ENGINEERING
TECHNICAL
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
NOTESTECHNICAL REPORTS
DATA RETRIEVALMANAGEMENT
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
FIELD
NUMBERS
Notes
Field
A MAN AND HIS MOUSETRAPS
ENERGY MANAGEMENT
A
BATHHOUSE
TOILET FACILITIES
SOLAR ATTIC DWELLING
NATIONAL FOREST BOUNDARIES
DESCRIBING
WILDERNESS
BOUNDARIES
-COMMENTS ON METHODS
CORNER
FOREST SERVICE JANUARY-FEBRUARY
1980
qS5ýk
US
U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ti
US
ENGINEERING
Volume
Information
contained
this
12
publication
FIELD
Numbers
has
NOTES
2
1
been developed
for
of employees
guidance
respon-sibility
of
the
cooperating
use
of the
of any product
of others that
The
may be
text in the
names
or policy
except
engineers
and engineering
by
publication
use does not constitute
by the United
publication
construed
in this
by other than
is
its
own
employees.
for the information
and
an official endorsement or approval
States Department
of Agriculture
to the exclusion
suitable.
be
intended
Such
reader.
or service
must not
not
of this-information
of trade firm or corporation
convenience
its
States
the interpretation or use
for
The
in
its contractors
and
Service
Department of Agri culture-Forest
Federal and State agencies. The Department of Agriculture assumes no
United
as
FSM
exclusively
the
represents
recommended
references.
personal
Because
technicians
opinions
or approved
should
of the respective
procedures
issue
however
FOREST SERVICE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Washington
author and
instructions
of the type of material in the publication
read each
for engineers.
U.S.
mandatory
D.C.
20013
this
publication
all
is
From the
Editor--PUBLISHING
SCHEDULES
dis-tributing
We
have
months.
had many difficulties
in publishing and
Engineering Field Notes during the past
6
to a report from San Dimas EDC Septembers
According
issue reached
some offices as late as January 15.
October was a disaster articles came in late and the
printed copies were rejected twice because the GPO
contractors work was unacceptable.
In November
the
letter permitting us to reprint the BIOMASS energy
article went astray in the mail and the internal
review and approval cycle was delayed.
Certifica-tion
By early December the requirements of the
Examination
Program were critical and various
field inputs.
projects prevented
As a result we
decided not to publish in December and material was
moved forward to this combined January-February
issue.
We regret the necessity
for our schedule
changes and
hope we can publish more promptly during the remainder
of the year. And we thank those in the field who
called to express concern
and
their interest in Field
Notes.
--Gordon
L.
Rome
February
1
1980
at-tached
fig-ure
A MAN AND HIS MOUSETRAPS
shifts.
Mousetraps spring see figure 1.
tight pulling open a series of clothespins
A calipers needle jerks up at an angle see
to trees.
Earl Olson ponders the evidence and finds
2.
geologist
Later
OGDEN Utah--The
earth
A wire stretches
it
convincing.
Weve
suspected
land movement
This gives us proof.
A Rube Goldberg
But
the
yielded
contraption
here
for a
long
time
says
Olson.
Perhaps.
few dollars worth of hardware store
data.
Olson a wealth of scientific
paraphernalia
has
After examining the evidence of land movement Olson decides he
With a few pieces
needs more sophisticated monitoring equipment.
of wood from his truck he assembles a device that will provide
precise answers to more of his questions.
is one of Olsons many inventions to measure
The wooden contraption
The device is based on
natural movement
of the earths surface.
the
Huggenberger
extensometer a tool used
principles employed by
his
metal
He has field-tested
to
in laboratories
measure
creep.
and
knows
it
will
reliable
data.
provide
simple device
da-ta
U.S.
an environmental geologist for the Forest Service
18
He
works
in
a
that
includes
region
Department of Agriculture.
southern
Idaho
and
western
National
Forests in Utah Nevada
Olson
is
Wyoming.
Olson estimates that within those 31 million acres about 30000
landslides occur at any given time--more slides per acre than in
any other part of the country.
We
landslide
as the Chinese in gathering
use the same approach
of
dollars
thousands
Instead of spending
on
says Olson.
electronic
measuring equipment we use simple inexpensive devices.
