71Y
ENGINEERING
TECHNICAL
NOTESTECHNICAL REPORTS
DATA RETRIEVALMANAGEMENT
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
FIELD
SYSTEM
VOLUME
-pp
NUMBER
6
Notes
Field
AFFINE FOCAL LENGTH
11
ADJUSTMENT TEST
MOTIVATING YOUR YOUNGER WORKERS
THE SDEDC TREE/SHRUB
WASHINGTON
OFFICE
PLANTER
NEWS
FOREST SERVICE
UýS
U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
JUNE
1979
UýS
ENGINEERING
Volume
Information
1
NOTES
FIELD
Number
l
6
has been developed
for guidance
of employees
publication
its
and its
Department of Agriculture-Forest
Service
contractors
and State agencies. The Department of Agriculture assumes no
contained
this
respon-sibility
of the
United
cooperating
in
States
Federal
for the interpretation or use
The
use
of this information
names
of trade firm or corporation
convenience
Such
of the reader.
use does not
of any product or service by the United
of others that may be suitable.
The
text in the
publication
must not
be construed
or policy
except
engineers
and engineering
not
intended
by
as
FSM
exclusively
references.
personal
an
should
is
official
of the type
FOREST SERVICE
D.C.
and
to the exclusion
author and
mandatory instructions
of material in the publication
issue
however
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Washington
employees.
for the information
of the respective
for engineers.
U.S.
own
endorsement or approval
procedures
read each
its
of Agriculture
opinions
or approved
Because
technicians
publication
constitute
States Department
the
represents
-recommended
in this
by other than
20013
this
publication
all
is
AFFINE
FOCAL
J.
LENGTH
B.
ADJUSTMENT
TEST
Stewart
Engineering Staff Group
Region 3
photo-graphy.
There are several makes of stereoplotters on the market that will
not mechanically accommodate
8.25-inch
209.55-mm aerial
produce
The
data
209.55-mm
has
length
It
been
question is can these stereoplotters be used to
to National
Standards using 8.25-inch
Map Accuracy
focal length photography
suggested
that an affine
problem and allow these
209.55-mm photography.
solution would solve the focal
to use 8.25-inch
stereoplotters
The purpose of this test was to determine if National Map Accuracy
Standards
see table can be obtained by setting 8.25-inch
209.55-mm photography in a 6-inch 153-mm focal length
stereo-plotter.
See table.
NATIONAL
Item
Accuracy
Standard
Map
MAP ACCURACY
STANDARDS
Minimum Contour
Interval
TEST
Spot
Elevation
ft
4.85
COMPARISON
Horizontal
ft
North
ft
East
1.21
2.0
2.0
First Operator
0.42
0.37
0.42
Affine
Solution
1.05
0.63
1.00
Second
Operator
1.09
0.45
0.49
1
Step
1
Step
2
cor-rect
Set an 8.25-inch stereomodel
in the Topocart
using the
focal length setting.
With the stereomodel relatively
read the pass points and ground control points.
oriented
The ground coordinates
for the pass points and control were
The data were collected on a 11
previously established.
ratio with the stereomodel
scale.
The model selected was
in relatively rough terrain with the control points located
on most of the extreme elevation points.
Set the focal length of the Topocart
to approximately
6
inches
153
then relatively orient the stereomodel.
With relative orientation completed
correct for the affine
vertical
scale adjustment.
This adjustment is obtained by
the following
formulael
mm
1
K
where
Planimetric
cck
scale
K
Plotting camera focal length
Aerial camera focal length
Vertical ratio
clk
ck
K
153.0 mm
209.94
0.7288
1000
0.7288
1.372.12
cal-culated
In this case the planimetric
scale was on a 11 ratio the vertical
scale was 11.3721 ratio with respect to the stereomodel.
