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Assistant
D.C.
20013
Area Code 703-235-8198
about
this
Close-Range Photogrammetry
Leland D. Whitmill
Geometronics Service
Photogrammetry Unit
Salt Lake City Utah
Center
The
in
is making
advances
Photogrammetry section
CRP using analytical
close-range photogrammetry
CRP
When used effectively
stereoplotter systems.
the
and cost-effectively
meet
can accurately
on
measuring and mapping needs of Forest Engineers
architectural
projects such as two-dimensional
drawings archaeological
sites bridge site mapping
and load testing detailed historical building
and
mapping and monitoring trail soil displacement
slope erosion analysis.
GSC
The Geometronics Service Center
following
1
Geometronics
lead of Wayne Valentine Region
Leader has completed several engineering
projects that involved both horizontal and
vertical
close-range measuring and mapping
the
applica-tion
tech-niques.
We
at the
GSC also have been working with Rod Dawson
Region 6 Engineering Geometronics to answer
of the
questions and help in daily operations
Mapp-Pal-Albany
programs which deal with
and fully analytical bundle
adjustments.
of
semi-analytical
petro-glyphs
Some projects recently completed for Regional
of
included map documentation
archaeologists
in Region
8
and map documentation
of old
and other structures
on Forest Service
buildings
5 and 6.
property for Regions
1 4
concen-tric
The Region 8 petroglyphs
were exposed on a chlorite
schist boulder that measured 9 feet by 9 feet by
3
feet.
The petroglyphs
consisted of several
circles
and spirals along with a partially
The
finished steatite vessel and several cup holes.
interval of
rock was contoured using a vertical
0.1 foot with 0.05-foot
Digital
supplementals.
information was established
on a grid
pro-filing
1
digi-tal
increment of 0.075 foot.
Approximately 82 scan
lines were created to cover the entire rock.
The
finished contour plot measured 2 feet by 2 feet and
had a scale of 1 inch
0.05 foot.
Some 6570
data points were collected
during the profiling
of the rock.
The techniques programs and information
this and other close-range photogrammetric
are available at the Geometronics Service
Photogrammetry Unit in Salt Lake City.
used on
projects
Center
on the petroglyphs
was presented
at the
17th
annual joint ACSM-ASPRS-UCLS
Conference at Salt Lake
1985.
City in November
from
Copies are available
this articles author at the Geometronics Service
Center.
A paper
A detailed technical paper
be presented
and published
National
Spring Convention
March 1986.
EFN
2
on
at
in
these petroglyphs
the ACSM-ASPRS
Washington
D.C.
will
in
Terrain Profiles for Cable Logging
in
Region 1 With Analytical
Photo 9 rammetry
Wayne Valentine
Geometronics
Regional
Region 1
Group
Leader
Collecting profiles of terrain to design cable
logging systems is a growing industry in Region 1.
As in other Regions the easy terrain has been
logged over leaving only the more rugged slopes
available for harvest.
Cable systems have been
to
around for some time but the technical approach
designing spans and payloads has only comparatively
The process of design demands a
recently appeared.
fairly accurate
profile of the terrain under the
proposed cable location to determine placement of
towers and landings and compute allowable
spans loads and cable systems.
deflec-tions
The
usual method of obtaining data for a profile is
send a survey party to the field.
Surveyors
locate and follow the proposed line measuring slope
and distance.
This field information is reduced
later in the office to a form useful to the logging
systems designer.
to
An
alternative
method is to scale the profile from a
distances between contours and
by
measuring
topo map
This method
plotting the distance and elevation.
varies in reliability because of the nature of
mapmaking--cartographers
enjoy certain freedoms in
This cartographic
interpreting terrain shapes.
license produces aesthetically pleasing maps but
the expression
of microrelief
often is compromised.
High-quality
large scale and
maps of sufficiently
small contour interval are not available in many
areas.
logical notion is to use mapping tools to make
direct measurements
of the ground for profiles.
After all a photogrammetric
stereo plotter is
basically a measuring device used to create
models of the terrain.
Why not use it to make
site-specific measurements
directly
A
graph-ical
3
Cartographers and photogrammetrists have their
mind-sets like everyone else.
To many of them a
photogrammetric
plotter is a machine made to produce
The idea of using the
maps--nothing else.
plotter to make direct measurements
of
terrain profiles is foreign to them.
Besides older
mechanical plotters
are not suited for making
measurements
of randomly placed
lines in a
stereo model.
photo-grammetric
sys-tematic
The whole system of mapping is not well suited for
these types of surveys.
the computer
For one thing
programs used to determine scale of stereo models
are designed for mapping not for measuring.
Older
mechanical stereo plotters are just not accurate
For example a mapping
enough for these surveys.
plotter may need to be only accurate
enough to
a 40-foot
produce
contour not to make point
accurate
enough for cable profiles.
mea-surements
is also afactor.
It
often
a topo map
and
produce
Sales
are comfortable with that.
designers on the other hand need results in weeks
or perhaps months.
The turnaround
takes years to
time
photo-grammetrists
abso-lute
Then there is the mysterious matter of control.
The
is used to working
in absolutes
photogrammetrist
and he expects control related to an overall
scheme.
The idea of relative measurements
is
therefore foreign to the average
photogrammetrist.
Finally
ground
stereo
there is the problem of reproducing on the
the line the photogrammetrist measured in his
model.
Control
turnaround
ground
replication
accuracy
limita-tions--its
mapping
bias computer systems plotter
no wonder that previous attempts to use
photogrammetry for direct measurement of terrain
have been only marginally successful.
There were
just too many factors working against the routine
of this technology.
application
Fortunately
the
analytical plotter has arrived on
scene just in time to finesse these barriers for
the Forest Service.
The analytical plotter will
permit use of crude sources of control to scale
stereomodels
for accurate
relative
not absolute
measurements.
It will shorten the turnaround
time
needed for making direct measurements allow direct
measurements
of randomly placed
lines in the stereo
the
4
model and permit
the
direct plotting of the measured
line onto a large-scale photo to facilitate placement
of the line directly onto the ground.
How is all this possible
The analytical plotter
a computer-controlled
of high
measuring machine
Since the computer is tied
accuracy and utility.
directly to the plotter the lag time in computing
results of measurements
is shortened
tremendously.
control from widely spaced points
By substituting
the analytical
plotter will permit relatively
scale on a small portion of the model even
though absolute position is not known accurately.
is
accu-rate
rela-tive
When
use the system we purchase controlled
photos or take control from maps or orthophotos by
scaling points separated by several miles We
compress the error in scale by measuring only
in a very small portion
positions
of the model
land expanding this small portion to serve as
control for a larger-scale model of the area needing
profiles.
we
We
scale the end points of the line to be measured
store them in the plotters computer.