You can find the parts in hardware stores.
USDA News-Feature
Service
1
Y
i
Figure 1.--OZson sets mousetrap
that springs when shifting Zand
puZZs the wire.
Figure 2.--Measuring
distance between
two
rock.
the
nuts
change
glued
in
to
During the past six years Olson has adapted
about 100 common items
to monitor
landslides.
his
favorites
Among
are nuts bolts nails
tongue depressors epoxy glue and measuring tapes see figure 3.
es-timat
He has invented at least six devices
that perform competitively
with expensive electronic
It would be difficult
to
equipment.
the amount of money his inventions have saved taxpayers
colleagues claim.
sta-bilit
re-sort
counter-parts
Forest
managers need Olsons geologic information to determine
of land for building roads developing
skiing and other
timber
sales
His
making
and protecting visitors.
collect similar data in many other National Forests.
2
his
Figure
3.--Olson
tape measure to nail in tree to
changes in distance.
hooks
measure
exten-someter
to-gether
Some
of
Olsons most promising inventions include a scissors
now in use and a swing-arm device hell test in 1980.
He
metal
shelf
brackets
extensometer
by
makes the
bolting ordinary
Olson drives two points into the
in the shape of an
with a plumb bob hanging from
calculates
land
movement
ground and
center.
the
Xs
X.
en-cases
makes the swing arm device
100 times.
slope movement
Olson
of
wood
or metal.
It
can
amplify
detect land
also uses paraffin wax--another common substance--to
holes
in
the
the
melted
wax
into
He pours
ground or
movement.
in
Cracks
tubes
before
it
the
ground.
it in plastic
putting
He
3
a-bout
sev-eral
in the hardened wax indicate land movement.
His associates
his odd equipment and often refer to him as the junk
joke
man.
They laugh when they see what Im using says Olson but most
for example
people are impressed by the results.
They are amazed
that two tongue depressors glued to a clothespin can show that
tons of earth have shifted.
Dur-ing
Ger-many
ob-tained
sim-pl
So far Olson has collected data on 7000 landslides.
One of the
most spectacular
is the Manti
Slide on the Manti-LaSal National
Forest in central Utah.
started
In 1974 the side of a mountain
of
Manti.
a
situation
for
the
moving creating
dangerous
city
Rocks and debris tumbled onto the Cottonwood
Landslide which had
been moving a few inches annually for several thousand years.
one 24-hour period the mass moved 7.8 feet per hour.
We
had visitors from all over the world said Olson.
West
the
slide
TV
Scientists
in
Poland
gave
special
coverage.
aerial photographs
of the area to study.
Electronic
equipment was installed on the Manti Slide--at a cost of
But Olson did much of the monitoring with his
$7500 per unit.
devices
and with aerial photography.
He accurately
inexpensive
the
slides
for
the
immediate
future.
course
predicted
Today the
Manti Slide is two miles long.
is
still
Its upper part
moving.
we have in our region were going
But
to need many mousetraps and tongue depressors says Olson.
were collecting sound data inexpensively.
The data is being used
in many parts of the world.
With the number of landslides
Ser-vice
ABOUT
Bonnie
Ogden
Eldredge the
U.S. Department
Utah.
THE
AUTHOR
author is a writer-editor for the Forest
of Agriculture at its regional office at
4
P
P
ENERGY
SOLAR
Thomas
F.
BATHHOUSE
MANAGEMENT
TOILET
AND
FACILITIES
William A. Speer
Architect
Regional
R-8
Smith
Staff Engineer
R-8
Forests Houston Recreation Area in
National
Visitors to Bankhead
Alabama will soon be able to shower in water heated only by the
sun.
solar-heated
in response to energy conservation
concerns
Several years ago
a policy of no longer
providing warm water
Region 8 adopted
The policy was recently modified to allow use of
showers.
is underway
for
water for this purpose and a contract
of a bathhouse
as well as a four-unit toilet with
construction
showers.
buildings will use solar collectors to provide warm water for
and the two solar systems are similar and very simple.
