us
Engineering Field Notes
rwarcý
Administrative
The Series
Distribution
THE ENGINEERING
developed
solutions
is
published
other data
or
that
may be
of
value
to
Service-wide.
Engineers
Submittals
NOTES SERIES
FIELD
periodically as a means of exchanging engineering-related
and
ideas and information on activities problems encountered
personnel should send material through their Regional
Coordinator for review by the Regional Office to
that is accurate
timely and of
ensure inclusion of information
Field
Information
interest Service-wide.
R-1
Jim Hogan
R-4
Ted Wood
R-9
Fred Hintsala
Information
R-2
Ray
Ollila
R-5
Larry Gruver
R-10
Dave Wood
Coordinators
R-3
Art Marty
R-6
R-8
Regional
Inquiries
WO
Perry
Bill
Al
Colley
Jim Gilpin
Coordinators should send
any questions comments or
address
following
Information
recommen-dations
Regional
and
publication
to the
articles
for
direct
FOREST SERVICE-USDA
Engineering Staff-Washington
D.J. Carroll Editor
Attn
M. J. Baggett
P.O.
Assistant
Box 96090-Washington
703
Telephone
Office
Editor
DC 20090-6090
235-8198
Service-U.S.
This publication is an administrative document that
developed for the guidance of employees of the Forest
was
of Agriculture
its contractors
and its
Department
cooperating Federal and State Government Agencies. The text
in the publication
represents the personal opinions of the
has not been approved
for
authors. This information
respective
distribution
to
recommended
the
except
instructions
The Forest
public and
or approved
must not be construed as
or mandatory
procedures
by Forest Service Manual references.
policy
Department
Service-U.S.
of
for the
Agriculture
assumes no
interpretation
application of this
responsibility
information
by other than its own employees. The use of trade
names and
identification
convenience
official
of
of
of
the reader
endorsement
any product
or
or approval
to the
or service
is for the
or corporations
use does not constitute
an
bythe United States Government
firms
such
exclusion
of
others that
may be
suitable.
This
information
unlimited
by private
is
parties.
of the Government with
usage thereof and cannot be copyrighted
the sole property
rights in the
The
ROADS
Group
Working
2
1
X
tea
1 NI
z
ivtbrismrýýY-ems.
ýa
a
e
Ile
All
-j
5samraýa
The ROADS Working
Group
Certificate
of Merit
1
recipients of a U.S.
Department of Agriculture
Joy Berg left receiving from Floyd
Butch Morita Regional Forester
David Jolly left from
Sotero Muniz Regional
Forester
Dan Erkkila right from
Chief Robertson
Jim Davis
right from Zane Smith former
Forester
Walter Tom Henry
John Lowe right
Regional
from Chief Robertson
left from George Olson
Larry Hayden
Bruce Meinders
Supervisor National Forests in North Carolina and
right from John Alcock Regional Forester R-8.
4R-5 5
7
R-9 2
R-3 3
6
EFN
1
8
III
Road Program Costs-Continuing
Efforts
Addressing the Issue
Over
past year Engineering Field Notes has
highlighted various efforts that Engineering has
undertaken
to help control and
reduce the costs of
the
Forest Service transportation
managing
system.
To name a couple--the
ROad Analysis $ Display System
ROADS and the Road Technology Improvement Program
RTIP.
Another example of how Engineering is
costs is the way in which Engineering employees
are sharing information.
the
reduc-ing
ENGINEERING
CLIP
SHEET
informally--a
6s
example of this sharing is Region
Sheet
Engineering Clip
ECS. Produced
few times a year or whenever needed--ECS
has been
around for approximately
3 years.
Each of the 20
Region 6 Forests has an ECS coordinator
who submits
short articles usually just a few paragraphs or
requests for advice/information
to the Regional
Coordinator Ken May.
One
fine
Aside
from being a fine way to let Engineering
personnel know what is going on around the Region
ECS provides a way for individuals to seek and find
For example some
expert advice from others.
requests for advice and information that were in one
recent issue of ECS concerned
the following
1
2
3
4
Construction
Information
techniques
on
through
low-pressure
and Regional
Practicality
trail rock crusher.
lava.
float valves.
availability
of
a
specifica-tions
of horizontal drilling
Availability
in Forest Service format for standard
horizontal wells.
Engineering employees
throughout the Region read the
ECS and respond with advice over the Data General
system to those who need the information--sometimes
within just a couple of hours of ECS distribution.
Engineering Clip Sheet coordinators
are
justifiably
proud of this ECS Data General Network.
3
Each
ECS
areas
1
2
3
4
5
6
The
on
issue usually
Technology
Road
concentrates
on
six
major
Transfer
Systems
Management
Geotechnical
Developments
Roads
Facilities
June 1987 issue was full of
each of the above areas.
useful
information
If you would
like more information on Region
6s
Engineering Clip Sheet--perhaps you would like to
start up your own--contact
Ken May Region 6 ECS
Coordinator at KEN MAYR06F18DO3A.
EFN
rein-venting
we truly want to reduce the costs of managing
save time and avoid
transportation
network
the wheel
it is essential
that each of
in the Forest Service take
of the
advantage
that the ECS and other similar media
throughout the Forest Service provide.
If
our
oppor-tunities
us
informa-tion.
EFN readers know how your Forest or Region is
going about the important job of sharing
if it works for you it may work for others
Let
--Editor EFN
4
Productivity
Gains From Computers
Jerry Bowser
Branch Chief
Systems Operations
Office
Washington
Analysis
Development
Forest Service has a long history of effectively
It
is
using computers for engineering applications.
a good thing
because without
would
have
them we
We
been unable to make huge gains in productivity.
are accomplishing
than
in
higher quality engineering
the past at a fraction
of the costs.
One major
benefactor has been road design but for years we
also have used computers to advantage
for
network analysis simulation models
geometronics and mathematical
computations.
The
inven-tories
Until
1983
primarily depended on centralized
in batch such as the
IBM 650
processors operating
CDC 3100 and
the IBM 1401
at
the FHwA the
more
the
series
of
Univac
1100
at
the
Ft.
recently
Collins Computer Center FCCC.
In those days most
engineers did not directly interact with the
instead depending
on specialists who were
the
punched
cards and gave the
computer literate
commands.
necessary
we
com-puter
TODAYS
TECHNOLOGY
The
1980s have introduced
distributed processing to
The introduction
level.
of the
organizational
every
Data General system has totally changed the way we
handle information in the Forest Service.
The
of
portable
explosion
personal computers
computers
and
at affordable
prices has
super minicomputers
at the
users desk.
This has
placed the technology
made the entire workforce
effectively
computer
literate--since there is a keyboard at most peoples
Users are not satisfied with batch
fingertips.
operations
anymore expecting interactive capability
in all software.
Users are also demanding higher
hardware
and
software products--they realize
quality
the proliferation of capabilities
available within
the
marketplace.
With
this state of technology
analyze many more alternatives
5
Forest
officers can
quickly and achieve
pos-sibl
far shorter time period
than was
Professionals do not
few years ago.
have
bogged down in the drudgery of detail
that consumed
so much of their time in the past.
and
Engineers know that their calculations
designs
must be accurate
so that their civil works
provide
low-cost service
throughout the life cycle while
also minimizes
Accuracy
protecting public safety.
the costs of contractor
claims during construction.
precision
just
to be
in
a
a
Data General system serves as the medium for
corporate information sharing and it has become as
essential as the telephone.
It
provides new
highways for rapid communications that were never
before available.
The
years ago we had HP 9100 systems in a few
but the purchase of HP 9020 systems Lot
7 specifically for the preparation of road and
timber sale project plans was the first large move
toward stand-alone systems.
Out of this came an
important piece of software for road design--the
Forest Level Road Design System FLRDS.
Fifteen
locations
More
have acquired a variety of
HP 150 ATT 6300 and IBM
is being accomplished
with software
AT.
Road design
Users
products like HANSON and Lumberjack.
throughout the Nation have automated
drafting
bilities for facility and road plans as well as for
survey platting.
recently Regions
systems including the
capa-bilities
multi-tasking
infusion of
Forest Service.
These
will permit multiple simultaneous stand-alone
operations with file transfer capability totally
These systems
integrated with the corporate system.
will allow users to move the more resource-intensive
from the main system or perform
operations
CPUs while maintaining the
on several
information structure.
We
are
now working toward
workstations
into
the
the
opera-tions
cor-porate
This
tremendous
change in our computer environment
was guided by having a national
implementation plan
for the Data General system and by the results of
the SyMRIP study in 1984-85.
the
Although
proposed
alternative from SyMRIP did not result in a
sponsored initiative as had been hoped at the
time it did help trigger the delegation of $100000
for ADP equipment to Regional
per procurement
Foresters.
to Jim Webbs
Associate
According
Deputy Chief Administration letter of January 3
nation-ally
6
this delegation was made to pursue
pursue local
high
priority needs complementary to and compatible with
the backbone
information framework provided by the
Data General systems.
Some needs such as those
identified in the SyMRIP report certainly fall into
this category
The study proposed a mix of Data
General corporate system upsizings stand-alone
minicomputers and personal computers--all with
appropriate
peripherals such as plotters
and graphics terminals.
PRODUCTIVITY
IMPROVEMENTS
digiti-zers
Although
not
all the needed computer
the
productivity gains are
capability is
In
apparent.
road program Engineering support unit costs
since 1983 have remained fairly constant.
This is
remarkable
when one realizes that the outputs have
been declining during that period and that
many
support costs such as rents utilities Land
Management
Planning and so forth remain relatively
constant and do not fluctuate
with outputs.
The
national costs for support have declined as follows
in
the
place
Year
Expenditure
1983
$153233
151669
146649
1984
1985
1986
M
M
Adjusted to Constant
1983 Dollars
$153233
148726
138275
128567
132955
Several
factors have contributed
to
Engineering support expenditures
1
2
3
4%
There is an increase in the
designs for local roads.
use
reducing
of
the
field
Through productivity improvements there has
been a 30-percent reduction
in Engineering
personnel most of which was associated with
the road program.
radical
shift in workload from FCCC to local.
computers has occurred.
The following
chart
demonstrates
that migration
A
Year
FCCC Executions
1981
104852
1984
1986
80034
39968
7
decreased
of
the design
cost
mile
to
to
$200
$600
$1500 to $2000 per
While processing costs are less quality
per mile.
has improved--interactive
graphics permit
the
evaluation
of results plots are cheaper
and
the
output packages
programs are easier to run
are more usable.
This change
roads from
alone
has
instanta-neous
Engi-neering
stan-dard
are similar gains being made in other
For example drafting costs for
activities.
have
been
reduced
facilities
through the use of CAD
70
After
a series of
percent.
by as much as
and
both
design
drafting
plans are produced
the
further
reduced
and
costs will be
potential for
is increased.
sharing standards between Regions
network
micro-based
analysis we have
Through
tools
that
evaluation
can quickly
transportation
decisionmaker.
We are
for
the
compare alternatives
of
the
inventories
to
migrating
some
even seeing
retrieval
will
instant
which
local systems
permit
report flexibility.
capability and user-defined
There
The
FUTURE
but
impressive as these gains are they are
be
made
in the
dramatic
to
gains
samples of the more
future.
optical storage
Graphics scanners
expert systems and relational data bases
are but a few of the products that will soon be
available.
Low-cost mass storage is an absolute
future.
to
our information management
necessity
As
pic-tureware
and the capabilities
they
These future technologies
need
to
because
of
the
are
will bring
important
provide more and better information to the public.
is more complex
than ever because
Forest management
there is more interest in the what we do and the
why we do it. We must be able to convincingly
display alternatives costs and the rationale for
the publics support.
if we are to maintain
decisions
EFN
8
Another Look
Edmund C. Tarver
Highway Engineer
Office
Regional
at
Bidtab
Region
8
oppor-tunity
INTRODUCTION
As
the
are incorporated
products of new technology
and become operational
they allow for the
to rethink and apply some not so new
that have been around for
methods and technology
several years.
This is particularly true with the
interaction of the Data General the new with the
Bidtab System the not so new.
BACKGROUND
Bidtab has existed for several years.
Basically it
is a data base residing at the Ft. Collins Computer
Its purpose is to store specific
Center FCCC.
information collected during the bid phase of the
Then using S2K
public works procurement process.
language statistical information is extracted and
to suit the users needs.
presented
Usually the
statistical reports that are generated can be
in developing
cost
estimates.
The
engineering
be
useful
to
others
well.
as
reports however
may
use-ful
INCREASED
CONVENIENCE
Before early 1986 the data for Bidtab were collected
and
transmitted through manual input or through the
use of the Contract Information Management
System
The
as it existed on the TI 990 equipment.
manual
and
of
are
even
disadvantages
input
evident
of CIMS on the TI 990 was a
though the introduction
tremendous boost there still were serious problems
with its availability and ease of operation.
CIMS
CIMS on
Data General has eliminated most of the
associated
with collecting and transmitting
problems
data to Bidtab because of the corporate nature of
means
the Data General.
CIMS provides a convenient
of collecting
is
the information on a system that
data
transmit
available
and
that
can
easily
readily
as necessary.
PROCEDURE
the
The first step is to load the Regional
pay items
into Bidtab.
Next cooperating Forests enter their
project data that is the estimate phase into the
Data General CIMS.
After the project is advertised
9
compo-nents
num-ber
As
bids are received
bids are posted in CIMS.
this is done a runstream file consisting of 16 data
is automatically
The
established.
components
consist of such information as pay item
bid unit price State and county ID terrain
type and so on.
and
in CIMS it
contract
award is accomplished
via CEO to
the
runstream
file
mails
automatically
the Regional
CIMS coordinator.