The
plotter then drives down the line so defined and
the operator makes direct elevation measurements
on
the
line.
The computers file stores these data and
later plots them out as a profile in machine-readable
format for the logging system designers applications
The data also are converted
to photo
programs.
coordinates
and plotted directly onto a large-scale
This permits direct layout of
photo of the area.
the
line from the photo.
and
The
turnaround
shortens
because we need
considerably
expensive
error-prone field control and no
offsite computing.
All plotting and miscellaneous
are performed
onsite.
computations
no
and
Costs of this process are amazingly low.
The only
direct costs are for making the diapositive
and the
operators time involved in making the
Typically one operator can measure between
50 and 80 profiles per day each profile is several
thousand feet long.
Costs per profile are less than
$7--certainly much cheaper
than the $200 by ground
measure-ments.
methods
What are the
this process
If
you cant
drawbacks
The worst shortcoming
of
involves
the old aerial-photo
bugaboo.
see the ground
you cant measure it.
5
So very heavy
tree cover that obliterates much of
ground from the observers eye is a problem.
Even in these conditions
however the logging
systems designer can gather enough information to
make intelligent decisions
about the need for
measurements
as long as the
ground
supplemental
We label those
ground shape is fairly uniform.
profiles or portions of profiles where the operator
had trouble seeing the ground so the user is aware
the
of
this.
What
about
accuracy
We have checked several
In each case we proved the
field.
profiles
As a rule of thumb you
accuracy
process.
can expect a vertical
feet or better
accuracy of
the
along
profile.
in
of
the
the
5
What about timing We are committed to sending
results to the field within 1 month after we receive
materials copies of the photos etc. from our
sources.
This usually takes less than 6 weeks so
the
usual total time is less than 21 months from the
time we get the request from the field.
analyti-cal
tech-nology
We
believe
that
measuring cable profiles by
photogrammetry has tremendous potential to save
the Forest Service money and time.
As with all
it
does
have
but
the
systems
advantages
drawbacks
far outweigh any shortcomings.
The Forest Service
should aggressively
pursue this important new
for making field measurements.
fN
6
Region 3 Crew Quarters Standard
Louis Archambault
Engineering Architect
Region 3
its newly developed
During 1985 Region 3 employed
Crew Quarters Standard at three different project
sites.
The relatively large number of living units
required in the same year the similarity of the
functional
programs and the belief that a
modular contractors
to
would
encourage
plan
for
the
our design prompted
gear-up
Our preliminary design research included
the plans of 11 recently built and
analyzing
crew quarters from four different Regions
occupied
and interviewing
the
operators and crews of six
sites in two Regions.
Our analysis of these plans
revealed a differential in total allotted space per
crew member from 140 to 520 square feet
spaces designed for as few as two and as many
toilets for two to six and
as eight people
for two to six.
The interviewers discovered
that given a choice crew members would trade off
many features of the facility for a private bedroom
space that kitchens designed for more than four
and unsanitary
that space
people become inefficient
and
food
is
for refrigerated
frozen
consistently
undersized and that crews with both sexes are
increasing and the ratios are highly unpredictable
from season to season.
The Forests involved
the
list of design requirements
following
developed
repeti-tive
standardiza-tion.
kitchen/-dining
bed-rooms
1
2
3
4
Sleeping
be under
toilet
one
and
roof.
Each bedroom
two persons.
should
The plan should
installation of
eating
facilities
accommodate
a
should
maximum
provide for the optional
and dryer.
a washer
of
sleep-ing
Living spaces
spaces.
7
may be
separated
from
the
I
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
accommo-date
Each
unit
living/dining/kitchen
maximum of four people.
should
a
There
should
be
a
toilet
for every
Kitchens should have space for
as well as a conventional
oven.
The
plan
should
include
a
a
covered
two
people.
microwave
oven
porch.
i
Heating
with
Modules
should
The
in
wood
plan should
smallest
the
be
should
be
easily
relocatable.
an
option.
allow for a crew of
feasible increment.
both
sexes
The
plan should be easily converted
from
housing regular crews to preferred singles
childless couples.
or
When
the design was 75-percent
completed a value
analysis was performed and an estimated cost savings
of 7 percent was realized.
One of the changes was a
$600 pantry in place of $3400 of kitchen
cabinetry
for each four-person
The value
living unit.
analysis process probably could provide even greater
savings during the schematic design stage.
We
recommend a value analysis group of nonfacility
personnel because they can see alternatives more
easily.
The
1
room/-recreation
Region 3 Standard as issued see Plan No. 2 in
figure
implemented a consolidated
living
hall.
For project sites with fewer than
10 people the
separate commons building cannot be
justified and instead the enclosed porches of two
adjacent units can form an enclosed living room.
The four-bed two-bedroom
unit can easily convert to
atwo-bed two-bedroom unit that will accommodate
two preferred crew members.
It
also can convert to
a one-bed
one-bedroom
plus living room for a
couple.
child-less
We
are pleased
with the bids received on our 1985
each is a remote site the
projects.
Although
cost per square foot is $48.
average
Also each of
the three low bidders
chose an alternate
method of
construction
USDA
truss frame and
stick-built
factory-prebuilt.
The Forest Service contracted
and supplied the truss frames to the site for
the
8
111
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contractor.
general
built
we
contract
As more of these units are
will approach
a more error-free set
of
documents and more predictable
costs.
During the design phase we tried to accommodate
the crews desire for private bedrooms.
To make the
cost of such an amenity competitive
with the
standard approach we proposed trading the
kitchen/dining
space and the living room for
centralized facilities .se Plan No. 1 in figure
2. The plan created sleeping modules or pods small
enough for easy relocation
as the work loads moved
from one area to another.
Setting the pods on a
fixed platform or raised deck minimized the
impact and the one-person bedrooms provided
the ultimate flexibility for mixed-sex crews.
The
centralized kitchen contained
minikitchens
for
groups of four to six people and the dining room
and living space/recreation
room were common to
all.
This plan was rejected because of the separate
kitchen/dining
facility but I am intrigued with
this concept
and
in the
hope to see it adapted
future.
indi-vidual
environ-mental
FN
10
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Figure
1.
so.