The
affine
by
correction for the shift of the
the following
formulae2
ck
Dx
K
CK
Dy
where
Tip
Tilt
w
Dy
Grads
Pg
Following
Topocart
Photo
is
the
1-K2
Pg
is
xý
xw
movement
y movement
63.66
per radian
x
principal
point
correction.for
this model
69
Tilt
point
grads
grads
Amount of
Amount of
Dx
K
1-K2
Pg
principal
-0.58 grad
209.941
-
0.72882
-0.58
0.728863.66
2
-1.23 mm
in the
Tip
0.67
grad
209.941
-
0.7288
Photo
0.72882
0.67
0.72882
-0.64
0.72882
0.67
63.66
1.42
mm
68
Tilt
-0.64 grad
209.941
-
0.728863.66
Tip
0.67
-1.36 mm
_
grad
209.941
-
0.728863-66
1.42
mm
con-trol
scale adjustment
After the vertical
control reading were recorded.
Figures 1 through
1 and 2.
Figure
for the data
made
the pass
CONTROL
84
84
84
NG
FOR SETUP
168T6
1682.
H
and
adjustments of the data collected in steps
listing of the data used as a standard
adjustment listings shown in figures
3 and 4.
is
a
2
Figure 5 shows the purpose of moving the principal
photo carriers to recover the nadir point.
0
points
show
4
1
was
HECK
AUTO
799752.12
796154.62
PASS
point
VALUE
on the
1090.00
T610ý00----84
84
84
1683
1691.
T69-2.
1693.
84
-20O7
2207.
84
621857.37
623069.12
U0
9I
624954.25
--7942rr
2103.
2104.
0.
626006.00
627163.87
624711.25
623408.50
625371.37
624774.25
Figure
7538.61
7310.32
7523.77
7380.98
7316.62
7589e7_7___
IN
FILE
_
_
.
-----_---------
7353.60
7569.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
CONTROL
25
800435.62
797589.37
795314.62
797288.75
796480.75
795550-97
797644.37
800540.37
-7-25-976.1-2
84
84
98
7303.27
7295.86
1
control
1.--Standard
3
data.
-
LENGTH
FOCAL
KIND
3
MOD
68-
69
FL
n
n
n
3
MOD
n
n
STANDARD
0
69
0
0
0
FL
OVER
0
ALL
_-i
LE
FOCAL-LF--_
_1
AFTER LEAST
ERROR
0.87
69.
68.
68-
0
FOCAL
1
S0.093
KIND
CHECK
SQUARE
PLANE FIT
0.85N
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
0.67E
0.57EL
RESIDUALS
NUM
1
IDFNT
NORTH
1683.
-0.75
16820
1681.
2
3
EAST
ELEV
0.10
0.91
-0.35
0.63
0.55
0.92...
1.24
1.09
-0.63
0.03.
-0.00
-0.69
------11
4
1691
5
1692.
-0.33
7
2102.
0.25
8
2
10
0-.$2
141
10
STANDARD
-____
-0.09
--
3
2007.
----2L04A---2207.
9
_
-0.15
-0.99
-0.67
-
-1.20_..
IlL17
-0.49
0.03
-0.19
-0.76
0.78
-0.34
0.63
-0.57
0.52
-0.21
ERROR-AFTER POLYNOMIAL CURVE
0.52
OVER
ALL
D
0.37N
lbfl3.-
._..
0.42EL
UAL
..NORT
NUM
FIT
0.47E
-D
EAST
ELEV
0.05
16
0.25
-0.47
-0q
IIýDB-----.--4
6
7
8
10
1682.
1681.
1691.
-_16_92ý1693.
ýin2.
2103.
2104.
0.75
-0_.1.8
_...
0.09
0.78
-0.53
-0.03
0.59
-0.13
-0.29
0..1b
0.12
-0.00
0.-6-1
Figure
0.45
2.-- Data
-
2
-0.22
-Q6
7
-0.62
0.24
-
-
-0.32
-0.25
0.08
-0.40
1.04
-n. o
i
0.14
0.03
_
_..
-
adjustments--plotter
focal
first operator.