Each system. consists of solar collectors mounted on the roof
in the plumbing
heated water storage tanks mounted overhead
Each includes
and
variable-flow
circulating
a
pump.
alley
relief
air vent-vacuum
and
valves
temperature
pressure
ordinary
breakers and a differential temperature controller for the pump
Both
showers
automati-cally
operation.
system has a temperature control valve which will
proportion 60F 15.54C supply water from a well with
solar-heated
water from the storage tank to deliver 85F 29.42C
water to the showers
considered to be the minimum desirable shower
There are no provisions for auxiliary heat
water temperature.
in keeping with energy conservation concerns should the storage
then 100 percent of
tank temperature drop below 85F
the water will come from storage at whatever temperature storage
will provide.
However the systems are capable of providing 85F
water
on all but the highest-use
days.
29.42C
Each
29.42C
Because the systems arent operated
during the winter no freeze
the
is
instead
systems will be drained at
protection
provided
the end of the recreation season.
5
The
ourunit
for best use of
1246 square feet
Lallons 2006.05
cut
onthis line
sizes
has eight collectors two different
roof area with a total area of
the available
The storage tank is 530
674.4 square meters.
toilet
liters.
i
is
col-lectors
cut
on
this
line
The
and placement
of the solar
orientation of the bathhouse
on the bathhouse
roof are somewhat unusual.
The Region
utilized an existing design that met site needs rather than a
new design however for this design site constraints dictated
an east-west rather than a north-south
roof orientation.
Additionally more roof area was needed
for solar collectors than
An evaluation
was available on just one of the two roof slopes.
showed that placing
collectors on both sides of east-west facing
roof slopes would work.
The relatively flat roof slopes
coupled with the fact that most public use will occur during the
period of the year when the sun is at a high angle minimize the
loss in collector efficiency.
18.5
1.4-12006.05-liter
The
bathhouse
has 10 collectors
with a total collector a
square feet 59.83 square meters and two 530-gallon
The toilet and bathhouse
storage tanks.
in
the
1980
recreation
season.
Lbeginoperation
644
j
a_
404-257-3367.
For more
information contact
Tom
Smith
or Bill Speer
at
C
6
SOLAR ATTIC
Thomas
F.
DWELLING
William
Smith
Speer
Regional Architect
R-8
Staff Engineer
R-8
A.
solar attic dwelling that
Region 8 designed a 1300-square-foot
is currently under construction
as a VST project
at the Schenck
North
Civilian Conservation
Center near Brevard
Carolina.
The
solar attic dwelling employs
system that
offers
several
a
combination
advantages
active/passive
per-cent
sys-tem.
per-cent
is simple to build
familiar to the Conservation
1.
are
It
using conventional materials
Center work force.
solar collectors attached
needs no expensive
roof the attic collects the suns heat providing up to
of the dwellings
space-heating
requirements.
2.
3.
to cool
4.
5.
of
It
Its solar heating system can be
the house in summer.
Solar water
The
the
heating
solar system
total cost-of
is
easily
reversed
incorporated
cost is low amounting
the dwelling.
to the
75
thereby
into
to about
that
helping
the
15
The solar attic design concept
was developed
by the Rural Housing
Several prototype
Research Unit at Clemson University.
houses had
been built in South Carolina and Georgia and R-8 design personnel
consulted with the Rural Housing Research
Unit Staff before
design of the Forest Service dwelling.
under-taking
solar dwelling design has an
collection and distribution
storage and distribution system.
This
heat
A
integrated split-attic
and an underfloor rock
for solar
thermal
into an upper and a lower level.
The attic is divided
The upper
level is basically an
frame with a pitch that favors maximum
solar heat collection from the suns winter position of latitude
7
double-glazed
With the south-facing
degrees.
slope serving as a
cover1
almost
the
entire
inside surface of
transparent
the
attic--which
is
flat
black--becomes
the solar
upper
painted
absorber surface.
plus
15
The solar attic has six operating modes three for heating and
three for cooling
The system is controlled
figs.
through 3.
differential thermostats
that compare temperatures in the attic
collector in the dwelling and in the rock storage beneath the
dwelling.
