningxia
Xinjiang
766
494
61
293
331
21,587
Planning
Region
Province
North
Beijing
Tianjin
Hebei
Shanxi
Inner Mongolia
Northeast
Liaoning
Jilin
Heilongjiang
East
Shanghai
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Anhui
Fujian
Jiangxi
Shandong
National Total/Average
Particulates from
Industrial
Processes[4,5]
(non-combustion)
(kt)
32
22
655
635
324
Provincial
Area
(thousand
km2)
17
11
188
156
1,200
Sulfur
Dioxide
Emissions
Density
(kt/km2-yr)
10.89
22.92
7.56
8.73
1.07
Particulate
Emissions
Density
(kt/km2-yr)
4.23
9.12
3.72
7.03
0.40
347
116
110
146
138
473
5.64
1.97
0.75
4.03
2.09
1.07
50
371
194
225
96
189
503
17
450
368
442
165
333
761
6
103
102
140
122
167
153
72.74
12.09
7.21
3.26
2.50
2.63
11.99
18.55
3.78
2.01
1.86
0.86
1.18
4.08
692
293
483
229
530
11
634
268
411
219
521
11
734
335
702
438
503
13
167
188
210
178
231
34
6.23
3.25
4.04
6.04
3.79
0.68
4.15
1.56
2.30
1.29
2.30
0.32
153
156
753
72
194
834
391
170
1
120
744
222
131
1
222
465
253
122
2
82
485
176
392
1,183
9.30
2.49
7.50
1.16
0.00
2.35
1.72
2.22
0.43
0.00
651
441
51
258
223
115
53
10
35
108
346
176
60
126
206
277
132
39
109
110
320
156
59
181
158
205
455
779
66
1,635
3.74
1.09
0.08
4.44
0.20
1.69
0.39
0.08
1.91
0.13
17,914
3,673
10,471
8,462
9,440
9,587
2.25
1.09
[1] Sum of emissions from industry and households.
[2] From all emissions sources on industrial enterprise premises. Includes electric utilities.
[3] This is a rendering of the Chinese term yanchen, which means literally "smoke dust" .
[4] For 1993-1997, data on particulates in the industrial sector do not include emissions from township and village enterprises, but data for 1998 and 1999 do include
emissions from these smaller rural factories. See footnote [1], Table 8B.2.
[5] Solid particulate matter released in the course of production processes (e.g. grinding and sorting). Calculated as emissions gas volume times particulate density at
outlet times duration of operation. Enterprises are required to report emissions regardless of whether they meet emissions standards.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-16
Table 8B.3. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions by Province (continued)
12. 2004
Particulates from
Combustion[3]
Portion from
Industry[4]
Total
(kt)
(kt)
70
29
84
69
723
542
1,091
877
661
500
Total[1]
(kt)
191
228
1,428
1,415
1,179
Sulfur Dioxide
Portion
from
Industry[2]
(kt)
125
201
1,215
1,093
1,034
NonCombustion
(kt)
66
26
213
322
145
831
285
373
649
216
295
182
69
78
578
339
527
390
258
429
473
1,240
814
489
326
519
1,821
350
1,183
789
439
310
469
1,544
124
57
25
51
16
50
277
117
415
219
257
110
219
576
South-CentralHenan
Hubei
Hunan
Guangdong
Guangxi
Hainan
1,256
692
872
1,148
944
23
1,113
608
712
1,128
897
22
143
84
161
20
47
1
Southwest
Chongqing
Sichuan
Guizhou
Yunnan
Xizang (Tibet)
795
1,264
1,315
478
1
641
1,099
600
400
1
Northwest
Shaanxi
Gansu
Qinghai
Ningxia
Xinjiang
818
484
74
293
480
22,549
Planning
Region
Province
North
Beijing
Tianjin
Hebei
Shanxi
Inner Mongolia
Northeast
Liaoning
Jilin
Heilongjiang
East
Shanghai
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Anhui
Fujian
Jiangxi
Shandong
National Total/Average
Particulates from
Industrial
Processes[4,5]
(non-combustion)
(kt)
36
19
724
673
358
Provincial
Area
(thousand
km2)
17
11
188
156
1,200
Sulfur
Dioxide
Emissions
Density
(kt/km2-yr)
11.37
20.18
7.60
9.06
0.98
Particulate
Emissions
Density
(kt/km2-yr)
4.17
7.43
3.85
6.99
0.55
344
108
116
146
138
473
5.70
2.07
0.79
3.96
2.46
1.11
53
398
208
221
97
209
458
17
353
333
460
175
354
398
6
103
102
140
122
167
153
76.29
12.09
8.00
3.51
2.68
3.11
11.89
18.87
4.04
2.15
1.84
0.91
1.31
3.76
767
306
531
261
548
11
705
273
452
252
538
10
720
344
726
394
512
11
167
188
210
178
231
34
7.53
3.69
4.15
6.45
4.10
0.68
4.60
1.63
2.53
1.47
2.38
0.32
154
166
715
78
204
864
321
184
2
125
762
185
138
2
220
438
249
123
82
485
176
392
1,183
9.65
2.61
7.46
1.22
0.00
2.48
1.78
1.82
0.47
0.00
706
438
64
260
315
112
46
9
33
166
375
158
76
95
259
286
123
56
79
142
354
153
83
88
168
205
455
779
66
1,635
3.99
1.06
0.09
4.44
0.29
1.83
0.35
0.10
1.44
0.16
18,916
3,636
10,948
8,866
9,051
9,587
2.35
1.14
[1] Sum of emissions from industry and households.
[2] From all emissions sources on industrial enterprise premises. Includes electric utilities.
[3] This is a rendering of the Chinese term yanchen, which means literally "smoke dust" .
[4] For 1993-1997, data on particulates in the industrial sector do not include emissions from township and village enterprises, but data for 1998 and 1999 do include
emissions from these smaller rural factories. See footnote [1], Table 8B.2.
[5] Solid particulate matter released in the course of production processes (e.g. grinding and sorting). Calculated as emissions gas volume times particulate density at
outlet times duration of operation. Enterprises are required to report emissions regardless of whether they meet emissions standards.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-17
Table 8B.3. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions by Province (continued)
14. 2005
Planning
Region
Province
Total
(kt)
[1]
Sulfur Dioxide
Portion
from
Non[2]
Industry
Combustion
(kt)
(kt)
105
85
241
24
1,281
214
1,200
316
1,296
160
Particulates from
Particulates from
[3]
Combustion
Industrial
[4,5]
Processes
Portion from
[4]
Industry
Total
(non-combustion)
(kt)
(kt)
(kt)
58
18
33
91
77
19
732
560
713
1,122
910
695
778
604
456
17
11
188
156
1,200
Sulfur
Dioxide
Emissions
Density
(kt/km2-yr)
11.37
23.45
7.96
9.71
1.21
Particulate
Emissions
Density
(kt/km2-yr)
3.45
8.05
3.89
7.19
0.65
Provincial
Area
(thousand
km2)
North
Beijing
Tianjin
Hebei
Shanxi
Inner Mongolia
191
265
1,496
1,516
1,456
Northeast
Liaoning
Jilin
Heilongjiang
1,197
382
508
961
308
431
236
75
77
746
414
548
517
327
454
453
137
124
146
138
473
8.21
2.77
1.07
5.12
3.00
1.16
East
Shanghai
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Anhui
Fujian
Jiangxi
Shandong
513
1,373
860
571
461
613
2,003
375
1,312
831
515
439
555
1,715
138
61
29
56
22
58
287
115
452
212
298
131
246
619
50
426
199
253
118
230
485
11
355
231
462
193
350
373
6
103
102
140
122
167
153
82.74
13.38
8.45
4.09
3.79
3.68
13.08
18.55
4.41
2.08
2.14
1.08
1.47
4.04
South-CentralHenan
Hubei
Hunan
Guangdong
Guangxi
Hainan
1,625
717
919
1,294
1,023
22
1,471
626
755
1,274
975
22
153
92
164
20
49
928
330
539
279
550
11
857
266
453
271
538
10
704
338
769
321
556
11
167
188
210
178
231
34
9.74
3.82
4.37
7.27
4.44
0.65
5.56
1.76
2.57
1.57
2.39
0.32
Southwest
Chongqing
Sichuan
Guizhou
Yunnan
Xizang (Tibet)
837
1,299
1,358
522
2
683
1,141
659
429
1
154
159
699
93
1
216
791
364
227
2
131
634
205
171
2
213
384
191
155
2
82
485
176
392
1,183
10.16
2.68
7.70
1.33
0.00
2.62
1.63
2.06
0.58
0.00
Northwest
Shaanxi
Gansu
Qinghai
Ningxia
Xinjiang
922
563
124
343
516
800
517
115
302
348
122
46
9
40
171
394
162
77
123
271
292
124
57
102
150
340
166
93
90
173
205
455
779
66
1,635
4.50
1.24
0.16
5.20
0.32
1.92
0.36
0.10
1.86
0.17
25,491
21,683
3,810
11,826
9,491
9,111
9,587
2.66
1.23
National Total/Average
[1] Sum of emissions from industry and households.
[2] From all emissions sources on industrial enterprise premises. Includes electric utilities.
[3] This is a rendering of the Chinese term yanchen, which means literally "smoke dust" .
[4] For 1993-1997, data on particulates in the industrial sector do not include emissions from township and village enterprises, but data for 1998 and 1999 do include
emissions from these smaller rural factories. See footnote [1], Table 8B.2.
[5] Solid particulate matter released in the course of production processes (e.g. grinding and sorting). Calculated as emissions gas volume times particulate density at
outlet times duration of operation. Enterprises are required to report emissions regardless of whether they meet emissions standards.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-18
Table 8B.4. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions by Industrial Sector
1. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions, 1991 - 2000 (kt)
1991
Sector
Mining
Food & beverage
Textiles
Leather goods
Paper
Printing
Electric utilities
Oil refining
Coking & coal products [2]
Chemicals
Pharmaceuticals
Chemical fibers
Rubber products
Plastic products
[3]
Building materials
of which: cement
Ferrous metals
Nonferrous metals
Metals fabrication
Machinery & electronics
Other
Total (reported)
[4]
1992
1993
460
640
420
20
270
10
5,280
70
80
1,080
110
90
70
20
1,080
560
70
540
50
400
240
Total
1,261.86
568.16
415.96
19.31
281.76
12.30
5,758.15
77.33
97.67
1,095.66
136.66
116.24
78.12
26.09
1,274.18
428.47
731.25
527.25
50.06
443.48
254.41
Combustion
1,181.51
560.41
412.49
19.22
267.60
11.34
5,597.99
61.43
45.07
830.40
124.04
114.56
76.58
25.93
714.43
116.14
409.15
109.39
42.13
428.82
209.11
Noncombustion[1]
80.36
7.75
3.47
0.09
14.16
0.96
160.16
15.90
52.61
265.27
12.63
1.68
1.54
0.16
559.74
312.33
322.10
417.86
7.93
14.66
45.30
11,000
13,225.90
11,241.58
1,984.31
Total
Combustion
Noncombustion[1]
1996
1997
Total
463.65
561.45
401.31
19.81
281.77
9.21
6,283.38
73.59
102.38
1,090.25
122.09
113.39
78.61
30.36
1,274.89
666.70
790.28
580.01
40.29
410.78
197.40
12,924.90
[5]
Combustion
365.41
554.52
396.17
19.76
267.82
9.09
6,029.26
62.48
55.00
836.94
113.18
111.75
78.01
29.74
676.30
181.08
415.39
105.38
38.12
388.49
193.49
Total
481.65
524.90
395.44
18.40
270.73
9.88
6,856.68
81.23
100.79
1,087.92
136.32
114.42
112.23
29.77
1,187.83
730.97
766.20
570.22
40.50
382.57
246.49
10,746.30
2,178.60
13,414.16
1998
Combustion
308.25
467.26
332.31
23.84
357.22
10.18
7,845.75
135.94
Total
409.47
464.43
286.41
17.59
359.46
6.95
6,967.93
281.26
[5]
1995
Combustion
390.10
516.62
392.08
18.25
256.81
9.50
6,625.29
69.20
46.40
865.65
134.77
108.88
111.64
29.49
514.29
166.30
393.22
101.59
38.87
365.70
241.65
Noncombustion[1]
91.55
8.28
3.37
0.15
13.92
0.39
231.39
12.03
54.39
222.28
1.55
5.53
0.58
0.28
673.54
564.67
372.98
468.63
1.63
16.87
4.84
Total
472.71
553.03
358.44
16.73
325.06
9.80
7,178.42
150.65
98.32
1,180.38
131.00
114.59
80.23
29.22
1,232.42
778.26
840.03
613.46
49.99
394.17
221.57
11,229.98
2,184.17
14,050.21
1999
Combustion
309.80
461.12
285.26
17.55
353.46
5.66
6,933.78
170.53
Noncombustion[1]
99.67
3.31
1.15
0.04
6.00
1.30
34.15
110.73
Total
331.11
385.50
247.18
11.29
308.15
4.10
6,374.39
832.48
NonCombustion
combustion[1]
364.39
108.32
544.13
8.90
352.57
5.87
16.48
0.26
310.08
14.98
9.69
0.11
6,946.09
232.33
137.43
13.23
51.30
47.02
949.29
231.09
127.77
3.23
113.63
0.96
80.13
0.10
29.05
0.17
521.25
711.17
210.48
567.78
440.49
399.54
122.19
491.28
47.62
2.37
378.52
15.65
214.98
6.60
11,757.05
2,293.16
2000
Sector
Mining
Food & beverage
Textiles
Leather goods
Paper
Printing
Electric utilities
Oil refining
Coking & coal products [2]
Chemicals
Pharmaceuticals
Chemical fibers
Rubber products
Plastic products
Building materials[3]
of which: cement
Ferrous metals
Nonferrous metals
Metals fabrication
Machinery & electronics
Other
Total
428.33
399.11
264.95
15.26
278.47
6.49
7,315.73
138.26
Combustion
319.89
396.33
264.42
15.23
269.98
6.28
7,292.84
108.77
Noncombustion[1]
108.44
2.78
0.54
0.03
8.49
0.20
22.89
29.49
1,039.48
105.58
140.57
64.08
20.93
955.87
684.05
818.87
613.75
20.60
298.50
173.53
846.74
104.94
139.03
63.83
18.21
392.67
175.34
441.91
175.99
19.66
283.64
156.86
192.74
0.64
1.55
0.25
2.72
563.19
508.70
376.97
437.76
0.94
14.86
16.67
1,099.06
94.09
158.42
60.18
17.67
1,296.11
795.56
877.82
785.73
34.30
328.53
235.38
888.44
93.17
156.26
60.13
17.52
707.29
227.87
465.40
273.13
25.95
315.43
180.88
210.62
0.92
2.16
0.06
0.15
588.82
567.69
412.42
512.60
8.35
13.10
54.51
940.76
80.62
141.92
64.99
14.89
2,281.55
882.73
790.32
700.46
64.38
262.64
1,727.25
747.76
80.04
138.90
64.79
14.85
1,597.06
288.47
380.85
224.68
62.32
247.44
1,714.05
193.01
0.58
3.02
0.20
0.04
684.49
594.26
409.47
475.78
2.06
15.20
13.20
832.48
72.03
127.07
50.81
13.19
2,155.16
884.44
713.92
671.65
72.23
202.22
1,366.41
822.72
64.50
150.21
46.72
14.83
2,339.53
1,003.43
755.25
715.01
73.13
215.05
1,477.16
655.39
63.17
147.78
46.71
14.21
1,624.10
353.12
368.50
212.48
71.97
195.74
1,475.54
167.33
1.34
2.43
0.01
0.62
714.43
650.31
386.84
502.54
1.16
19.31
1.62
Total (reported)[4]
13,098.35
11,317.21
1,781.13
14,688.82
12,664.33
2,024.49
15,863.27
13,809.88
2,053.39
14,600.95
16,609.58
13,858.78
2,749.90
Total
402.89
478.25
333.98
23.99
368.39
10.49
7,894.55
188.99
Noncombustion[1]
94.64
10.99
1.67
0.15
11.18
0.31
48.80
53.04
1994
Noncombustion[1]
98.24
6.94
5.13
0.05
13.95
0.12
254.12
11.11
47.38
253.31
8.91
1.64
0.60
0.62
598.59
485.63
374.90
474.64
2.17
22.29
3.91
Combustion
Noncombustion[1]
Total
330.83
410.36
257.11
12.92
337.93
5.17
7,199.55
378.17
NonCombustion
combustion[1]
238.04
92.79
404.78
5.57
256.85
0.27
12.91
0.01
334.96
2.98
5.14
0.03
7,186.24
13.32
191.17
187.01
[1] Obtained from direct measurements, mass balances, or empirical equations.
