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ENGINEERING
TECHNICAL
INFORMATION
NOTESTECHNICAL REPORTS
DATA RETRIEVALMANAGEMENT
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
FIELD
SYSTEM.
1
Field
Trail Gate
Six Rivers
Method
to the
Field Design
Repair
1
FOREST SERVICE
SE
-
Comments
What Happened
Concrete
the Vesuvius
Dam
OCTOBER
US
fopEST
U.S.
10
Notes
Field
Self-Closing
NUMBER
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
1978
UýS
ENGINEERING
Volume
Information
contained
FIELD NOTES
Number
10
has
10
been developed for guidance
respon-sibility
of
the
United
Federal
cooperating
the
for
The
of the reader. Such
that
text in
may be
the
publication
or policy
except
engineers
and engineering
intended
names
use does
not
in this
of employees
contractors
of Agriculture
assumes no
by other than
its
publication
constitute
its
an
is
official
States Department
and
its
own employees.
for the information
and
endorsement or approval
of Agriculture
to the exclusion
suitable.
be construed
by
Service
of this information
by the United
or service
must not
not
publication
interpretation or use
product
of others
The
this
of trade firm or corporation
use
convenience
of any
in
Department of Agriculture-Forest
and State agencies. The Department
States
as
FSM
exclusively
the
represents
recommended
references.
personal
opinions
of the respective
procedures mandatory instructions
Because of the type of material in the publication
all
technicians
should
read each
issue
however
for engineers.
U.S.
author and
or approved
FOREST SERVICE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Washington
D.C.
20013
this
publication
is
--FIELD
SELF-CLOSING TRAIL GATE
COMMFNTT
Region
trail
commented on the safety factors involved
in the self-closing
described in Engineering Field Notes of July 1978 Vol. 10
has
9
gate
No.
7.
The
R-9
Forest
Director
of
Supervisors
Engineering expressed his
in
the
concern
in
a
letter
to
the
Region
not determined Region 9s needs for a gate of this kind
reservations about the safety of the optional bottom bar
feature listed in the article as advantage no.
4.
This is an
unyielding physical barrier that could be a collision hazard to
trail bikers and even cross-country skiers -snowmobiZers
under snow cover conditions.
The hazard would be present
if the gate remained open did not self-close.
We
but
have
have
espe-ciaZZy
im-pression
ption-
Also
note on the need for warning panels may give the
hazard markers are not necessary unless the
bar is installed.
This would not be true.
the
that
aZ
are bringing these concerns to the attention of the Washington
If this gate has application on any of your trails please
contact us for advice on the signing/marking to be used.
We
Office.
re-quirement
appli-cation
design
and operation of any installation
construction
safety
major consideration.
Region 9s letter emphasizes the
for careful
evaluation of all features that are involved
in each
installation in relation to its specific location
as well as its
In
the
pol-icy
factors
are
at
The
9s
and
a
that
site.
Washington Office has been developing information on Service-wide
that will be applicable to all gate
installations.
Certainly Region
comments
on this trail gate will be reflected in the final FS Manual
Handbook material on gates and hazard markers.
1
WHAT
HAPPENED
THE
TO
SIX RIVERS
FIELD DESIGN METHOD
John Bowman
Highway Engineer
R-1
EDITORS
NOTE-This method for surveying and designing Forest
Service roads is only one of several
cost-effective procedures
that are used currently.
The selection of the preconstruction
method -- or combinations of methods -- that best fits the
must always be based upon the Engineers evaluation of
all the pertinent issues in a particular situation.
sit-uation
re-quest
To
promote the exchange of information on this topic we
readers to send us their comments on this article and
their experiences -- both good and bad -- with the application
of the Six Rivers Method and other preconstruction and design
systems that
they
are
using.
appli-cation.
capa-bilities
Six Rivers Field Design Method is a low-cost rapid highly effective
accurate system for the field survey and design of forest roads and the
introduction of small programmable calculators
has
increased its
The
The
field
RDS
at
design system capitalizes
on
the
strengths
of
the
tables the PAL system the P-line and L-line methods
same time it eliminates many of the shortcomings found
engineering
the
field
and
the
in
all
pro-moted
those
to making the system effective is
key
decisions
in the field this process
requires
significant
of
Many
The
methods.
journeymen
Method
1
2
cure-alls
differs
Most
for
some
of
by
system was
Forest
skills
and
the
rapidly -- after being
The Six Rivers Field Design
some
crises.
proposals
different combination
The
slowly
current
from many new
elements
making of
engineers.
new proposals die -- some
as
the
in
several
system are not
than
in the
new
3
but
are
used in
a
past
developed at the working
Engineers
Service
ways
level
in the
field
Figure 1--Field-designed
and alignment
3
4
5
road
one
old shows free-flowing grade
and fill-and-cut sections.
season
self-balance
had to be proven before they
Efficiency of new elements
were recommended for general application in the system
There is a substantial savings
traditional methods
over
with no relevant
loss of accuracy
and
Training has
practice on
been more extensive
a
and
has
included
actual
project.
workshops on the Six Rivers Method that have been conducted
spring of 1973 are shown in Table 1 tables follow text several
Forest workshops in field design are not included in Table 1.