4
-----
length
-
209.94
mm
LENGTH
FOCAL
CHECK
--5
--7
KIND
3
MOD
68-
S0.173
69
FL
1
-
FOCAL
LE
0
FOCAL
LE
0
1
1
1
1
1
1--1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
69.
6$.
-i4---6-
1
F-L
-ý-9
0---0--
-------STANDARD
-------
ERROR
SQUARE
AFTER LEAST
1
PLANE
r51N
3
FIT
r69E
-2
3-9-E-L
-8
RESIDUALS
NUM
NORTH
IDENT
1
3
-6.92
3.99
2.45
-1.00
-2.00
-1.94
-
1681.
----4-------16-91.
1692.
1-.
-
2102.
R
9
11
22070
--ST-ANDARP---R-RORAFTR
1.12
OVER
ALL
-3
2
-3.01
2.33
2.06
-
11
-
0.98
2.13
1.58
-2.36
-0.38
-4.29
3074
POLYNOMIAL
0.63N
6 5
-0.29
-1050
06-
-2.39
-0.49
-0.77
-0.02
1O3.-
-3.79
0.33
3.34
3.09
1.47
2007.
ELEV
2.15
0.18
1.83
1683.
--l-682
EAST
CURVE
FIT
1.00E
-
--
--
_
-- --
1.05EL
--..---N4A---S.I-D1lALS-_._
-TDNT
2
4
NORTH
EAST
-0.31
-0.03
1682.
-0.31
l6cgle
--0r2-7--
1691.
-0.07
-0.66
-0.44
--
ELEV
0.1
1.63
-0.21
1.26
0.24
0.26
-1.13
-1.93
-0.55
0.98
1.40
--- -1
0.45
-0.78
-064
-
0.-29
-------
-
x34---10
6
13
1693.
2ýA2r
22103.
1.26
-0.81
2104
0.04
-2--
-0.7----__
-
-1.69
-0.53
---
--8.84
-0.65
0.12
0.98
..
110
Figure
3.--Data
adjustments--plotter
focal
first operator.
5
length
153.0
mm
.
FOCAL
KIND
3
MOD
69
68-
LENGTH
FOCAL
L
0
0
3
0
EE
1
--1.04
50.124
KIND
CHECK
MOD
00
ARD
0
0
69
0
0
FL
FOCAL
1
LE
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PLANE FIT
-
------
OVER
1
0
AFTER LEAST SQUARE
ERROR
0
68.
68-
0
0
ALL
0.66N
0.51E
-
1.21EL
0.64-2
RESIDUALS
NORTH
EAST
-0.34
1
1692.
-
3
4
6
.
Tbr.
I2
1681.
1683.
-
-g
10
2102.
1
27017.._.
r
-0.38
-0.11
0.22
0.99
1.06
-0.06
-0.30
2104.
X103.
8
-
ELEV
0.21
-0.28
0.52
-0.01
-0.61
0.03
-0.65
-0.67
0.10
-1.07
-0.22
-0.13
0.63
STANDARD ERROR AFTER POLYNOMIAL
fY9R
OVER ALL
0.45N
-
CURVE
-
-0.58
-0.40
1.76
-2.61
0.10
1.37
-0.71
-0.78
0.86
0.40
-
FIT
0.49E
1.09EL
RESIDUALS
NUM
IDENT
NORTH
EAST
ELEV
Os4-0-5
1
3
4
1693.
-1$92.
1691.
16816
1682.
0.36
-0.14
--
6-- ý68ýý
...
7
2007.
8
2-1-04-.----
9
2103.
0.17
tji0ý
2207.
Figure
_--O-.33
-2.35
0.01
0.48.
4.--Data
0.13
-0.10
-0.78
-0.73
0.51
-0.09
-0.67
-0.39
-0.12
0.16
-0.37
0.39
-.9-9-----11
-0.01
0.20
0.93
--0-.-GO---
0.52
032
1.96
-0.45
-0.28
r
ifi
-
-
-
-
0.83
adjustments--plotter
focal
second operator.