Report on the Photogrammetric Survey
on the Kaibab National Forest Hearst
Mountain Project
1984
Dennis J. Mouland
Professional Land
Region 3
INTRODUCTION
in
Surveyor
Fiscal
Years 1983
William E. Stephens
Professional Land Surveyor
Region 3
fiscal year 1983 the Forest Service created
During
a Productivity
Team PIT to examine
the
Improvement
Cadastral Survey Program throughout the Forest
Service.
The team made several recommendations to
increase use of new and existing technology
to
increase productivity.
In the PIT report
Landlines--A Productivity
Analysis Issue 3
the
increased use and application
of
photogrammetry for cadastral work.
In July 1983
Region 3 began planning a demonstration of
technology
applied to a cadastral
surveying project on the Kaibab National
Forest in
Arizona.
Two sections were to be field controlled
and subdivided to 1/256 corners using currently
existing photogrammetric
technology.
men-tioned
photo-grammetric
The principal people involved
in the project were
Dennis Mouland Professional Land Surveyor
then the
Supervisory Land Surveyor for the-Kaibab National
Forest and Bill Stephens Professional Land
Surveyor and Region 3 Geometronics Group Leader.
The
site is located about 10 miles northwest
project
Williams in Township
22 North Range 1 East
sections
8
and
Gila and Salt River Meridian
Coconino County Arizona.
The project has an
elevation of 6500 feet above mean sea level
average
and
is covered
with pinon and juniper with
scattered
large meadows.
of
SCOPE of WORK
9
Sections 8 and 9 each contained
Forest Homestead
Patents in need of surveying
monumentation and
The project was conducted
posting.
in the following
sequence
1
Locate
all the controlling
section
and
quarter
corners originally established
the
General
by
Land Office in 1883.
13
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
AERIAL
PHOTOGRAPHY
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC
CONTROL
REQUIREMENTS
Determine the approximate
locations
section subdivisional
corners.
Place ground
and 2 above.
Establish
to
a
targets
network
on
of
all
ground targets
corners in item 1.
Acquire
special
aerial
all
points
field
placed
in
control
at
all
of
the
items
1
and ties
controlling
photography.
Using analytical aerotriangulation
procedures
determine the coordinate
positions of the
uncontrolled
ground targets set in item 2.
Perform section
subdivision computations
accordance
with Bureau of Land Management
manual procedures.
Make
to
all corner
the computed
in
moves from the ground targets
corner positions.
subdivisional
Field measure all distances and angles between
subdivisional
corners for
the newly established
derived
comparison with the analytically
posi-tions.
Post and monument
all private
making any adjustments.
lands
Prepare and file plats of
with Arizona law.
survey
after
accor-dance
the
in
Because of the requirements of the survey and the
of the
field surveyor the demonstration
apprehension
followed
traditional methods as closely as possible.
would closely
Thus all the procedures
conceptually
parallel those typically used in the field.
The required photogrammetric
field control and
flight lines were planned in the Regional
Office.
sections
Since the project area was two rectangular
that were longer from east to west the flight was
oriented in the same direction with four flight
lines at a scale of 13000 and with 60 percent
The
forward overlap.
This produced
56 exposures.
black-and-white
which was acquired by
photography
contract was shot with a 6-inch focal length metric
aerial camera.
14
The team suggested that Forest personnel responsible
for providing the field control use electronic
traverse procedures.
Since the primary concern
from
the photogrammetric
point of view was the accuracy
of horizontal measurements all vertical
control was
with a reciprocal
vertical
accomplished
angle
traverse and the resulting closures were well within
the required limits.
Following the receipt of the field control
the
project was submitted for analytical
The results were very good.
Of the
15 control points used only one had a questionable
value.
As it turned out later that ground target
been
had
disturbed and was not in the correct
position.
aerotriangu-lation.
FIELD WORK
4 7
and 11 described under Scope
through
were performed by Land Line Location
The
Forest.
personnel from the Kaibab National
Office Geometronics Group accomplished
Regional
items 5 and 6 by contract
and
the Kaibab National
and
10 under a contract
Forest handled items
with a Registered Land Surveyor.
Items
of
l
Work
8 9
The project proceeded
well with few problems and
minor
to
only
some ground targets before
damage
time.
All
corners controlling the section
flight
were
subdivision
found with the exception of the
north 1/4 corner of section 8.
This corner was
reset by single proportionate measurement
using the
same photogrammetric
methods described earlier for
corners from ground target
setting subdivisional
coordinate points.
contractor
The.surveying
the corner moves as computed by the Forest
Service and then checked all angles and distances
between the newly established
subdivisional
corners.
The results of these field checks were
extraordinarily
These comparisons are
good.
per-formed
dis-cussed
later.
After the placement of all the corners defining
private lands the land surveying contractor posted
the boundary in accordance
with Forest Service
standards.
COMPARISON
of
RESULTS-FIELD
VERSUS ANALYTICAL
Two field methods were used to determine comparisons
with the analytically
derived coordinate positions
1
estab-lished
Coordinate
not
positions were physically
four of the ground targets but were
provided for the analytical computations.
on
15
2
The analytically
derived coordinate
values of
these targets were then compared to the results
from traditional field procedures.
The maximum
This
positional difference was 0.31 foot.
comparison was well within the acceptable
and
limits.
predicted
analyti-cally
The
the
primary method of evaluating
derived coordinates was by performing a
traverse through all of the
precise electronic
subdivisional
corners established
by corner
moves from the ground targets set at the
location of the subdivisional
approximate
corners.
Closed traverses were run and
accepted
only if the closure was 1 part in
10000 or better.
All angles were balanced
The results
prior to the closure computations.
were excellent.
No traverse adjustments were
made afterward.
field-measured
Table
compares computed distances and
distances and gives the resultant error
ratio for each particular
line.
These results are
representative sample of the project.
1
Table
I.--Comparison
distances in feet.
of computed
Computed
Distance
Fiel
1959.39
distances
and
field-measured
Error
d
Measurement
1959.83
a
Difference
Ratio1/X
0.44
4454
16024
--2608.85
640.93
640.97
0.04
648.34
648.34
0.00
2609.36
0.51
5116
659.09
0.21
3138
1270.56
1270.64
0.08
15881
1331.70
1332.04
0.34
3918
654.70
654.79
0.09
7275
675.64
675.46
0.18
3750
670.62
670.57
0.05
13412
659.30
16
disturb-ance
We should
and ninth
note here that the first fifth seventh
lines probably were affected
by a
of the temporary monuments at the ground
target
Cattle were present in the area and the
positions.
Z-inch diameter rebar used to mark the center of
the
bent over.