In addition
several groups have worked with crews using the method and made several
visits to the Six Rivers and other Forests
so that they could
apply those
practices on their home Forests.
Most
since
of
the
the
4
Figure 2.--Field-designed road 5 years old accumulation of forest
litter and encroaching vegetation are main difference from new road.
Figure 3.--Field-designed
road on 60-75
5
percent
sideslopes.
technicians have had some experience with
are an estimated 200 FS engineers and
system by
means
technicians who have not participated in the basic workshop but who are
using the system as their primary survey-design method
Table 2.
At
least
150
other engineers and
sys-tem
the
these
and
there
experienced in the use of this
Forests have experts in
The
application the distribution of some others is shown in Table 3.
distribution of experts on various calculator and computer programs used in
the field design process is given in Table
4.
Most
of
Forest Service people who
the
system are
in R-1
all
but
of
are
their
small
system most are still on the Six Rivers
probably will have the largest number of road
miles constructed by using the system.
Approximately 1900 miles 3057.1
km have been surveyed and designed using the system Table 5.
Of
the
roads
Forest
in
2
constructed
two
using the
years Region
1
proc-ess
tradition-al
ChoZZa Project involved one unusual application of the system a
The Arizona Public Service and
powerline that crossed the Tonto NF.
River Project surveyed
and built about
35 miles 56.3 km
designed
roads
in a short time using the Six Rivers Method.
All the work was
and they were very enthusiastic about
the
by the private companies
The
and
the
large
Salt
of
done
results.
of the system over
Many Forests have focused on the cost savings
The Nezperce staff was able to do the survey-design-staking
methods.
meth-ods.
engi-neer
at
job
other
a significantly less cost with the field design method and
Forests have had similar savings Table 6.
several
field-designed roads fit the ground better and are
designed by traditional P-line or L-line
One project the Bonners Ferry Ranger District in Idaho Panhandle
National Forest would have cost an estimated $36000 per mile to build
using traditional methods but it cost only $29500 per mile using the
It
is my opinion
costly than
less
field
that
the
roads
design method.
system operational is to get-a responsible
person in charge of the work -- to decide to use the method.
On units
where the system is operational
its success
usually can be traced
to a commitment by a District
Zone
Preconstruction
Forest or Regional
The most common and
Engineer who has become familiar with the techniques.
successful method of developing this familiarity is by visiting units that
The
key to getting the
--
the
The most
using the method and by studying its application in detail.
effective visits to date have been those to the Six Rivers National Forest
because of the many miles of roads that are available for viewing -- roads
which were constructed using the Six Rivers Field Design Method.
are
A less common catalyst
in some Forest Service units
has been the study by
a Preconstruction
FS Engineer of the TRBs Special Report 160
or other
usually the Engineer followed up with a call to get additional data about
the
system.
6
After a commitment has been made to try the method the next step is a
Basic Field Design Workshop.
The workshop is a 4- to 4/-day program that
includes
an actual field design-on 2000 to 2500 feet
609.6 to 762
eCer-cise
road
m
involves many of the more difficult problems encountered in
the field.
The attendees are grouped into five-man crews to do the
and it is important to have one trained field designer available to
work with each crew.
of
and
A Field Design Seminar was held in Missoula April 11 through 14 at which
for the system was developed.
Because the term
an outline of a handbook
Field Design implies doing the entire design in the field the seminar
It was
recommended changing the name to the Rapid Survey Design System.
thought that the name change would help to Overcome some of the initial
bias
against the method.
co-ordinated
If the design and resulting constructed facility are to be effective
they
To overcome
must be properly geared to management goals and objectives.
some of the problems in the development of timber sales and roads a
The program
training program is being developed in Region 1.
has
six objectives
1
2
3
4
5
6
To
meet the
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
As
Reduce noneffective time in.preparation of timber sale
Eliminate unnecessary road proposals
Prescribe most efficient
economic logging
systems
Achieve minimum environmental impacts
Reduce individual road costs and
Provide a systematic method of specialty input.
objectives
program will include eight
training
topics
A systematic method of timber sale and resource development
planning
How timber sale planning fits into other planning levels
How to form and work- with a_n_int erd isciplinary team
Basic tools necessary
Economics of resource development options
Logging roads
Logging systems and
Preparing a sample resource development
with the Six Rivers
acceptance
the
EAR
use
and
Method
the
plan.
the proof
of effectiveness will be
demonstrated dollar savings.