[2] In 1996, 1997, 1998, coking and coal numbers are combined with oil refining figures.
[3] For 1996 and 1997, building materials category is renamed "non-metals mineral products" in the data sources.
[4] In some columns in some years, the reported total given here is slightly different than the sum of the sectoral figures.
[5] Note that emissions figures for 1997 begin to include township and village enterprises, in addition to enterprises at the county level and above. Figures for 1998 fully account for township and village enterprises.
Reported emissions of particulates rise sharply due to this definition change, especially due to inclusion of many rural factories producing cement and other building materials.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-19
Table 8B.4. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions by Industrial Sector (continued)
2. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions, 2001-2005 [1] (kt)
Sector
Coal Mining and Dressing
Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction
Ferrous Metals Mining and Dressing
Nonferrous Metals Mining and Dressing
Nonmetal Minerals Mining and Dressing
Other Minerals Mining and Dressing
Logging and Transport of Wood and Bamboo
Food, Beverage, and Tobacco Proccessing
Textiles Industry
Garments and Other Fiber Products
Leather, Furs, Down and Related Products
Timber Processing, Bamboo, Cane, Palm Fiber and Straw Products
Furniture Manufacturing
Papermaking and Paper Products
Printing and Record Medium Reproduction
Cultural, Educational and Sports Goods
Petroleum Processing and Coking
Raw Chemical Materials and Chemical Products
Medical and Pharmaceutical Products
Chemical Fiber
Rubber Products
Plastic Products
Nonmetal Mineral Products
Smelting and Rolling of Ferrous Metals
Smelting and Rolling of Nonferrous Metals
Metals Products
Machinery, Electric Equiptment, Electronic Manufacturing
Other Manufacturing Industry
Wasted Resources and Wasted Materials Recycling
Electric Power, Steam and Hot Water Production & Supply
Gas Production & Supply
Tap Water Production & Supply
Other
Total (reported)
2001
177.67
32.22
68.67
31.35
48.66
0.44
5.01
392.65
262.58
10.52
14.16
29.61
4.26
426.16
6.19
3.10
344.30
786.18
65.30
127.60
44.79
13.16
1,573.62
732.58
612.34
28.53
168.15
8.11
2002
185.96
33.14
28.17
58.75
66.42
1.29
7.82
401.94
230.42
9.39
16.73
32.88
2.35
350.21
2.62
9.36
372.96
735.84
62.87
113.47
40.94
11.97
1,550.01
813.92
672.43
28.30
171.66
7.92
7,255.42
26.65
2.63
7,500.89
24.59
2.89
15,660.00
15,619.81
2003
155.24
23.54
32.27
48.82
47.83
2.37
2004
152.09
24.91
57.19
61.52
36.84
1.37
2005
210.41
32.18
43.21
66.97
56.96
2.34
359.56
246.47
9.50
13.83
34.96
3.17
362.88
3.20
1.18
442.09
832.68
68.33
127.62
41.06
9.55
1,553.79
832.36
581.65
23.55
191.81
3.26
1.61
8,619.46
285.68
2.75
166.00
386.09
293.67
12.96
17.35
44.47
2.36
390.75
2.20
3.74
679.94
1,033.83
89.89
115.83
38.44
11.63
1,748.37
1,134.09
703.64
31.41
195.94
3.64
0.84
9,948.60
19.40
6.57
212.98
369.13
296.21
15.31
21.24
47.92
3.63
431.32
2.45
2.66
708.52
1,167.56
64.23
115.25
44.30
13.03
1,783.65
1,422.38
707.00
25.53
186.40
4.90
0.45
11,671.69
18.82
5.25
263.82
15,128.07
17,462.54
19,804.73
[1] Sectoral emission data are reported in greater detail beginning in 2001.
Source: China Statistic Yearbook, 2002 and 2003.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-20
Table 8B.4. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions by Industrial Sector
3. Particulate Emissions, 1991 - 2000 (kt)
Sector
Mining
Food & beverage
Textiles
Leather goods
Paper
Printing
Electric utilities
Oil refining
Coking & coal products [2]
Chemicals
Pharmaceuticals
Chemical fibers
Rubber products
Plastic products
[3]
Building materials
of which: cement
Ferrous metals
Nonferrous metals
Metals fabrication
Machinery & electronics
Other
Total (reported)[4]
Total
600
600
270
20
260
10
4,220
40
120
870
70
50
40
10
4,600
3,150
1,460
210
60
390
330
14,230
1991
NonCombustion combustion[1]
420
180
550
50
250
20
20
230
30
10
4,180
40
30
10
70
50
630
240
70
50
40
10
740
3,860
260
2,890
440
1,020
100
110
50
10
310
80
260
70
8,460
5,770
Total
1,241.23
496.59
248.40
14.93
225.85
18.77
3,966.23
35.64
134.69
865.53
71.55
91.65
45.84
12.68
4,596.10
2,412.16
1,439.91
180.73
50.73
381.64
348.57
1992
NonCombustion
combustion[1]
1,051.66
189.57
459.73
36.86
234.40
14.00
14.48
0.45
197.41
28.44
18.75
0.01
3,883.35
82.88
25.65
9.99
83.16
51.54
571.48
294.05
65.82
5.73
58.69
32.95
41.41
4.43
12.47
0.21
812.00
3,784.10
273.16
2,138.99
515.56
924.36
89.81
90.92
43.76
6.97
289.65
91.99
235.06
113.50
14,467.24
1996
8,704.28
1997
Non[1]
Combustion combustion
254.71
144.21
249.18
18.93
134.41
3.85
11.33
0.15
201.43
39.67
3.35
0.02
4,164.88
66.96
56.49
61.77
Total
514.45
326.30
168.89
17.27
418.88
9.15
4,024.71
166.68
Total
572.83
925.85
231.67
14.57
326.83
4.89
4,240.97
43.22
154.56
861.28
73.39
62.19
37.46
15.26
4,868.07
3,746.61
1,550.98
281.34
41.29
356.36
307.11
5,762.96
14,970.10
[5]
1993
NonCombustion combustion[1]
369.76
203.08
868.96
56.89
224.73
6.94
13.95
0.63
287.50
39.33
4.84
0.05
4,193.40
47.57
31.36
11.85
102.08
52.48
589.33
271.95
68.49
4.90
56.29
5.89
36.74
0.72
13.44
1.82
878.83
3,989.24
392.67
3,353.94
432.41
1,118.57
102.52
178.82
34.00
7.29
281.54
74.82
214.31
92.80
8,804.46
1998
Non[1]
Combustion
combustion
303.81
210.64
310.36
15.94
166.13
2.77
16.37
0.90
284.26
134.62
6.47
2.68
3,952.96
71.75
87.16
79.52
Total
1,159.11
316.69
149.66
11.47
364.00
3,482.27
93.67
274.31
6,165.64
Total
491.37
398.27
230.61
12.67
208.51
4.98
4,339.68
46.60
180.77
804.27
78.74
62.16
32.28
12.35
4,784.58
3,820.66
1,422.05
199.40
40.34
322.73
224.04
13,896.39
[5]
1994
NonCombustion combustion[1]
361.83
129.53
371.28
26.99
225.20
5.41
11.70
0.97
182.58
25.93
4.91
0.07
4,303.37
36.31
32.89
13.71
99.83
80.94
580.36
223.91
76.94
1.80
57.36
4.80
31.09
1.19
11.62
0.73
717.42
4,067.16
348.71
3,471.96
423.35
998.71
111.42
87.98
35.86
4.48
268.62
54.11
160.98
63.07
8,068.59
5,827.80
Total
455.48
440.79
201.94
11.38
248.93
4.96
4,479.90
82.22
163.59
825.94
76.57
73.81
43.83
11.87
5,379.05
4,254.37
1,414.99
257.80
35.13
342.48
218.91
14,769.57
1999
Non[1]
Combustion combustion
992.54
166.57
304.29
12.40
148.58
1.09
11.31
0.17
259.54
104.46
3,419.78
0.18
6.84
62.49
187.48
86.83
Total
419.87
290.06
122.91
8.26
291.20
4.18
3,110.38
328.70
1995
NonCombustion
combustion[1]
335.02
120.46
408.71
32.08
196.05
5.89
10.62
0.76
220.12
28.81
4.94
0.02
4,443.76
36.15
66.71
15.51
79.00
84.60
644.17
181.77
75.41
1.17
65.34
8.47
37.21
6.63
11.63
0.24
756.83
4,622.22
385.10
3,869.27
407.71
1,007.28
143.38
114.43
31.91
3.23
290.89
51.59
150.33
68.58
8,379.71
6,389.86
2000
Non[1]
Combustion combustion
248.92
170.95
266.45
23.61
120.65
2.26
8.19
0.07
259.44
31.76
4.17
0.01
3,074.61
35.78
251.64
77.06
Total
307.18
274.31
121.63
9.13
246.75
3.03
3,037.70
301.83
Non[1]
Combustion
combustion
215.47
91.72
259.86
14.46
119.07
2.56
8.50
0.63
209.45
37.30
2.36
0.67
3,013.12
24.58
247.60
54.24
Sector
Mining
Food & beverage
Textiles
Leather goods
Paper
Printing
Electric utilities
Oil refining
Coking & coal products [2]
Chemicals
Pharmaceuticals
Chemical fibers
Rubber products
Plastic products
Building materials[3]
of which: cement
Ferrous metals
Nonferrous metals
Metals fabrication
Machinery & electronics
Other
Total
398.92
268.11
138.27
11.48
241.10
3.37
4,231.84
118.26
693.13
42.42
74.06
26.10
7.47
3,954.01
3,545.19
1,352.56
378.51
22.13
238.09
164.25
545.85
41.29
59.79
23.02
7.15
480.96
283.69
364.50
210.06
19.06
186.51
97.29
147.28
1.13
14.28
3.08
0.32
3,473.05
3,261.51
988.06
168.45
3.07
51.59
66.96
701.11
54.74
73.04
30.98
11.67
7,816.68
6,267.32
632.94
276.54
110.01
282.43
182.21
521.64
54.64
58.00
28.21
9.30
1,133.20
420.28
439.72
192.25
38.90
210.68
82.77
179.47
0.10
15.04
2.77
2.37
6,683.48
5,847.04
193.21
84.30
71.11
71.75
99.45
663.65
49.49
72.10
28.84
9.89
13,935.64
10,946.07
1,380.03
271.45
129.28
227.15
2,339.25
517.49
48.54
58.54
28.40
7.12
2,669.60
650.35
354.38
145.75
42.78
177.60
2,268.43
146.16
0.95
13.56
0.44
2.77
11,266.03
10,295.71
1,025.66
125.71
86.50
49.55
70.82
525.47
53.55
73.04
22.82
8.61
12,552.32
9,720.28
1,243.28
291.87
130.70
172.69
1,628.81
433.95
52.44
58.44
22.25
6.03
2,501.29
490.47
311.72
176.59
37.43
131.15
1,564.10
91.51
1.11
14.60
0.57
2.58
10,051.03
9,229.81
931.56
115.29
93.27
41.55
64.71
524.04
38.26
70.03
15.49
37.00
10,665.68
8,091.63
1,143.12
333.13
123.34
150.67
1,896.60
420.74
38.06
55.27
15.05
8.79
2,423.93
409.55
289.66
217.65
29.38
117.81
1,841.45
103.30
0.20
14.76
0.44
28.22
8,241.76
7,682.08
853.46
115.47
93.95
32.86
55.16
Total (reported)[4]
12,364.07
7,111.24
5,252.82
15,818.67
7,896.82
7,921.85
24,957.92
11,648.96
13,222.31
21,287.31
9,534.32
11,752.99
20,453.29
9,533.29
10,920.00
[1] Obtained from direct measurements, mass balances, or empirical equations.
[2] In 1996, 1997, 1998, coking and coal numbers are combined with oil refining figures.
[3] For 1996 and 1997, building materials category is renamed "non-metals mineral products" in the data sources.
[4] In some columns in some years, the reported total given here is slightly different than the sum of the sectoral figures.
[5] Note that emissions figures for 1997 begin to include township and village enterprises, in addition to enterprises at the county level and above. Figures for 1998 fully account for township and village enterprises.