In another situation
targets was
not shown in the table the rebar was completely
removed requiring some secondary methods to set the
final corners.
All in all the results were very satisfying.
Some
minor adjustments were made to ensure that all lines
would fall within 1 part in 5000 of the computed
distance.
The plats have been prepared and filed in
accordance
with Arizona State law.
COST ANALYSIS
associ-ated
The
team maintained a record for all costs
with the project.
Scope of work item 9 is not
included in this cost analysis as it was a checking
system for this project and would not be included in
similar future projects.
Items
7 10 and
11 would
cost the same regardless of the method used
to perform the
survey.
1
Table
method
the costs of the traditional
closed traverse and the analytical
method.
photo-grammetric
2
compares
survey
One of the reasons the project area was selected was
that much of it was free from dense trees and brush.
This allowed easy access and good visibility for the
intended demonstration.
It
also minimized the
number of system variables in our assessment of the
results.
Items 4 and 8 could increase significantly
with the traditional method in dense vegetative
cover.
Assuming that a project was in moderately
dense Ponderosa
pine the total cost of the
method would increase by approximately
$1800 to a total of $11861.
tradi-tional
Among the things we learned in this project was that
smaller scale photographs
could have yielded fewer
the
same desired
exposures while maintaining
results.
Also not all of the uncontrolled
points
That is where adjacent
required a ground target.
1/256 corners were to be established some
positions could have been left untargeted and
set by using the nearby analytically
derived corner
coordinates.
This would reduce some of the
and analytical aerotriangulation
costs of the
photogrammetric
process and cause no significant
increase in field costs.
approxi-mate
photog-raphy
17
Table 2.--Comparison of traditional survey method and
photogrammetric
method costs for scope of work items
Item
908
1
Photogrammetric
0
325
3
0
361
1835
471
5
0
1200
6
0
3300
7
104
104
8
4200
1220
9
2024
2024
10
Total
Estimated
Method
908
2
4
CONCLUSION of the
FIELD SURVEYOR
Method
Traditional
analytical
in dollars.
990
990
10061
10903
cost.
the field surveyor Mouland was somewhat
Although
to this
approach
skeptical of the photogrammetric
about
enthusiastic
he
is
now
quite
project at first
it.
The relatively minor problems mentioned in the
section of this article comparing the field and
analytical results could have been avoided if the
period between originally setting the ground targets
In the
and finalizing the field work was minimized.
interval
this
that
time
approached
case of
project
6
months.
No other significant
problems were
work
and Mouland
the
of
the
course
during
welcomed the opportunity to sign and file the
plats.
encoun-tered
com-pleted
demon-stration
The savings resulting from the use of photogrammetry
However this
were not as great as hoped.
executed
with undue care to
project was
factors could
blunders.
Two
additional
ensure no
there
is some
affect potential savings.
First
of
scale.
Savings
merit to the idea of economy
could be increased proportionally with a larger size
the
less accessible
terrain
the
Second
project.
the
benefit
from
the greater the potential
approach.
g
photo-rammetric
18
This
and enlightening
to observe
situation was
The projected
rewarding.
savings from using
are 35 percent of the cost for the
approach.
project
was
very
interesting
field surveyor the opportunity
the
the two methods side by side in a real
to
photo-grammetry
tradi-tional
CONCLUSION
PHOTO-
of the
GRAM M ETRIST
that the primary objective of this
Recalling
the use and value of
was
to demonstrate
project
on a Land Line Location
photogrammetric
technology
in the
1983
PIT
as
suggested
property boundary
the
the
result
that
feels
report
photogrammetrist
is very positive and that the
objective was met in
several ways
1
2
3
similar previous projects showed no
Although
substantial
savings this project clearly
demonstrated
that a considerable
amount of
could
the Forests
and
time
be
saved
personnel
human resources redirected into other projects.
The result of this project will serve as a
positive testimonial to encourage
potential
users who may not have a clear understanding
of the value
benefits and applications of
in its
photogrammetry to be less apprehensive
use.
inten-tionally
The
used in this
photogrammetric
approach
project was overkill but it was done
indeed be
so that the results would
This
shows
that
the
same
positive.
project
results can be achieved with a more
approach.
conserva-tive
EFM
19
Electronic Navigation Systems May
Offer Accurate Field Coordinate
Location for Resource
Activities
David S. Gasvoda
Project Manager
Missoula Equipment
Management
Development
Center
Electronic navigation
equipment is improving all the
time and so are the chances of getting
some kind of
electronic
position-fixing system that operates with
Products
accuracy in the Forest environment.
are
into smaller better
and cheaper
evolving
Loran C and satellite navigation
receivers
and more reliable and
are becoming more accurate
their price and size are declining as well.
pack-ages.
Such developments are important to the Forest
Service because so many activities
depend on knowing
ones exact location in the field.
One example of
the
potential for revolutionizing the way we do
business is computer-based vehicle monitoring.
A
firm uses Loran
system developed
by a Massachusetts
together with radio transmitters to monitor
the positions of up to 1000 vehicles
on a
large computer-generated
map display.
Imagine such
a
system at work on your Forest.
contin-uously
C
doubt that kind of system is a long way off for
us but accurate electronic position fixing for.
timber cruisers road surveyors and others who work
in the Forests could be a reality soon.
No
The challenge for the Forest Service is to keep up
with whats happening
in the
industry so we can
begin to link equipment with the needs of our people
for a better position location
system.
effi-ciently.
Field people recognize that better position-fixing
equipment would help them do their jobs more
In a 1984 survey
timber sales people told
us their number one problem was the need for a
better method of locating positions in the field.
To begin addressing this field need the Engineering
and Timber Management
staffs in the Washington
Office asked the Missoula Equipment
Development
21
equip-ment
Center to determine the Forest Service requirements
for a field locating system and to learn what
is available
to meet these needs.
We began with a market and literature search to
learn what equipment might help accomplish Forest
Service tasks.
We also initiated a survey of timber
and engineering personnel in the different Regions
to help us determine what Forest Service people
wanted in a field location system.
Our survey
revealed that personnel in the field have many
specific uses for a system to fix positions
accurately.
Through our market and literature search we found
that both public and private organizations are
new ones.
expanding existing systems and developing
Some of these systems have been around for years and
are merely being expanded or refined.
Others are
totally new and operate with orbiting satellites.
They all offer the potential for accurate
position
fixing in the field.
Just how well some of these systems might work in
the varied
terrain and vegetation
typical of
National Forest land is not clear and separating
claims for the new systems from performance
is not
With this
possible until they become operational.