6
Length
209.94
mm
X
PL
Y
PL
PP
NP
clk
Movement
in the
X
direction
Movement
in the
Y
direction
Plotter lens
Principal point
Nadir point
Plotter focal
length
Y
.-
v
I
y
N P
x
1
P
P
-1
PP
NP
Y
x
Figure
5.--Movement of principal point
for recovery of nadir.
7
on
photo
Ac-curacy
153
The results of this test support the conclusion that 6-inch
National
obtain
to
Map
be
used
focal length stereoplotters can
Standard data by using the affine solution.
mm
that the affine data fall within the expected
In this
accuracy range when two operators do the same project.
case the two operators used the correct focal length 209.94 mm
in the stereoplotter.
for the aerial photography
The
test
data
show
for this test was taken with a ZEISS Aerial
The aerial photography
The planned
with
calibrated
focal length of 209.94 mm.
Camera
a
this
is
scale of
112000 flight height is 8250 feet
photography
used for this
The
2514.6 m.
photogrammetric
plotter Topocart
of
1700.
test has a C-factor
REFERENCE
NOTES
1AZbertz Jorg and Kreiling Walter.
translated by G. Richter Karlsruhe
2FormuZae furnished
by
Photogrammetric
1975
Wichmann
Kern Instruments
8
Inc.
Guide
MOTIVATING
YOUR
Henry
YOUNGER
C.
WORKERS
Ruark
deliber-ately
workers who take a day off at the slightest excuse or
foul up a job are causing major problems for American industry
to both private and government
according
studies.
Bored
Whatever
the reasons the resultant casualties are costing
us dearly
in both productivity
and dollar losses.
It is becoming obvious many
of the traditional .approache to motivate workers are no longer
as they used to be.
nearly as effective
dif-ferent
be-havior
Todays young worker
has a different set of mores and values
a
sense of responsibility and perhaps a less sharply focused
to become.
feeling for what he wants
persons now in management learned long
is motivated.
There is an effective
reason
people do or dont do even if that
visible or easily understood.
Most
ago that
all human
for what
is not readily
reason why
why
man-agement.
what affects people
Managers also have learned that understanding
from them is an essential
and what will bring forth desired actions
part of leadership and an indispensable
component of effective
But thats a much harder skill to acquire today.
sub-ject
The traditional Monday morning hangover
holiday and day after payday
blues are still with us but todays young worker may also be
to the effects of drugs and the shove it syndrome.
oppor-tunity
The shove it syndrome
It occurs when even promising young workers
decide you can shove it I can do better and disappear-out
the
door.
This happens despite extensive training and very good
at considerable
freely furnished by management
cost.
C.
Ruark.
This article
of Technical
Photography PTN
Copyright Henry
in the April
first appeared
Publishing Corporation
Avenue
Hempstead N.Y. 11550 Rudolph Masche and Edward
The Forest Service
Wagner Publishers/Editorial Directors.
that reprint permission has been granted for use in this Field
The authors permission is required for
Notes only.
from this reprint.
acknowl-edges
anyreproduc-tion
issue
1979
250 Fulton
9
motiva-tional
indus-try
cut down these problems in younger workers for whom
factors are far more complex than they ever were for their
parents is drawing attention from many skilled personnel in
What follows is a roundup
of some trends and
and business.
shown
recent
studies
and
ideas
by
reports compiled in connection
with my consulting practice.
How
to
communication with the worker at all levels is an absolute
to offset such situations.
Many workers feel themselves
necessity
in
trapped
boring routine repetitive work situations and physically
and sometimes
When uncomfortable
and emotionally taxing operations.
the
level of
work
conditions
are
and
added
dangerous
demanding
it
off
Thats
when
the
shove
motivation drops
syndrome
rapidly.
strikes.
Effective
economic downturn
fear of job loss is
Even in times of comparative
The younger
the
factor
it
with
not nearly
was
previous generations.
worker today is more ready to move on to somewhere else that is just
as good or even better even to another region of the country or
foreign nations.
atten-tion
wages creates what one study describes as positive
among many workers but less so for younger ones than older
Increased
ones.
studies show more and more younger workers refuse to continue
in working
situations with many negative factors.