The coordinator
scans the file to ensure that the data are
with those already stored at FCCC. The file
is then forwarded
to FCCC and loaded
electronically
into the Bidtab data base.
Once the process is
started it continues with minimal impact.
After
con-sistent
REPORTS
Figures 1 and 2 are samples of two reports derived
Both reports were
from Region 8s Bidtab data base.
estimator in establishing
to aid the
developed
project cost estimates.
first report figure 1 is a listing of all
active pay items for fiscal years 1985 and 1986 any
period of time could be selected as long as data
existed.
The listing summarizes minimum and
maximum quantities along with the average
winning
of use
of all bids.
bid and the
Frequency
average
for each pay item is indicated by the number of
Also the number
projects using that item number.
of bids is shown for each item.
The
This report can be useful in providing general
unit prices for specific
information concerning
This is especially
true if the item is
items.
seldom used.
The report also allows the
used pay items that can lead
of frequently
summaries such as the one shown in figure 2.
identifi-cation
to
The report in figure 2 summarizes unit prices for
specific pay items as a function of quantity and
terrain type.
Quantity is a major influence on bid
unit prices that is normally the larger the
lower the
quantity--the higher the efficiency--the
That correlation is borne out in this
price.
which is one of the 16
summary for Pay Item 20302
most frequently used items in Region
8.
condi-tions.
repre-sented
Other
factors
that can
costs are project
climatic
accessibility
topography
In Region
these
factors
have
been
8
in the
definitions
of nine terrain types.
Examples of the types are FLAT1 FLAT2 FLATS
site
10
affect
unit
and
2.68
2.38
2.74
2.28
35.00
2.81
2.41
4.69
36
10
C.Y.
5.66
6.06
85
16
STA.
195.54
134.84
169.38
466.78
282.96
143.51
.4
84
21
ITS.
203074
203081
ITA.
M1.
137.28
274.83
115.24
176.34
.0
47
.5
4
3.05
.7
26
6 7 5
STA.
3 4 1
203073
339.27222.07
16.00
203071
3981.126745.67
800.00700.00
1.00
1.00
31377.00
100.00100.00
9800.0012900.00
137.50500.1720205BRREMOVAL
3.11
1.00
1.00
47993.00
PAVEMENT
140.oo913.00
0.54
2.13
1.00
1.00
14
5
C.Y.
5460.00
CULVERTS
SURFACING
130211.0013024.oo
250.00
450.00
0.60
1.00
1.00
20304
6 4 1 2
604.0019552.00
BRIDGE
1.00
1.00
260
20303
10.00
EXISTINGGATES
REMOVAL
REMOVAL
REMOVAL
FENCEBARBED
17.50
17.50
50.00
REMOVAL
CULVERT
REMOVAL
SMALLSIZED
CULVERTS
130.00
137.69
85.83
7.00
48.oo
QUALITYCONTROLTESTING
SIZES
CULVERTS
88.00
134.00
i4.oo
1.00
EXCAVATION-PLACEMENTMETHOD
METAL
148.75
17.50
1.00
1.00
218
42
C.Y.
2
49
C.Y.
1
20302
EXCAVATION-PLACEMENTMETHOD
INLETS
REMOVAL
275.00
162.50
75.00
3.00
1.00
26
20301
EXCAVATION-PLACEMENTMETHOD
CATTLEGUARD
96.39
2.00
L.00
3.00
1
L.S.
3
2
L.S.
OF
3 2 7 6 2 1
26
2
2
L.S.
OF
I
1
L.S.
OF
S.Y.
OF
L.F.
OF
203T
2
L.F.
WIRE
10
L.F.
OF
6 2 1
EA.
PIPE
----
OF
8
EA.
ALL
OF
2
EA.
GATE
PIPE
OF
20205G
EXCAVATION-PLACEMENTMETHOD
CULVERTS
BRIDGE
REMOVAL
REMOVAL
OBSTRUCTIONS
1500.00
1888.00201045-8CLEARINGGRUBBINGTOPSLIMBS5
1817.943419.71
1277.92
1155.001155.00
STUMPS5
CLEARINGGRUBBINGSLASHTREATMENT
4352.004765.4320202BREMOVAL
STRUCTURES
GEOTEXTILE
2369.75
40.00
3.00
3.00
OF
20205B
EXCAVATION-PLACEMENTMETHOD
2.00
1
5 4 4
2
EA.
DROP
OF
20204A
EXCAVATION-PLACEMENTMETHOD
1.00
1433.65
1.00
1.83
1.00
765.00
1.00
L.00
14
1.00
26
1.00
2.00
4 3
1.00
20
1.00
59
2
EA.
OF
20203S
EXCAVATION-PLACEMENTMETHOD
CLEAR
DISPOSAL
STUMPS-
58.11
48.57
85.50
14.13
24
9 6
EA.
PIPE
OF
20203B
EXCAVATION-PLACEMENTMETHOD
CLEARINGGRUBBINGSLASHTREATMENT
77.52
66.64
38
169
17.36
30
1
L.F.
EA.
OF
20202D
203082
...............aa.M....1w..o...w.r..w.....w.............M................ww...5.w..r.....r...........r.....R8-RTRS-R49
L.S.
L.S.
AND
OF
20202A
20202CREMOVAL
L.S.
20201
202020REMOVAL
L.S.
4
LOGS8
20110
20202PREMOVAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------201021-4CLEARINGGRUBBINGSLASHTREATMENT
BIDS
ALL
BID
QUANTITYQUANTITY
WIN.
STA.
LOGS-
TL-
5 6 9 7 1
STA.
GRUB
201044
20202SREMOVAL
AVG
AVG
BIDS
PROJ
UNIT
4
4
20104
20203FBWREMOVAL
REGIONALSUMMARY05/13/87rar.rr............aa.....rraaa.warrarraaaaa..r.aaarrrwrrrrarrr..a.rwwwrrar...rararw.rrrr...ar.waarwwrraarwrara.rraaa.rarraauraMINIMUMMAXIMUM
1
PAGE
PRICES
UNIT
BID
LISTING
AVERAGE
WITH
OR
1
201024
203072EXCAVATION-PLACEMENTMETHOD
HISTORICAL
-
INFORMATION
BID
ITEM
PAY
NAME
ITEM
ITEM
PAY
1987
FEB
Figure
1986.
and
1985
years
fiscal
for
items
pay
active
all
listing
1.--Report
rrrawaar.arwawwrwaraaa..arrrr.w....awrw..eaarrawwwwwa.r....a.wwwawwwrarrwaaaaearrwwaaa......awrr
w
PS-R8
USDA
I-ý
..............................
------------------
----
------------------
----
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
1.34
1.28
0
1
2.52
2.50
0
4
2.70
3.00
0
5
1.60
1.27
6
2.24
2.05
16
2.54
1.76
18
3.13
2.47
MTN2
0
0
4
2.52
2.92
6
2.79
3.16
MTN3
6
1.89
1.47
6
2.24
2.05
25
2.54
2.12
29
3.23
2.62
ALL
1987
FEB
pay
specific
for
prices
unit
type.
terrain
and
quantity
of
a
as
items
function
------------------
PROJ
BID
ALL
BID
WIN.
PROJ.
BID
ALI.
BID
WIN.
----I
3
3.08
3.50
MTN1
...................w.........www.w........w....w...............................www.....w.................................w....R8-BTRB-R16
TERRAIN
NO
AVG
AVG
NO
AVG
TYPE.
...0-300CYS........3000-900CYS.......9000-1800
...18000-3000
CYS..
CYS..
AVG
PROJ
--------------------------
DESCRIPTION-EXCAVATION-PLACEMENTMETHOD
MEASURE
C.Y.
OF
UNIT
2
NO
----
4.67
1.83
FLAT1
w..w....www..wwwwwwwxw...wwww...wwww...ww............w..
TERRAIN
QUANTITYRANGEREGIONALSUMMARY05/13/87.wswwww..wwwww....w...ww..wswwwwwwxxww.....
AVERAGE
PRICES
1
PAGE
w
BID
ALL
BID
WIN.
PROJ
BID
ALL
BID
WIN.
FIAT2
UNIT
BID
TYPE
AVG
AVG
NO
AVG
AVG
INTER2
OF
BY
20302
ITEM
PAY
2.--Reportsummarizing
-
HISTORICAL
INFORMATIONSUMMARY
BID
FS-R8
USDA
Figure
wwwwwwww.............w..w...ww.....w.....w..w.wwwx...ww......w.................w
INTER1
and MTN3.
In this series FLAT1 would
be
in the group of
most difficult construction
FLAT area that is the coastal plains and FLAT
The other two areas
3 would
be the easiest.
INTER intermediate and
mountain are
defined in a similar manner.
the
MTN
far the correlation of bid unit prices with
terrain types has not been good as seen in this
example.
Perhaps the correlation will improve as
is gained in classifying
experience
projects using
the new definitions.
So
CONCLUSION
Bidtab is not new but its use has been made easier
with the introduction
of CIMS on the Data General.
With the needs of the field and others in mind some
imagination and skill useful reports may be
from data that would otherwise be underutilized.
gener-ated
ýEFN
For more information contact Ed Tarver at FTS
257-2470
or by the Data General at E.TarverRO8A.
13
Epoxy
Injection Repair of
Jack Mielke
Civil Engineer
Mark Twain National
Forest
Crane Lake
Region
Dam
9
A search
for an economical solution to a badly
cracked
and deteriorating concrete
dam led the Mark
Twain National
Forest Engineering Staff to a
valuable tool for many types of concrete
repair--epoxy injection.
Epoxy technology
can now
be applied effectively
to problems involving
poten-tially
sealing
bonding
grouting
patching
protecting
It
is cost-effective
overlaying concrete.
minimizes downtime requires simple equipment
and
is easy to use.
our
first
Although
epoxy repair
and knowledge
project was a dam the experience
gained should prove useful in numerous situations.
and
The
DAM
Crane Lake is a recreational
reservoir
80 miles south of St. Louis Missouri.
pool area is 125 acres with depths to
approximately
The normal
40
feet.
spill-ways
dam includes an earthen embankment
220
feet
long
by 46 feet high and vertical-face
concrete
73 feet long on the
left northeast end
and
100 feet long on the
end
southwest
right
figure
1.
Spillway heights vary from 4 feet to 14 feet
and each structure
abuts rock ledge to the outside
and
a
concrete
The
retaining wall on the inside.
walls
contain
the
embankment
and
retaining
protect
it from spillway discharges.
Each wall extends
downstream
over 100 feet from the spillway.
The
is
reinforced
with
four
right spillway
further
concrete
buttresses two of which form a chute for a
All spillway walls and
stop-log outlet works.
walls
are
a
minimum
of 1 foot thick.
retaining
The
The
PROBLEM
recon-structed
When
Forest Service acquired the dam in 1973
had been privately constructed
and
twice by the owners.
At the
time some
minor cracking was noted in the spillway concrete.
Over the next 10 years some additional minor
cracking was noted but did not pose an immediate
threat to the structure.
In 1985 however
a
huge
snag drifted against the right spillway during high
the
the
dam
15
000
200
100
ý--
CRANE
WATERS
-ý
400
300
LAKE
600
500
TOE
UPSTREAM
EDGE
BUTTRESSES
LEFT
CREST
SPILLWAY
RIGHT
STOP-LOG
EMBANKMENT-
GATE
6
SPILLWAY
CONCRETE
4
RETAINING
WALLS
DOWNSTREAM
TOE
PLAN
100
CRACKS
BREAK
-IU
NEW
KNEEWALL
IJI
1111
BUTTRESSES
STOP-LOGS
RETAINING
RIGHT
WALL
SPILLWAY
DOWNSTREAM
ELEVATION
73
DAM
EMBANKMENT
RETAINING
12
WALL
CRACKS
CRACKS
Jill-CONCCERETE
NATURAL
CRACK
WALL
Figure
1.--Crane
Lake
Dam
GRD.
SPILLWAY
LEFT
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION
repairs plan
and
spillway elevations.
16
The
44-foot section between the abutment and
water.
the first buttress was severely damaged.
Several
new cracks appeared and a segment of the wall
10 feet long
approximately
by 2 feet high was
broken loose and displaced up to 2 inches.
situation was deemed hazardous
so the
lake
was
drawn down 8 feet below normal pool.
This reduced
the pool area to about 50 acres
leaving extensive
mudflats.
The
The HEALING
PROCESS
con-tractor
A contract
for repairs was awarded in
at a total price of $16679.
Working
during the first 2 weeks of November
1986
September
only 6 days
1986
the
constructed
knee wall 32 feet
a
concrete
2
feet
which
was dowelled
into bedrock
long
by
high
the badly damaged
to reinforce
The
right spillway.
contractor then injected epoxy grout full depth
into 213
linear feet of cracks to both seal and bond
the breaks.
of
Figures 2 and 3 contain photographs
the cracks
in the dam and some of the
repair process.
equip-ment
contractor used methods materials and
developed
by the Adhesive Engineering
Company
AEC. The following information applies to AECs
and products.
techniques
The
The
the
structural concrete
repairs involved
bonding
process which can be applied to fill and bond
cracks as small as 0.002 inches wide and up to 20
feet or more deep.
The injected
liquid epoxy cures
to a solid which
provides a seamless barrier that
is unaffected
by water and resistant to most
The epoxy forms a bond that
is stronger than
the
concrete.
The material will encapsulate
and
protect reinforcing steel near injected cracks from
further corrosion.
SCB uses concressive
structural
epoxy adhesives--a family of materials able to
handle a variety of needs such as high-temperature
or underwater
applications.
SCB
chemi-cals.
aspect of the Crane Lake epoxy
was the
small
size simplicity and portability
of the equipment.