1
by
the heating season the upper attic serves as the heat
collector its sealed from the lower attic which acts as a
return-air plenum.
A heat pump evaporator coil that supplies
heat when the solar system does not is located in the upper attic
is also located in the upper attic.
an air distribution blower
During
Sr
yo
ROCK THERMAL
Figure
1
STORAGE
to storage
1.--Heating--attic
Cooling--outside to storage
tempered
Glazing consists of 1-inch 2.54-centimeter
the outside of the rafters and polyester film on the
the rafters.
8
glass on
inside of
II
1
1
CRAWLSPACE
Figure
AIR
PLENUM
to house
2.--Heating--attic
Cooling--outside to house
B2
B-1
1
1
l
Figure
3.--Heating--storage
Cooling--storage
1
to
to
9
house
house
and auxiliary
and auxiliary
to
to
house
house
dif-ferentia
When the sun has warmed the air in the upper attic a differential
thermostat
starts the air distribution blower thereby circulating
the air through the rock storage if the house requires heat a
thermostat
starts the heat pump blower.
The air is moved
the
distribution
blower
the
attic
from the lower
by
through
upper
A
attic through openings in the floor of the upper attic.
each
attached
to
the
of
opening
top
polyester flap
reverse circulation of cold air at night from the upper to
the lower attic.
pre-vents
gravity-operated
Solar-heated
air is ducted directly to the house and/or to the rock
under
the house airflow arrows in figs.
1
3. When
storage
solar
heat
is
available
hours
or
no
during night
cloudy weather
stored heat is ducted from the rock storage to the dwellings
blower but in the reverse direction
living space by the heat-pump
from which
it is stored.
This is because
2
Heated air enters the rock bin from the upper attic
mode at say 110F
chamber in the heat-storage
that is about the peak attic temperature
The first rock it reaches rises to
anticipated.
air travels horizontally
As the
this temperature.
rock
it
bin
gradually raises the
through the
the direction of air
the
rocks
in
of
for its return trip
it
exits
via
ducts
until
43.3C
tem-perature
move-ment
to
the
attic
at say
68F 20.0C.
.
Then
remove heat from storage the air flow is reversed.
and exits at 110F
fair enters storage at about 68F
since
has attained
the
rock
143.3C or whatever temperature
the
is
exhausted
If
last.
storage
lit reaches the hottest rock
_j
Lheat
supplies the heat1To
20.0C
there-by
pump
the cooling season the ridge and eave vents are opened
allowing cool air from the eaves to flow into the lower attic
and by convection to pass up through the upper attic and exit
ridge vent.
through the continuous
In
During the cooling season the lower attic from the eaves to the
An important function of
upper attic serves as a cool-air plenum.
the lower attic is serving as a thoroughly-insulated
cavity that
reduce
the heat
separates the living space from the upper attic to
the
heating season.
gain in the cooling season and heat loss in
Unit on a prototype
done by the Rural Housing Research
Monitoring
2
already-con-structed
Unit on the
Research
by the Rural Housing
houses indicate that storage
prototype
for three sunless days.
Tests
10
is
sufficient
house
shows that during the summer the lower attic stays
cooler than the temperatures in most conventional
16.65C
30F
attics.
the summer cooling season an air-intake vent to the outside
The cool
dwelling is opened to draw in cool nighttime air.
air does not enter either the upper or lower attic it is ducted
directly to the air distribution blower
now isolated from the
attic
This
blower
cool air directly
circulates
chamber.
upper
blower motor and/
through the house with help from the heat-pump
or cools the rock storage.
During
of
the
cool-ing
supplemen-tary
through
During the day cool air from rock storage is circulated
the house by the heat-pump
blower.
Air flow through storage is
reversed for the same reason as in heating except that in
During the
cycle the air reaches the coldest rock last.
the
heat
is
turned
on
for
short
periods of
pump
cooling season
time as needed to control humidity and/or to provide
cooling.