They prefer to
move on often claiming there is no future for them within the
Other
company.
What do they
want
Better working conditions more flexible hours
and shift assignments
and more responsibility for ones own efforts
seem to be prime positive factors in building job satisfaction and
A practical career ladder
staying power in younger workers.
also seems
clearly leading to more responsible
job opportunities
effective
attractive
to many especially
when coupled with
training and a formal work/study program leading to technical
on-the-job
expertise
profes-sional
partici-pant
Many studies indicate once the younger worker is hooked on a working
situation which he sees can lead to solid opportunity and
status he is perhaps an even more eager learner and
than was his father.
Similar studies show young women are as
than their
motivated or even more motivated by such opportunities
male colleagues.
There have been many changes in values and lifestyles over the past
and we must expect even more.
But that doesnt mean
two decades
in
them
to work effectively
must
share
them
or
even
with
agree
you
10
ef-fective
judg-ment.
What it does mean is that you understand
with the younger worker.
such changes for what they mean in relation
to your
and appreciate
workers.
Theres no simple way to do this. To do so requires
for each situation and with enough
one-to-one communication
overall
and balanced
members
to
ensure
an
perspective
group
willing-ness
dialog carried out with flexibility humor and a
is perhaps the major tool.
listen and understand
Today
tools
unavoidable
and one of the strongest human managment
Personal
its
to
there are.
communica-tion
There
are many techniques
and it pays to look
to improve
at these.
and strengthen
such
related to but often more important
is closely
than
fact
You must learn to listen
workers
finding.
younger
with
and
to
achieve
an
empathetic
understanding
carefully
attempt
well
takes
as
as
This
workers.
persuasion
persistence.
younger
But it can provide reliable and valid guidelines for the judgments
you must make.
Feeling finding
with
and
Leadership
style has a very strong influence on both acceptance
Studies show that personal
effectiveness
in stimulating workers.
traits of the leader mean less than other elements with younger
workers.
What really counts is that the leader must be perceived
more than his subordinates about the group task and how
as knowing
it effectively.
to accomplish
Two major clusters of behavior
focus of studies of leadership
and attitudes have been the main
One cluster is labeled
recently.
autocratic authoritarian task-oriented the other democratic
Both oversimplify leadership but
equalitarian group-oriented.
foundation
for
an examination of what leaders
they can provide a
lead--and
thus
do
when
a starting
they
point in your own
really
in terms of your problems.
self-examination
We know there are
influence another
and how to do it
the relationships
limited number of ways in which one person can
He can coerce or coax.tell what to do
to work.
or share the decision making and concentrate
on
with workers rather than job execution.
a
For those who work with the younger employee a special blend of
is needed.
But first start with an
these clusters and approaches
of
skills
and relationships.
examination
your own interpersonal
contrast
what
to
do
Learn from the
used
and
you
years ago.
Compare
look
into
the
and
values
of
lifestyles
your younger
changes and
Then youre ready to consider the moves they may
employees.
to you.
indi-cate
11
handled younger workers
can anchor your organization with
and
talent opportunity
understanding and may well be your most
creative and productive
working partners tomorrow.
Properly
12
THE
SDEDC
TREE/SHRUB
PLANTER
Ted L. Pickett
Mechanical Engineer
Center
Equipment
Development
San Dimas California
Over the past several years engineers and technicians
at the San
Center
Dimas Equipment
Development
SDEDC have been developing two
pieces of equipment to revegetate steep slopes along roadsides.
Work on a steep-slope
seeder has been completed and reported upon
see Field Notes August 1978 Vol. 10 No. 8 pp. 22-24 and Equip
Work on a tree/shrub
Tips February 1979 No. 7977 1301.
planter
the
latest
status
of
this
effort
is presented
continues
in this
short article.
under-taken
hill-side
road-side
The
to develop and. test a seeder and a planter was
project
to reduce the costs and improve the efficiency of stabilizing
soil on slopes newly created during road construction
in mountainous
terrain.