All the equipment and material
for the
work fit easily into the back of a 1-ton
The
work
most surprising
The pump unit is basically a steel 4box
pickup.
about 20 inches by 16 inches by 10 inches high with
wheels and a handle.
It
can be maneuvered by one
individual and two people can easily lift it over
obstacles or place it in elevated locations.
The
dual metering pumps are powered by any 120-volt AC
17
in
head
mixing
way
injection
under
epoxy
d
and
sealed
not
but
unit
note
that
crack
to
the
right
is
cleaned
pump
adjusting
the
and
testing
c
pile
the
generator
by
the
note
place
into
unit
pump
moving
b
spacing
port
hand
left
in
right
hand
and
pressurecontrol
the
note
cracks
the
surface
sealing
process
a
repair
the
and
Dam
Lake
Crane
of
Figure
2.--Photographs
injection
00
c
by
out
blown
port
refasteninginjection
spillway
cracks
six
the
note
the
note
right
and
buttresses
process
left
a
crack
major
b
sealed
in
spillway
3--Morephotographs
repair
and
dam
the
of
surface
vertical
Figure
pressure.
N
At Crane
electrical source.
4000 RE generator was used.
Lake
a
small Winpower
sepa-rately
pistol-shaped
epoxy resin and hardener are delivered
through 2-inch ID rubber hoses to a
The head is usually manipulated
mixing head.
with one hand.
Pumping pressure can be varied with
device.
hand-held
a separate
Epoxy materials are
plastic containers
fed to the pumps from replaceable
that
fasten to the top of the pump unit.
The
gener-ally
can be done by
operation
crew is
a two-person
one
individual however
Before each days work and
more efficient.
is checked
to
the equipment
during the grouting
ensure that the pressure is holding and that the
exact design ratio of epoxy hardener and resin is
These tests are simple
reaching the mixing head.
and
quick and can usually be performed with the
Thus
the
equipment
entire
in
injecting
place.
is generally
or surfaces
of the cracks
Preparation
and critical part of the
the most time-consuming
a four-person
On the Crane Lake project
operation.
crew
crew spent most of 3 days and a two-person
The
2
surface
of
on
preparation.
days
parts
surface along the crack must be cleaned and then
sealed to prevent epoxy from leaking out during or
Several different products are
after injection.
on crack
size
used for surface sealing depending
Most
of
these
are
variables.
and
other
weather
When
fast curing--5 minutes or less to 1 hour.
cracks
through
back
side
of
extending
the
possible
is also sealed
the
structure
up to prevent epoxy
This surface seal is critical to contain the
loss.
pressurized
grout and force it through the cracks.
exter-ior
the
after the injected grout hardens
surface seal can be easily removed to facilitate
esthetic improvements to the repaired area.
However
seal-ing
nip-ples
Immediately before or along with the surface
injection ports which are small plastic
over
with a flange on the base are centered
The flange is
the
crackline and glued in place.
covered
over with the surface sealant which then
holds the port against the back pressure during
The spacing of the ports is generally
grouting.
about equal to the structural thickness the theory
is that when the
grout injected in a port reaches
the
next port it should have traveled through the
On
in every
direction.
structure an equal distance
the
vertical surfaces such as the Crane Lake Dam
20
injection proceeds from bottom up on each crack.
When grout starts running out the next port above
the
one being injected the
is moved to the
leaking port and the vacated
port is plugged up.
gun
The actual
injection process is very simple.
The
operator places the gun barrel over the port nipple
and pulls the trigger.
The rate of injection varies
in epoxy materials
greatly because of differences
viscosity crack width and structural thickness.
The operator can control the rate by varying the
pump pressure up to 200 pounds per square inch
psi. As previously noted the Crane Lake project
included injecting 213 linear feet of cracks.
The
injected walls averaged
about 16 inches thick
and
the cracks
were mostly tight with some approaching
the 0.002-inch
lower limit.
Of the
total project
time less than 2 days were spent actually injecting
the epoxy.
This production
rate was relatively slow
because of poor weather
access problems to parts of
the work
and some unusual equipment problems.
CONCLUSION
seal-ing
offers a quick and simple solution
concrete
problems including
and overlaying at
grouting
loading patching
a fraction
of the cost of typical concrete
repairs.
Since the Forest Service maintains thousands of
buildings bridges and dams we should be using
this technology
as much as possible.
Instead of
tearing out old concrete
structures there are
to glue
undoubtedly
em back
many opportunities
Epoxy technology
to many types of
together.
EFN
21
North
Boat
Ramp-Diamond Lake
Oregon
Robert Nixon
Retired
Project Engineer
Umpqua National
Forest
aver-aging
INTRODUCTION
In 1984 the Forest Service decided
to replace the
north boat ramp at Diamond Lake.
The ramp is one of
the
10 most used fresh water
ramps in Oregon
19400 recreation visits per year.
Diamond
Lake is about 32 miles long and 12 miles wide at
5183 feet elevation 6 miles north of Crater Lake
National
Park and 85 miles east of Roseburg
Oregon
figure 1.
The ramp that existed then consisted
of
a
floating dock with two lines of deteriorated
slabs. The dock needed to be removed each fall
and
installed each spring and it required extensive
repairs or replacement.
pre-cast
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M
1.--Location
of Diamond
Lake.
23
A ýý T
DESIGN
Geotech-nfical
consisted of Roy Arnoldt
Robert
Engineer
Nixon Project Engineer
John Rosenberger Landscape Architect.
and
The
to
The
1
design
team
design
considerations
for the
new
ramp were
Provide
protection for launching from waves
Diamond Lake
generated by prevailing winds.
has five ramps none of which has protection.
2
3
4
Provide a facility
maintenance.
Provide
during
a
the
with
The
Provide
4-foot-deep
Provide
for handicapped
design
option
surrounding
water
Sides
options
the
resistant
are
ramp area.
listed in
riprap
Yes
Yes
No
Metal
bin
Yes
Yes
Yes
Comments
Poor
with
face
wall
Somewhat
With
esthetically
galvanized
cast
face
Geotextile/
wire
Welded
wall
Yes
Somewhat
Yes
Somewhat
Hilfiker
Concrete
Driven
With
cast
face
wall
wire
crib
With
cast
face
Yes
Somewhat
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
High
cost
of
materials
sheetpile
lake
bottom
make
driving
rocky
may
impossible
Doublewall
Yes
Yes
if
special
design
24
table
suitable
or
docking
boats
mooring
Piled
Yes
water
for
Permanent
Gabions
lake
Considerations
Ice
Design
in
damage
to
access.
considered
options
1.--Design
Table
annual
facility that is resistant
spring ice breakup.
Minimize turbidity in
during construction.
5
6
minimal
Yes
acceptable
appearance
Most
1.
The
final design consisted of a jetty and ramp.
The
jetty was designed to provide a calm water launching
site with a fetch wind direction of N 028 E.
Class IX riprap with a 12-foot top and 2 feet of
freeboard sloped 31 on the lake
side and
21 on the
side
used.
Doublewall
bins
to
used
was
were
ramp
form the mooring/loading
docks
A
figure 2.
backfill design required that part of the fill
be waterproof
concrete
to resist the freezing and
ice pressure anticipated
at the lake surface.
The
was
launching ramp
concrete.
cast-in-place
spe-cial
1t
Figure
25
2.--Setting
doublewall
4
units.
naviga-tion
solar-powered warning light like that used by the
Coast Guard and Corps of Engineers for river
lighting was installed at the end of the jetty
lake traffic of the structure.
to warn nighttime
A
CONSTRUCTION
After
1
2
contract
award three changes
were
made
set on
Eight precast 7-foot by l8-foot slabs
the
slab.
steel frame replaced
cast-in-place
underwater
reduced
the
amount
of
This
and pumping because dewatering
was not
needed to place the slabs and sides
a
construc-tion
and a geotextile silt
The cofferdam
was deleted
fence substituted to retain turbid water within
the
construction
The geotextile barrier
area.
consisted
of two layers of Mirafi 500X fabric
supported
by rope along a log boom and existing
It was held
figure 3.
floating dock sections
to the
lake bottom with rocks.
The water
the silt fence
was 37 times more turbid
from the construction
than the
activity
Nethlometric
water
56
Turbidity Unit
open
This
versus 1.5 Nethlometric
Turbidity Unit.
containment
of the
turbidity proved very
These values remained typical except
This
during periods of high northwest winds.
change resulted in a savings of $24000.
be-hind
adja-cent
ac-ceptable.
Figure
3.--Geotextile
filter barrier.
26
3
walk-way
concrete
was added to the
cap/walkway
jetty
maintain the desired freeboard with the
seasonal changes in lake elevation.
The
also improved handicapped
and will
access
allow for increased recreational
use on the
A
to
jetty.
The
and
new ramps are shown in figure 4.
The
completed project cost $135809.
A new adjacent
in the summer of 1987
parking lot was constructed
old
..
All
Figure
4--Old
and
new
ramps.
EF19
27
Continuous Belting
Trail
Drainage Structures
Kocmick
Transportation
Engineer
Sawtooth
National Forest
L.T.
The
Region
4
Sawtooth
Forest was dissatisfied
National
with
for
present designs
diverting surface drainage off
of ORV trail machine
trails especially on older
existing trails. The open-top drainage structures
this required more maintenance
funds than
plugged
were available. The structures also did not function
well on grades in excess of 10 percent.
The round
riders
log waterbars were hazardous to trail machine
because the logs caused the rear wheel of the trail
machines
to be deflected
along the log because of
the
And
skew especially during wet conditions.
could
not
be
installed
or
function
drainage dips
on
grades greater than 10 percent on existing trails.
Don Farrell Helena National
Forest suggested using
continuous
belting sandwiched between treated
2-foot by 6-foot timbers and buried in local roads
to divert surface
runoff.
In 1984 the Forest
fabricated a limited number of continuous
belting
drainage structures from conveyor belting and
treated 2 by 6 timbers figure 1.
These were
installed at select locations on trails in the
Cassia Division for testing purposes.
During the summer of 1986 about 350 continuous
belting structures obtained from Mountain Home Air
Force Base were installed on the Virginia Gulch
trail and the Calf Creek trail.
Figure 2 shows
installation details.
The
test
1
2
following
critical
locations
The
skew
angle
factors
should
be
were
at
learned
least
45
from the
degrees.
structure needs to be long enough to allow
burying in the cut bank of the trail and extend
beyond the shoulder of the trail considering
the
angle of the skew.
The
29
PLAN
VIEW
SIDE
VIEW
I
2
x
6
x
48
END
VIEW
-thickness
2
Preservative
Type
Mtn.
Net
Retention
Use 30d Galy.
NailTTn
nailing
2
patter
rows
staggered
Figure l.--Fabrication
3
4
5
x
belt
continuous
webbing
6
48
x
lb./C.F.
4
of continuous
belting
trail
drainage
structure.
Continuous belting should protrude above ground
no more than 22
to 32
inches since some belting
material may develop a slight memory at the
location where traffic passes over it and
become floppy on high-use trails.
A 22-inch
extension above ground is recommended
for
trails.
high-use
The
belting
should
be
at
least d-inch
thick.
of prefabricated
Transportation
units to the
installation sites can be a problem because of
the weight
of treated timbers.
Should this be
a major problem a number of alternatives
are
available for fabrication at the site
te usin
using
native materials--recognizing
that
the
life of
native material is less than that of treated
timbers.
See figure 3.
The
log can be slabbed
or split with a chain saw at the
site and then
the belting is placed between
the pieces
and
Installation would be similar to that
nailed.
shown in figure 2.
30
This
is a simple approach
to an old problem on steep
It uses less material than
the
existing trails.
open-top drain and is easier to maintain in that one
or two passes with a Cordic or shovel
can clean the
The structure
is inexpensive and
has a
structure.
over existing designs for use on
safety advantage
steep ORV trails.
Belting
Structure
Extend
into
Trail Back
Trail
slopel5
Tread
Min.
C76MiýDia
Log
Skew
ýý
PLAN
Ya
Rock
Structure
Degrees
Centerline
of
Tread
to
Spillway
60
FRONT
45
with
Trail
VIEW
VIEW
Bel
6
l
l
frail
Tread
Min.
Dia
ti
ng
Log
Surface
END
VIEW
PROFILE
Figure 2.--Installation
Figure 3.--Fabrication
native materials.
details.
at
the
site
EFN
31
using
Adrian
Iz
Award
Merit
r
Receives
Engi-neer
Adrian Pelzner former Forest
Service Chief Geotechnical
was named a 1987
recipient
of the American Society
for
Testing and Materials ASTM
Award of Merit.
Pelzner
was
22
of
Reston
in
Virginia
the
Award on
Cincinnati
by
presented
Chairman
Baboian.
June
ASTM
Robert
Ohio
the Board
The Award was
spon-sored
Soil
by
of
ASTM
Rock
Committee D-18 on
which Pelzner
to
has given
25 years
t i ona l
service.
of
Adrian Pelzner
Merit from ASTM
Robert Baboian.
excep-
left
receives Award of
Chairman of the Board
ASTM Award of Merit is the honorary title of Fellow
both the award and the honorary
of the
ASTM established
Society.
service to
title in 1949 to provide a means for recognizing
productive
ASTM marked leadership outstanding contribution or publication of
papers.
Accompanying
the
Over Pelzners 25 years of service to ASTM Committee D-18 he has
served both as Chairman
years he also
years and Vice-Chairman
Information
Retrieval
on
served 5 years as Chairman of the Subcommittee
Research
Standards
and 1 year as Chairman of the Subcommittee
on
served actively on several of ASTM D-18s
He also has
Development.
technical subcommittees as well as on ASTMs Committee C-9 on Concrete
D-19 on Water and D-34 on Waste Disposal.