Reported emissions of particulates rise sharply due to this definition change, especially due to inclusion of many rural factories producing cement and other building materials.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-21
Table 8B.4. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions by Industrial Sector (continued)
4. Particulate Emissions, 2001 and 2002 [1] (kt)
2001
2002
Sector
Coal Mining and Dressing
Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction
Ferrous Metals Mining and Dressing
Nonferrous Metals Mining and Dressing
Nonmetal Minerals Mining and Dressing
Other Minerals Mining and Dressing
Logging and Transport of Wood and Bamboo
Food, Beverage, and Tobacco Proccessing
Textiles Industry
Garments and Other Fiber Products
Leather, Furs, Down and Related Products
Timber Processing, Bamboo, Cane, Palm Fiber and Straw Products
Furnature Manufacturing
Papermaking and Paper Products
Printing and Record Medium Reproduction
Cultural, Educational and Sports Goods
Petroleum Processing and Coking
Raw Chemical Materials and Chemical Products
Medical and Pharmaceutical Products
Chemical Fiber
Rubber Products
Plastic Products
Nonmetal Mineral Products
Smelting and Rolling of Ferrous Metals
Smelting and Rolling of Nonferrous Metals
Metals Products
Machinery, Electric Equiptment, Electronic Manufacturing
Other Manufacturing Industry
Electric Power, Steam and Hot Water Production & Supply
Gas Production & Supply
Tap Water Production & Supply
Total
245.13
20.33
91.11
16.74
71.05
0.49
18.87
383.98
117.44
3.90
9.01
45.72
9.15
314.51
2.90
1.79
268.65
540.21
43.10
59.89
18.50
11.72
6,724.97
1,255.31
411.40
58.16
165.47
8.45
3,252.55
35.07
4.02
Combustion
168.81
18.54
37.56
7.01
27.55
0.48
7.54
364.02
114.91
3.79
8.98
35.44
7.04
277.85
2.88
1.51
196.20
432.84
41.57
54.08
17.19
5.55
1,305.43
445.14
237.10
42.93
115.42
4.37
3,231.96
10.64
1.41
Noncombustion
76.33
1.79
53.55
9.73
43.51
0.01
11.33
19.96
2.54
0.11
0.03
10.28
2.11
36.66
0.02
0.28
72.45
107.38
1.54
5.81
1.32
6.17
5,419.54
810.17
174.30
15.23
50.05
4.08
20.59
24.44
2.61
Total (reported)
18,426.86
8,520.86
9,906.00
Total
218.92
21.55
49.27
44.82
139.30
0.67
9.95
395.28
107.74
3.48
12.02
49.74
3.71
240.23
2.05
5.98
292.83
599.16
37.97
63.44
16.60
11.10
6,488.19
1,261.69
365.48
36.06
173.49
12.26
3,299.42
46.25
1.10
Combustion
127.42
20.22
25.53
25.94
35.49
0.62
7.69
367.58
104.05
3.35
11.91
40.56
2.64
226.25
2.05
4.66
218.54
468.77
36.67
56.19
14.88
5.18
1,307.09
397.14
205.02
25.45
121.08
8.97
3,284.49
12.99
1.10
17,452.51
8,042.21
Noncombustion
91.50
1.33
23.74
18.87
103.81
0.05
2.25
27.70
3.69
0.13
0.11
9.19
1.06
13.98
1.32
74.29
130.39
1.29
7.25
1.72
5.92
5,181.10
864.56
160.46
10.62
52.41
3.29
14.92
33.26
9,410.30
[1] Sectoral emission data are reported in greater detail beginning in 2001.
Source: China Statistic Yearbook, 2002 and 2003.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-22
Table 8B.4. Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions by Industrial Sector (continued)
5. Particulate Emissions, 2003-2005 (kt)
2003
Sector
Total
Coal Mining and Dressing
185.61
Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction
14.53
Ferrous Metals Mining and Dressing
43.03
Nonferrous Metals Mining and Dressing
32.36
Nonmetal Minerals Mining and Dressing
75.58
Other Minerals Mining and Dressing
5.67
Logging and Transport of Wood and Bamboo
Food, Beverage, and Tobacco Proccessing
384.30
Textiles Industry
102.95
Garments and Other Fiber Products
4.96
Leather, Furs, Down and Related Products
7.96
Timber Processing, Bamboo, Cane, Palm Fiber and Straw Products
60.56
Furnature Manufacturing
3.13
Papermaking and Paper Products
247.97
Printing and Record Medium Reproduction
2.46
Cultural, Educational and Sports Goods
1.61
Petroleum Processing and Coking
459.31
Raw Chemical Materials and Chemical Products
563.90
Medical and Pharmaceutical Products
43.74
Chemical Fiber
40.06
Rubber Products
17.61
Plastic Products
3.80
Nonmetal Mineral Products
6,342.28
Smelting and Rolling of Ferrous Metals
1,332.70
Smelting and Rolling of Nonferrous Metals
333.14
Metals Products
25.51
Machinery, Electric Equiptment, Electronic Manufacturing
236.31
Other Manufacturing Industry
5.71
Wasted Resources and Wasted Materials Recycling
2.00
Electric Power, Steam and Hot Water Production & Supply
3,398.81
Gas Production & Supply
53.43
Tap Water Production & Supply
0.65
Other
101.21
Total
14,132.85
2004
Combustion
133.51
13.12
22.53
14.55
25.14
2.88
Noncombustion
52.10
1.41
20.50
17.81
50.44
2.79
364.52
101.02
4.78
7.90
44.04
2.23
225.43
2.02
0.99
301.51
432.20
42.74
36.88
16.52
3.58
1,222.74
419.40
175.68
16.62
138.85
2.42
1.35
3,369.72
20.88
0.65
81.31
7,247.70
19.78
1.93
0.18
0.06
16.53
0.90
22.55
0.44
0.62
157.81
131.70
1.00
3.18
1.10
0.22
5,119.54
913.30
157.46
8.89
97.46
3.29
0.65
29.09
32.55
0.01
19.90
6,885.16
Total
272.32
14.16
55.23
55.02
93.47
22.39
0.00
426.15
127.04
7.42
13.48
75.86
1.81
242.68
1.69
5.62
621.02
679.55
45.60
39.26
16.85
8.86
7,103.68
1,754.37
390.66
25.53
231.98
4.50
0.73
3,565.46
13.87
2.45
203.78
16,122.46
Combustion
134.79
12.58
19.58
29.24
36.93
0.73
400.55
115.75
6.43
13.32
53.72
1.72
228.29
1.69
2.15
468.05
507.73
44.56
37.17
16.52
4.65
1,329.19
539.42
200.81
16.98
138.35
2.13
0.52
3,485.80
8.37
2.45
98.09
7,958.24
2005
Noncombustion
137.53
1.58
35.65
25.78
56.53
21.66
25.60
11.29
0.98
0.16
22.14
0.09
14.39
0.00
3.47
152.98
171.82
1.04
2.09
0.32
4.20
5,774.49
1,214.95
189.85
8.55
93.63
2.37
0.20
79.66
5.51
105.69
8,164.22
Total
355.20
15.71
56.02
55.31
156.50
2.70
381.21
130.80
20.22
11.62
70.93
4.64
256.92
1.24
5.27
570.26
710.88
42.72
46.69
19.91
5.92
6,995.89
1,949.57
379.31
27.45
194.50
7.19
0.17
4,159.97
15.47
2.21
177.24
16,829.62
Combustion
109.34
14.35
16.76
26.90
68.14
1.37
351.26
128.19
7.06
11.42
54.77
2.23
240.79
1.23
1.55
381.84
535.59
41.54
45.69
19.64
5.76
1,338.76
692.75
192.16
17.07
116.03
5.03
0.16
4,052.05
14.03
2.21
53.19
8,548.83
Noncombustion
245.86
1.36
39.26
28.42
88.35
1.34
29.95
2.61
13.16
0.20
16.15
2.41
16.13
0.01
3.73
188.42
175.28
1.18
1.01
0.27
0.16
5,657.12
1,256.83
187.15
10.38
78.47
2.16
0.01
107.92
1.44
124.05
8,280.79
Source: China Statistic Yearbook, 2004-2006.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-23
Figure 8B.3. Industrial Pollutant Emissions by Sector, 2005
1. Sulfur dioxide Emissions, 2005 (kt)
Petroleum processing
708.52
Other 1,974.80
Food & Beverage 369.13
Nonferrous metals 707.00
Chemicals 1,167.56
Electric utilities
11,671.69
Ferrous metals 1,422.38
Nonmetal minerals
1,783.65
2. Particulate Emissions, 2005 (kt)
Other 1,683
Petroleum processing 570
Nonferrous metals 379
Food & Beverage 381
Chemicals 711
Nonmetal minerals
6,995.89
Ferrous metals 1,950
Electric utilities 4,159.97
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-24
Figure 8.4. Ambient Air Pollutant Levels in China's Major Cities (Annual Averages) Compared to Chinese Class II Air Quality
Standards, 1980-2004
Total Suspended Particulates (µg/m3), 1980-2004
Nitrogen Oxides[1] (µg/m3), 1980-2005
3,000
250
2,500
200
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1980
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
0
1984
0
1982
50
1980
500
1988
100
1986
1,000
150
1984
1,500
1982
mgm3
mgm3
2,000
Sulfur Dioxide (µg/m3), 1980-2004
600
Average of Southern Cities
mg/m3
500
Average of Northern Cities
400
Annual Average Standard
300
24-hour Average Standard
Vertical bars indicate ranges of values for all cities; the highest
horizontal mark shows the most polluted of the Chinese cities.
200
100
[1] In the Nitrogen Oxides chart, data for 2001 and 2002 are
for NO2.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
0
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-25
Table 8B.5. Ambient Air Quality in Chinese Cities (Annual Averages), 1980-2005
1. Total Suspended Particulates (µg/m3)
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Major Cities
Average[1]
610
703
729
600
660
590
570
590
580
432
379
325
323
329
329
317
308
287
282
259
261
277
269
275
282
Lowest
City
Highest
City
160
220
164
190
224
196
154
220
117
64
80
90
108
89
55
79
32
48
75
77
69
47
78
14
2,770
1,910
1,358
2,158
1,767
1,575
1,357
1,597
1,043
844
1,433
663
815
849
732
618
741
741
665
721
1,055
663
683
1,424
Southern
Cities
Average[1]
340
410
470
330
450
444
391
370
440
318
268
225
243
251
250
242
230
200
200
179
186
187
181
174
164
Northern
Cities
Average[1]
875
930
950
870
870
740
715
805
674
526
475
425
403
407
407
392
387
374
364
339
336
368
356
337
321
No. Cities
65
74
74
87
88
93
95
97
93
78
53
61
72
Remarks
59 exceeded Class II standard
63 exceeded Class II standard
45 exceeded Class II standard
70 exceeded Class II standard
66 exceeded Class II standard
67 exceeded Class II standard
70 exceeded Class II standard
59 exceeded Class II standard
57 exceeded Class II standard
54 exceeded Class II standard
36 exceeded Class II standard
37 exceeded Class II standard
44 exceeded Class II standard
[1] Simple means, as reported by SEPA. "Major cities average" is simply the unweighted average of the means for northern and southern cities.
2.Sulfur Dioxide (µg/m3)
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Major Cities
Average[1]
110
115
115
94
92
105
106
117
94
105
98
90
94
98
86
81
80
66
57
56
52
52
51
66
64
57
Lowest
City
20
20
25
7
8
16
35
12
2
3
4
2
8
2
2
2
3
2
1
1
2
2
2
3
5
Highest
City
450
520
324
363
504
434
434
435
394
422
351
463
451
472
424
418
248
276
272
277
244
160
267
231
177
Southern
Cities
Average[1]
100
110
110
80
93
100
108
104
99
120
115
88
90
96
83
80
76
60
52
50
47
45
42
50
56
50
Northern
Cities
Average[1]
130
120
120
110
90
110
105
130
89
93
81
92
97
100
89
81
83
72
62
61
57
58
61
82
72
63
No. Cities
70
76
77
88
88
90
94
96
97
93
97
98
113
113
113
Remarks
46 exceeded Class II standard
48 exceeded Class II standard
48 exceeded Class II standard
51 exceeded Class II standard
46 exceeded Class II standard
41 exceeded Class II standard
32 exceeded Class II standard
31 exceeded Class II standard
24 exceeded Class II standard
24 exceeded Class II standard
29 exceeded Class II standard
50 exceeded Class II standard
49 exceeded Class II standard
50 exceeded Class II standard
[1] Simple means, as reported by SEPA. "Major cities average" is simply the unweighted average of the means for northern and southern cities.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years; NEPA, 1994.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-26
Table 8B.5. Ambient Air Quality in Chinese Cities (Annual Averages), 1980-2005 (continued)
3. Nitrogen Oxides (µg/m3)
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001 [3]
2002 [3]
2003
2004
2005
Major Cities
Lowest
Highest
Average
City
City
43
50
10
90
45
10
110
46
6
94
42
10
95
50
13
94
48
14
108
56
17
199
45
9
110
47
10
140
43
7
130
46
11
164
48
11
152
50
10
147
47
44
120
47
12
129
46
5
152
45
4
140
45
8
151
45
7
140
[2]
30, 53
126, 71 [2]
35
35
37
37
35
11
10
11
7
4
Southern
Cities
Average
35
40
40
36
37
41
41
43
42
43
38
38
40
40
39
41
40
40
41
42
71
76
72
73
68
32
33
35
36
34
Northern
Cities
Average
50
60
50
55
46
59
55
69
48
51
47
54
56
59
55
53
51
49
49
48
37
37
40
38
36
No. Cities
Remarks
70
76
77
85
88
90
94
96
97
53 [4]
55 exceeded Class II standard
53 exceeded Class II standard
50 exceeded Class II standard
53 exceeded Class II standard
56 exceeded Class II standard
22 exceeded Class II standard [4]
97
98
112
113
112
35 exceeded Class II standard
35 exceeded Class II standard
46 exceeded Class II standard
43 exceeded Class II standard
38 exceeded Class II standard
41 exceeded Class II standard
45 exceeded Class II standard
[1] Simple means, as reported by SEPA. "Major cities average" is simply the unweighted average of the means for northern and southern cities.
[2] For 2000, the first number listed is NOx for and the second number is for NO2.
[3] Data for 2001 and 2002 are for NO2; prior to 2000 data are for NOx.
[4] NOx only.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years; NEPA, 1994.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-27
Table 8B.5. Ambient Air Quality in Chinese Cities (Annual Averages), 1980-2005 (continued)
4. Particulate Deposition Velocity (tonnes/km2*month)
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Major Cities
Average
35.00
35.35
32.08
32.00
27.20
27.65
25.02
24.41
25.00
22.37
19.15
18.24
19.09
18.53
17.67
17.45
16.22
15.38
14.82
14.30
14.15
14.62
13.73
11.97
12.45
Lowest
City
Highest
City
10.79
10.83
5.10
4.48
7.53
5.96
7.53
7.04
3.77
3.71
3.22
3.84
4.03
3.20
3.70
3.33
3.68
3.31
3.20
2.60
1.90
2.10
1.90
3.00
103.75
99.73
113.90
87.61
76.50
68.57
73.97
131.25
61.92
56.70
51.17
55.75
83.47
64.61
60.13
52.68
53.17
66.32
61.60
38.40
48.40
51.30
44.80
41.90
Southern
Cities
Average
20.00
18.76
16.69
16.00
16.10
16.50
13.22
14.09
13.50
15.27
10.60
11.15
12.09
10.04
10.57
10.16
9.21
9.29
8.57
8.50
8.80
8.65
7.40
7.99
8.21
Northern
Cities
Average
50.00
50.67
48.76
48.00
38.00
38.81
32.58
32.79
35.00
27.70
26.05
25.32
26.08
27.02
24.76
24.73
23.22
21.46
21.06
20.10
19.50
20.58
20.05
16.03
16.86
No. Cities
61
67
73
84
85
88
87
91
89
87
89
113
113
106
[1] Simple means, as reported by SEPA. "Major cities average" is simply the unweighted average of the means for northern and southern cities.