Other goals were to minimize the esthetic impact of
of replanting on
revegetation increase the effectiveness
and reduce lake and stream
slopes protect hillside watersheds
The device reported here is a crane attachment
siltation.
that
transplants tree and shrub seedlings with minimum soil disturbance.
The criteria established
the implement should
for development
of the planter
Operate on cutbanks or fill slopes
is irregular and littered
up to
11
were
even
that
if
terrain
op-portunity
Plant
tall--these
container-grown
for first
nursery
stock
time planting
that
maximizes
Handle
stock from containers
up to 8 inches
seedlings can be as large as 2 inches
in cross section
and have an overall height
and
45.7
cm
Be capable
The
latest
of exact-spot
planting
not
SDEDC tree/shrub
planter prototype
tested at San Dimas.
It planted
successfully
13
the
success
20.3 cm
5.1 cm square
of 18
just row
figure
several
1
inches
planting.
has been
varieties of
F.--Figure
1
-SDEDC
tree/shruua
pZantor
prototype.
shrub seedlings
and was used on slopes of approximately
60 percent
without
Further
field
establish
problems.
testing
to
implement
any
reliability production rates plant survival and. planting costs is
in the Pacific
now being conducted
Northwest Region.
The
planter can be carried and positioned by either hydraulic
or even by cable cranes
second cable drum
figure 2 if
is available
to keep the planter
Some of the
properly oriented
from the road with the
cranes can reach over 100 feet 30.5
The planter has a 24-tube carousel each tube
planter attached.
inches
is 2.5
6.35 cm in diameter and 21.5 inches 5L6l cm
to each of the three feet of the
high.
Sharpened
shovels attached
planter hold the implement on the slopes during the planting cycle.
cranes
a.
m
14
A seedling
can be inserted into the ground at a rate of one every
seconds.
After the tree orshrub seedlings are removed from
their containers
and are loaded into the carousel tubes the crane
the
operator places
planter on the slope.
The planting cycle once
initiated by the operator
is fully automatic
electric over
First debris is scalped or scraped off the ground where the
seedling is to be inserted.
Next a hole is augered and the
rotates a rachet mechanism lines up a carousel tube with
the augered hole.
hydrau-lic.
ca-rousel
15
seed-ling
As alignment occurs a high-velocity
blast of water propels a
down the carousel tube through a drop tube into the hole in
the ground.
Finally a packing foot compacts the soil around the
root system while forming a small depression for water.
SDEDCs
final design will have two planter mechanisms
one at either end
of the frame.
They will be arranged to plant seedlings
6
feet
1.8
apart. The hydraulic power supply now being used should be
for both planters.
adequate
m
Figure
2.--Cable
crane
positioning
15
tree/shrub
planter.
WASHINGTON
OFFICE
NEWS
OPERATIONS
Harold L. Strickland
Assistant Director
OF ENGINEERING
DRAWINGS
AND
SPECIFICATIONS
Administra-tive
engineer-ing
For some time we have been revising our portion of the Filing
FSH 6209.11 in a manner that will accommodate
System Handbook
of
microfilming
your project records.
This has led to
Managements approval for Region 6 to microfilm all
drawings and the purchase of 3M-201 Reader-Printers
for each
Forest in Region 6.
re-lated
the Region 6 approval
Following
a letter 6230-April 13 1979
was
sent to Regional
Foresters Station Directors and Area Directors
that authorized
the microfilming of all engineering
drawings and
the subsequent disposal of the original documents.
We support this
action
and recommend
that it be applied to specifications
and
documents.
project
There are some problems associated with such an undertaking
for it
to work you must have documents and plans that are suitable for
microfilming the necessary equipment for reading the microfilms
and access
to equipment that will produce
hard copies.
of Material
Preparation
is not much we can do about our old plans as a rule you can
get a fair microfilm image from them.
However when you prepare
new drawings there are some things you can do that will ensure a
The following are some recommendations for
top quality microform.
microfilming all project data
There
1.