Concrete Aggregates
4
5
Since his 1985 retirement Pelzner has established
a consulting
In addition
research engineering
engineering.
practice in geotechnical
to remaining an active
member in ASTM Pelzner is a member of the
American Society of State Highway $ Transportation
Officials the
Research
Councils
Research Board and the National
Transportation
Commission on Engineering $ Technical
Systems.
EFN
Having worked for Adrian as Clerk-Typist in 1981
and 1982 I was very
pleased to receive the notice of his Award of Merit.
My admiration and
sincere congratulations
and Im sure that of countless others across
the Forest Service
go to Adrian on this occasion.
--Editor
32
Evaluation-Lookout
Tower Study
Multiple
Resources
Historic
Pacific
Southwest Region
John Grosvenor
Facilities OM Staff Engineer
Office Region 5
Regional
BACKGROUND/NEED
As lookout towers move away from a primary fire
detection
role they are being considered excess
to Forest Service fire management.
Alternative
roles for historically significant
lookouts such
as interpretive
sites adaptive use or other
use as well as destruction or disposal need
to be examined.
con-tinuing
decided to develop a Programmatic Agreement
State Historic Preservation
Officer SHPO
and the Advisory Council on Historic
Preservation
ACHP.
in
Invariably when buildings are evaluated
to be
isolation they are often considered
even though there may be a better
sample of lookouts already being protected.
The Programmatic Agreement will reduce the time
cost and extent of consultation and provide a
framework for making management
decisions.
5
Region
with the
signi-ficant
represen-tative
The
thematic evaluation
and nomination will enable
to protect a representative
Region
sample of
lookouts and to focus its limited
significant
and restoration dollars on the most
interpretation
significant
resources.
The Region has 181 lookouts
located on 19 National
Forests scattered throughout
California.
Figure 1 contains photographs
of five
of these lookouts.
the
PROCESS/
REGIONAL OFFICE
COORDINATION
The Region was fortunate to have a volunteer who
offered his services
to inventory and assist in
all the
lookouts in the State.
At the
evaluating
same time an ad hoc committee in the Regional
Office was formed to coordinate
and assist in the
evaluation.
This group included staff personnel
from Cultural Resources Fire Management
Property
and Engineering.
Management
During the inventory phase the volunteer visited
each lookout and reviewed property records on the
National
in the
Forests plans and specifications
33
moos
op
C
Figure
l.--Photographs
of
five
Region
5
lookout
towers.
historic
and Fire Management
March 1987 the volunteers report was
The ad hoc committee and each of the
completed.
information on
National
Forests reviewed and updated
the
lookouts and provided evaluation
during April
In June the proposed Programmatic
and May.
Agreement was submitted to the SHPO and ACHP for
action.
Regional
files.
Office
In
34
EVALUATION
CRITERIA/
CATEGORIES
Eleven separate
lookout figure
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
were
2
used
style
modifications
to
to
structure
original.
location
Integrity of Location--original
modern intrusions.
Buildings--original
additions.
of
no
Setting--physical
surrounding area.
setting
view
Tower/Cab--special
original design.
features
Tower Height--some
for taller towers.
additional
materials
no
intact.
Interior--original furnishings
Integrity
each
original.
Integrity--workmanship
Esthetics
additions
intact
evaluate
to
Integrity--plan space
Design
out
buildings
beauty
special
points
no
of
items in
awarded
Association--events people patterns of
history CCC WPA Aircraft Warning Service
II
WW
10
criteria
and
Rarity--number
surviving.
Date
Because
of
so
forth.
of
like category
structures
Construction.
in the
large number of structures
were established
to better
categories
These included observation
compare like designs.
only live-in observation wood steel and enclosed
towers.
The existing condition of the lookouts was
not used as a selection
criterion.
of
the
Region five
RATINGS/
REGIONAL
OFFICE
INPUT/FIELD
INPUT/FINDINGS
All lookouts were first rated with scores ranging
from -6 to 31 points.
The Regional
Office ad hoc
committee then reviewed the results and spot checked
lookouts that rated very high or very low together
with several at the mean area and established
a
at
which
lookouts
would
be
recommended
breakpoint
for the National
These results then were
Register.
sent out to the National
Forest for review.
35
FIRE
Name
Lookout
National
LOOKOUT
SHEET
r
District
Forest
Evaluator
County
Date
Quad
Elevation
Legal
RATING
T.
1/4
R.
1/4
Section
Ownership
Architect
Builder
Tower
No.
Plan
CCC
Other
FS
include height
Cab
POINTS
1.
Integrity/Design
2.
Integrity/Esthetics
2
3.
Integrity/Interior
3
4.
Integrity/Location
4
S.
Integrity/Associated
6.
Esthetics/Natural
Setting
7a.
Special
Features
Tower
7a
7b.
Special
Features
Cab
7b
8a.
Height
of
Live-in
8b.
Height
of
Observation-Only
9.
Association
10.
Surviving
11.
Date
of
1
Equipment
Tower
tower
8a
Tower
rarity
Number
Construction
rating
5
8b
9
IMms
2.--Lookout
Buildings
6
10
11
Comments
Figure
and
M
sheet.
36
PROGRAMMATIC
AGREEMENT
NOMINATIONS
The
with
and
next
step is to draft a Programmatic Agreement
the
State Historic Preservation
Office
the Advisory
Council on Historic Preservation
SHPO
that will outline management
options including
mitigation and standardization procedures
for the
This Programmatic Agreement will reduce the
Region.
level of consultation and documentation
associated
with a property-by-property
assessment which costs
between $2000 and $5000 per individual structure.
last step will be to select those
lookouts that
qualify for a thematic nomination to the National
Register of Historic Places.
This nomination will
be based on Regional
criteria but will not rule out
possibilities for inclusion of lookouts of local/
Forest importance.
The Region will consult
The
parties.
Region will submit nominations
to SHPO for its review
and comment prior to
to the Keeper
of the National
of
Register
Historic Places.
The
inter-ested
nomi-nation
i
EfH
37
Fish Habitat Improvement Using
Lake Circulation
Photovoltaic-Powered
and Aeration
Mark Shaw
Fisheries Biologist
Gifford Pinchot National
Forest
Region
6
INTRODUCTION
Two high-use recreation and fishing lakes in the
Wasatch-Cache
National
Forest would not overwinter
fish because of low oxygen conditions under the
ice.
The lakes were similar in their basic physical
and biological
characteristics both Marsh Lake and
Tony Grove Lake had no year-round inflow/outflow
and
were natural lakes enlarged by dams for use as
irrigation reservoirs.
They were stabilized at full
capacity and no longer used for irrigation had
extensive shallow areas with profuse
developed
aquatic plant growth and previously had been known
to overwinter
fish.
The Utah Division of Wildlife
Resources
had identified both lakes as priorities
for habitat improvement.
LAKE
The
REHABILITATION
of lake improvement-rehabilitation
technology
been highly developed
in the past 20 years.
Two
basic techniques--1 aeration by pumping air or
circulation
or
oxygen directly into the lake and
considered
mixing of the entire lake volume--were
Previous
applicable to these two lakes.
with winter aeration on a small
experience
scale plus data from an extensive circulation study
in the Midwest indicated a high probability
of
in the problem lakes
has
2
Wasatch-Cache
suc-cess
1.
com-pressor
inves-tigated
1
2
The
main challenge to implementing these techniques
the
lack of electrical power to operate a
Three options were
or circulator.
AC powerlines
diesel or propane
Economic
photovoltaics.
power generators and
and environmental factors indicated that
was a viable and reliable long-term power
source for aeration and circulation.
A funding
submitted and approved
request was subsequently
under the Federal Photovoltaic
Utilization Program
to develop
and implement improvement projects on the
two lakes.
was
3
photo-voltaics
39
MARSH LAKE SYSTEM
Design
Construction
cal-culated
The
design of the axial flow pump was based on the
projected use of 10 hours of total run time per day
to effectively
circulate Marsh Lake.
This was
for the use period of around May 15 to
October 30.
The axial flow pump for Marsh Lake was designed by
Jim Garton of Oklahoma State University.
The basic
design was modified to use a 24-volt DC motor.
The
axial flow pump is a horizontally mounted impeller
attached
to a vertical
output gear reducer powered
24-volt
by a
DC motor.
This assembly was mounted on
a 4-foot square raft constructed
of redwood and
filled with styrofoam as shown in figure 1.
The
raft was anchored
at each corner using 8-inch coated
cable attached
to two concrete
anchors.
The
sat
3
feet below the water surface and
impeller
rotated counterclockwise
pushing the water in a
downflow
direction.
M
2
111
4
5
7
6
8
Figure 1.--Schematic of axial-flow pump used on Marsh Lake
motor
chain coupler
right-angle reduction gear
flotation
shaft
frame and
bearing
impeller.
1
4
2
5
6
40
7
3
8
1
ý
Figure
The
2.--Photovoltaic
array and
battery
box
at
Marsh
Lake.
axial
flow pump was designed with a 1-hp
1800-rpm 24-volt DC motor 401 right angle single
output shaft gear reducer and a 42-inch impeller.
The pumping rate was 1.4 acre feet per hour.
The
run time was 10 hours per day
projected
resulting
in 14 acre feet pumped per day.
Marsh Lake had a
total volume of 280 acre feet resulting in 5
of the total lake volume pumped per day.
per-cent
The photovoltaic
array consisted of 32 ARCO
ASI-16-2000 panels rated at 20 watts and 16 Sensor
11113-OIREV panels rated at 9 watts.
Technology
The
total array output was 784 watts.
The electric
motor had a draw of 450 watts.
pro-vide
opera-tion
Storage batteries were CFD LCPSA-19 cells rated at
2.2 volts and 2100 amp hours.
These batteries
2
at 10 hours
days of sunless operation
time per day.
Figure 2 shows the completed
installation.
Battery charge was regulated by two
ARCO UCC 30-amp change controllers.
Maximum array
output was 25 amps at 24 volts DC.
The system for controlling
the operation
of the pump
used a combination
of a low voltage disconnect
and
41
vol-tage
min-ute
with first priority to the low
timing control
disconnect.
These two controls activated
a
The timer can vary the
run time
100-amp contactor.
from 1 hour to 45 days and the off time from 1
The
low voltage
to 17 hours.
disconnect
was set
to disconnect
at 24 volts DC and reconnect
at 27
volts DC.
The timer could be disabled but the low
These controls
voltage sensor always had control.
were mounted to one of the array stand pipes in a
Power was transported
from the
separate enclosure.
batteries to the pump with 0000 UD aluminum
cable.
The voltage drop was 0.3 volts between
battery and pump.
Commercially produced
pole mounts for the solar
The pole mounting
panels were not available.
structure was fabricated by the Weber Basin Job
Four separate
Corps Center WBJCC
welding shop.
aluminum I-beam structures for eight ARCO panels
each and one complete angle iron structure for the
Solar Technology
These
panels were constructed.
structures were mounted on a 2-inch steel pipe with
variable angle tilt capacity.
The axial flow pump
at the WBJCC.
was also constructed
com-plete.
Construction
of the array began in July 1984.
took 8 days to
major portion of the project
The work was done by a Forest Service
crew and members of the WBJCC welding shop.
Operating
Experience
The
work
The system was not fully operational until the early
fall of 1984 because the first control system which
included only a timer did not arrive until late
Total run time in 1984 was about 10
September.
There was no noticeable
effect on the oxygen
days.
content of the lake during the winter of 1984-85
and a complete winter fish kill was experienced.
The system was back in operation
in June 1985 and
was not monitored again until August 1985.
It was
found to be inoperative because the gear reducer had
lost its oil because of a seal failure and the
gears were stripped.
The oil seal failure was determined
to have been
caused by the high running temperature of the DC
motor which normally has a high operating
but
it seemed
to be higher
than normal.
The probable causes were determined
to be low
at the motor due to a poor electrical
between motor and cable and low voltage from
the
Low voltage would cause the motor
batteries.
tem-perature
vol-tage
connec-tion
42
to
con-trol
discon-nect
draw
more amperage resulting in higher operating
To
remedy the situation a new
temperatures.
system which combined the low voltage
and timer as previously described
and a new
were installed.
power cable to the motor connectors
The gear reducer was replaced.
The system was not
operational again until June 1986.
win-ter
lake
oxygen level
of 1985-86
and is
was monitored during the
shown in table 1.
The oxygen
levels degenerated over the winter months to very
The
marginal levels by the April sampling date.
did
not
break
until
lake ice cover
up
mid-May but
the
levels
remained
high enough to overwinter
oxygen
Creel census data
of
the
fish
part
population.
revealed many 2- and 3-pound
trout taken from the
The
lake.
The
again on June 27 1986.
pump was activated
and
between
the
motor
was
battery
voltage drop
determined
to be 0.2 volts
and
the
motor seemed to
The lake
had
be operating
at a cooler
temperature.
of depth and
a
well-defined
thermocline
at 5 meters
was anoxic below this depth.
The
pump and lake were checked on July 24 1986.
system was still operating but the gear reducer
again lost a seal so the system was turned off.
The
The
had
Table
l.--Winter
Date
Sampled
dissolved
oxygen
Depth
12/23/85
0.5
1.0
2.0
0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
2/26/86
4/10/86
0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
43
m
levels Marsh
Level
Lake
1985-86.