5. Acidity of Precipitation (pH) [5]
Major Cities
Average
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Lowest City
Annual
Single
Average Occurrence
3.85
3.94
3.84
2.92
3.54
3.00
3.74
3.01
4.29
3.02
4.30
Highest City
Annual
Single
Average Occurrence
7.43
7.63
7.54
8.14
7.67
9.98
7.79
12.03
7.58
10.94
7.47
No. Cities
58
73
77
82
92
103
106
Remarks
30 below pH 5.6
36 below pH 5.6
37 below pH 5.6
42 below pH 5.6
44 below pH 5.6
42 below pH 5.6
43 below pH 5.6
[5] Incomplete series due to unavailable data after 1999.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years; NEPA, 1994.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-28
Table 8B.6. Ambient Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) Levels, Selected Cities, 1986-2004
Annual Averages, µg/m3
Standard
Class I
Class II
Class III
Region
North
daily avg
80
200
300
max. at
any time
300
1,000
1,500
Province
Beijing
City
Tianjin
Hebei
Shanxi
Inner
Mongolia
Northeast
Liaoning
Jilin
1986
540
1987
470
1988
399
410
Baoding
Cangzhou
Chengde
Handan
Langfang
Qinhuangdao
Shijiazhuang
Tangshan
Xingtai
Zhangjiakou
Changzhi
Datong
Linfen
Jincheng
Taiyuan
Yangquan
Yuci
Yuncheng
Baotou
Chifeng
Hailar
Hohhot
Tongliao
Wuhai
Wulanchabu
Anshan
Benxi
Changhai
Chaoyang
Dandong
Dalian[1]
Fushun
Huludao
Jinzhou
Liaoyang
Panjin
Shenyang
Yingkou
Baicheng
Baishan
Changchun
Ji'an
Jilin
Liaoyuan
Siping
Songyuan
Tumen
Heilongjiang Daqing
Harbin
Hegang
Qiqihar
Qitaihe
Shuangyashan
Yichun
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
1989
360
1990
1991
307
290 247 [250]
1992
514
352
574
627
555
552
391
401
423 269 [372]
448
641 [638]
452
395
437 [457]
525 [790]
281
838
357
851
665
505
810
841
1,333
1,501
1,304
660
402
840
588
721
693
380
520
540
2000
353
2001
370
2002
2003
252
306
317
318
339
348
304
283
274
262
308
353
263
268
293
362
391
354
452
308
331
359
312
336
310
326
344
260
349
352
294
366
331
283
431
352
285
262
348
327
432
557
520
594
612
721
514
507
568
515
504
523
416
401
311
208
290
262
288
359
278
216
425
459
481
485
484
445
458
443
380
395
381
404
410
443
448
295
461
251
507
238
451
256
448
411
498
681
448
1,041 760 [783]
1,153
600
602
513
562 262 [286]
204
834
1999
364
336 [318]
428
308
517
202
452 [376]
311 [338]
413 [360]
426
348
379
483 [548]
846
920
808
380
760
1998
379
396 [320]
388
359
493 457 [508]
889
860
872
454
1,180
1997
377
354 [388]
323
370
507
108
447
419 [389]
372 [380]
417
252
420
566
440
854
1996
365
269 [250]
300
308
407
359
674
1995
370
343
435
617
800
421
676
1994 [2]
1993
340
331
599 [655]
320
599
412
481
494
580
345
395
611
506
322
2004
288
305
433
393
391
415
418
382
353
285
564
234
256
282
295
116
198
166
149|420
534
139|430
646
137|440
593
143|400
460
159|330
139
455 358 [360]
134 [133]
398
156
185
425
374
217
422
143
166
146
88
343
288
261
218
369
332
304
240
241
300
280
199
182
303
265
170
550
474
469 301 [374]
408
400
377
314
308
274
245
341
430
175
155
318
301
242
656
296
269
338
246
287
274
186
202
290
241
279
199
130 117 [120]
540 480 [450]
490 513 [440]
109
490 373 [433]
306
161
345 [391]
475
142
409 [386]
406
149
359
276
148
342
262
145
310
281
158
269
288
138
260
298
118
242
279
86
219
253
305
302
313
310
299
271
289
213
140
219
242
237
251
269
143
154
166
171
840 [792]
710
347
404
647
312 [388]
378
815
381
269
726
362
196
618
341
173
617
316
163
560
295
162
563
265
139
557
220
217
766
178
191
408
663
242
379
China Energy Databook 7.0
135
182
185
262
167
173
172
220
210
158
136
(continued)
8-29
Table 8B.6. Ambient Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) Levels, Selected Cities, 1986-2004 (continued)
Annual Averages, µg/m3
Region
Province
East
Shanghai
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Anhui
City
1987
1988
190
Lianyungang
Nanjing
Nantong
Suzhou
Xuzhou
Zhenjiang
469
Hangzhou
Huzhou
Jiaxing
Jinhua
Ningbo
Quzhou
Shaoxing
Wenzhou
166
Anqing
Bengbu
Hefei
Huaibei
Huainan
Huangshan
Ma'anshan
Tongling
Wuhu
Fujian
Fuzhou
Sanming
Xiamen
Jiangxi
Ganzhou
Jingdezhen
Jiujiang
Nanchang
Pingxiang
Xinyu
Yingtan
Shandong
1986
Changdao
Ji'nan
Qingdao
Zibo
423
627
1989
1990
1991
1992
1994 [2]
1993
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
317
358 327 [284]
337
280 [250]
246
242
229
215
168
156
162
273
302 176 [202]
241
307
286
209
268 [288]
474 [492]
268 [489]
317
214
285
351
300
210
232
356
198
281
219
220
399
196
253
210
205
353
182
202
215
142
356
179
107
108
152
323
209
315
443
281
229
285
380
234
251
265
265
262
205
185
141
166
186
193
134
120
132
154
87
2002
2003
168
140
2004
343
453
270
272
154
521
471
228
321
199
159
397
338
344 350 [345]
239
198
334
152
169
219
406
158
147
306
261
323
146
192
258
304
306
330
353
353
187
233
174
207
309
168
106
193
134
122
121
149
240
260
450
700
550
240
340
360
600
580
220 154 [160]
320
240
158 [240]
940
550
660
330
160
135
138
137
119
122
103
131
148
170
420
340
440
520
280
260
164 [170]
152
137 [141]
419
387
120
227
350
166
141
370
250
950
198 [209]
204
153 [167]
426
420
120
258
361
420
192
510
580
980
130 193 [210]
260
223
140 260 [129]
450
475
260
310
501
340
316
250
240
260
441
216
245
283
187
251
99 [95]
264
351
90 [91]
215
188
316
100
154
301
79
163
359
79
141
246
74
129
220
77
113
213
84
113
219
428
505
286
274
759
250
163
95
287
205
216
216
188 137 [136]
603
313
244
305
103
212
215
191
262
118 [90]
124 [140]
273 [250]
200
290
390
83
261
132
279
276
109
189
124
207
372
84
195
159
178
275
62
295
200
174
288
87
181
192
176
273
116
180
268
180
254
115
198
227
179
329
420
224
372
108
361
211
389
94
318
191
315
157
96
173
135
348
510
308
414
558
369
563
565
298
377
818
200
687
540
427
437
971
263
169
280
130
262
80
121
176
106
175
140
313
361
168
600
428
469
590
369
564
624
377
465
642
177
407
594
472
321
471
453
474
269
456
173
143
219
(continued)
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-30
Table 8B.6. Ambient Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) Levels, Selected Cities, 1986-2004 (continued)
Annual Averages, µg/m3
Region
SouthCentral
Province
Henan
Hubei
Hunan
City
Anyang
Jiaozuo
Kaifeng
Luoyang
Pingdingshan
Zhengzhou
E'zhou
Wuhan
Xiangfan
Yichang
Southwest
640
688
349
333
Beihai
Baise
Bose
Fangchenggang
Guigang
Guilin
Hechi
Hezhou
Liuzhou
Nanning
Qinzhou
Wuzhou
230
1992
1994 [2]
1993
403
411
440
433
421
365
336
418
320
407
141
212 [280] 217 [280]
358 250 [336]
130 274 [263]
264
272
307
238
269
414
449
292
206
189
222
202
203
165
228
264 [280]
515
1995
505
556
264
470
408
474
1996
571
536
447
452
302
469
1997
633
496
439
322
478
459
1998
452
445
361
401
463
424
1999
462
462
428
374
415
360
2000
496
498
320
354
398
291
2001
299
422
334
402
276
191
2002
327
456
337
346
333
250
211
258
513
195
271
271
241
265
238
258
275
267
259
269
219
253
252
244
292
274
315
262
249
218
318
237
203
586
226
208
198
224
228
211
195
250
203
214
159
270
179
201
172
250
185
191
172
267
170
160
205
295
265
217
205
182
185
151
162
134
217
136
155
100
143
94
107
90
117
147
91
93
119
122
104
112
166
199
163
141
115
167
180
164
183
142
208
146
160
114
225
146
188
139
225
109
167
2003
285
441
294
387
354
215
2004
358
686
410
230
290
200
277
230
198
270
170
119
260
220
161
297 [277]
210
206 [147]
390
190
100
185
109
153
225
94
198
254
104 [125]
141 [149]
128 [124]
210 184 [200]
159 [157]
210
261
143
149
184
174
450
260 170 [190]
219
182 [276]
203
237
198 181 [191]
146
238
188 [192]
230
227 [210]
200
196
146
160
170
162
192
104
253
174
175
131
200
162
161
80
100
99
108 [115]
113
55
91
72
75
75
77
320
320 341 [350]
1,080
372 [398]
1,480
320
366
277
248
243
231
198
214
916
284 [310]
240
272 [295]
214
248
184
250
171
218
167
219
162
215
165
263
175
207
412
362 [440]
350
248 [270]
300 [290]
1,014
274
269 [250]
279
279 [260]
325
328
223
296
268
340
264
249
226
246
192
290
310
213
315
600 428 [430]
490 376 [400]
351 [380]
262
721
340
322
543
181
618
200
529
316
204
261
151
261
206
195
199
190
227
157
290
360
Chongqing
Chongqing
Wanxian
660
Guizhou
Anshun
Chishui
Duyun
Guiyang
Kaili
Liupanshui
Tongren
Xingyi
Zunyi
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
1991
528
447
686
537
680 608 [680]
314
Chengdu
Dachuan
Leshan
Nanchong
Xichang
Yibin
Zigong
Changdu
Lhasa
1990
118
441
Sichuan
Gejiu
Kunming
Lijiang
Dali
1989
360
195
Haikou
Sanya
Wuzhishan
Xizang
1988
167
Hainan
Yunnan
1987
Changsha
Hengyang
Huaihua
Zhuzhou
Guangdong Guangzhou
Shantou
Shenzhen
Zhanjiang
Zhuhai
Guangxi
1986
240
370
340
160
151
137
156
14
330
620
420
244
574
465
167
184
370
470 418 [385]
178
160
236
407 331 [333]
263
392 [516]
304
330
312
216
236
221
209
211
280
352 324 [321]
415 [422]
275
408
296
221
165
181
211
202
208
148
337
140
253
110
246
151
278
199
242
197
186
113
161
152
141
143
119
320
266
1,228
586
569
1,382
144
438
150
420
106
337
134
331
122
101
123
170
116
201
200
173
231
328
317
32
243
China Energy Databook 7.0
285
446
244
47
129
78
95
240
300
199
267
(continued)
8-31
Table 8B.6. Ambient Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) Levels, Selected Cities, 1986-2004 (continued)
Annual Averages, µg/m3
Region
Northwest
Province
Shaanxi
Gansu
Qinghai
Ningxia
Xinjiang
City
Ankang
Baoji
Hanzhong
Shamenxia
Shangluo
Xi'an
Yan'an
Yulin
1986
1987
1989
1990
1994 [2]
1991
1992
1993
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
482
588
721
374
428
345
315
261
419
506
408
214
363
257
411
361
399
494
365
238
373
203
380
190
300
1,043
523
1,433
504
509
378
390
370
424
316
536
385
509
428
491
372
400
351
545
262
422
431
2003
182
394
277
2004
287
292
258
Dingxi
Hezuo
Jiayuguan
Jiuquan
Lanzhou
Linxia
Baiyin
Pingliang
Qingyang
Tianshui
Wuwei
Zhangye
297
274
280 [290]
360
670 [710]
950
431
368
411
381
471
474
292
254
539
574
732
595
741
632
655
335
301
892
663
207
668
519
320
Golmud
Xining
Guyuan
Shizuishan
Wuzhong
Yinchuan
Zhongwei
Aksu
Altay
Artux
Bole
Changji
Hami
Hetian
Kashi
Korla
Kuytun
Shihezi
Tacheng
Turpan
Urumqi
Yining
1988
866 570 [685]
598 335 [336]
415 [414]
318
168 [185]
809
428
177 130 [135]
423
188 [219]
390 [392]
581
481 [470]
518
534
456
507
433
489
563
433
1,055
444
542
476
515
486
486
386
399
442
741
295
379
442
475
683
242
215
482
329
413
342
350
353
354
312
451
285
279
329
322
269
446
472
449
461
469
406
436
346
381
325
358
333
307
817
110
550
217
209
291
1,424
806
482
261
162
357
615
457
530 507 [518]
707
433
424
538
515
496
481
504
463
501
501
200
508
464
327
N.B. Province averages are averages of major urban areas. On occasion conflicting data are presented for a single year. In such cases, the data from the more recent source and from tables comparing several cities are preferred. In some cases figures
reported by national and local authorities differ. In such cases the figures from local government reports appear in square brackets, i.e., "national [local ]."
[1] Between 1986 and 1990 results of air quality monitoring in Dalian were reported for both automatic and chemical analysis. For those years the data are reported as "automatic | chemical ".