Use
original
2.
Use
the
3.
Use
the microfiche
a reduction
documents
with
35
full-sized drawings
mm aperture
card
for microfilming
format
for drawings
format for specifications
ratio of 124
and
24x
17
and other
i
MICROFILMING
re-sult
reader-printer
re-sul
Produce all microforms
in a black
line image that
4.
as
is
Lettering
negative images.
easier to read.
This
will
-
In making all drawings charts graphs tables plats and other
material that include
lettering. take particular care to ensure
size to
that the size of lettering in the final copy is of adequate
be read from the reader-printer.
Many microform readers and
do not bring the image back to its original size as a
letters and numerals must be of sufficient size to make the
retrieved
image legible.
re-duced
minimum letter height of the final copy must be 0.125 inch
and capital letters not lower case should be used.
0.3175
The
cm
of
between adjacent letters should be twice the thickness
Spacing
If the material is to be reduced
to a final form
the letter lines.
that is smaller than the original drawing
such as a drawing
to
fit
on
the
of-a
photographically
publication the
page
minimum letter height applies to the reduced copy that will be
microfilmed not to the original drawing therefore the lettering
on an original drawing might have to be oversized to obtain the
minimum letter height.
dimen-sions
should be twice the size 0.25 inch or 0.635 cm of the
Headings
text letters.
between lines should be no less than half the
Spacing
letter height.
Letters should be bold straight and open type
if used instead of hand lettering should conform to the same
and style.
Lines
For the same reasons given in the preceding
paragraph line weight
should be 0.01 inch 0.025 cm or heavier.
Open spaces between
lines should be four times at least 0.04 inch or 0.102 cm that of
the line weight.
micro-graphic
We
and Standards
to develop
are working with Consultation
standards for all engineering
These
drawings and documents.
will include an indexing system to be used on a Service-wide basis
the standards and indexing will be incorporated
into our Directives
Until these are published we recommend
system.
you use the
as interim guidelines.
pre-ceeding
you have
235-8077.
If
any
questions
on micrographics
18
call Al Colley
on FTS
TECHNOLOGICAL
Heyward
Assistant
SLASH
WARMS
IMPROVEMENTS
Taylor
Director
T.
WALLA
WALLA
Devel-opment
A lightweight
cable yarding system developed
by the Equipment
Center at Missoula recently yielded an unexpected
benefit to.
the citizens of Walla Walla Washington when the yarder was used
on a logging slash utilization project on the Umatilla National
Forest.
slash was made available as firewood
Normally inaccessible
to the citizens of Walla Walla a community
about 28 miles 45 km
In 29 days 3050 cords
11056.128-m3 of Western-larch and
away.
Douglas-fir were removed from steep slopes and piled on a roadside.
Eighty-five to ninety percent of this choice firewood was picked up
by citizens to stock their woodburning-stoves
and fireplaces.
In
fact energy valued at $224000 was made available by the Forest
Service--enough
energy to heat 470 Walla Walla homes for 1 year.
This project
saved the citizens of Walla Walla money and achieved
the land management
objective of reducing fire hazards. The direct
cost to the government
for removing the slash was $2.87 per cord
3.625 m3.
When the cost of equivalent
energy for fuel oil
and natural gas are averaged
for the Walla Walla area the
firewood made available was worth $86.181
per cord 3.625 m3.
elec-tricity
This
fuels
project should interest the Northwest Forests because
the
Umatilla
able
to
rid
themselves
were
of
accumulated
on
managers
For example in the
slash a problem common throughout the region.
Pacific Northwest Region in 1978 more than 326000
acres
132000 hectares of forest residues slash were created
from an annual timber harvest of nearly 4-1/2 billion board feet
Since 1961 in Washington and
approximately 10-1/2 million m3.
million
acres
1 million hectares
over
2-1/2
approximately
Oregon
of untreated
slash have accumulated.