-
heat
an air-to-water
solar water heating system includes
and
solar
lexchanger differential thermostat circulating pump
consists
of
The heat exchanger
copper
electric water tank.
this is attached
Itubing with aluminum fins painted flat black
underside of the solar glazed rafters in the upper attic.
to the
loop where
plumbing is arranged for a direct circulation
the
water tank.
through
water supply is circulated
Ithe domestic
is provided by a drainfor the heat exchanger
Freeze protection
valve
that opens when the upper attic
Idown solenoid-operated
IThe
I
I
Ltemperature
drops
below35F_ 1
/Waif
nvi
.67
f.hý.c
__-_--------__-------ý
ý.nP
and appear to have
The living spaces are completely conventional
The underfloor
forced-air
conventional
heating/cooling
system.
the
home
is
a
basically
crawl-space
design the central
space in
rock
thermal
and
the
remaining
half contains the
storage
the
of
the
with
length
house serve as
areas running
return-air plenums.
a
equally-divided
11
NATIONAL
DESCRIBING
Some
BOUNDARIES
WILDERNESS
BOUNDARIES
Comments
on Methods
in
One
Surveyors
Viewpoint
C.
C.
FOREST
Land
Doak
PLS
NATURAL
or
Regional
R-3
CULTURAL
General
Land
Use
Surveyor
FEATURES
on-the-ground
admin-ister
on-the-ground
recog-izable
Natural
features that are readily identifiable
or manmade
to survey
are the most satisfactory boundaries
post
and maintain.
This type of boundary can be seen
survey and portrayed on maps it is
posted without
and offers very little if any question
on aerial photos
as to its exact position in the eyes of a court or any other
party.
Examples of such features are ridge tops rim rocks
travelways drainages railroad grades logging spurs and fence
Of course these
features are not always available
lines etc.
and other methods must be used partially or entirely.
Features
such as contours or toe of slope may be rather vague difficult
to find through expensive
survey and subject to challenge.
con-cerned
EXISTING
Recent
GLO
or
BLM
PUBLIC
LAND
SURVEY
NETWORK
Surveys
dis-tance
boundaries
along lines previously surveyed by
Describing wilderness
the GLO or BLM is satisfactory because
these lines can be retraced
The monuments of GLO or BLM surveys are
and
located on-the-ground.
monuments and recoverable.
We are not
generally permanent-type
concerned
about
the
really
accuracy of the published bearing or
between these monuments if these monuments are on-the-ground.
expen-sive
It
of
is
also satisfactory to describe a boundary through the center
from one-quarter
section
corner to another
it is an
to
break
a
section
down
into aliquot
procedure
however
survey
the
13
parts and this would be necessary
or turn within the section.
OZd
GLO
Contract
if
the
boundary
makes
a
break
practi-tioners
Land
Surveys
net
surveys made before 1912 were performed by private
under contract.
The survey methods were somewhat crude in
most instances allowable
inaccuracies were great monuments were
often not readily identifiable and in some instances were never
As in the areas we are designating
set.
as wilderness boundaries
the excessively
erroneous and/or fraudulent surveys increased as
the terrain and conditions in general became more difficult.
these lines on a map is no problem as some cartographers
have
estimated
their
find
the
To
true
previously
position on paper.
is another matter.
To describe a boundary
position on-the-ground
lines creates an expensive and often
along these uncertain unfound
unsuccessful
if
the corners cannot be found you
operation and
have created a real monster--a line that you cannot find and cannot
The legal survey authority vested in the private
resurvey.
by any one of the public domain States only authorizes the
of the limits of
survey or resurvey necessary for the determination
land.
The only other survey authority to reestablish the
patented
location or relocation
of a lost corner on the public survey system
is the Department
of the Interior cadastral survey division of the
BLM.
Further the BLM program at present and for the past few
years is dealing with the limits of public domain land--not
boundaries
or township
subdivisions for the purposes of
identification or disposal of public and private
land.
Original or
resurveys wholly within public domain lands are virtually things of
the past.
Consequently I do not advise that you use an old survey
for a tool unless you can live with it in its present condition or
unless the limits of ownership
is involved.
Loca-ting
sur-veyor
admini-strativ
on-the-ground
Unsurveyed
Section
Lines
section
lines portrayed on maps cannot be found
Unsurveyed
legally or otherwise by anyone except the BLM.