Dissolved
mg/1
9.0
8.2
7.6
4.2
4.0
3.2
1.8
2.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
Oxygen
Table
2.--Oxygen/temperature
Depth
m
profile Marsh Lake
Temp
C
15.5/14.4
15.0/14.4
15.0/14.4
14.0/14.2
13.0/14.2
12.0/14.0
10.8/14.0
10.2/14.0
9.8/14.0
8.8/14.0
8.8/14.0
8.8/14.0
0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
June/July
Level
1986.
Dissolved
Oxygen
mg/1
8.5/8.8
8.5/8.8
8.2/8.7
7.4/8.7
6.2/8.6
5.5/8.4
5.0/8.4
4.2/7.9
3.2/7.9
1.5/7.9
1.0/7.9
1.0/6.2
sur-face
The oxygen level of the lake was monitored at that
time and is compared to the June levels in table 2.
The lake had been mixed well by the axial flow
The temperature difference between the
pump.
and bottom was 0.4
and
the
dissolved
oxygen
difference between surface and bottom was
2.6 milligrams per liter.
There was still a
measurable amount of oxygen being consumed at the
water-sediment interface but this is the exact
the pump was intended to create.
The
phenomenon
oxygen/temperature
profile was not taken again
The oxygen levels of the
during the summer of 1986.
lake were monitored during the winter of 1986-87.
C
alleviate the problem of the high operating
temperatures and subsequent gear reducer failure a
new motor and gear reducer were installed on the
A larger 3/4-hp
24-volt
pump during October 1986.
DC motor was installed on a new and larger gear
A ventilation
reducer.
cap was also installed above
the motor/gear
reducer to facilitate air
The larger motor will be operating
below its
maximum designed output and consequently
should
operate within the normal operating
temperatures of
the gear reducer.
To
circula-tion.
44
Conclusion
the axial flow pump has been plagued with
Although
problems during its relatively short periods of
sustained operation
of 1 to 12 months it does seem
to be thoroughly
and mixing the lake.
destratifying
The results from the
1985-86 winter were very
promising and the brief mixing in the summer of
1986 is expected to produce
better results in the
1986-87 winter.
The new motor-gear reducer
should alleviate breakdowns
and result in a
in 1987.
summer-long sustained circulation
combi-nation
solar array batteries.
control system and
well in this
have functioned
power cable components
remote location.
Maintenance
on these components
has been confined
to battery
maintenance
and
it
changing the solar array tilt angle.
is
Although
located next to a high-use campground
vandalism has
not
been a problem.
This is probably because of its
relatively isolated location and the 8-foot chain
link fence enclosure.
With the experience
gained in
proper control
system design and axial flow pump
design with DC motors this system could be readily
to other remote locations
with similar lake
adapted
winterkill problems.
The
TONY GROVE LAKE
SYSTEM
Design
Construction
of the Tony
design siting and construction
Grove Lake system presented
several challenges.
The
lake had a visual classification
of retention which
means manmade
activities
cannot be seen dictating
that the photovoltaic
array site be placed away from
the lake.
The aeration system would be composed
of
a compressor
The
airline and air diffuser.
of airline pressure loss depth of the lake
and
diffuser material pressure loss all needed to be
accounted
for.
The area also had very deep snow
depths of 8 feet and over.
The
fac-tors
The challenge
then was to design an effective
aeration system that could meet the visual and
environmental constraints and still stay within
A suitable site 1400 feet northwest of
budget.
the
It
offered relatively easy
lake was located.
foot access
and was visually isolated from the
majority of area users.
of 25 Solavolt
photovoltaic
array was composed
37-watt modules. Charge controllers included one
12-volt DC ARCO UCC and two 12-volt DC Solarwest
The
45
dis-connect
Electric units.
The battery bank was composed
of
12 Willard
Exide DHS-l cells in 12-volt DC array.
The load control system included a low voltage
and timer combination with first priority
to the disconnect
system.
The compressor system was originally composed
of two
12-volt DC diaphragm pumps with a combined power
draw of 180 watts and air delivery of 0.7 cubic feet
These were later replaced by
per minute at 25 psi.
a single 12-volt
DC twin piston compressor with a
power draw of 20 watts and air delivery of 1.5 cubic
feet per minute at 25 psi.
The average
array output
was 3800 watts per day for a maximum pumping time
of approximately
17 hours per day.
sepa-rate
The
photovoltaic
array was broken into three
units of 10 10 and 5 panels each.
They were
each mounted on 4-inch pipes spaced 9 feet apart to
The mounting structures had a
prevent shading.
variable angle capability and the panels were to be
set at 20 degrees
in the
summer and 60 degrees in
the
winter.
The
batteries and electronic
controls were mounted
enclosure constructed
of 2-inch by 8-inch
sealed with silicon caulking and vented
redwood
with a 2-inch by 10-foot plastic pipe.
The solar
panels were mounted on 4-inch diameter by 12-foot
The three banks were
long galvanized steel pipes.
composed of 10 10 and 5 panels each.
The
was mounted in a vented metal enclosure
attached
to the pole mount structure
of the
5
panel
bank.
A flexible rubber hose enclosed
in a rigid
plastic pipe delivered air from the compressor to
the
-inch polyethylene air delivery pipe.
in
an
com-pressor
The entire assembly was enclosed
in an 8-foot high
chain link fence to reduce the possibility of
vandalism and theft.
Figure 3 shows the completed
installation.
dia-meter
poly-ethylene
The
air delivery system was composed
of z-inch black
polyethylene
pipe buried 8 inches deep.
The
diffuser system was designed with two separate
units.
The first was a 2-foot long by 1-inch
diffuser made of porous high-density
with a pore size of 15 to 30 microns.
Its
primary purpose was to lift water from the bottom to
the top
of the
lake causing a mixing effect during
the months of June through October.
The second
diffuser was composed
of three ceramic heads with a
46
Figure 3.--Tony
compressor box.
Grove
Lake
solar array
battery and
control box
and
dis-solved
pore size of
diffusion of
microns.
Its primary purpose was
air into the water to increase the
oxygen content during the ice-covered months
of November
The aeration system is
through May.
shown in figure 4.
conceptually
3
Construction
of the facility began in August 1984
in approximately
and
was completed
7
All work
days.
Forest
Service crew consisting of
was done by a
three to seven people.
All transportation
of
materials from the highway to the work site was done
All other phases of the
by pack horse or humans.
work were completed by handpower
except for the air
delivery line which was dug using a gas-powered
trencher.
major obstacle encountered in construction
was
the mounting poles for the
solar panels.
placing
Large rocks encountered while digging the pipe holes
the poles from being placed
in their exact
prevented
locations and depths within the fenced
predesigned
enclosure.
The
Operating
Experience
The
system was put into operation in September
The initial problem encountered
1984.
was a block
The blockage
in the
air delivery line.
location was
47
Photovoltaic
Array
Panel
Input Power
Cord
from Solar Panel
Unit Contains
Housing
Piston Air Compressor
Twin
Flexible
Enclosed
Rubber
Electric
Cable
Insulated
Storage
and
LVD
in
Airline
PVC Pipe
Rigid
to
Batteries
Storage
Unit
Housing
for
Batteries
Timer
Charge
System
Check
1/2
Deep
Cycle
Controllers
Valve
Poly
Airlines
u
Aerator
Head
Circulation
Floating
Figure
4.--Solar-powered
lake
aerator
at
Tony
Ceramic
Grove
48
Head
Diffusers
for Aeration
lake.
for
ee
located in the lake
in late September.
The system
then was operational until May 1985.
At that time
of the diaphragm pumps malfunctioned.
one
The one
remaining diaphragm pump was put back into service
but
failed within 1 week.
A new twin piston
was installed in September
1985 and has
functioned
successfully ever since.
com-pressor
inade-quate.
original load control system proved to be
It was not
capable of handling the high
It was replaced with
amperage loads at 12 volts DC.
a
load control system comprised of a low voltage
disconnect
and timer which activated
a 100-amp
contractor completely separate from the disconnect
and timer.
These have functioned well since their
installation.
The
Normal snow depths in the area are up to 7- to
8-feet deep.
During the first winter of operation
1984-85 some damage occurred to the chain link
fence which was slightly reinforced in the summer
of 1985.
The winter of 1985-86 brought snow depths
of more than 14 feet.
The system had not
been
designed to take such snow loads and the entire
assembly was buried under snow by February 1986.
After spring snow melt the fence and pole mounting
structures looked like pretzels but amazingly the
system was still running.
No wires were broken
and
only superficial
to the panels.
damage occurred
The
fence and mounting structures were repaired in July
1986.
The fence was reinforced and the pole
structures were all reconstructed.
In the
future if snow cover approaches
critical depths
the arrays will either be placed
in a vertical
mode
so they carry no snow load or the mounting pipes
will be extended to accommodate
the deeper snow
depths.
mount-ing
opera-the
high-est
Effects on
Lake
Winter Effects.
the first winter of
During
tion in 1984-85
there was no measurable increase in
the dissolved
The last
oxygen content of the lake.
taken in mid-April indicated the
measurements
dissolved
was
2.5
oxygen concentration
per liter at 0.3 meters of depth.
During the
second winter of operation 1985-86
the
last
measurement was taken on February 4 1986.
At that
time dissolved oxygen content was measurably higher
than in previous years.
These data are presented
in
table 3.
milli-grams
49
Table
Lake
3.--Oxygen/temperature
February 4 1986.
Depth
m
Level
profile
Tony
Grove
Dissolved
Oxyge n
mg/1
0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Temp
C
5.0
3.5
3.0
2.8
2.8
2.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
0.8
2.0
pH
7.2
Note
rea
id ngs
pH
were
taken
only
the
m
2
at
depth
lake
had
enough oxygen in the first 4 meters of
The temperature was
depth to sustain fish life.
homothermic
and
colder
than normal in the
relatively
first 6 meters.
This was caused by the open hole
which permitted the lake to radiate heat into the
colder surrounding air.
The lake was not measured
after this date because
as the
snow depths
the
were
buried
and the compressor
panels
The lake refroze and snow depths
was shut down.
became too deep to sample the lake.
The
in-creased
Hikers
to the
lake in the early spring said they saw
of the outlet
numbers
of fish downstream
large
works indicating they overwintered in the lake and
moved out with the spring snowmelt.
opera-tion.
Summer Effects.
There was no effect during the
first summer because of the short time of
This pattern was repeated
in 1985
due
to the
failure of the pumps.
The first full summer of
The data in table 4
operation took place in 1986.
show the effects
of the
aerator.
These data were collected between the aerator
heads.
Data collection was repeated at locations
200 feet north and south of the
aerator heads.
The
lake was nearly homothermic with a 6
difference
between the surface and bottom.
No distinct
could be found in the lake.
thermo-cline
F
50
The
dissolved
oxygen content also correlated with
temperature profile remaining relatively high
until the last meter of depth.
This indicates that
there was still a high oxygen demand in the bottom
sediments which extends upwards into the water
column to a depth of 4 to 5 meters.
The mixing
effect of the diffuser heads was not as efficient as
the axial flow pump design
but it has prevented
the
lake from becoming thermally stratified.
The
dissolved
oxygen content in the lower depths
should decrease the dissolved
oxygen demand during
the ice-covered
months.
the
Conclusion
in-creased
dis-solved
The aerator/circulator
system on Tony Grove Lake
seems to be having a positive effect on the
oxygen content during the ice-covered
months.
The system has yet to be operational for a
full summer circulation/winter
aeration cycle.
This
should occur during the summer/winter
of 1986-87.
The load control and compressor systems are now
functioning well and barring another year of record
snow depths the aerator will function throughout
the winter.
Measurements
will be taken during the
winter of 1987 to further evaluate the effects
of
winter aeration on the lake.
Table
Lake
4.--Oxygen/temperature
August 26 1986.
Depth
m
Level
Surface
0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
profile
Tony
Dissolved
mg/1
Grove
Oxygen
OF
Temp
10.9
62.0
10.2
10.5
10.4
10.4
8.8
8.2
6.5
6.8
6.5
1.1
62.0
62.0
62.0
62.0
62.0
60.0
59.5
59.0
58.0
56.0
EFN
51
REFERENCE
1.
Summerfelt
Destratification
Water Resources
1983.
R.C.
and T.K.
Cross.
Artificial
to Prevent
Winterkill.
Iowa State
Research
Institute
Ames Iowa
Wasatch-Cache
Mark
Shaw wrote this article while on the
National
Forest.
He transferred
to
Pinchot National
Forest last June.
the
Gifford
He advised
me in August that both systems are working
the way they were designed
to work
although there
was still a fish kill during
the winter of 1986-87.
He expects
this situation to improve gradually.
If you
at FTS
interested in speaking to Mark call
422-7531 or DG him at M.SHAWRO6FO3A.
are
him
--Editor
52
I
Airfield
Expert System
Fong L. On
Civil Engineer
Systems Operations
Office
Washington
INTRODUCTION
Analysis
Development
Forest Service has built and is maintaining
more
than 100 airfields across the country.
One-fourth
of these airfields are
located in Region
4 which
consists of Idaho
Utah Nevada and part of
The Forest Service airfields along with
Wyoming.
hundreds of municipal and private airfields are the
main transportation
facilities for access
to remote
areas where the terrain prevents the construction
and operation
of ground transportation
The
systems.
Forest Service shares the use of its facilities with
other Federal agencies
State and local governments
and individuals.
private organizations
The
The
major function of Forest Service airfields is to
Some airfields
support fire suppression activities.
are also used for commercial
purposes such as
travelers and supplies and
recreational
transporting
delivering Postal Service mail to isolated ranges.
The
airfields
are
called
back-country
landing
or sometimes
constraints
strips or wilderness landing strips
simply landing strips. Because of the
of
geological
conditions including
and direction fog
terrain
soil
run-way.
type windspeed
and
so
forth
the configuration
of a back-country
strip differs
from one location to another.