Then well look
in mind lets review
the systems.
at some of the specific needs for a Forest Service
system as revealed in responses to our survey.
RADIO DIRECTION
FINDING
wild-life
trans-mitter.
loca-tion
Radio
direction finding is one of the oldest methods
It
is commonly used by
fixing a position.
The direction
managers to track game animals.
finder provides a relative direction to a
A transmitter can be pinpointed
by two
direction headings from knownlocations.
Or if the
locations of two transmitters are-known
the
of the direction
finder can be calculated.
for
The
accuracy of direction finders ranges from 1 to
and
on method equipment
degrees depending
skill.
The
absolute
of
location
a
operator
accuracy
the
of
the
reference
points
on
depends
accuracy
angle measurement
accuracy
geometry of the points
and the distance between points.
5
The
area of
coverage
depends on radio frequency
and
used terrain
equipment.
Typical
range is from
1 mile to
hundreds of miles under ideal conditions.
22
direc-tion
Receivers
range in price from $400 for manual
finders to $10000 for sophisticated automatic
A low-power portable transmitter costs
equipment.
dollars.
But installation
and
only a few hundred
maintenance
can increase operating
costs.
Automatic
direction finders establish the heading to
and
a transmitter nearly
instantaneously
require
On the
less training to use than manual systems.
other hand manual range finders are more accurate
when used by skilled operators under multiple-path
Manual direction finding is
signal conditions.
nearly impossible to use in brushy areas.
LORAN C
posi-tion
C is a navigation
system that provides
fixes based on the arrival time of radio
transmitting
signals from a network of land-based
stations.
Loran receivers analyze and process these
signals to provide position information in longitude
and latitude.
Costs for portable receivers range
from $2000 to $4000.
These receivers provide
continuous nearly instantaneous position display of
latitude and longitude and can be operated
by
skilled personnel.
Loran
moder-atel
the years Loran has been expanded
from a
navigation
system solely for coastal zones and open
waters.
Today Loran stations cover all but a
Accuracies
of
portion of the central United States.
400
to 1500 feet are typical.
Loran gives the
person in the field the ability to return to within
60 to 300 feet of an established
point.
relative position operation
can enhance
station to broadcast
error
by using a reference
corrections
to nearby users.
Differential mode
with
is 26 to 66 feet.
While land coverage
accuracy
mountainous
this system is now extensive--including
and
areas--soil conductivity
terrain can combine to
reduce its accuracy to no better than
2 miles.
For this reason accuracy and good signal
is
not available for many inland National
coverage
Forests.
Over
Differen-tial
accur-acy
OMEGA
Omega is a very-low-frequency very-long-distance
by phase
Position is determined
navigation
system.
wave signals from two
comparison of continuous
transmitters separated by 5000 to 6000 nautical
miles a nautical mile is 6076 feet.
Omegas
is
2
to
4
nautical
with
a
miles
accuracy
of 1 to 2 nautical
miles and differential
repeata-bility
23
relative position accuracies
are 1000
so it would have little Forest Service
NAVY NAVIGATION
SATELLITE SYSTEM
TRANSIT
to
2000
feet
application.
and
is a space-based
radio positioning
navigation
system consisting of four or more
satellites in polar orbit and four ground monitors.
in October
1968.
TRANSIT
It began operating
provides worldwide
coverage and it is possible to
Fix rate
in the world.
gain a position fix anywhere
varies with latitude theoretically
from an average
of
of 110 minutes at the equator to an average
30 minutes at 80 degrees latitude.
TRANSIT
and
on 150
satellites broadcast
continuously
with one
A position can be determined
400 MHz.
but more accuracy is obtained using two.
frequency
A receiver measures successive Doppler or apparent
shifts of the signal as the satellite
frequency
The receiver
or passes the user.
approaches
of the
the users position based on knowledge
satellite position that is transmitted from the
of the
satellite every 2 minutes and a knowledge
The
calcu-lates
fre-quency
Doppler
shift of
the
satellite
signal.
for a single
Predictable
position accuracies
receiver is about 12000 feet for a dual
75 feet.
frequency
receiver
Repeatable positioning
feet
receiver
is
150
for
a
single
frequency
accuracy
Relative
receiver.
and 45 feet for a dual frequency
than
30
feet
has
been
of
less
positioning
accuracy
measured through translocation
techniques.
A typical receiver
15 minutes or more
costs about $3000 and requires
to obtain a position fix.
in 1988.
The plan is to begin phasing out TRANSIT
will be completely phased out by 1994
TRANSIT
replaced by the Department of Defense Global
System.
Posi-tioning
GLOBAL
POSITIONING
SYSTEM
The Global Positioning
System GPS--sometimescalled
NAVSTAR--is
the Defense
Departments anywhere
and position-fixing
anytime any weather navigation
It
is
a
system.
satellite-based radio-navigation
that
three-dimensional
system
provides accurate
and
When
speed.
fully operational in late
position
18
satellites
and
3
active
1988
spares will circle
inclined at
the Earth in six orbital planes
55 degrees.
Each plane will contain three
satellites spaced 120 degrees apart in 12-hour
24
orbits.
Currently six satellites provide up to
about 4 hours of coverage
per day to most of the
continental United States.
Position fixes are based on the transit time of
from four satellites within the
radio frequencies
constellation.
Ranges to the satellites are
determined by scaling the transit time by the speed
The transmitted messages contain
of light.
parame-ters
trans-mits
ephemeris computed positions of satellites
that enable the users receiver to calculate
the position of each satellite at the time it
The users position is calculated
a signal.
from the range intersection of spheres centered
on
the satellites.
GPS will provide two basic accuracies
one for
DOD-approved users and the other for the general
The Precise Positioning
Service PPS will
public.
be restricted
primarily to the military for national
It will provide
40-foot
security considerations.
The
Standard
to
users.
stationary
accuracy
Service SPS will be continuously
available
to all users and will provide 325-foot
accuracy.
Posi-tioning
accuracy can be enhanced by using what is called
relative positioning.
a reference
By placing
receiver at a known accurate
position measurement
to DOD
corrections can be determined.
According
93-foot accuracy is possible for real-time relative
However some equipment. manufacturers
positioning.
S-foot
anticipate
accuracy over a 200-mile range.
of
a
few inches can be obtained by
Also accuracy
GPS
data
at
a fixed position for later
recording
with
similar
data obtained at a known
comparison
receiver location.