Their program
has previously been discussed.
The unsurveyed land net on our maps
is based on a projected
plan of the BLM to show the approximate
location of the continuing
The intent was
survey of public lands.
to project only the approximate
and
locations
numbering schemes of
range lines township
lines guide medians standard parallels and
subdivision breakdown
all subject
to change.
Remember the BLM has
sole jurisdiction at this time to make an original survey on the
rectangular
system.
Consequently my view is that this is the last
I
would
describe
anything that must be found and posted
way
in a fashion
that I could support.
on-the-ground
14
METES
AND
BOUNDS
The metes and bounds system of describing land is the system of
selected directions and distances to meet a particular
need that
is not fulfilled by the rectangular
system for one or more of the
The metes and bounds system can be
reasons previously discussed.
tailored to enclose any parcel of land not described by the
system.
My view is that the metes and bounds system be used
whenever you do not have an adequate
exisiting survey with
monuments surrounding your exact area of concern.
Legal
authority is not required for these metes and bounds surveys as
land is not involved and the rectangular
patented
system of surveys
is not altered
extended or resurveyed.
Anyone who can measure
bearing and distances can legally perform this survey and post the
boundaries.
rectan-gular
on-the-ground
on-the-ground.
SUMMARY
boundaries
requires finding the boundary
wilderness
natural or cultural features are not
When recognizable
followed a survey is required a survey must follow a description
the description
is written may make the
task
the manner in which
routine or involved and expensive and may require legal authority
and the use of the BLM which is not available under their present
Existing surveys should be used
program funding and manpower.
If the survey cannot be
or course if they meet your needs.
it
meet
cannot
on-the-ground
your needs as is the case of
nonexistent
survey.
rectangular
system
Posting
recov-ered
gyro-scope
sur-veyors
and equipment such as the laser range
new survey technology
electronic
distance
pole
measuring combination
transit/distance
and
programable
computer total station together with
measurer
airborn control
ABC system satellite surveyor digitizers
theodolites and photogrammetric
capabilities etc. it may
be advisable
to make a new metes and bound survey rather than try to
live with the rectangular
Once the
system existing or proposed.
is
we
will
live
with
it
as
well
the
best we
written
as
description
last
view
is
that
should
coordinate
with
can.
However my
you
RO or Forest if you are preparing a land description.
With
15
CORNER
SEARCH
IN
NEBRASKA
SANDHILLS
Curd
C.
Land
Surveyor
Registered
National
Forest
Nebraska
RoZZin
bound-ary
rolling-to-rough
Forest is located 40 miles 64.4
McKelvie National
with the north
kilometers southwest of Valentine Nebraska
The
River.
terrain is
Niobrara
situated south of the
broad leaf trees
and
sandhills with occasional ponderosa
is
native
sandhill
varieties.
The
in the canyons
the grass cover
isolated
of
and
pockets
clay
soil texture is very fine sands with
The land has never been plowed or cultivated.
loess-type material.
The
Samuel
R.
indica-ted
Under contract
with the General Land Office in September 1877
Frank M. Crowell surveyed the 8th Standard Parallel between
He set 3-inch by 3-inch by
Twps. 32 33 Rgs. 30 31 32 33 34.
red cedar
4-foot0.08-meter by 0.08-meter by 1.22-meter charred
half
mile
his
notes
intervals
posts with pits and mounds at
the use of bearing trees when available.
There are no records to indicate any resurveys of the 8th Standard
in the
1920s--Forest
Parallel until 1979 except that--beginning
Service personnel had found several corners by ground search and
posted these corners.
com-bination
Forest Service survey crew searched for corners on the
8th Std. Parallel.
Using a
south boundary of T-33-N R-33-W
200-foot
60.96-meter
of electronic
measuring. equipment
tape T-2 theodolite and transit with compass and shovels the crew
the corners shown in the photograph.
recovered
In
1979
a
inter-vals
posi-tion
The corners were found by using transit with compass for direction
and HP-3800 for distance to run random line.