For example figure 1
shows a strip similar to an aircraft carrier
Figure 2 shows a Y-shaped
runway as opposed
this serves as a major runway with
to an X-shaped
a crosswind
Figure 3 exhibits two parallel
runway.
Some back country strips demand
runways on a strip.
the highest
degree of mountain flying skill and
should only be attempted
by pilots familiar with
The landing
canyon and short field operations.
strip in figure 4 is 1745 feet
long but there is a
at
swamp at one end and a 30 percent grade downslope
the
other end.
53
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Cfl
opera-and
demon-strate
This article
expert
of a prototype
reports the development
system dealing with airfield design
maintenance.
The purpose is to
that expert systems can be additional tools
to aid engineers in solving engineering
problems
using airfield design
operation and maintenance
an example.
cur-rently
equip-ment
SOFTWARE
Today
SYSTEM
The
SELECTION
DEVELOPMENT
by
as
number of expert system shells have
for various computers and are
on the
market.
EXSYS was selected for the
here because it is easy to
presented
application
learn and use and can run on our existing
including IBM PCs and the ATT 6300 PC.
been
a large
developed
Airfield Expert System is designed to cover
three major aspects--design operation and
two types of airfields--back-country
The
landing strips and higher standard airfields.
former type has turf surfacing and uses visual
for landing.
The latter may have
approaches
pavement runways with better facilities such
as control
towers lighting and marking and uses
precision instrument landing approaches.
main-tenance--and
bitu-minous
obtained from various sources
including pilots facility management
engineers the
FAA Advisory Circulars and the Forest Service
Manual FSM.
The airfield facilities are
and airfield
by aircraft characteristics
environmental conditions.
The aircraft
consist of approach
speed wingspan type of
engine size of aircraft maximum takeoff weight
and ability to operate at the higher altitudes.
The
airfield environment
includes altitude
temperature
wind speed and direction distribution soil type
and drainage condition.
The
data
base
was
deter-mined
character-istics
mod-ules
1
2
3
4
5
The
three major functions
follows
of
the
system are
as
function includes
seven design
Design--This
wind analysis
runway length and
standards other than runway
landing strip size
site investigation
length
airplane parking
and tiedowns
marking lighting and visual
airfield surfacing.
In figure 5
aids and
Basic Utility Stage I is defined as a type of
airfield serving approximately
75
percent of the
single-engine and small twin-engine
airplanes used
for personal and business purposes.
Basic Utility
7 6
S8
i
ELEVATION
AIRPORT
FEET
10000
EXAMPLE
11111111
TEMPERATURE
590F
AIRPORT
ELEVATION
SL
RUNWAY
LENGTH
BASIC STAGE
2200
BASIC STAGE
II
2700
GEN. UTILITY
3200
If
1111
IF
F
I
$
9000
ro
IF
1
11
It
8000
fill
7000
LL
1Q
n
6000
I
1
I
IF
z
J
a
3
a
I
vý
Tit
5000
09
Cf
4000
tiff
3000
2000
50
S0O
75
MEAN
DAILY
MAXIMUM
BASIC
UTILITY
STAGE
I
Figure
5.--Runway
length
50
curves
100
75
OF
TEMPERATURE
BASIC UTILITY
STAGE
II
adopted
from
FAA
59
50
HOTTEST
MONTH
100
75
OF
YEAR
GENERAL
UTILITY
STAGE
I
AC 150/5300-4B.
busi-ness
Gen-eral
Utility Stage II is the type of airfield that serves
all the
airplanes of Stage I plus some small
and air taxi-type twin-engine
airplanes.
I
is the
Utility Stage
type of airfield serving
all airplanes.
Both runway length and depth of
surfacing in terms of pavement aggregate base
and subbase require computation.
For this purpose
figures 6 and 7 were transformed from family curves
to formulas and incorporated
in the
Based
system.
EXAMLE
59F
TEMPERATURE
AIRPORT ELEVATION
GEN.
UTILITY
NOTE
15C
SEA LEVEL
3700
1
128
m
For airport elevations above
feet 914
use General Utility
m
3000
Curves
Figure
4-1.
-4000
1620
W
I-
I..
I-_-000084
1-4000IItW
J
-
3.0014
SO
10
73
100
23.9
37.6
MEAN DAILY
THE
HOTTEST
MAXIMUM
It
1
O
OF
TEMPERATURE
OF THE YEAR.
Figure 6.--Runway length to accommodate
of ten passenger seats or
configuration
150/5300-4B.
60
fr
OF
airplanes having a seating
more adopted from FAA AC
C8R
4
3
5
6
7
8
6
7
8
9
10
1
1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
25
419
w6ýh 4FT
00l
za
40
G/OSS
000
00
6000
0
NOTE
lin.-
2
IN.
MINIMUM
COURSE
2.54
SURFACING
REQUIRED
cm
11b.0.45 4 kg
5
9
10
11
THICKNESS
Figure 7.--Design
150/5320-6C.
curves
for
12
13
14
15
16
17
IS
1920
25
IN.
flexible pavements
adopted
from FAA
AC
character-istics
of the airfield and
its
design function can be used to
cost-effective
design standards.
on
the
conditions
the
select
Sys-tem.
Operation--This function provides airfield operation
guidance based on the FSM 7700 Transportation
It allows
for the selection of aircraft type
based on the existing runway length along with the
airfield environmental conditions.
air-field
Maintenance--This
function provides the minimum
maintenance
standards and the requirement for
the closure
of airfields temporarily periodically
run-way
or
SYSTEM
OPERATION
permanently.
following
example shows how to use the
Expert System to select a site in terms of
length and total area of the airfield.
Airfield
Insert the
from B or
the
The
RUNTIME
C
to
A by
The system will ask
the RUNTIME
Replace
61
disk
in
A
drive
A
change
the
drive
type exsys.
Expert System file name.
disk with the AIRFIELD EXPERT
typing
and
SYSTEM
disk
and
airfield.
type
display
two
questions
Do
you
wish to
are
DefaultN
Recover
the
have
Y/N
used
previously
DefaultN
screen
The
rules
displayed
as
they
Y/N
input
saved
will
the
After the above two questions are answered
title and author of the system will appear on the
Press any key and the screen will show a
screen.
Then the system will begin to ask
beginning text.
questions after any key is pressed.
Question
The
Select
The
the
airfield
1
a
back
2
a
high
dealing with
country landing strip
standard airfield
that
you
are
is
1
following
instruction
screen
on
appears
the
Enter numbers of values WHY
for
information on the rule
QUIT to save data entered or
H
bottom
of
for
more details
for
help
the question the user can ask the
answering
system why the information is needed or for more
details.
For instance if the user types
Rule 16 appears
Before
WHY
RULE
IF
and
and
and
and
NUMBER
1
2
3
4
5
16
The airfield that
you are dealing
with
is a
back country landing
strip or a high standard airfield
The objective
of
airfield design is
needed
runway length
needed
The airfield type
Stage I
CAE
1000
and
Runway
capacity
The
is
capacity
Basic
THEN
and
length
and
Probabilityl
RUNWAY
LENGTH
2000
-2000
62
GIVEN
.3CAE260
IS
is
Utility
-
THE
VALUE
.35A
.3CAECTE -40/60
a
head-wind
b
c
NOTE
Assumed
zero
conditions are
takeoff
maximum certificated
and
optimum flap
Landing weights
setting for the shortest runway length
normal operation and without
such
as
of other factors
relative humidity runway gradient
Where AE
takeoff under tailwind etc.
TEM
airfield elevation
temperature.
consi-deration
IF
line
for
derivation
K
-known
_
data
C-choices R-reference or - prey. or next
rule J-jump H-help or ENTER to continue
instruction for obtaining more
given on the bottom of the screen.
The
Question
The
1
2
3
Select
1
Question
The
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Select
information
is
objective of this action
airfield design
existing airfield operation
existing airfield maintenance
selected module is
wind analysis and runway orientation
runway length and capacity
standards other than runway Length
site
investigation
airplane parking and tiedown
marking Lighting and visual aids
airfield surfacing
2
Question
Please input
the
approach
aircraft in knots
Enter
90
following
query appears
The
is
speed
of
instruction. for the response
bottom of the screen
on the
to
value for the variable Less
a
WHY for information
121.000000
details or QUIT to save data
Input
Question
Please input the
takeoff weight
Enter
10000
maximum
Lb
63
the
than
for
certificated
more
Question
The
1
2
is
airplane seating configuration
less than 10 passenger
seats
equal to or more than 10 passenger
seats
Select
1
Question
Small
turbojet airplanes
operated
not operated
1
2
Select
2
Question
The
1
2
3
4
5
airfield is designed to serve
about 75% of single-engine and
small twin-engine
airplanes used
business purposes
for personal and
95% of small airplanes
including
all the
of
choice
airplanes
plus some small business and air
taxi-type twin-engine
airplanes
100%
of
small airplanes
only small airplanes with approach
speeds less than 30 knots
only small airplanes with approach
speeds equal to or more than 30
knots and
Less than 50 knots
1
Select
2
Question
Please
Enter
35
Question
The
1
2
Select
input
the
Length
of
wingspan
in
ft
runway type is
a
precision instrument runway
and
visual runway
a
nonprecision
2
Question
Please input
the
mean sea
level
Enter
3000
Question
Please
input
temperature
month
Enter
are
75
64
elevation
above
mean daily maximum
Fahrenheit for the hottest
the
in
airfield
ft
Question
The
critical
of operating
airplane
high
at
that
is
altitude
capable
without
not
modification
is
1
expected
2
not
expected
Select
2
Question
A
Select
2
Question
The
crosswind
runway
1
needed
2
not
needed
1
2
Select
1
Question
The
1
2
adjustment of
needed
not needed
tailwind
factor
is
adjustment of
needed
not
needed
gradient
factor
is
Select
1
Question
Please
Enter
3
input
tailwind
the
speed
%
Question
the
effective
Please input
gradient in percent
Enter
After
below
is
in
knots
runway
2
the
query
end of
appears
an
ending
text
as
shown
opera-tion
When
results will be
you press any key the
The
selected standards can be used
displayed.
for planning
airfields or used for
new
and
maintenance
of
existing airfields.
Press
The
results
Values
1
2
any
are shown
based
on
key
to
display
below
0/1
65
VALUE
system
Runway Length and capacity
minimum requirement for
area is 21 acres
The
results
1
approach
1
the
airfield elevation above mean sea
3000
Level
the
of
4166.666667
length
runway in ft
aircraft
in
the
of
knots
approach
speed
the
of
in
ft
35
Length
wingspan
3
ft
4
5
6
mean daily maximum temperature in
75
Fahrenheit for the hottest month
in
knots
3
the tailwind speed
2
the effective
runway gradient in %
both
tailwind
the
adjusted by
runway length
factor and effective
gradient factor
5953.333333
the minimum requirement for landing area
the
7
8
9
10
11
acres
42
13
the minimum requirement for the total
63
area of airfield acres
the maximum certificated
takeoff weight
When
the
12
lb
10000
are
P
the
to
options
A
choices
Change
number
means that the item is
value
0 or none.
it
otherwise
following
ALL
1
value
selected
The
90
deal
with
the
QC H
only
if
and
rerun
Quit /save
value
1
G
rules used
e lp
Done
results
D
Print
ine
eleva-tions
C
user wants to use the system to compare the
design standards of two sites with different
and temperatures he or she should select
for change and rerun.
The
system will ask
If
the
Do
you
wish
comparison
to
store
with
the
calculating
After
Y/N
answering the
appears as follows
1
2
3
4
5
6
above
the
new
current results
results you will
DefaultY
question
a
list
of
for
be
data
and
visual
runway type is a nonprecision
runway
The airfield is designed
to serve 95% of small
all
the
airplanes including
airplanes of choice
small
business
some
and
air taxi-type
plus
twin-engine
airplanes
The airplane
is less than
seating configuration
10 passenger
seats
Small turbojet airplanes are not operated
A
crosswind runway is not needed
The adjustment of tailwind factor is needed
The
1
66
adjustment of gradient factor is needed
critical airplane that is not capable of
altitude without modification
at
high
operating
is not
expected
length and
The selected module is runway
capacity
this action
is airfield design
The objective
of
with is a
are
The airfield that
dealing
you
The
The
7
8
9
10
11
back country landing strip
Variable CAE
3000.000000
90.000000
Variable SPEED
35.000000
Variable WINGSPAN
Variable TEM
75.000000
SPEED
3.000000
Variable TAILWIND
GRA
2.000000
Variable EFFECTIVE RUNWAY
10000.000000
Variable WEIGHT
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Enter
data
R
number
of line
run the
H
change
to
data
redisplay data
to
0-
for
for
original
or any other
help
ques-tions
AE
R
to
key
If
the
user enters
12
respectively
TEM
to
the
airfield elevation
the
temperature he or
The
rerun.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
All
new
based
Values
1
and 15 and
by entering
results
on
0/1
and
she
answers
1500
the
for Variable
80 for Variable
then selects
will appear
as
follows
VALUE
system
Runway length and capacity
The minimum requirement for approach
area
is 21
acres
the
airfield elevation above mean sea
1500
level
3475
the
length of runway in ft
the
approach
speed of aircraft in knots
PREV.