[2] Ambient pollution levels for most cities were not published for 1994.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-32
Table 8B.7. Ambient Sulfur Dioxide Levels, Selected Cities, 1986-2005
Annual Averages, µg/m3
Standard annual avg
Class I
20
Class II
60
Class III
100
North
Province
Beijing
daily avg
50
150
250
City
Tianjin
Hebei
Shanxi
Inner
Mongolia
NortheastLiaoning
Jilin
1986
1987
190
170
1988
1989
99
190 125 [130]
Baoding
Cangzhou
Chengde
Handan
Langfang
Qinhuangdao
Shijiazhuang
Tangshan
Xingtai
Zhangjiakou
1991
122
1992
117
1993
140
1994 [2]
1995
94
1996
99
1997
124
1998
119
1999
80
2000
71
2001
64
2002
68
100 142 [140]
199 [180]
161 [140]
90
82
94
75
82
68
56
76
138 [158]
15
230
97
20
41
121 [154]
97 [98]
64
74
182 [150]
29
186
153
51
59 [48]
175 [158]
157 [133]
59
76
52
82
53
47
27
29
50
64
129
95
59
122
85
66
118
76
51
116
63
40
129
63
38
169
84
36
244
97
46
160
99
185 [150]
192
201
165
117
151
172
151
152
211
204
248
276
272
200
153
129
1990
55
269
122
45
162
86
2003
61
2004
55
2005
50
69
74
73
76
54
125
69
56
201
121
65
40
152
91
54
87
88
57
54
86
76
195
93
149
67
101
267
99
250
224
87
231
177
77
160
Changzhi
Datong
Jincheng
Linfen
Taiyuan
Yangquan
Yuci
Yuncheng
62
157
56
31
129
75
42
182
45
37
258
45
42
39
184 134 [155]
41
33
38
179
56
261
113
184
86
226
148
162
174
247 394 [409]
123
145
165
298
111
96 [98]
265 277 [274]
146
144
189
205
90
89 [94]
303 [284]
203
251
132 [137]
153 [212]
65
124
115
100
139
135
87
85
149
Baotou
Chifeng
Hailar
Hohhot
Wuhai
120
90
177
151
146
112
140
59
119
136
110
106
102
100
87
87
73
67
81
102
78
99
70
87
21
48
15
34
13
37
36
39
45
50
57
79
60
87
64
78
89
39
29
38
35
44
55
Anshan
Benxi
Changhai
Dalian[1]
Fushun
Huludao
Jinzhou
Shenyang
83
167
66|60
159
106
111
69|60
143
78
103
88|60
100
Changchun
Ji'an
Jilin
Siping
Tumen
Heilongjiang Daqing
Harbin
Hegang
Mudanjiang
Qiqihar
Qitaihe
Yichun
7
48
16
126
75
142
92 [88]
151
40
143
35
100
80
104
84|54
146
94|38
75 [74]
117 137 [120]
125
79 [82]
121
93
11
102
32
63
115
115
107
93
79
98
76
73
56
49
5
38
17
31
35
54
25
32
27
90
104
78
61
65
131
117
105
108
82
71
72
62
71
64
48
52
50
52
62
54
21
31
92
74
28
22
33
75
48
45
21
33
64
35
30
19
20
80
34
32
16
27
85
61
26
12
35
67
58
16
15
47
48
57
25
9
12
13
26
42
52
25
31
28
14
11
23
11
13
25
15
18
26
14
4
23
12
5
35
15
8
29
12
13
39
14
11
42
41
43
42
42
50
24
27
19
34
25
54 [53]
56
61 [52]
61 [62]
74 [63]
67 [98]
88
23
110
35
75
28
89
36
41
95
62
22
15 [30]
27 [33]
13
10
29 [32]
11
14
22 [30]
9
8
40 [45]
15 [11]
174
26
29
5
28
13
28
14
28
9
28
4
24
5
25
5
24
4
(continued)
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-33
Table 8B.7. Ambient Sulfur Dioxide Levels, Selected Cities, 1986-2005 (continued)
Annual Averages, µg/m3
East
Province
Shanghai
City
Jiangsu
Changzhou
Lianyungang
Nanjing
Nantong
Suzhou
Wuxi
Xuzhou
Yangzhou
Zhenjiang
Zhejiang
Anhui
Fujian
Jiangxi
Shandong
1986
1987
1988
1989
98
1990
95
1991
99 [52]
1992
98
1993
91 [50]
88
80
83
65
74
50 [62]
73 [65]
77
65
71 [70]
81
37
39 [86]
123 122 [119]
68
68
65
65
39
36
34
43
64
58
50
61 [60]
1995
53
1996
54
1997
68
1998
52
1999
44
2000
46
2001
43
2002
36
64 [69]
49
50
63
62
46
71
55
38
63
30
55
34
46
18
48
28
45
18
34
32
43
17
29
49
45
36
31
37
46
35
36
41
44
76 [83]
17
19
21
23
30
36
26
35
62
107
121
68
67
67
57
49
44
52
27
17
16
15
21
15
38
39
37
26
18
26
25
29
21 [22]
49
46 [32]
21
31
24
18
95
34
21 [26]
37
41 [40]
20
36
17
20
126
52
25
23
40 [44]
22
42
20
22
87
48
21
15
11
10
8
6
5
2
50
48
46
46
20
13
12
10
86
82
72
67
26
28
29
22
15
14
25
15
48
67
25
8 [7]
38
7 [5]
42
11
24
9
32
8
41
24
28
30
19
20
24
24
32
24
44
50
82
41 [40]
65
18
40
54
99
65
67
48 [38]
80 [84]
115 [114]
74 [67]
54
41
32
60
86
69
75
36
37
87
84
65
40
32
85
57
36
19
26
61
45
45
25
25
76
48
46
31
35
39
39
31
37
28
90
29
37
15
42
63
8
135
216 [226]
132
160
173
18
141
11
102
59
58
55
204
215 [207]
190
179
147
126
93
55
52
54
121
121 142]
198
212
161
142
119
71
64
61
Hangzhou
Huzhou
Jiaxing
Jinhua
Ningbo
Shaoxing
Wenzhou
107
90
43
46
52
37
81
104
74
64
61
63
51
103
105
81
58
60
59
59
83
97
71
50
52
30
71
51
Anqing
Bengbu
Hefei
Huaibei
Huainan
Huangshan
Ma'anshan
Tongling
Wuhu
40
30
60
20
50
30
40
40
20
50
30
40
30
30
26 [30]
20
55 [50]
20
20
20
40
48
20
30
20
80
60
20
40
70
10
70
40
10
90
30
20
90
20
Fuzhou
Quanzhou
Sanming
Xiamen
Ganzhou
Jingdezhen
Jiujiang
Nanchang
Pingxiang
Xinyu
Changdao
Ji'nan
Jining
Qingdao
Rizhao
Tai'an
Weifang
Yantai
Zaozhuang
Zibo
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
99
111
53
45
101
47
100
61
40
60
25
24
84
59
51
64
50
21
57
72
86
72
54
19
43
45
89
43
36
19
117
260
278
1994 [2]
274 263 [266]
147
229
204
China Energy Databook 7.0
2003
43
2004
55
2005
61
30
41
30
41
30
59
80
41
36
24
44
45
42
42
75
77
54
48
41
49
52
43
40
69
66
44
33
51
49
37
49
26
60
30
27
21
49
55
41
63
59
44
55
53
47
44
47
12
13
18
20
19
22
12
17
23
8
26
10
25
16
26
24
25
25
33
51
89
57
70
50
64
53
55
19
59
51
48
40
61
45
63
56
24
51
56
54
44
56
60
46
57
21
48
58
44
60
53
(continued)
8-34
Table 8B.7. Ambient Sulfur Dioxide Levels, Selected Cities, 1986-2005 (continued)
Annual Averages, µg/m3
Province
South- Henan
Central
Hubei
Hunan
Guangdong
Guangxi
Hainan
SouthwestSichuan
City
Anyang
Jiaozuo
Kaifeng
Luoyang
Pingdingshan
Sanmenxia
Zhengzhou
Jingzhou
Wuhan
Xiangfan
Yichang
1986
79
86
65 [80]
54
48
43
44
192
48
37
177
Changde
Changsha
Hengyang
Huaihua
Xiangtan
Yueyang
Zhangjiajie
Zhuzhou
Guangzhou
Shantou
Shaoguan
Shenzhen
Zhanjiang
Zhuhai
Beihai
Bose
Guilin
Hechi
Liuzhou
Nanning
Wuzhou
1991
79
1992
94
1993
95
43
110
34
86
44
40 [44]
42
40 [41]
246 165 [227]
67
173
62
1999
32
26
39
81
14
2000
32
33
37
64
13
2001
87
45
32
59
40
2002
89
79
79
101
55
90
67
63
6
53
51
65
39
36
49
40 [44]
38
128
38
40
165
40
49
216
43
51
108
42
25
65
44
14
42
39
14
37
37
11
24
42
13
33
45
34
52
180
68
37
79
73
79
113
125
72
125
76
81
111
93
29
130
27
50
116
32
55
116
39
55
131
68
56
97
61
74
101
139
137
146
143
130
57
65
70
61
54
49
52
57
19
10 [16]
9
16 [15]
16 [15]
26 [7]
34
6
15
32
10
21
9
21
20
10
12
17
9
16
23
14
11
34
25
18
31
28
10
33
18
19
27
106
124 138 [144]
107
14
45 [55]
85 [100]
34
46 [86]
70 [72]
40
26
125
39
24
107
46
21
117
35
19
134
32
17
125
28
11
208
39
10
221
8
37
25
133
226
68
116
291
60
53
204
56
130
172
50 [54]
109
216
86 [85]
134
70
141
39
144
34
138
37
83
35
59
34
47
52
57
52
47
5
2
5
4
8
7
9
77
70
60
60
55
47
49
263
114
84
90
100
10
20
10
211
62
190
2
465
1998
40
32
33
82
12
59
93
Anshun
Duyun
Guiyang
Liupanshui
Zunyi
1997
31
50
42
107
22
48 [47]
10
Guizhou
1996
105
87
42
183
23
60 [59]
35
<10
460
155
49
1995
83
67
45
176
42
70 [71]
36
80
Chongqing
Wanxian
1994 [2]
91
12
90
Chongqing
Changdu
Lhasa
Rikaze
1990
186
88
Haikou
Sanya
Gejiu
Kunming
Lijiang
Qujing
Yuxi
1989
50
74
70
Xizang
1988
105
38
Chengdu
Dachuan
Deyang
Leshan
Luzhou
Mianyang
Nanchong
Panzhihua
Xichang
Yibin
Zigong
Yunnan
1987
80
70
82
4
10
70
66 [70]
80
18
32 [28]
76
204
212
74 [78]
142
24
8 [6]
10
75 [82]
100
57 [60]
67
66
89
62
60
54
51
41
27
15
2003
105
108
75
101
66
169
50
2004
94
127
72
93
70
132
57
2005
75
76
59
65
67
68
59
39
49
53
48
38
54
118
120
49
64
81
55
84
77
81
76
61
62
144
67
53
63
123
88
73
67
90
59
31
65
20
17
24
77
31
64
24
12
24
53
35
47
21
13
18
5
5
5
35
35
36
70
47
109
61
72
58
8
9
7
12
51
52
67
77
65
83
88
65
60
49
44
68
73
51
54
76
61
66
60
16
346
239 [290]
242 [300]
244 [200]
134
145
125
106
93
125
43
40
348
40
305 [420]
30
287 [380]
33
307 [290]
129
205
116
218
131
216
145
175
119
158
96
165
82
103
52
121
60
109
54
155
50
127
37
430
360 338 [340]
340 351 [380]
351 [380]
266
70
338
70
321
59
208
74
183
170
120
108
91
115
113
73
439
371
147
374 372 [330]
60 [59]
231
228
220
353
67
131
290
230
341
46
183
402
456
463 [475]
55 [54]
304
424
102
418
95
179
86
178
54
171
48
161
17
122
12
98
14
145
55
114
520
41
45
31
50
2
451
86
55
72
330
35
19
2
37
31
9
3
8
30
36
5
3
7
19
38
5
2
5
19
17
30
1
23
21
1
29
17
2
19
28
5
3
89
94
63
125
135
96
45
69
55
58
30
84
34
68
44
2
3
10
(continued)
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-35
Table 8B.7. Ambient Sulfur Dioxide Levels, Selected Cities, 1986-2005 (continued)
Annual Averages, µg/m3
Province
NorthwestShaanxi
Gansu
Qinghai
Ningxia
Xinjiang
City
Baoji
Hanzhong
Tongchuan
Weinan
Xi'an
Xianyang
Yan'an
1986
1987
1988
Jiayuguan
Jinchang
Lanzhou
Tianshui
Golmud
Xining
Hami
Karamay
Urumqi
120
128
1990
1991
54
50
1992
39
61
1993
26
49
51
68
58
41
60
44
1994 [2]
1995
48
49
1996
42
24
1997
40
29
1998
41
41
1999
38
40
2000
37
31
2001
43
25
2002
53
33
52
60
66
91
55
52
41
28
24
48
92
90
84
44
31
27
31
32
5
4
14
19
2003
63
2004
45
2005
40
96
104
57
127
48
62
81
49
52
53
67
83
44
33
60
62
59
84
46
102
79
94
49
102
36
89
26
72
30
62
66
60
67
93
208
86
198
71
120
68
46 [47]
66
51
46
54
46
44
38
10
230
8
277
12
114
23
55
25
31
24
29
40
75 [192]
19
32
106
53
104
56
28
209 [165]
68 [70]
43
123
85
189
56
146
105
145
83
102
90
120
57
139
5
137
37
142
63
90
54
87
54
158 201 [207]
222
207
301
210
60
73
4
97
7
102
8
116
47
Guyuan
Shizuishan
Yinchuan
1989
29
58
19
22
19
13
13
8
68
104
146
134
139
116
N.B. Province averages are averages of major urban areas. On occasion conflicting data are presented for a single year. In such cases, the data from the
more recent source and from tables comparing several cities are preferred. In some cases figures reported by national and local authorities differ. In such
cases the figures from local government reports appear in square brackets, i.e., "national [local]."
[1] Between 1986 and 1990 results of air quality monitoring in Dalian were reported for both automatic and chemical analysis. For those years the data are reported as "automatic | chemical ".