GPS
under a dense tree canopy or
Forestry applications
mountainous
steep
country will adversely affect
Just how much this
access to the satellite signals.
will complicate operations
not
be fully known
may
until the system is operational.
..i
port-able
manage-ment
receivers are available today for
but they are not easily
because most weigh more than 50 pounds.
Lightweight
receivers suitable for resource
activities will cost about $10000 when GPS
Civilian
$24500
GPS
to
$150000
becomes fully operational
come down to about $1000
25
in
1988.
by the
The
year
price
2000.
should
GEOSTAR
SATELLITE SYSTEM
Unlike
It
is
1987.
GPS Geostar
expected to be
financed venture.
a privately
operational sometime in late
is
Geostar consists of three elements
a trio of
communication satellites covering the continental
United States a ground station and computer center
and portable transceivers for getting position
information and for sending messages to others.
The
satellites are simply relay stations that exchange
data with the transceivers and retransmit this
information to the central computer.
to Geostar founder Dr. Gerard K. ONeill
According
a Princeton
University physicist the system will be
able to provide three-dimensional
with
positioning
accuracies
of 3 to 23 feet.
Like GPS this systems
line of
availability depends on an unobstructed
sight to the orbiting satellites and interference
from terrain and foliage can limit areas of use.
Geostar is designed so that all the sophisticated
instrumentation is at a central computer facility.
This means user equipment--mobile
transceivers--can
be kept simple easy to use
and relatively cheap.
ONeill estimates these units will cost about $450
with a monthly service charge ranging from $30 to
$40 depending on the number of messages sent.
FIELD SURVEY
In an attempt to find out what Forest Service people
want in a position-fixing system we surveyed
engineering and timber personnel Service-wide.
We
sent questionnaires
to each Regional
Office.
In
some cases the Timber or Engineering Staff
the
and sent it on to their
questionnaire
Forests or other units for comments.
We received
22 responses.
dupli-cated
The
asked respondents
about the kinds
questionnaire
tasks a position locator system would help them
We asked their opinions about real-time
accomplish.
of
response equipment portability accuracy
price
complexity and type of readout and we solicited
any general
comments
they might have.
The question on tasks produced
of
a multitude
answers.
Our respondents
identified 46 separate
uses for such a system.
These included timber plot
between leasable and
boundary locations boundaries
nonleasable
land road/trail/ski
locations sale
areas oil/gas wellhead locations cabins
26
geotechnical
mapping mine entrances helispots
aircraft guidance
topographic mapping and location
of crews
in emergencies.
answer to our questions on real-time response
field people strongly indicated that the shorter the
Forty-two percent of
real-time response the better.
indicated a need for a response.of
all respondents
less than 1 minute.
However the job to be done-and
influenced
on
opinions
the
required
accuracy
felt
time.
For
engineering
example
people
response
if it meant
that longer response time was acceptable
Timber management
more accuracy.
people whose
favored
tasks require less stringent accuracy
faster response time.
In
about portability ranged from a desire for
units weighing
only a few pounds to a
60
Most people felt a
of
model
pounds.
backpack
unit weighing
less than 30 pounds would be best.
About 70 percent of the timber management
indicated they wanted hand-held
units while a
majority of engineering personnel felt a backpack
be
unit weighing
as much as 30 pounds would
No doubt the engineering
responses were
surveying
probably influenced by current electronic
equipment which is fairly heavy and bulky.
Responses
hand-held
respon-dents
accept-able.
felt they
one-third of our respondents
Roughly
of 2 to 10 feet but 23 percent of
needed accuracies
all those responding
felt they needed 1 foot or less
of 26 to
and
another 23 percent felt accuracies
50 feet would be adequate.
prices for a position-locating device
Acceptable
from
$200 to $100000 for a very accurate
ranged
Many
unit obviously a surveying-grade instrument.
indicated
would
on
the
price
depend
respondents
units accuracy and response time. Fully half felt
Most timber
the unit should be less than $5000.
indicated
an
price
management
acceptable
responses
would be under $3000.
Engineering responses showed
a willingness
to pay up to $100000.
Again this
the
need
for
an
accurate
surveying
reflects
probably
instrument to replace time-consuming
methods and
increase productivity.
complexity can
responses we received concerning
summed
in
statement
be
one
keep it as simple as
up
both to training
This
sentiment
applied
possible.
and to actual
field operation.
The
27
loca-tion
There
was a general consensus
on the
type of
readout.
Most respondents
favored coordinates
in latitude/longitude.
While these do not appear on
Forest Service maps computer programs are available
to convert them.
We encouraged
those filling out the questionnaire
to
include any general comments they had.
The vast
majority of them were concerned
that the unit must
be weatherproof
and rugged enough to withstand hard
field use.
The FUTURE
We
are continuing
to monitor new developments
in
as well as encouraging
position-fixing equipment
and assisting manufacturers
to produce
equipment
that will meet the needs of field people that were
identified in our survey.
We hope to initiate an
evaluation
program for commercially available
we identify as being
most likely to meet
resource management
needs.
Beyond that we will be
working to implement position-fixing equipment in
the Forest Service so that there is orderly
and use throughout
all Regions.
equip-ment
accep-tance
that operationaltests are the best way to
answer the many questions about just how well
systems such as GPS and Geostar will work in a
Forest.
As these
systems become fully operational
in the next few years and as increasingly
mobile receivers come on the market the
future looks promising for position-fixing
that will fulfill many of the
techniques
Forest Service people have about a locator
system.
We
feel
sophisti-cated
expecta-tions
FN
28
Microcomputer Programs Available on
the RTIP Bulletin Board
Chris Schwarzhoff
Civil Engineer
Washington
Office
Engineering
The publication
Road TIPS EM-7100-5 October 1985
described the RTIP Bulletin Board in general terms
and provided an abbreviated users guide.
As
described the RTIP Bulletin Board provides the
functions
following
1
2
3
4
Bulletin
Road
posting.
engineering
User-to-user
File upload
topic
contact
and
conferencing.
list.
download.
device including many Data
Any telecommunications
General terminals can access the bulletin board by
calling FTS 235-3573 or commercial 703 235-3573.
The file upload and download
of the
capabilities
bulletin board should interest engineering personnel
with access to microcomputers--particularly
those
using either MS-DOS or PC-DOS operating
systems.
There are
available
about 200 public domain program files
for downloading
transferring to your
You
will need a telecommunication
system.
device
capable of XMODEM file transfer.
If you do not have
a program with XMODEM
capabilities you still can
call
the bulletin board and look over the
Then if you find something you like leave
a
message and a diskette with the program will be
sent
to you.