1
1
1
1
ft
90
35
in ft
length of wingspan
mean daily maximum temperature in
80
Fahrenheit for the hottest month
3
the
tailwind speed in knots
2
the
effective
runway gradient in %
tailwind
both
the
by
adjusted
length
runway
4985
gradient factor
factor and effective
the
the
minimum requirement for landing area
35.775
total
the minimum requirement for the
56.775
area of airfield acres
maximum certificated
takeoff weight
the
10000
the
acres
lb
C
Q H
choices
Change and
Quit/save
A
o
rerun
Help
67
ly
1G
D
value
rules used
Done
if
ine
Print
P
number
the
Comparing
results
of
tables
two
Alternative
1
F
altitude3000 ft
temperature75
shows
that
Alternative
2
F
altitude1500 ft
temperature80
Runway length
before
adjusted by
tailwind and
ft
slope
3475
4166
5953
4985
63
56
Runway length
after
ft
adjusted
tailwind
by
and
slope
Minimum
requirement
for the total
area acres
if
D
selected
is
Run
again
Y/N
user may select
system.
The
EVALUATION
system will
ask
DefaultN
Y
to
rerun or N
to
terminate the
system has been evaluated
by three Steering
Committee members and tested by an airfield expert.
The results of the evaluation
are
summarized as
The
follows
1
2
3
The
It
system is easy to learn and use.
would
take
several days or weeks for an engineer to
from reviewing the FAA
gain enough knowledge
Circulars
Advisory
by using the Airfield
Expert
select
After
human
System
design
it only takes
few minutes to
standards for an alternative.
system is verified
errors in selecting the
the
can avoid
design standards.
it
are drawbacks
of using EXSYS the expert
shell.
For
systems
instance the user would
prefer to see the results being displayed in
the middle of the
screen instead of at the
It
is
upper-left corner.
impossible for the
user to make such changes.
There
P
SYSTEM
the
68
4
It
is
useful
testing
the
the
input.
sensitivity
In
general
the
cost-effective.
CONCLUSION
for the user to have the option
effect on conclusions
of changes
It
allows the user to evaluate
of runway length and depth.
system technology
has
proven
to
of
in
be
Great
potential exists for the use of expert systems
The prototype
engineering practice and problems.
in this article has
expert system presented
such potential.. The hope is that the system
will serve as a model for applying
the
to
technology
other engineering
problems.
Expert systems can be
an additional tool to assist engineers in handling
tasks and to aid in decisionmaking.
complicated
demon-strated
in
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Airfield Expert System was developed
under the
of Steering
Committee members Ted
supervision
The
Zealley Ken Alderman and Dayton Nelson.
Other individuals
system was tested by Roy Keck.
who made contributions
to this system include
Jerry
Bowser Douglas Bird David Neeley and James
Trenholm.
The
com-patibles
avail-able
EFN
The
the
Airfield
Expert System runs on IBM PC and
including the ATT 6300 PC and is
from WO Engineering.
Please contact Fong Ou
Data General at FOUWOIB or FTS 235-3119.
69
on
Winter Travel-A Safety Reminder
It
doesnt matter whether
its hard we may
this winter is mild or
somewhere
be assured that
there will be snow ice and
whether
States
the United
hazardous driving conditions.
our safety.
in
What
does matter
is
Many of us travel in our work and it is time to
remember that winter poses hazards for which we may
not be prepared.
The concern
for safety shouldnt
also
when driving with
to
our
but
work
only apply
our families and when traveling to and from work.
Try to keep these tips in
winter.
an accident-free
MAKE THAT PLANE
CONNECTION
When
road conditions
time
on
your way
to
mind so
that
are poor allow
the
airport.
you
extra
can have
travel
your flight schedule has been changed because of
weather conditions
take
as you go
precautions
Dont
in
too big of
terminals.
get
through airport
when
remember
to do it
a
hurry
lifting your luggage
If
the
safely.
RENTAL CARS in
STRANGE PLACES
Before driving out of the lot with your rental car
make sure the wiper blades
lights and brakes are
all in working
condition.
Also make sure you have
windshield wiper fluid and watch out for exhaust
fumes in the car.
Exchange a rental car for another
Plan your
condition.
car
if
it is in unsatisfactory
It
is especially
travel so you dont have to hurry.
in a car you are
important to drive defensively
unsure of.
BE PREPARED
Take
WALKING
Watch your footing on slippery surfaces.
and
especially careful of ice on walkways
leather heels on smooth floors.
clothing for your destination.
if you
and boots--especially
Bring hats gloves
will be in snow country.
Also wear sunglasses to
protect your eyes from glare and sunburn and to
prevent UV damage.
Dont
the
proper
venture
into
71
unknown
dark
country
Be
of
wet
alone.
SPORTS
STRENUOUS
ACTIVITIES
in good physical shape before performing
activities.
Dress properly and stay on the
of fatigue.
Be
Safety can become a natural
attitudes.
All it takes is
a
desire to work safely.
Lets
all
do
our best
to
and valuable
attention
to
have
a
strenuous
safe
side
part of our
detail and
safe winter.
EFN
This safety message
Nationwide
Forestry
72
was submitted to EFN by
Applications Program.
the
i
Bibliography of Engineering
Development Publications
Equipment
publica-tions
This
bibliography contains information on
Office Engineering
produced
by the Washington
Publications Section and the Equipment
Development
Centers.
The
listing is arranged by publications
includes title author/source
document
date.
series and
number and
This issue lists material published since our last
bibliography
Engineering Field Notes Volume 18
November-December
1986.
Copies of Engineering
Field Notes and Engineering Management
Series
listed herein are available to Forest
publications
Service personnel through the Engineering Staff
Technical
Information Center TIC.
Copies of the
Project Reports Equip Tips and Special
Other
Reports are available from the Equipment
Development
Center listed as the source.
Forest
Service-USDA
Engineering Staff TIC
P.O. Box 96090
20090-6090
Washington DC
Forest Service-USDA
San Dimas Equipment
Center
Development
444 E. Bonita Ave.
San Dimas CA
91773
73
Forest Service-USDA
Missoula Equipment
Center
Development
Fort Missoula Bldg.
59801
Missoula MT
I
Engineering
Field
Notes
that supplies the
This publication is a bimonthly periodical
latest technical
and administrative engineering
information
and ideas
related to forestry and provides a forum for the
of such information among
Forest Service
exchange
personnel.
EFN BY TITLE
Acoustic
Emission
Testing of Wood
Products
Patton-Mallory
Marcia.
EFN
19
September-October
Aggregate Surfacing
Acceptability
Coghlan
Airfield
Ou
1987
EFN
Fong.
19
Another
Tarver
Jerry
July-August
Bidtab
1987
Edmund.
Black Butte Cadastral
Survey Using Global
Positioning GPS and
Photogrammetric
for
Technologies
Control
Harbin
Buffalo
Turnkey
Hamilton Wayne.
Turnkey
Lancaster
Pass
1987
EFN
21-35.
EFN
19
1987
November-December
Editor.
53-69.
EFN 19
D.
Awards for the 1986
Field Notes Articles
Buffalo
1987
November-December
Greer
Pass
1987
49-56.
An Analysis of Space
Shuttle Large Format
of
Camera Coverage
National Forests in
the
United States
at
EFN 19
Skip.
January-February
Expert System
Look
31-38.
9-13.
May-June
19
1-2.
H.
Mike.
EFN
19
1-12.
1987
July-August
EFN 19
1987
March-April
Jerry.
March-April
1987
Central Tire Inflation
Program--Boise National
Forest Field Evaluation
Taylor Deborah
May-June 1987
Comparative Evaluation
of Micro Road Design
Software
Zealley
Comparison of Travel
Time Prediction
Models
Used by the Forest
Service
Nielsen
Ted.
5-8.
EFN
EFN
J.
EFN
January-February
19
5-8.
19
63-70.
19
1987
11-14.
Randall
September-October
A
5-12.
Remboldt
K.
Michael D.
1987
July-August
Computer Spreadsheets
in Geotechnical
Design
74
EFN
1987
19
EFN 19
41-53.
EFN
Lee.
November-December
Kocmick
Continuous Belting
Trail Drainage
Structures
Dwyer
Receives
19
1987
29-31.
Award
Editor.
EFN
19
September-October
1987 3.
An Empirical
Evaluation of Network
Analysis Models Used
by the
Forest Service
Moore Thomas L.
May-June 1987
Engineering Systems
Guidelines and
Standards
Bowser
Epoxy
Mielke
EFN
19
21-34.
EFN 19
Jerry D.
March-April
1987 13-16.
Jack.
EFN
November-December
Injection Repair
Lake Dam
19
September-of
of
Crane
1987
15-21.
Errata
HP-41C Estimate
Uncertainty for
Conventional
Ground
Method Closed Survey
Editor.
October
EFN
19
1987
55.
Traverses
An Evaluation of
Timber Sale Scheduling
Using the TRANSHIP
Computer Model
Moore
Tom.
EFN 19
September-October
1987
An Evaluation of
Timber Sale Scheduling
Using the TRANSHIP
Computer Model
Nielsen
Randall.
September-October
EFN
An Evaluation of
Timber Sale Scheduling
Using the TRANSHIP
Computer Model
Studier
19
Fish Habitat
Improvement Using
Photovoltaic
Powered
Lake
Circulation and
Aeration
Shaw
23-30.
23-30.
Don.
EFN
1987
September-October
23-30.
Mark.
EFN
November-December
19
39-52.
Getting Ahead Using
Multi-Year
Schedule
Program
July-August
Bar Hybrid
Photovoltaic
System
Neshida
Audie.
March-April
1987
Heart
Bar Hybrid
Photovoltaic
System
Olson
EFN
Heart Bar Hybrid
Photovoltaic
System
Ota
HP-41C Estimate of
for
Uncertainty
Conventional
Ground
Method Closed Survey
Traverses
EFN
Kayser Al.
May-June 1987
Heart
Joe.
March-April
Robert.
March-April
75
1987
EFN
Chesley
John
the
T.
1987
EFN
19
13-19.
19
25-31.
19
1987
EFN
19
1987
25-31.
19
1987
25-31.
19
47-57.
Performance
Log Truck
on Curves and
Jackson
Mount Whitney
Toilet
Solar
McCauley
May-June
Mount Whitney
Toilet
Solar
McDonald James
May-June 1987
Mount Whitney
Toilet
Solar
Favorable
EFN 19
Ron.
1987
September-October
Grades
13-20.
EFN 19
Dave.
1987
13-19.
Grosvenor
Network Analysis
Program
Sutton
North Boat Ramp-Diamond Lake
Oregon
Nixon
An Overview
of the
Federal Land Highways
Coordinated
Research
and Development
Program
Schwarzhoff
PAIRWISE A New
Tool
Decision-making
Available
to Forest
Service Engineers
Hrubes
EFN 19
13-19.
EFN 19
John.
1987
November-December
33-37.
Robert.
EFN 19
January-February
1987
NAP
35-40.
Robert.
EFN 19
November-December
1987
23-27.
19
EFN
Chris.
January-February
7-10.
Robert J.
EFN 19
March-April
1987 17-23.
M.
A Plastic
Ford--Youve
Pence
Lester
Got
Kidding
EFN
January-February
To
Be
19
1987
Olson
Placerville Nursery
Biomass Furnace
Joe.
EFN
19
1987
January-February
Totheroh
Placerville Nursery
Biomass Furnace
Jr.
15-20.
27-33.
Dan.
EFN
January-February
27-33.
19
1987
Greer Jerry D.
May-June 1987
EFN
A Procedure for
Analyzing Double-Lane
Versus Single-Lane
Roads
Nielsen
K.
Productivity Gains
Through Computers
Bowser
Rehabilitation of
Hume Lake Dam--First
Concrete Multi-arch Dam
in the United
States
Cherry
Primer on
Sensors
A
19
13-19.
Stanley Robert.
May-June 1987
Multiple Resource
Historic Evaluation-Lookout Tower Study
Pacific Southwest
Region
EFN
G.
Satellite
Randall
September-October
39-54.
Jerry D.
November-December
5-8.
76
19
59-62.
EFN
1987
EFN
19
1987
Darrel B.
EFN 19
1987 33-44.
March-April
19
ROad Analysis and
Display System ROADS
Schwarzhoff
July-August
Road Program Costs
Continuing Efforts
the
Issue
Addressing
Editor.
EFN
19
November-December
Road Program Costs
Continuing Efforts
Addressing the Issue
Reed
ROADS
Editor.
October
EFN
Chris.
1987
19
37-40.
1987
3-4.
EFN 19
Billy J.
1987
September-October
September-Gets
Job
21-22.
Working
Group
Thanks for a
Well Done
EFN
19
1987
EFN
1-2.
May-June
Robert S. Black-Forest Service
Engineer of the Year
Editor.
RTIP
RTIP Team Members.
January-February
1987
Update
19
3-4.
3-5.
RTIP
Zealley
Update
Hochrein Peter
May-June 1987
Some Thoughts
on
Professionalism
Zealley
19
4.
EFN
H.
EFN
1987
19
1-3.
1-2.
Peterson
Using Fabric To Pave
Over Wood Bridge Decks
Johnson Allan
Valle Vidal Global
Mouland
Detail
EFN
Gary.
January-February
21-26.
A.
January-February
41-47.
Dave.
EFN
Wood
May-June 1987
Bowser
EFN
Bowser
Productivity Gains
Through
Computers
5-8.
19
77
EFN
9-12.
19
5-12.
Engineering Systems
Guidelines and
Standards
1987
19
1987
EFN 19
Jerry D.
1987 13-16.
March-April
EFN
19
1987
Dennis J.
March-April
1987
Yakutat Global
Positioning Project
Jerry D.
November-December
19
35-46.
EFN 19
Royal.
1987
January-February
Bridges
To
19
Ryser
in
Positioning System
GPS Demonstration
Project
AUTHOR
Ted.
March-April
A
Easily
Built Long-Lasting
Structures
Timber
Manual
by
EFN
1987
Cost
Skyline Thinning
Comparison for Three
Yarding Systems
Technology Transfer
the Rocky Mountain
Region
EFN
Ted.