[2] Ambient pollution levels for most cities were not published for 1994.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-36
Table 8B.8. Ambient Nitrogen Oxide Levels, Selected Cities, 1986-2005
Annual Averages, µg/m3
Standard annual avg
Class I
40
Class II
40
Class III
80
daily avg
80
80
120
NOx
North
Province
Beijing
City
Tianjin
Hebei
Shanxi
Inner
Mongolia
Northeast
Liaoning
1995
123
1996
117
1997
133
1998
151
1999
140
2000
126
2000 [3]
71
2001
71
2002
76
2003
76
2004
71
2005
66
51
70
70
50
49
49
53
55
53
45
53
46
52
52
47
39
48 [44]
22
32
56
37
42 [36]
64 [60]
75 [59]
82
38
18
18
13
13
24
51
47
45
36
28
28
39
48
61
66
64
48
64
59
48
59
54
54
62
57
75
59
69
90
44
68
47
24
56
44
25
44
39
23
42
41
25
41
40
37
43
39
34
32
45
41
44
35
49
49
56
50
39
38
50
31
51
55
22
55
54
20
53
1988
1989
83
1990
1991
97
1992
102
60
60
70
52 [40]
40
48
38
61
57
Changzhi
Datong
Jincheng
Linfen
Taiyuan
Yangquan
Yuci
Yuncheng
Baotou
Chifeng
Hailar
Hohhot
Wuhai
Anshan
Benxi
Changhai
Dalian[1]
Fushun
Huludao
Jinzhou
Shenyang
1994 [2]
1987
Baoding
Cangzhou
Chengde
Handan
Langfang
Qinhuangdao
Shijiazhuang
Tangshan
Xingtai
Zhangjiakou
40
51
101
48
67|60
49
26
76|60
62
64
45
57
31
78|60
61
37
43
43
35
48 [53]
46
57
50
44
40
48
45
35
34
49 [58]
45
51
36 [42]
41
65 [68]
43
20 [36]
21
69
64
34
26
80
81
48
26 [28]
92
81
49
50 [54]
58
55
50
57
66
101
93
44
37
39
34
34
38
47
52
41
35
38
52
42
52
32
71
80
73
69
50
52
45
48
51
43
38
38
36
39
33
36
23
44
38
20
39
22
30
58
89|65
22
34
70
32
80
89|71 101 [102]
84
102 [103]
40
32
34
52
59
43
41
46
38
41
70
88
85
72
76
75
64
48
36
40
39
33
34
38
41
53
40
7
46
35
26
23
30
33
36
39
32
35
27
27
29
13
34
37
35
50
45
32
36
35
35
36
28
40
63
39
28
24
38
47
34
30
22
27
37
47
27
22
32
35
31
29
34
22
19
49
30
19
54
32
65
60
56
48
40
31
35
35
25
111
100
72
60
81
91
76
80
74
75
73
66
65
Changchun
Ji'an
Jilin
Siping
Tumen
56 [50]
32
29 [35]
71 [74]
81 [71]
57
59
35
30
57
45
40
70
58
49
64
32
69
65
28
64
33
65
48
45
53
33
60
35
30
46
20
81
34
32
43
27
68
61
26
HeilongjiangDaqing
Harbin
Hegang
Mudanjiang
Qiqihar
Qitaihe
Yichun
23
56 [61]
36
27
40
21
28
55
27
26
71
33
30
30
25
29
34
24
27
43
23
20
45
23
27
48
33
Jilin
69
78
34
NO2
1993
97
1986
28
35
25
50
26
59
27
50
26
31
31
26
22
26
34
27
20
25
26
(continued)
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-37
Table 8B.8. Ambient Nitrogen Oxide Levels, Selected Cities, 1986-2005 (continued)
Annual Averages, µg/m3
NOx
East
Province
Shanghai
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Anhui
Fujian
Jiangxi
City
1986
1987
1988
Changzhou
Huaiyin
Lianyungang
Nanjing
Nantong
Suzhou
Wuxi
Xuzhou
Yancheng
Yangzhou
Zhenjiang
1989
59
1990
1991
63
1992
70
13
57
50
34
50
26 [31]
46 [48]
65
59 [63]
32
50
18 [60]
50
57
24
48
62
67
NO2
1993
75
50
27
48
Hangzhou
Huzhou
Jiaxing
Jinhua
Ningbo
Shaoxing
Wenzhou
65
33
46
25
25
37
41
60
34
32
20
24
42
40
59
38
26
14
19
32
37
49
33
39
21
12
25
31
62
33
37
18
23
20
29
54
66
71
37
40
35
Anqing
Bengbu
Hefei
Huaibei
Huainan
Huangshan
Ma'anshan
Tongling
Wuhu
40
40
70
40
40
40
60
40
40
50
30
40
20
50
30
50
33 [30]
50
58 [60]
30
40
30
30
20
40
30
30
30
20
20
40
30
50
20
30
40
37 [40]
73
36
116
44
24
19
31
29
38 [41]
56
36 [37]
35
44
7
30
29
17
36
32
28
44
10
32
11
38
14
16
52
28
25
40
20
17
46
24
22
51
52
Fuzhou
Quanzhou
Sanming
Xiamen
Ganzhou
Jingdezhen
Jiujiang
Nanchang
Pingxiang
Xinyu
Shandong Changdao
Ji'nan
Jining
Tai'an
Qingdao
Rizhao
Weifang
Yantai
Zaozhuang
Zibo
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
25
47
27
36
39
36
22
41
28
27
47
21
24
37
24
23
44
21
19
34
19
34
44
39
20
50
25
62
17
28
37
27
41
59
49
57
50 [51]
28
49
1994 [2]
1996
87
1997
105
1998
100
1999
100
2000
91
2000 [3]
61
2001
62
2002
58
49
34
49
50
30
50
26
51
33
37
30
53
33
40
32
51
33
43
31
48
25
37
69
54
21
34
27
46
21
38
33
42
65
67
71
74
65
44
43
42
1995
75
2003
57
2004
62
2005
61
26
27
33
17
49
30
42
45
47
20
55
33
51
42
42
24
54
41
43
38
40
30
34
39
23
20
54
71
66
75
72
46
53
52
56
51
55
54
58
42
33
36
36
34
42
35
37
56
40
40
43
49
45
42
50
53
58
53
59
60
44
62
66
40
59
34 [33]
44
31 [34]
41
43
8
28
29
30
23
32
26
24
32
11
17
53
50
39
60
55
32
29
25
17
25
37
24
27
16
29
25
33
41
39
43
39
36
39
45
39
34
17
41
18
42
18
42
12
38
22
37
26
36
34
38
30
30
21
31
23
28
30
37
38
45
14 [12]
35 [40]
23
27 [30]
43
22
14
49
29
29
43
10
43
34
26
40
14
43
31
32
38
9
41
26
39
34
16
47
30
40
33
22
33
33
43
31
25
30
39
23
28
26
25
42
33
38
38
34
43
29
37
31
74
65
45
48
82
32
51
25
49
37
40
41
51
55
64
61
64
64
52
23
26
25
35
37
43
44
46
59
49
26
24
46
46
40
23
25
28
34
26
27
38
46
40
24
26
32
32
25
25
24
37
27
24
27
42
29
25
29
(continued)
China Energy Databook 7.0
24
46
34
25
8-38
Table 8B.8. Ambient Nitrogen Oxide Levels, Selected Cities, 1986-2005 (continued)
Annual Averages, µg/m3
NOx
South
Central
Province
City
Henan
Anyang
Jiaozuo
Kaifeng
Luoyang
Pingdingshan
Sanmenxia
Zhengzhou
Hubei
Hunan
Jingzhou
Wuhan
Xiangfan
Yichang
Hainan
Southwest Sichuan
1987
1988
Beihai
Bose
Guilin
Hechi
Nanning
Liuzhou
Wuzhou
Haikou
Sanya
Chengdu
Dachuan
Deyang
Leshan
Luzhou
Mianyang
Nanchong
Panzhihua
Xichang
Yibin
Zigong
1989
38
45
58
52
54
119 140 [150]
58
59
38
30
100
110
1997
65
46
46
42
50
1998
74
66
34
49
51
1999
68
66
40
52
47
90
114
129
91
95
77
75
61
60
56
49
31
32
56
34
35
71
37
40
43
42
62
76
35
41
86
33
43
94
29
33
88
35
31
36
28
20
35
73 [118]
60
23
50 [71]
85
33
69 [108]
20
20
40
40
40
45
48
20
24
18
24
27
21
38 [46]
23 [25]
26
26
26 [24]
16
56
24
18
53
31
21
60
30
14 [13]
35
30
12
46
30
11 [12]
39
25
11 [12]
49
28
50
60
50
12 [11]
14
56 [60]
80
65 [72]
20
19
50
19
33
24
16
41
28
17
109 [116]
85
14
129
67
36
17 [15]
24
21
10
44
31 [32]
15 [14]
18
69 [70]
76
70
41
25
25
152
39
27
18
43
31
17
52
49
22
2000
2000 [3]
49
44
43
26
43
40
48
32
140
124
113
118
60
17
48
2001
48
51
38
42
40
2002
49
53
43
60
41
37
26
50
35
29
52
34
35
43
40
26
68
54
15
35
30
41
71
64
58
12
36
33
50
13
40
21
17
18
27
10
15
28
21
32
25
27
60
21
64
27
60
39
61
40
48
52
23
61
21
16
17
13
19
24
7
27
21
21
7
27
18
19
10
27
14
20
7
26
51
43
35
30
25
16
14
13
17
13
12
12
74
68
50
51
47
37
40
24
27
26
40
45
30
2003
47
54
42
56
44
34
33
2004
49
56
50
37
48
31
37
2005
41
36
45
42
43
29
39
24
52
27
54
22
50
45
47
39
31
38
23
33
15
36
40
30
20
43
38
31
24
35
40
33
25
27
72
27
42
57
14
36
73
31
42
72
12
34
68
27
41
39
13
33
12
7
4
27
27
32
32
29
34
36
38
32
13
13
13
15
46
46
48
52
28
51
46
40
59
50
57
37
22
32
28
25
23
31
25
25
27
36
29
22
27
45
41
58 [60]
36 [40]
41 [40]
46
40
56
25
60
44
21
22
63
20
41 [50]
33
47 [60]
29
48 [50]
42
63
32
54
35
52
42
59
47
61
45
67
35
43
35
41
32
37
33
44
41
42
26
59 [70]
65 [80]
53 [60]
63
69
49
40
78
67
66
56
62
44
44
38
46
67
48
34
30
52
29
40
50
53
54
56
53
37
77
35
61
39
40
26
15
22
21
19
24
13
32
27
22
33
40
38
18
11
23
11
23
12
29
20
58 [60]
Guizhou
47
44
34
33 [29]
23
Changdu
Lhasa
Rikaze
66
32
37
25
11
56
36
1996
77
52
49
52
43
107
70
Xizang
36
1994 [2]
1995
74
45
51
46
42
147 103 [111]
80
Gejiu
Kunming
Lijiang
Qujing
Yuxi
1993
65
133
80
Yunnan
1992
61
110
58
NO2
1991
60
50
38
Chongqing Chongqing
Wanxian
Guiyang
Liupanshui
Zunyi
1990
58
37
Changde
Changsha
Hengyang
Huaihua
Xiangtan
Yueyuang
Zhangjiajie
Zhuzhou
GuangdongGuangzhou
Shaoguan
Shantou
Shenzhen
Zhanjiang
Zhuhai
Guangxi
1986
15
52
60
18
44
13
38
16
32
11
15
50
15
33
15
13
34
5
16
7
15
39
8
18
4
13
43
13
36
8
32
23
15
39
14
39
14
31
4
25
24
13
37
10
28
25
(continued)
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-39
Table 8B.8. Ambient Nitrogen Oxide Levels, Selected Cities, 1986-2005 (continued)
Annual Averages, µg/m3
NOx
Province
City
Northwest Shaanxi Baoji
Hanzhong
Tongchuan
Weinan
Xi'an
Xianyang
Yan'an
Gansu
1987
Jiayuguan
Jinchang
Lanzhou
Qinghai
Golmud
Xining
Ningxia
Guyuan
Shizuishan
Yinchuan
Xinjiang
1986
Hami
Karamay
Urumqi
1988
1989
34
19
1990
1992
40
29
1993
37
25
48
51
51
44
34
12 [20]
15
88 [182]
74
1994 [2]
1995
40
24
1996
47
28
1997
44
23
1998
54
28
1999
45
28
2000
50
29
49
56
53
54
50
44
38
32
68
49
46
36
35
18
30
17
15
20
15
18
72
99
104
74
65
65
61
2000 [3]
2001
37
30
2002
41
30
40
20
19
37
32
41
15
13
47
18
37
53
2003
34
2004
34
2005
46
40
43
35
48
52
30
43
33
40
47
41
22
50
20
45
23
56
29
33
26
35
31
27
26
37
37
30
40
36
54
23
55
26
58
8
56
42
42
54
48
42
37
11
23
13
21
24 [27]
27 [25]
18
31
26
38
25
99
30
22
36
28
37
27
25
44
47
41
43
45
42
37
41
20
39
25
29
36
23
30
30
29
100 136 [143]
139
164
152
147
7
74
78
87
92
84
60
58
61
62
NO2
1991
61
23
46
32
25
37
37
N.B. Province averages are averages of major urban areas. On occasion conflicting data are presented for a single year. In such cases, the data from the more recent source and from tables comparing several cities are preferred. In some cases figures
reported by national and local authorities differ. In such cases the figures from local government reports appear in square brackets, i.e., "national [local]."
[1] Between 1986 and 1990 results of air quality monitoring in Dalian were reported for both automatic and chemical analysis. For those years the data are reported as "automatic | chemical ".