There are several excellent public
domain telecommunications
programs with XMODEM
capabilities
on the bulletin board.
Other programs
range from simple DOS enhancements
to sophisticated
such as road design.
The
engineering applications
files are grouped
by subject matter into 11
on the bulletin board.
The rest of this
article briefly describes what is available
by directory.
selec-tions.
direc-tories
organ-ized
29
DIRECTORY
1-PROGRAMMING
AIDS
BASICA
Programmers
Help
for
an OBJ file that provides
many
that are not available from BASIC programs
compiled with either the MICROSOFT or IBM
If you are
still using the version 1.0
compilers.
this
compiler
utility is a must and should still be
with
the new compiler
valuable
version 2.
very
ADVBAS.
routines
that are
This
is
cross-reference
BASICAID.
compress
and line
General
programming aid to expand and
Will generate
a
program listing.
list of reserved words program variables
numbers called by branching
calls.
Utility that allows direct
commands in a BASIC program.
EXEC.
LISTER.
they are
to
use.
use
of
DOS
Utility program to format.BASIC programs so
much easier to read and understand.
Easy
Useful utility for large BASIC programs to
reduce size when program is compiled.
Several nifty
options and easy to use.
SQUýISSHH
Help
for
PASCAL
Programmers
PIBMENU.
in
0
Subroutines for implementing menu windows
PASCAL program.
devel-oping
VISIBLE-PASCAL.
prove
Special version of PASCAL to
eginning programmers an easy way of
initial skills in writing PASCAL programs.
a
TURBO-LESSONS.
A series of tutorials to help
All work
beginners get started using TURBO PASCAL.
is done online and is easy to follow.
General
Programming Aids
DIRECTORY
2-
DATABASE
MANAGEMENT
PROGRAMMERS CALCULATOR.
Converts
Octal.
Helps keep track of stack
should be useful for Data General
require converting HEX to Octal.
HEX to Decimal
commands and
programs that
to
This is a data base management
pBASE.
system--a
programmable relational data base program that
provides facilities for querying and manipulating
data as well as report writing.
This is a powerful
system but not particularly user friendly.
an
PC-DBMC.
This is a data base management
system.
is
excellent all-purpose data base management
with help screens and tutorial.
30
It
FILE EXPRESS.
An information management
It
system.
an easy-to-use data base management
system that
includes report writer global search merge data
bases and mailmerge files.
has
DBMEMOPO.
It makes
dBASE3.
it
A utility program
easy to add data
for use with dBASE3.
to memo fields in
dGENERATE.
A utility program for use with dBASE3.
It has
a screen
generator for dBASE3 and it executes
command files.
DIRECTORY
3-
DESK HELPERS
PC-DESK.
desk
calculator miniword
automatic phone dialer
cannot use memory
memory partitioning
with some other memory resident programs.
General
manager
parti-tioner
processor
and
calendar
clock
emula-tion
PC-DESK
MATES.
General desk manager
notepad
printer control phone dialer and typewriter
good for filling out forms.
MANAGERS PLANNER.
effectively
DIRECTORY4DISK MANAGEMENT
CD.
wit
Super calendar to plan time
Wordstar-type word processor.
An easy-to-use
DOSamatic.
File selection
DIRENAME.
DIR-X.
file selection
Rename
Another
FINDUP21.
Nice
LF.
A powerful
ND.
Another
PC-SWEEP.
a
directory
easy to
use
simplified DOS.
without
substitute
to
use
deleting
file selection
little program to
substitute
Easy
and
program.
for
find
DOS
program.
files on HD.
DIR.
for DOS DIR.
disk maintenance
utility.
Directory utility and command
run BASICA programs directly.
shell that
SDIR26.
Only
file lister with up to
6
cam by
Great
that
extends
PATH
utility
and
SDIR.
SEARCH.
program
programs.
ZIP.
Super
shell.
file management
31
files.
will
columns.
to
files
command
DISKCAT.
Most powerful and flexible stand alone
disk catalog program does take a little study to
Disk Catalog
Programs
use.
CATUTILITY.
Easy
DSI dCAT.
If you
the
for you.
noe
FANSI-Console
DIRECTORY
FINANCIAL
5-
ECONOMIC
STATISTICAL
to
use
are
a
catalog
utility.
dBASE3 user thenthis
use of dBASE3.
is
Requires
Very powerful DOS console driver and BIOS driver
speeds up nearly all screen operations takes snow
of IBM color displays screen saver and lots
out
more.
ALOAN.
Very
AMORTIZE.
to
easy
Multipart
use
loan
loan amortization
amortization
EPISTAT.
Collection
of all common
in BASICA not
analysis procedures
abbreviated manual.
program.
program.
statistical
compiled.
HOME FINANCIAL
ANALYST.
Anyone considering
transfer or change -in
-home ownership should
a
Has
job
try this
program.
MULTREG.
Powerful stepwise linear regression with
data weighing
and
confidence
limits forecasting
transformations.
SOLVER.
Easy to use formula solver--can
almost any combination
of commands.
input
inter-active
Programs for Personal Computer.
driven help screens and easy to use
statistical program.
No manual but help
screens are reproduced here.
SPPC.
Statistical
Menu
TIME AND
MONEY.
Basically a home financial
those
who still keep cuff records
For
program.
want to track costs on a special project
this
should be a help.
or
FINANCE.
internal
General economic
analysis plus calculates
rate of return.
Menu-driven
BASICA
manual
or
doc.
program--no
DIRECTORY
HIGHWAY
6-
ENGINEERING
APPLICATIONS
NETWORK ANALYSIS
COMPUTERS.
Demo
NETWORK ANALYSIS.
FOR
PLANNING USING MICRO
MS-DOS version of
Program allows for multiple
logging systems destinations products road
road standards and different time periods.
LOGGING
loca-tions
but
32
operational
Works
well but next version will be much faster with
more links.
Fairly easy to run as it is menu
driven however you really need the documentation
to get the program working
quickly.
many
situa-tions
MINNESOTA
DOT
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM.
Set of hydraulic
for a variety of drainage
culvert
including
analysis flood routing
gutter design
archpipe analysis and open channel
flow.
Be sure to review instructions before running
analysis
the
programs
programs.
TENNESSEE
COORDINATE GEOMETRY PROGRAM.
Powerful
This program
program but not very user friendly.
will require a detailed review of input instructions
before it can be used.
IVY LEAGUE PROJECT MANAGEMENT.