March-April
EFN
1987
19
Cherry Darrel
Chesley John
July-August
Coghlan
Editor.
October
Editor.
October
EFN
19
Aggregate Surfacing
Acceptability
1987
49-56.
1987
Getting Ahead Using
the Multi-Year
Schedule
Program
EFN
Skip.
19
May-June
Awards for the 1986
Field Notes Articles
September-
Dwyer
1-2.
EFN
19
1987
Rehabilitation of
Hume Lake Dam--First
Concrete Multi-arch Dam
in the United
States
19
13-19.
EFN
T.
1987
January-February
Editor.
EFN
19
33-44.
B.
1987
March-April
Receives
Award
3.
EFN 19
1987
September55.
Errata HP-41C Estimate
for
of Uncertainty
Ground
Conventional
Method Closed Survey
Traverses
Editor.
EFN
19
1987
November-December
3-4.
Editor.
October
EFN
September-
19
1987
1-2.
Road Program Costs
Continuing Efforts
the
Issue
Addressing
ROADS
Working
Group
Gets
Thanks for
Job
Well Done
a
Black--1987
Editor.
EFN
19
May-June
3-4.
Greer Jerry D.
May-June 1987
EFN
Greer Jerry
EFN
July-August
D.
19
59-62.
1987
19
21-35.
Robert S.
Forest Service
Engineer of the
Year
Primer on Satellite
Sensors
A
An Analysis of Space
Shuttle
Large Format
of
Camera Coverage
National Forests in
the United
States
John.
Grosvenor
November-December
EFN 19
Multiple Resource
Historic
Lookout Tower Study
Pacific Southwest
Region
Hamilton Wayne.
EFN
Buffalo
Harbin
EFN
Evaluation--33-37.
March-April
H.
July-August
1987
1987
Mike.
1987
19
Pass
Turnkey
5-8.
19
1-12.
78
Black
Butte
Cadastral
Survey Using Global
Positioning GPS and
Photogrammetric
for
Technologies
Control
Hochrein Peter
May-June 1987
Robert
Hrubes
Ron.
J.
EFN
PAIRWISE A New
Tool
Decision-making
Available
to Forest
Service
Engineers
EFN
19
Log Truck
on Curves
19
17-23.
1987
September-October
13-20.
Johnson Allan
Cost
Skyline Thinning
Comparison for Three
Yarding Systems
19
35-46.
1987
March-April
Jackson
EFN
H.
Favorable
and
Grades
Using Fabric To Pave
Over Wood Bridge Decks
EFN 19
A.
1987
January-February
Performance
41-47.
EFN
Kayser Al.
May-June 1987
Kocmick
Lee.
HP-41C Estimate of
for
Uncertainty
Ground
Conventional
Method Closed Survey
Traverses
19
47-57.
EFN
19
Continuous Belting
Trail Drainage
Structures
EFN
19
5-8.
Buffalo
1987
November-December
29-31.
Lancaster
Jerry.
March-April
McCauley
May-June
1987
EFN
Dave.
19
13-19.
1987
McDonald James
May-June 1987
EFN 19
G.
13-19.
Mielke
EFN
Jack.
November-December
15-21.
Moore Thomas L.
May-June 1987
Moore
Tom.
EFN
1987
EFN
19
23-30.
Mouland
Dennis J.
1987
March-April
19
9-12.
EFN 19
Audie.
1987 25-31.
March-April
Randall
September-October
5-12.
K.
Solar
Injection Repair
Lake
Dam
Crane
An Evaluation of
Timber Sale Scheduling
Using the TRANSHIP
Computer Model
1987
EFN
1987
79
Valle Vidal Global
Positioning System
GPS Demonstration
Project
Heart Bar Hybrid
Photovoltaic
System
Neshida
Nielsen
Mount Whitney
Toilet
An Empirical
Evaluation of Network
Analysis Models Used
Forest Service
by the
19
EFN
Solar
of
21-34.
September-October
Turnkey
Mount Whitney
Toilet
Epoxy
19
Pass
19
A Comparison of Travel
Time Prediction
Models
Used by the Forest
Service
EFN 19
Nielsen
Randall.
September-October
An Evaluation of
Timber Sale Scheduling
Using the TRANSHIP
Computer Model
1987
23-30.
Nielsen
Randall
K.
September-October
39-54.
EFN
1987
19
A Procedure for
Analyzing Double-Lane
Versus Single-Lane
Roads
Robert.
EFN
Boat
Ramp--November-December
1987
Diamond Lake Oregon
Nixon
19
North
25-31.
Heart Bar Hybrid
Photovoltaic
System
23-27.
Olson
Joe.
March-April
EFN 19
1987
Olson
Joe.
EFN 19
1987
January-February
Placerville
Nursery
Biomass Furnace
Ota
Heart Bar Hybrid
Photovoltaic
System
27-33.
Robert.
March-April
EFN
19
1987
Ou
25-31.
EFN 19
Fong.
November-December
1987
53-69.
Marcia.
Patton-Mallory
EFN 19 September-October
1987
Pence
EFN 19
1987
Airfield
Expert
System
Acoustic
31-38.
Emission
Testing of Wood
Products
Lester M. Jr.
January-February
A Plastic
Got
To Be
15-20.
Peterson
Gary.
EFN 19
January-February
1987
21-26.
Timber
Manual
Ford--Youve
Kidding
Bridges
To
Detail
A
Easily
Built Long-Lasting
Structures
EFN 19
Billy J.
September-October
1987
Road Program Costs
Continuing Efforts
the
Issue
Addressing
Remboldt Michael
Computer Spreadsheets
in Geotechnical
Design
Reed
21-22.
July-August
RTIP Team Members.
January-February
3-5.
EFN
19
41-53.
D.
1987
EFN 19
1987
Ryser
RTIP
Update
EFN 19
Royal.
1987
January-February
Technology Transfer
the
Rocky Mountain
Region
Schwarzhoff
Chris.
An Overview
of the
Federal Land Highways
Coordinated
Research
and Development
Program
Schwarzhoff
July-August
Chris.
1-2.
19
EFN
January-February
1987
7-10.
EFN 19
37-40.
80
in
ROad Analysis and
Display System ROADS
Shaw
EFN 19
Mark.
November-December
1987
39-52.
EFN
Stanley Robert.
May-June 1987
Studier
EFN
Don.
19
1987
September-October
23-30.
Sutton
19
13-19.
Robert.
EFN
19
1987
January-February
35-40.
Fish
Habitat
Improvement Using
Photovoltaic
Powered
Lake
Circulation and
Aeration
Mount Whitney
Toilet
Solar
An Evaluation of
Timber Sale Scheduling
Using the TRANSHIP
Computer Model
Network Analysis
Program
NAP
EFN 19
Edmund.
November-December
1987
Another
Taylor Deborah
May-June 1987
J.
Central Tire
Inflation
Program--Boise National
Forest Field Evaluation
Totheroh
EFN
Tarver
Look
at
Bidtab
9-13.
Dan.
27-33.
EFN
Wood
Dave.
May-June 1987
Ted.
EFN
January-February
11-14.
Ted.
Zealley
Ted.
March-April
19
1987
EFN
1987
EFN
1987
Placerville
Nursery
Biomass Furnace
Yakutat
Global
Positioning Project
19
5-12.
Zealley
March-April
19
1987
January-February
Zealley
EFN 19
63-70.
Comparative Evaluation
of Micro
Road Design
Software
RTIP
19
Update
4.
19
1-3.
81
Some Thoughts
on
Professionalism
Management
Engineering
Series
Engineering Management Series contains publications
serving a special purpose or reader and publications
that
are applied to a specific
involving several disciplines
problem.
The
ENGINEERING
MANAGEMENT
SERIES
by TITLE
Asphalt
January
Self-Study
Course.
EM-7115-507-100
Bridges Self-Study
January 1987.
Course.
EM-7115-508-100
1987.
A Device
to Measure Road
Dustiness
on Aggregate-Surfaced
Roads
EM-7170-8
The
Forest Service
Road Program-A Productivity
Improvement Team
EM-7700-6
Global
Positioning System
A Field
Demonstration
on the
National Forest in
Arizona for Non-Cadastral
Uses.
June 1987.
EM-7140-16
Mentor
Administration
of Timber
Public Works Contracts
Self-Study Course.
January 1987.
EM-7115-516-100
Roads Self-Study
EM-7115-501-100
Report.
January
1987.
Technology
Apache-Sitgreaves
Sale
$
January
Course.
1987.
Sampling
Course.
Testing Self-Study
January 1987.
EM-7115-509-100
Study of Quality of Aerial
Photography--Final Report
EM-7140-15
Trails Self-Study
January 1987.
EM-7115-506-100
Course.
ENGINEERING
EM-7115-501-100
Roads Self-Study
January 1987.
SERIES
EM-7115-506-100
Trails Self-Study
January 1987.
EM-7115-507-100
Asphalt
January
MANAGEMENT
by
NUMBER
EM-7115-508-100
82
Course.
Course.
Self-Study
Course.
Bridges Self-Study
January 1987.
Course.
1987.
EM-7115-509-100
Sampling
EM-7115-516-100
Mentor
Course.
$ Testing
Self-Study
January 1987.
Administration
of Timber
Public Works Contracts
Course.
Self-Study
January 1987.
Sale
$
EM-7140-15
Study of Quality of Aerial
Photography--Final Report.
EM-7140-16
Global Positioning System
A Field
Technology
Demonstration
at the
National
Apache-Sitgreaves
Forest in Arizona for
Non-Cadastral
Uses.
June 1987.
EM-7170-8
A Device
to Measure Road
Dustiness
on Aggregate-Surfaced
Roads.
EM-7700-6
The
Forest
Service
Road
Program--A Productivity
Improvement Team Report.
January 1987.
83
Equip Tips
Equip
Tiipss
are
brief descriptions of new equipment
or operating
procedures.
materials
techniques
CENTER
NUMBER
SOURCE
TITLE
DATE
Field Inspection of
Polypropylene Roper
Cargo Nets
SDEDC
8657
1304
10/86
Helicopter
External-Loading
Accessories--An
SDEDC
8757
1302
8/87
SDEDC
---- ----
SDEDC
8757
1301
5/87
MEDC
8751
2301
2/87
Hose
New
and
Update
Slinger
Rescue Stretcher
Spine Splint
Personal
Gear Pack
Missoula Equipment
Equipment
Development
Expected
to
be
Center
Development
Center SDEDC.
published
84
by
the
end
of
11/87
MEDC
1987.
San
Dimas
Reports
Project
Project Re orts are detailed engineering reports that
techniques systems of
generally include procedures
measurement
results analyses special circumstances
rationale.
and recommendations
conclusions
CENTER
NUMBER
SOURCE
TITLE
Airtanker Visibility
Evaluation Device
SDEDC
----
DATE
12/87
----
53-9JA9-6-and
Contract No.
9/87
Central Tire Inflation
CTI Structured Truck
Tire Tests
SDEDC
Engineering Analysis
of Threshold
Compressed
Air Foam Systems
SDEDC
----
----
Forest Safety and
Health Coordinator
MEDC
8767
2201
10/87
Handtools
Work
MEDC
8723
2202
9/87
National Central Tire
Inflation
Program--Boise
National Forest
Field Operational Tests
SDEDC
8771
1201
8/87
National
Central Tire
Inflation
Program--Olympic
National
Forest Field
SDEDC
----
----
9/87
SD647
9/87
CAFS
The
for
Operational
San
Trail
Tests
MEDC
Missoula Equipment
Dimas
Equipment
Expected
to
be
Center
Development
Center SDEDC.
Development
published
85
by
the
end
of
1987.
Other Reports
Special
Other Reports include papers
transactions
descriptive
special
purpose articles.
Special
meetings
and
8
and
SOURCE
TITLE
for
technical
CENTER
NUMBER
DATE
Aerial
Application
Equipment
MEDC
8734
2804
4/87
Assembly and Packing
Instructions for Model
FS-12R Parachute
MEDC
8757
2601
5/87
Facilities for
MEDC
8724
2809
8/87
MEDC
8724
2810
10/87
MEDC
8751
2806
4/87
SDEDC
8757
1801
7/87
SubManufacturing
mission Procedures for
Interim Approval
of
Wildland
Fire Foam
SDEDC
8651
1803
8/86
Patch Test Kit
Instructions
MEDC
8767
2102
1/87
MEDC
8767
2103
1/87
Supervisor and the
Work Crew--Facilitator
Discussion
Guide
MEDC
8767
2802
5/87
The
MEDC
8767
2803
5/87
MEDC
8751
2501
3/87
MEDC
8722
2811
10/87
Handling Sheltering
and
Trailing
Livestock
Fences
Gelled
Fuel
Batch
and Transfer
Mixing
Systems for
Operations
Interagency
Board
Poison
Form
Helitorch
Airtanker
Oak/Ivy
Data
The
Supervisor and
Work Crew--Student
Study Guide
User
the
Instructions--
Firefighters
VREW
42nd
Report
Field
Pack
Annual
86
society
pamphlets bulletins
Cone
Wildland
and
Seed Harvesting
Roadside
Shakers
MEDC
8724
Missoula Equipment Development
Equipment
Development
Center
87
SDEDC
2805
Center
MEDC
4/87
San
Dimas
ST
ax
A
f
............
0
0
HIM oililltons
cost
wool
Xoo.ý
..
OWN
mail
ME
Ill
Bloom
fill
11111111
IBM
oil
Will
ropE57
SERVICE
U
s
$RMENioFAGRIC
Volume
19
November-December.
1987
Engineering
Field Notes