[2] Ambient pollution levels for most cities were not published for 1994.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-40
Table 8B.9. Ambient Particulate Deposition Velocity, Selected Cities, 1986-2004
Annual Averages, tonnes per square km per month
Region
North
Province
Beijing
City
Tianjin
Hebei
Shanxi
Inner
Mongolia
Northeast
Liaoning
Jilin
1986
1987
1988
20.00
30.60
24.38
19.51 18.93 [18.23]
Baoding
Cangzhou
Chengde
Handan
Langfang
Qinhuangdao
Shijiazhuang
Tangshan
Xingtai
Zhangjiakou
1989
17.80
1990
1991
19.10
1992
17.71
1993
19.90 [23.58]
18.13
16.77
14.25
17.59
32.07
48.02
36.37
Datong
Taiyuan
Yuncheng
42.44
54.93
64.87
28.79
16.70
33.40
Baotou
Chifeng
Hohhot
Wuhai
50.28
31.53
28.06
89.47
71.23
35.28
32.82
69.56
75.13
16.30
44.22
93.17
54.61
20.66
22.70
48.96
68.39
28.99
27.59
24.72
48.10
23.70
50.30
22.40
Anshan
Dalian
Huludao
Shenyang
Changchun
Ji'an
Jilin
Siping
Tumen
Heilongjiang Daqing
Harbin
Hegang
Jiamusi
Jixi
Mudanjiang
Qiqihar
Qitaihe
Shuangyashan
Yichun
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
41.01
53.63
48.03
41.17
46.03 45.62 [45.16]
18.58
42.25
34.96
19.27
37.41
30.19
32.15
30.21
23.73
43.87
26.60
15.66
14.38
51.17
21.96
51.08
23.22
1995
19.01
1996
16.00
1997
17.42
1998
16.07
1999
15.50
2000
15.10
2001
15.00
2002
13.10
2003
9.40
13.94
15.74
12.55
14.41
13.56
13.10
15.40
15.60
16.00
13.50
21.08
22.16
23.38
36.27
11.57
18.26 [19.62]
33.39 [36.06]
44.44 [43.64]
41.82
50.01
23.71
20.92
17.41
18.98
20.90
38.40
31.70
17.70
16.19
26.12
34.56
11.35
21.20
31.85
10.60
21.25
28.26
8.57
20.67
22.20
10.60
24.30
18.00
13.00
23.00
17.70
8.90
17.80
19.00
24.80
15.60
20.40
34.20
14.50
8.60
16.20
16.30
17.00
51.30
45.48
30.64
17.73
39.48
31.63
10.26
36.94
33.88
9.61
28.83
36.95
14.91
28.53
35.01
17.05
31.10
37.90
26.10
35.50
42.10
45.10
30.60
37.50
26.20
31.60
83.47
60.13
50.42
43.72
66.32
15.11
10.37
10.32
14.89
12.59
9.80
13.40
12.10
12.20
11.40
8.50
53.78
24.81
51.92
18.02
52.68
19.97
59.75
12.89
10.13
21.07
61.60
9.40
21.10
35.30
17.20
7.30
21.30
38.40
17.40
8.70
24.40
32.10
17.60
15.70
24.20
26.10
13.30
11.80
18.10
5.40
16.40
22.70
10.30
33.5031.83 [31.74]
31.88
29.22
42.3045.64 [43.52]
44.67 [44.11]
33.03 [31.16]
27.30
31.84
18.01
10.01
16.55
44.20
36.00
13.87
40.61
1994 [1]
26.55
26.47
23.77
53.17
18.57
7.25
23.91
19.85
4.68
27.31
38.50
12.74
15.15
6.52
21.28
25.84
11.26
17.86
4.23
26.38
24.84
9.16
17.30
6.00
23.80
25.10
15.80
15.20
5.60
25.00
25.00
13.90
14.40
4.90
27.20
22.90
15.30
15.90
6.00
24.60
30.20
12.60
9.16
31.24
30.85
9.43
25.99
33.88
12.89
20.45
28.79
14.50
17.60
35.20
13.50
17.00
25.50
18.70
13.90
48.40
14.80
13.60
30.00
35.41
16.84
14.91
28.53
18.76
13.18
17.35
5.24
25.39
38.96
10.76
17.09
37.38
35.01
16.73
40.62
29.62
11.99
37.53
32.83
17.50
12.80
37.60
7.50
13.90
14.80
12.40
13.50
44.80
16.50
25.77
24.89
24.97
25.01
27.50
28.30
28.40
28.30
10.60
19.10
28.60
28.64
17.93
20.52
15.61
11.40
12.00
14.50
10.80
16.90
China Energy Databook 7.0
2004
11.50
6.80
10.20
14.50
16.90
20.40
12.20
5.00
15.80
22.50
10.00
14.40
14.20
33.20
20.20
27.00
13.80
16.40
28.60
29.90
10.40
(continued)
8-41
Table 8B.9. Ambient Particulate Deposition Velocity, Selected Cities, 1986-2004 (continued)
Annual Averages, tonnes per square km per month
Region
East
Province
Shanghai
Jiangsu
City
1986
1987
25.00
1988
Anhui
Fujian
1990
1991
15.98 [21.80]
Changzhou
Huai'an
Lianyungang
Nanjing
Nantong
Suqian
Suzhou
Taizhou
Wuxi
Xuzhou
Yancheng
Yangzhou
Zhenjiang
Zhejiang
1989
24.20
Anqing
Bengbu
Hefei
Huaibei
Huainan
Ma'anshan
Tongling
Wuhu
14.61
11.69
13.12
13.48
10.43
11.85
14.85
11.54
13.45
29.75
7.20
27.50
20.05 [19.29]
13.25
12.85
17.32
26.21
9.15
25.64
Fuzhou
Quanzhou
Sanming
Xiamen
Jiangxi
Ganzhou
Jingdezhen
Jiujiang
Nanchang
Pingxiang
Xinyu
Shandong
Ji'nan
Jining
Qingdao
Yantai
Zibo
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
6.86
14.29
15.53
14.27
7.93
14.73
25.80
5.82
25.50
19.25
11.05
8.74
11.35
21.10
9.12
9.09
20.91
10.17
10.84
11.44
22.10
1997
10.51
1998
9.80
1999
8.80
2000
8.90
2001
8.60
2002
8.50
2003
8.80
2004
7.40
6.80
9.10
7.30
10.90
8.30
10.90
6.90
10.30
9.10
3.90
6.20
9.60
8.80
5.30
6.20
9.20
12.40
6.60
5.70
2.60
5.00
9.00
9.40
7.40
6.90
13.20
6.60
6.40
4.50
4.70
7.10
11.90
18.50
9.00
12.80
8.28
8.53
8.64
7.87
7.67
7.48
7.80
8.10
7.40
6.30
10.55 [11.44]
8.28
6.31
7.13
10.40
5.56
4.60
6.80
6.80
4.20
16.60
21.39 [21.10]
13.79
14.84
13.21
12.51
14.44
14.00
12.10
10.30
10.20
7.43
7.5 [17.54]
11.94
12.78
16.40
12.32
7.37
12.39
6.34
7.01
17.13
5.46
1996
11.05
8.01
9.05
11.28 13.14 [12.59]
14.67
10.91
15.79
11.99
8.98
9.96
7.30
6.53
13.43
14.89
9.15
8.22
1995
11.61
9.61
10.30
13.01
12.41
18.72
4.58
10.16
9.65
9.16
1994 [1]
8.33
14.19 [12.91]
13.78
9.57
17.10
10.70
10.85
11.37
10.97
1993
12.92
6.35
10.06
12.64
[12.73]
Hangzhou
Huzhou
Jiaxing
Jinhua
Ningbo
Shaoxing
Wenzhou
34.61
10.31
15.20
1992
13.83
4.68
5.84
13.54
10.95
12.93
12.76
11.65
13.77
12.77
12.51
8.44
9.90
13.10
12.40
10.20
8.00
5.04
5.85
4.05
4.34
4.60
5.40
5.20
5.00
5.00
4.90
8.25
5.05
6.12
6.89
6.70
8.20
7.50
6.70
5.70
6.50
20.15
11.99
18.05
14.15
8.80
8.20
11.30
8.60
9.00
5.96
8.44
9.52
8.20
6.00
7.80
6.80
7.60
8.50
9.30
8.06
9.31
9.00
7.80
7.60
7.10
7.10
6.40
5.40
5.20
1.90
14.98
5.48
13.89
5.26
14.16
3.97
12.12
3.51
11.80
5.70
5.20
10.50
5.10
11.40
3.90
3.80
5.20
5.10
16.40
5.20
5.93
5.25
8.46
7.12
7.02
5.51
4.68
7.48
7.19
8.29
6.00
6.10
10.00
9.00
7.00
5.80
5.90
9.80
9.80
6.40
5.70
6.40
8.80
9.40
6.40
5.10
6.40
6.30
9.50
6.40
6.50
6.30
7.50
12.00
8.40
4.20
6.70
6.00
12.50
7.90
19.24
17.00
18.00
18.00
15.50
15.50
15.05
16.40
17.10
19.80
17.60
19.09
17.20
17.30
19.00
23.10
15.80
11.20
14.50
12.50
18.00
25.12
22.64
12.87
9.95
8.55
61.92
13.01
49.75
8.42
55.75
7.47
8.00
22.12
29.40
13.83
11.64
7.96
6.83 5.35 [5.53]
13.32
11.00
20.20
14.13
9.70 9.43 [9.92]
8.34
30.25
13.27
15.82
6.68
11.19
12.19
10.35
11.13
6.78
7.76
15.48
11.13
9.79
8.29
8.72
9.35
8.51
9.79
7.30
6.83
8.16
8.05
20.23
31.64
27.49
29.80
35.77
22.98
21.91
17.88
16.64
15.72
18.99
16.61
19.29
18.41
20.39
19.30
19.63
20.80
22.41
19.56
18.47
China Energy Databook 7.0
16.45
14.90
15.70
(continued)
8-42
Table 8B.9. Ambient Particulate Deposition Velocity, Selected Cities, 1986-2004 (continued)
Annual Averages, tonnes per square km per month
Region
SouthCentral
Province
City
Henan
Anyang
Jiaozuo
Kaifeng
Luoyang
Pingdingshan
Sanmenxia
Zhengzhou
Hubei
Hunan
Jingzhou
Wuhan
Xiangfan
Yichang
Hainan
Southwest Sichuan
Beihai
Baise
Guilin
Hechi
Nanning
Wuzhou
Chengdu
Deyang
Leshan
Luzhou
Mianyang
Nanchong
Panzhihua
Yibin
Zigong
Chongqing
Wanxian
Guizhou
Guiyang
Liupanshui
Zunyi
Xizang
1988
Gejiu
Jinghong
Lijiang
Kunming
1989
21.26
1990
1991
16.42
1992
19.91
14.15
26.23
1993
20.00
1994 [1]
20.93
13.06
1995
28.60
53.50
27.96
20.06
14.67
1996
21.79
37.84
26.93
22.75
14.10
1997
26.01
41.71
16.64
21.92
12.32
1998
18.60
32.01
14.56
15.89
12.58
1999
21.60
32.10
18.60
16.90
13.40
2000
19.30
28.10
21.40
25.40
15.90
2001
22.80
25.40
14.20
24.20
15.20
2002
21.30
22.60
15.50
14.90
11.90
2003
17.00
20.80
9.80
12.90
14.20
34.49
26.23
27.54
23.95
20.61
21.39
23.35
28.43
34.24
24.92
19.97
21.20
17.00
17.30
17.70
16.00
22.76
17.85
22.72
17.62
7.61
16.72
16.24
17.68
7.44
13.86
16.91
8.42
15.76
19.85
7.84
13.82
19.31
8.60
10.02
19.69
8.67
14.90
19.16
8.27
12.71
18.55
9.55
10.62
15.80
10.50
10.60
14.10
11.80
10.20
12.30
14.80
10.20
14.10
12.40
9.00
9.30
13.60
10.80
8.00
6.20
11.20
9.77
13.41
12.60
14.94
13.32
11.71
4.03
13.34
11.88
6.10
12.75
9.98
5.53
12.13
8.45
6.25
11.93
13.69
10.83
5.08
15.71
13.60
11.90
5.40
13.50
9.70
5.10
27.80
14.80
10.30
5.10
23.90
13.10
10.50
5.30
14.50
12.20
4.80
10.50
7.20
4.10
14.30
9.59 8.53 [8.76]
4.32
8.06
7.93
9.87 [10.00]
7.42
9.32
9.50
9.13
9.01
8.31
8.44
8.30
7.30
6.10
5.90
6.10
5.20
5.68
6.67
4.99
6.77
6.75
3.52
8.20
4.00
3.20
5.00
4.40
2.60
5.30
5.40
1.90
5.80
3.30
2.10
7.50
4.50
2.90
7.70
4.30
3.10
16.48
13.75
14.19
13.65
10.04
5.50
3.33
10.29
16.12
9.84
8.12
9.32
9.11
3.59
5.14
11.58
9.10
3.22 [5.4]
9.1711.09 [35.4]
6.38
5.18 [5.37]
14.20 [14.25]
8.35
4.80 [5.35]
10.01 [10.31]
3.90
12.88
9.84 9.16 [8.53]
10.02
9.99
11.4411.22 [42.1]
7.32
21.00
11.99 [14.16]
8.34
11.44
7.14 [7.59]
5.24
4.04 [4.12]
6.20
4.22
13.32
11.37
12.35
15.71
12.29
9.29
11.75
15.90
10.82
4.18
4.49
7.39
6.03
7.38
5.23
4.30
9.40
4.40
7.80
5.00
4.50
8.40
6.00
6.50
5.50
4.60
10.00
5.40
7.30
3.90
5.80
5.20
6.60
3.30
7.20
4.50
6.30
3.40
8.40
3.70
6.60
5.70
6.30
3.68
6.29
5.68
7.48
4.64
4.63
9.68
4.73
4.57
7.93
13.69
5.10
3.20
3.30
3.50
3.80
3.90
3.10
4.00
16.96
13.11
12.19
11.51
11.28
11.80
11.30
9.70
8.50
8.27
8.95
8.42
7.37
6.57
6.40
6.70
5.90
5.90
8.90
16.70
6.20
5.60
7.80
6.70
28.80
16.20
5.80
8.20
4.10
6.90
7.20
10.85
10.30
11.19
9.57
10.36
9.46
7.19
9.90
11.70
11.20
7.00
7.69
8.65
12.49
8.61
10.34
8.26
9.38
7.76
11.73
6.69
10.32
6.43
11.60
7.50
11.00
8.40
11.40
9.50
13.00
8.10
8.90
16.10
6.40
6.20
6.50
8.40
20.80
12.70
6.50
19.90
22.41
17.81
13.18
14.55
18.56
11.85
9.81
12.64
13.82
12.65
11.90
11.50
9.20
9.30
21.94
9.73
4.61
17.32
8.84
12.11
9.99
14.55
16.64
12.98
10.55
11.97
13.15
12.48
11.05
14.00
12.00
13.30
11.10
13.00
10.10
12.30
9.20
11.20
11.20
8.30
11.30
12.80
7.00
4.95
4.11
4.05
3.70
3.33
3.81
3.31
5.50
5.40
5.30
3.50
10.50
3.00
13.60
3.77
17.20
8.50
4.79
8.49
3.92
9.09
4.06
6.25
10.88
6.22
13.48
9.49
9.05
9.28
15.60
10.64
Lhasa
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
2004
18.50
17.90
12.90
14.70
13.60
15.70
15.40
40.74
Haikou
Sanya
Chongqing
Yunnan
1987
Changsha
Hengyang
Huaihua
Zhuzhou
Guangdong Guangzhou
Shantou
Shenzhen
Zhanjiang
Zhuhai
Guangxi
1986
China Energy Databook 7.0
11.08
10.49
10.85
7.70
7.40
8.20
7.80
3.20
9.90
8.10
18.84
17.88
19.10
20.40
15.40
9.10
14.20
9.40
(continued)
8-43
Table 8B.9. Ambient Particulate Deposition Velocity, Selected Cities, 1986-2004 (continued)
Annual Averages, tonnes per square km per month
Region
Northwest
Province
City
Shaanxi
Baoji
Hanzhong
Xi'an
Yan'an
Gansu
1986
1987
1988
1989
24.04
6.78
18.12
15.28
1990
1991
22.10
7.38
20.24
19.15
1992
27.56
9.90
20.04
25.97
1993
23.20
8.50
21.99
25.40
1994 [1]
1995
18.01
7.14
27.07
24.44
1996
14.79
8.79
26.86
16.43
1997
13.95
7.52
26.59
15.07
1998
12.30
7.90
24.30
14.22
1999
11.90
8.90
26.00
13.10
2000
15.60
8.90
27.00
14.80
2001
14.60
9.10
24.10
16.80
2002
14.60
9.30
28.00
14.70
2003
13.70
7.80
26.50
12.4
2004
14.10
8.60
30.50
15.8
Baiyin
Jiayuguan
Lanzhou
Tianshui
16.49
23.57
31.01
28.57
23.01
30.82
24.76
29.66
25.84
25.15
18.29
28.00
29.70
27.11
40.12
25.99
19.80
26.50
21.10
11.10
27.60
10.10
26.30
21
12.5
22.1
14.6
Qinghai
Xining
36.37
23.54
25.14
23.70
20.49
23.64
20.19
24.11
22.10
19.70
26.00
21.80
22.9
20.9
Ningxia
Shizuishan
Yinchuan
25.38
26.97
35.84
35.04
17.35
31.96
24.70
34.10
17.72
32.67
25.44
38.83
22.60
29.90
21.60
35.20
31.50
48.00
30.10
44.50
20.1
38.1
20.6
41.9
11.45
13.90
15.40
17.40
18.90
25.91
21.40
26.90
29.20
21.00
17.8
7.5
16.7
6.9
20.1
Xinjiang
Hami
Karamay
Urumqi
31.17
18.27
23.3523.54 [24.72]
25.78
23.10
28.41
23.40
11.4
20.8
N.B. Province averages are averages of major urban areas. On occasion conflicting data are presented for a single year. In such cases, the data from the more recent source and from
tables comparing several cities are preferred. In some cases figures reported by national and local authorities differ. In such cases the figures from local government reports appear in
square brackets, i.e., "national [local]."