In Montana and Idaho the
accumulation
exceeds
700000 acres approximately 280000 hectares.
approxi-mately
Z
values for WaZZa WaZZa were
equivalent
furnac-e oil--$.50
natural gas--$.3915 per hundred
cubic
per gallon $.50 per 0.3
cubic meters electricity--$.0174
feet $.3915 per 2.8 hundred
per
kilowatt hour wood--$86.18
per cord $86.18 per 3.625 m3.
Energy
19
Prototype
yarder
treating
slash on
20
the
UmtiZZa
National
Forest.
mate-rial
ob-vious
other Forests have made this residue available to citizens
Although
to them and the removal cost is much
the wood is often inaccessible
Slash treatment is usually done by
higher for the Government.
costs for
Handling
burn chipping or masticating.
prescribed
has an
are high and the burning of large concentrations
Some slash remains untreated and
impact on air quality.
of untreated
residues are
.eventuall decays however accumulations
fire hazard.
Residues also represent a waste of natural
a potential
effects
on wildlife and watersheds.
resources and have undesirable
Land managers are often unable to treat slash because
steep slopes
and heavy fuel loadings are inaccessible
by rubber-tired skids and
for a large cable yarding system. Other factors
are uneconomical
such as the spacing of residual trees number and height of stumps
and soil conditions might prevent treatment.
inexpen-sive
Clear-water
In January
1977 Harry Cummings a fire management officer on the
Forest requested that the Missoula Equipment
Clearwater National
Center
MEDC design and build a lightweight
Development
In tests on the
yarder for removing slash.
prototype
Forest the yarder2 met production goals while removing slash
It was this
cost on steep slopes.
selectively and at an acceptable
the
Umatilla
that
enabled
the
fuel
on
managers
prototype
yarder
treat their slash while contributing
National
Forest to effectively
to
the people of Walla Walla.
a substantial
savings
energy
The potential for using slash as an energy source is enormous
from fuels managers.
should receive increased attention
yarder are available from MEDC Bldg. 1 Fort
a-re
Montana 59801.
Drawings and specifications
in
the
distribution
1979.
fall
of
for
2Publications.on
Missoula
planned
and
the
Missoula
21
INVITATION TO READERS OF
FIELD NOTES
Every
reader
is
a potential
you would
of an article for Field Notes.
author
you have a news item or
If
ac-curate
short article
Material
share with
to
Service
we
engineers
you
invite
send
to
for
it
Field Notes.
in
publication
like
submitted
to
the
Office for publication
Washington
should
be reviewed
by the
Washing-ton
Regional
respective
informative
Office
to
and of
that
see
interest
to
the
information
is
current
timely
FSM
Forest Service Engineers
technically
7113. The length
of
may vary from several short sentences to several typewritten pages
however short articles or news items are preferred. All material submitted to the
Office should be typed double-spaced and ideally all illustrations should be original
material
submitted
drawings
prints
glossy
Field Notes
is
or negatives.
distributed from the Washington
Area Headquarters
Forests
Office directly
and Forest Service
retirees.
If
to
all
you
ask your Office Manager or the Regional Engineering
Coordinator
to increase the number of copies sent to your office.
also available
from the Washington
Office.
mailing
to
their
should
Regional
R-1
R-2
R-3
submit
material for publication
Station
currently
Technical
list
Field personnel
Regional
are not
Data Systems
Copies of back issues are
or questions
concerning
Field Notes
Coordinators
Dittmer
R-4
Ted Wood
R-9
Fred Hintsala
M. Ryser
Juan Gomez
R-5
Walt Weaver
R-10
F.
Melvin
Royal
Coordinators
and
on the
should
direct
R-6
Kjell
R-8
Bob
questions
WO
Bakke
concerning
Engineering
Attn
P.O.
-
format editing
USDA
Staff
Gordon
L.
RP-E Bldg
Rome
Editor
Box 2417
Washington
Telephone
Baxandall
Bowers
problems to
Forest Service
W.
Al Colley
D.C. 20013
Area Code 703
235-8198
publishing dates
and other