Beginning with one
known corner a search was made at 1/2-mile 0.80-kilometer
setting a temporary wood stake the surrounding area was
the shovel was used in a near horizontal
searched by shovel
to remove the grass cover and the top 3 inches
0.08 meter of
soil.
Aluminum monuments and steel posts were set alongside cedar posts.
to 2
Survey distances varied from the record from as much as
feet 0.3 to 0.6 meter per 1/2 mile 0.80 kilometer.
Blowouts
1
17
LOCATION
South
1/4
EVIDENCE
Section
34
Found pieces
original
and
sand.
splintered cedar
hole light-colored
of
South
1/4
Section
31
Found 2-inch 0.05-meter diameter
by 20-inch
0.51-meter long red
cedar stake.
South
1/4
Section
32
Found a rotted 3-inch
0.08-meter
diameter by 18-inch 0.46-meter
cedar post set 14 inches 0.36
meter into ground and charred at
the base.
dia-South
1/4
Corner between
Sections 1 and
of 8th/Std.
parallel
6
west line of T-32-N R-33-W
found a 3-inch
0.08-meter
meter by 3-1/2-foot
1.07-meter
long red cedar post.
This post
was located on a slight northwest
facing slope 108 feet 32.92
10
inches
meters west of fence
On
0.25 meters
above
of
the
post
was
ground.
evi-dence
shifting sands and cattle have obliterated and destroyed some of
the corners.
Because cedar retains its color and scent the
of the original corners was apparent corners found above
ground have a light exterior color and are smooth surfaced.
The
well-drained sands of the area probably contributed
to the longevity
of the posts.
shov-els
Stones
were set for closing corners on the original survey in the
to the south three of these corners were searched for
township
but none was found.
summary
I
believe a three-man survey party with two sharp
desire to find old corners will find some cedar posts.
It should be noted that the Forest Service boundary fence varied
from several feet to over 100 feet 30.48 meters from the true
line.
In
and
a
18
are running out of time 102 years elapsed from Frank Crowells
Can we afford to wait another 100
survey to Rollin Curds search.
years At what point do we say Take the time and monument our
boundaries
now.
We
Remains
on
the
of original cedar
Samuel R. McKeZvie
19
stake set in Z877
National
Forest.
INVITATION TO READERS OF
FIELD NOTES
Every
reader
you would
of an article for Field Notes.
author
a potential
is
share
with
Service
If
we
you have a news item or
send
ac-curate
short article
submitted
Material
to
engineers
invite
you
to
for
it
Field Notes.
in
publication
like
to
the
Office
Washington
for
should
publication
be reviewed
by the
Washing-ton
Office to
Regional
respective
and of
informative
that
see
interest
to
the
information
is
current
timely
FSM 7113.
Forest Service Engineers
technically
The
length
of
may vary from several short sentences to several typewritten pages
short
articles
to the
or news items are preferred. All material submitted
however
Office should be typed double-spaced and ideally all illustrations should be original
material
submitted
drawings
Field Notes
is
distributed from the Washington
Area Headquarters
mailing
Field personnel
to
their
should
Regional
R-1
R-2
R-3
retirees.
Manager or the Regional
number of copies sent to
from the Washington
available
Office directly
and Forest Service
Forests
ask your Office
to increase the
list
Coordinator
also
or negatives.
prints
glossy
If
to
all
you
Engineering
your
office.
Regional
are not
Station
currently
Data Systems
Technical
Copies of back issues
are
Office.
submit material
for
publication
or questions concerning
Field Notes
Coordinators
Melvin
Dittmer
R-4
Ted Wood
R-9
Rich
Wilson
Royal
M. Ryser
R-5
Paul Stutes
R-10
Jack
Van Lear
Juan Gomez
Coordinators
and
on the
should
direct
WO
R-6
Kjell
R-8
Michael Martin
questions
Bakke
concerning
format editing
Al Colley
publishing dates
and other
problems to
Forest
Service
Engineering
-
USDA
RP-E Bldg
Staff
Attn Gordon L.
P.O. Box 2417
Washington
Telephone
Rome
Editor
D.C. 20013
Area Code
703
235-8198
1
U.
S.
GOVERNMENT
PRINTING
OFFICE 1980
624-078/1581