[1] Ambient pollution levels for most cities were not published for 1994.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-44
Table 8B.10. Average pH of Precipitation in Cities within "Acid Rain Control Regions" [1], 1994-2005
pH
< 4.0
Number of Cities
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
% of Cities
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
4.0 - 4.5
1
1
0
0
0
0
<4.5
3
4
6
2
2
8
18
16
4
20
61
4.5 - 5.0
20
23
29
19
21
41
29
35
37
73
5.0 - 5.6
18
15
21
22
17
29
32
24
22
53
>5.6
5.6 - 7.0
> 7.0
Total
32
38
44
49
48
25
28
30
9
11
12
14
11
4
2
1
77
5
29
Subtotal: < 5.6
77
37
84
92
112
106
99
107
109
106
112
269
43
43
56
43
40
78
79
59
83
126
48.1%
1.2%
1.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
3.7%
4.4%
5.4%
1.9%
2.0%
7.5%
16.5%
15.1%
3.6%
17.9%
22.7%
24.4%
25.0%
25.7%
17.9%
21.2%
38.3%
26.6%
33.0%
33.0%
27.1%
22.0%
16.3%
19.1%
20.8%
17.2%
27.1%
29.4%
22.6%
19.6%
19.7%
37.8%
41.3%
39.0%
46.2%
48.5%
23.4%
25.7%
28.3%
11.0%
12.0%
10.8%
13.2%
11.1%
3.7%
18.0%
0.9%
28.6%
1.9%
25.9%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
51.3%
46.8%
50.2%
40.6%
40.4%
72.9%
72.5%
55.7%
74.1%
46.8%
[1] "Acid rain control regions", covering mainly the southern and southwestern areas of China, were created under the revised Air Pollution Control Law (1996). Within these
areas, special policies apply regarding monitoring of activity of precipitation and mitigation of acid precursor emissions.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-45
Table 8B.11. Ambient Air Pollution Standards, 1996
Chinese Ambient Air Pollution Standards[1]
annual
daily
1-hour
max. at
average average average any time
3 [2]
TSP (µg/m )
Class I
80
120
300
Class II
200
300
1,000
Class III
300
500
1500
PM 10 (µg/m3) [3]
Class I
40
50
150
Class II
100
150
500
Class III
450
250
700
3 [3]
PM 2.5 (µg/m )
Class I
Class II
SO2 (µg/m3)
Class I
Class II
Class III
CO (µg/m3)
Class I
Class II
Class III
NO2 (µg/m3)
Class I
Class II
Class III
O3 (µg/m3)
Class I
Class II
Class III
Pb
Class I
Class II
Class III
20
60
100
40
40
80
50
150
250
150
500
700
4,000
4,000
6000
10,000
10,000
20000
10,000
10,000
20000
80
80
120
120
120
240
100
150
300
120
160
200
[7]
1.5
1.5[7]
[7]
1.5
World Health Organization Guidelines[5]
annual daily
8-hour 1-hour 30-min 10-min
mean average average average average average
U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards
annual
8-hour
3-hour 1-hour
mean[4] daily average
average
average average
primary
secondary
50
50
150
150
primary
secondary
15
15
65
65
primary
secondary
80
365
primary
10,000
primary
secondary
40,000
100
100
primary
primary
primary
guideline
50
500[6]
125
1,300
guideline
157
[7]
1.5
1.5[7]
guideline
235
10,000
40
guideline
guideline
30,000
60,000 100,000
200
120
0.5
[1] Class I standards (1996) apply to scenic, tourist, and other sensitive areas. Class II air quality standards are intended to protect human health and apply to residential areas. Class III standards are interim targets for heavily polluted areas.
[2] Total suspended particulate matter.
[3] PM10 and PM2.5 are particulates with diameter less than or equal to 10 um and 2.5 um, respectively.
[4] US annual standards for TSP and PM10 refer to geometric means and for SO2 to arithmetic mean.
[5] These guidelines are set to protect human health. The World Health Organization has determined that there is no threshold level below which there are no adverse effects from exposure to particulates, and therefore has not issued guideline values for TSP, PM10, or PM2.5.
[6] Ten-minute average.
[7] Quarterly (three-month) average.
Source: NEPA, 1996; EB, China Environmental Yearbook, 1991; USEPA, 2001; WHO, 1999.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-46
Table 8C.1. Ambient Carbon Monoxide Levels, Selected Cities (Annual Averages, mg/m 3) [1], 1981-2004
Standard
Class I
Class II
Class III
Region
North
daily avg
4
4
6
max. at
any time
10
10
20
Province
Tianjin
City
1981
1982
2.25
1983
3.00
1984
2.84
1985
6.82
Anshan
Benxi
Chaoyang
Dalian[2]
2.59
4.32
Table 8C.1. Ambient Carbon Monoxide
DandongLevels, Selected Cities
Table 8C.2. Acidity of Precipitation
Fushun
Table 8C.3. Comparison of Severity
Fuxinof Acid Rain in Various Cities
Table 8C.4. Indoor Air PollutionJinzhou
in Chinese Residences: Range of Pollutant Levels Reported in Research Articles
Liaoyang
1986
3.11
1987
1988
3.83
3.61
1989
3.33
Liaoning
Northeast
Shenyang
Tieling
Yingkou
Jilin
3.03
1.72
1.11
2.72
2.12|2.04
1.95|2.49
2.37|3.33
1.96|2.62
2.00
2.46
1.78
1.67
1.92
2.20
0.20
0.70
1.49
1.84
Heilongjiang Harbin
Shandong
Qingdao
SouthCentral
Guangdong
Guangzhou
Zhuhai
2.00
2.40
0.80
1.99|2.75
2.30
2.10
1.10
2.40
1.80
2.36
Changchun
East
1990
2.21
1991
1992
2.49
2.04
1.90
2.58
1.84
1993
1.40
3.76
2.75
2.90
1.70
1.70
2.30
2.20
2.60
2.70
2.61
3.10
2.33
0.58
3.16
0.48
2.91
2.77
N.B. Province averages are averages of major urban areas. On occasion conflicting data are presented for a single year. In such cases, the data from the more recent source and from tables comparing several cities are
preferred.
[1] Carbon monoxide levels are not regularly reported by most cities, and are not collected and published at the national level.
[2] Between 1986 and 1990 results of air quality monitoring in Dalian were reported for both automatic and chemical analysis. For those years the data are reported as "automatic | chemical."
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
1994
3.11
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-47
2.91
Table 8C.2. Acidity of Precipitation (pH, Annual Averages and Ranges), 1986-1997
City
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1993 [1]
1992
1994 [2]
Region
Northeast
Province
Jilin
Tumen
1995
4.18-6.90
1996
4.20-6.46
1997
3.91-7.08
East
Jiangsu
Nanjing
3.90-8.14
3.80-7.98
3.90-8.26
Zhejiang
Hangzhou
4.12-7.74
3.70-8.88
3.33-7.36
Fujian
Xiamen
3.75-7.27
3.03-6.72
3.56-6.47
Jiangxi
Nanchang
3.28-6.84
3.52-6.57
3.26-6.84
Shandong
Qingdao
4.08-7.20
3.72-7.83
3.46-8.00
2.92-5.25
3.25-6.80
3.00-5.60
3.78-6.70
3.01-3.74
3.52-6.60
3.83 - 7.73
3.62 - 6.88
3.78 - 7.35
3.38 - 7.27
3.50 - 7.19
3.62 - 7.36
3.33 - 8.03
3.70 - 7.60
3.95 - 7.04
3.06 - 7.00
3.56 - 6.84
3.30 - 7.60
5.17-7.24
Table 8C.1. Ambient
Hubei Carbon Monoxide
Wuhan Levels, Selected Cities
5.39
5.25
Table 8C.2. Acidity of Precipitation
Table 8C.3. Comparison
Hunan of Severity
Changsha
of Acid Rain in Various Cities
Table 8C.4. Indoor Air PollutionHengyang
in Chinese Residences: Range of Pollutant Levels Reported in Research Articles
Southwest
Guangdong
Guangzhou
Guangxi
Beihai
Bose
Guilin
Hechi
Nanning
Liuzhou
Qinzhou
Wuzhou
Yulin
Sichuan
4.96
6.35, (4.36-8.23)
4.77, (3.20-7.68)
5.01, (3.57-7.25)
5.21, (4.07-7.69)
5.13, (3.12-6.87)
4.38, (3.45-6.94)
5.35, (3.07-7.97)
4.76, (3.04-6.90)
5.92, (4.57-7.01)
Chengdu
Zigong
Panzhihua
Luzhou
Neijiang
Leshan
Mianyang
Deyang
Guangyuan
Suining
Yibin
Nanchong
Dachuan
Fuling
Ya'an
Xichang
Emeishan
4.70
4.82
5.17
4.09
4.60
4.39
4.31
4.82
4.69
4.88
4.48
4.88
4.52
4.34
4.28
4.39
4.75
4.46
4.71
4.36
4.11
3.74
3.92
4.73
Chongqing
Chongqing
Wanxian
4.36
4.79
4.23
4.21
4.61/4.18 [3]
5.19
Guizhou
Anshun
Duyun
Guiyang
Liupanshui
Zunyi
4.60
4.60
4.40
6.60
4.10
4.30
5.20
5.30
6.80
4.40
3.90
3.40
3.20
Yunnan
4.95
4.41
4.20
Gejiu
Kunming
5.76
4.30
4.60
4.20
4.98
6.40
4.20
5.40
4.60
4.80
6.30
4.20
5.08
4.54
4.97
4.72
4.85
5.17
4.18
6.58
6.27
4.74
4.26
4.15
4.81
4.83
4.88
6.19
4.38
3.90 - 5.80
4.70
3.32 - 5.26
3.40 - 6.86
3.08 - 8.06
3.30 - 7.66
3.28 - 8.70
3.92-5.60
3.86-6.22
4.03-7.37
3.70
4.42
6.41
N.B. Province averages are averages of major urban areas. On occasion conflicting data are presented for a single year. In such cases, the data from the more recent source and from tables comparing several cities are
preferred. The normal pH value of precipitation is about 5.6.
[1] Average, (range).
[2] Ambient pollution levels for most cities were not published for 1994.
[3] Urban/suburban.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-48
Table 8C.3. Comparison of Severity of Acid Rain in Various Cities, 1994-1999
Category
1995
1996
1997
1998
Annual average pH < 4.5
Changsha, Hengyang,
Ganzhou, Xiamen
Changsha, Xiamen,
Ganzhou, Yibin
Changsha, Zunyi,
Hangzhou, Yibin
Lin'an, Zhuzhou, Linyang,
Shaoguan, Qingyuan,
Yingtan, Changsha
Annual average pH < 5.6
(northern cities only)
Tumen, Qingdao,
Taiyuan, Shijiazhuang
Tumen, Qingdao,
Taiyuan
Tumen, Qingdao,
Xi'an, Tongchuan
Frequency of acid rain > 90%
1994
Changsha, Ganzhou,
Yibin
Changsha, Ganzhou,
Yibin
Yibin, Hengyang,
Changsha, Ganzhou
Frequency of acid rain
Huaihua, Leshan,
Wuzhou, Xiamen,Tumen
Table 8C.1. Ambient Carbon Monoxide Levels, Selected Cities
Nanchang
Huaihua, Nanchang
Table 8C.2. Acidity of Precipitation
Table 8C.3. Comparison of Severity of Acid Rain in Various CitiesHengyang, Xiamen,
Leshan, Guangzhou
Table 8C.4. Indoor Air Pollution in Chinese Residences: Range of
Nanchong,
Pollutant Levels
WuzhouReported in Research Articles
Changsha, Xiamen,
Jingdezhen, Zunyi
Bose, Nanchong,
Yibin
1999 [1]
Tumen, Qingdao
Huaihua, Jingdezhen,
Zunyi, Yibin,
Ganzhou
Hangzhou, Nanchang,
Leshan, Huaihua,
Hengyang, Ningbo,
Wuzhou, Pingxiang
[1] 1999 figure for frequency of acid precipitation covers all cities with 80% or higher frequency.
Source: EB, China Environment Yearbook, various years.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-49
Table 8C.4. Indoor Air Pollution in Chinese Residences: Range of Pollutant Levels [1]
Reported in Research Articles
Urban
Households
0.21-2.8
0.15-0.51
Rural
Households
0.01-20
0.19
0.17-2.6
coal
gas
biomass
0.16-2.7
0.14-0.45
0.12-26
Pollutant
Total Suspended Particulates
Unit
(mg/m3)
Fuel Type
coal
gas
biomass
PM10 [2]
(mg/m3)
0.83-22
Carbon Monoxide
(mg/m3)
coal
gas
biomass
0.58-97
0.22-36
0.70-87
2.4
0.5-16
Sulfur Dioxide
(mg/m3)
coal
gas
biomass
0.01-5.8
0.01-1.3
0.01-23
0.02-0.07
0.01-9.1
Nitrogen Oxides
(mg/m3)
coal
gas
biomass
0.01-1.8
0.01-0.88
0.01-1.7
0.03-0.05
0.01-.32
Benzo(a)pyrene [3]
(ng/m3)
coal
gas
biomass
0.3-190
4.7-93
5.3-19,000
3.7-3,100
[1] Arithmetic means for individual households over single monitoring periods.
[2] Suspended particulate matter (PM) with diameter =10µm, i.e., the fraction of total suspended particulates most closely associated with
serious health impacts.
[3] Benzo(a)pyrene is a proxy for a class of combustion products, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), many of which are known
carcinogens.
Chapter 8, Energy and Environment
China Energy Databook 7.0
8-50