This Critical Path
Project Manager is easy to use and does a good job
of basic CPM.
Shortcomings
are lack of calendar
function and project tracking.
DIRECTORY
7-SPREADSHEET
APPLICATIONS
LOTUS123
Utilities
Worksheets
Allows you to vertically divide ASCII
123PREP.
files into fields and quickly create a properly
formatted input file for 123s IMPORT feature
with
numeric values preserved
and fields correctly split
into separate columns.
A main menu
AUT0123.WKS.
LOTUS.AR
for 123
use
with
LOTUS.ARC.
123SHELL
Easy to use main menu and
files
that
include
predefined Macros
supporting
ASCII character
set help menu graphics and
colorful terminal driver.
BREAKEUN.
ana
Fairly straightforward
no doc.
ysis
LOTUSP.
New LOTUS printer
better handled.
nters
pr
PC-CALC
This
is
a
very nice
90 percent of
in the Forest
all
Service.
33
driver--many more
and it will handle
I
have seen used
applications
spreadsheet
the
break-even
DIRECTORY
TELE-
8-
COMMUNICATIONS
Versatile Telecommunications
program many
features and good support programs does not support
odd parity.
This is the one I use most.
9 MODEM.
PCTQMD.
Convert
DIRUTIL.
PC-Talk
Sort QMODEM
PC-TALK.
phone
phone
This is the all
supports XMODEM but does
is optional.
director
director
to
QMODEM.
many ways.
time best seller--only
handle odd parity and DTR
PC-VT.
Emulates DEC VT102 or VT100 Terminal
Excellent
DEC and UNIVAC with KERMIT.
accesses
manual.
Versatile Telecommunications
PIBTERM.
program many
ilk a transfer protocols
good manual and mini
bulletin board will automatically convert QMODEM
phone directory to PIBTERM.
DIRECTORY
9-UTILITY
PROGRAMS
Miscellaneous
Utilities
Library
Programs
Squeeze
More than 30 small programs to do many of the chores
file
that PC-DOS left out that is backscrolling
fixers ram disks help menus file listers speaker
control and improved DOS editing.
and
library program automatically squeezes
the
library.
files as they are added to
unsqueezes
It also allows you to run execute
any COM EXE or
Nearly all files
BAT file from within the library.
have been libraried with this
in these volumes
files generated by ARC normally
Library
program.
have a file name with the extension ARC.
ARC.
This
VBUERG.ARC.
versions of
1
2
3
4
This
the
file contains three of the
series of programs.
LU
early
Removes files from library file with
L.R extension.
LUE.
LUT18.
Lists
extension.
files from
library file with
Adds or replaces individual
library file with LBR extension.
LUU.
LU87.
adds
with
files in
the
LBR
a
This is a single program that lists
and extracts files from a library file
the LBR extension.
It
does not squeeze.
34
5
6
one--it
UNLBR.
If none of the above work to extract
file from a library LBR file try this
is a bit
slow but thorough.
a
SQ UNSQ.
a
b
SQPC.
This
program
squeezes
This program unsqueezes
NUSQ.
have been squeezed by SQPC.
any file.
files that
DIRECTORY
10-WORD
PROCESSING
PC WRITE
This
is the premier
word processing
user-supported
It
is often used as a vital
program.
part of public
domain software such as the structural design and
engineering programs from
analysis and construction
the Tennessee DOT.
The program has nearly all the
features of most commercial word processors.
The
user interface is not quite as smooth as most
software although most people find it only
takes an hour or so to be cooking with PC-WRITE.
commer-cial
Wordstar
Utilities
A major challenge with Wordstar
files is using them
in other applications
or telecommunicating
them to
someone who does not have
programs convert Wordstar
The following
Wordstar.
files to ASCII and ASCII
to Wordstar
CONVERT WSTODOS WSDOS
no
XWORD and WSCNVNI1.
Each program is a little
different so you may want to try each for your
circumstances
normally use WSDOS.
doc
I
Also included is an informational
text file
WS33LPT.ARC
on nondocumented
patches for WS to run
it off
the hard disk along with several
other
informational
items.
Printer Control
Utilities
These files offer a wide variety of options for
printing text and graphics characters including one
program that turns the IBM-PC into a $300 typewriter
ever tried filling out a form with a word
processor.
Text
File Filters
These programs are used to filter out or add special
control codes to a text file.
If you have ever
converted
a Data
General CEO file to the IBM-PC you
will understand
the
need for these programs.
Text
Editors
Because the only editor supplied
very crude EDLIN several public
editors have been developed.
35
with PC-DOS is the
domain program text
Full screen editor that includes built-in
with XMODEM.
and telecommunications
OmniEdit.
calculator
EZ-FORM.
This is a unique
for making and filling out
FRED.
text editor
forms.
you are just looking for
then this is what you want.
If
EDLIN
screen
editor.
that
great
is
for
replacement
is
full
It
a
a
If you
are hooked on line editors then
It has great
tErow away EDLIN and use this one.
Good for programmers because
keyboard redefinition.
it
is compatible
with DEBUG.
CED.
DIRECTORY 11GRAPHICS
dbGRAF.
BASICA
fairly easy
printer.
PROGRAMS
type
use
to
slow but
graphics editor
uses standard screen dump to
DRAWMAN
Draftsman. Excellent Business Graphics
bar charts pie c arts line diagram good dumps to
printer plotters and Polaroid Palette.
ESCREENS.
Another
FORTRAN
programs.
I6CGRAFS.
16-color
screen
generator
graphics
and
for BASICA
in BASICA
and FORTRAN
programs.
MACH
Similar to BASICA graphics
fonts good editing capabilities good
text slides.
II.
PICTURE
version of
PC
Public
GRAPHICS PCGRAFIX.
IBM graphics program.
allows 5 text
for making
domain
PRESENT.
Versatile graphics program
good for
shows
for
making computer slide
training sessions.
Slide shows will run on timer.
SUPER GRAPHICS
the 256 ASCII
VINCENT.
function
programs.
Graphics word processor
aracters into text files.
3.
c
Screen painter for ANSI screens
from BASICA video ram files use
USEANS1.TXT.
An excellent description
the most out
of DOS ANSI.SYS
including
redefinition.
e
N
U.S.
Government
Printing
Office
1986
-619-897/40560
36
of
to
enter
call
in BAT
how
to
keyboard
get
Ups
The Series
Engineering Technical
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FOREST SERVICE-USDA
Engineering
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INFORMATION
Volume
18
March-April
1986
Engineering
Field
Notes