7
its
1.--Workshops conducted
TabZe
Year
of
Workshop
Number
1973
1974
2
2
35
30
of
Workshops
Number
of
Attendees
TabZe
Location
of
System Users
R-1
R-3
R-4
1975
1
22
R-6
1973-1977
1978
Year
R-10
per
45
15
4
32
3
114
0
43
6
2.5
15.6
6.3
26.5
1977
1978
0
3
5
--
77
196
Total
13
360
users of system
WO
Number
Years
Average
1976
2.--Experience-based
R-5
1973-1978
GSC
of
BIA
BLM
Unknown
Private
Total
Users
1
1
2
0
2
47
12
164
15
0
0
0
16
0
--
2
196
3
.1
.1
.3
2.6
.3
8.30
2.3
142.78
Table
3.--Distribution of system applications
experts
excluding
LOCATIONS
INDIVIDUALS
Region
Forest/Office
R-3
Apache-Sitgreaves
Tonto
R-4
Challis
R-5
NRA
RO
Eldorado
Sequoia
Shasta-Trinity
Sierra
Six
Rivers
Gasquet
RD
Stanislaus
R-6
R-10
RO
RD
Max
Allen Levi
Jesse Paul
Grenz John
Bentson Gary Bryant Jeff
Gregory Fred
McKinon Dennis
Peck Greg
Brink Steve
Deadmond
Siskiyou
Siuslaw-Hebo
Willamette
Dick
Mike
Benson Lynn Ewing
Lenz Larry
Johnson Quinn
RO
Sawtooth
Bringhurst
Richardson
Dixon
McCrea
Van
Bob
Dan
Bob
Lear
Jack
Region
1
Table
4.--Distribution of Field Design Program experts
Location
Program
Flathead
Gallatin
Idaho
Panhandle
Kootenai
Individuals
TI-SR 60
HP 9815A
Tabor
TI-59
Fallang
Bob
HP
97
Wheeler
Ken
SR
52 TI-59
52 TI-59
SR
Clarence
Valleries
Gary
Crider Brian
Leo George
Ness Dennis
FCCC
FCCC
FCCC
short-cut
RDS
Nezperce
TI-59
Miller
Willamette
FCCC
Knudson
Joe
his
program
5.--System experience 1966-1978
Table
Year
1966
Miles
1967
1968
25
10
5
Total-
Table
own
Richard
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
60
110
110
120
160
450
870
1900
200
5
11
Years
Miles
6.--Comparison of cost per mile of road on Nezperce NF Projects
Method
Field
Design
Staff
Compass
Survey
System
and
Chain
Design Plans
Estimates
$1000
$
2400
700
1000
10
Construction
Staking
$
Total
600
$2300
2800
6200
REFERENCES
1.
2.
Bowman
Eureka
John
K.
Field Design Six Rivers
California
National Forest
1974.
Carl I.
K. McCrea Robert B. and Fonnesbeck
of Field Design Applied to Forest Roads - Special
Report Z60 Low Volume Roads Transportation Research Board
D.
Washington
C. 1975.
Bowman
John
Brink
Eureka
Steve.
Larse
USFS.
Robert
A Method
3.
4.
Survey Guide
1976.
California
6.
Director
Northern Region
of Engineering
Method for Survey and Design of
Intermountain
presentation with slides
8.
Spokane
Washington
1978.
McCrea Robert B. An Evaluation of the Bowman Method of
Field Design Santiam Engineering Zone Willamette National
Forest Sweet Home Oregon 1977.
Ness Dennis. Rapid Survey and Design Method R.D.S.
Short-Cut Design Kootenai National Forest Eureka
Montana
7.
National Forest
A Cost-Effective
Forest Roads
Logging Conference
5.
Six Rivers
1978.
Smith Stephen K. The Use of a Handheld Pocket Computer
for Timber Road Design Six Rivers National Forest Eureka
1976.
California
St.
Ken. Field Design Programs for the HP 97
Maries Engineering Zone Idaho Panhandle National Forest
Wheeler
St.
Maries
Idaho
1978.
11
CONCRETE
REPAIR
OF THE
VESUVIUS
DAM
Gerald Coghlan
Regional Materials Engineer
AZ Vanderpoel
Engineer
National Forest
R-9-The
Wayne-.Hoosier
Vesuvius Dam and Reservoir provide a main attraction to the Vesuvius
Recreation Area on the Wayne National Forest located 7 miles 11.3 km
north of Ironton Ohio.
The earthfill dam and concrete spillway structure
hold 143 surface acres
578721 m2 of water with a maximum depth of 30
feet
9.1 m. Relatively minor concrete
repairs were made to the spillway
walls
and floor
in
and
1954
1963.
deteriora-tion.
investiga-tion
spill-way
Annual
dam inspection reports identified
progressive concrete
In 1977 it was
determined that repairs should
be made before
structural integrity became seriously affected
and a thorough
of the entire
concrete structure
followed.
The layout of the
1
structure fig.
and
4.6
236-foot
a
to
lower
m.
9.1
channel.
m
71.9
It
consists
of
chute
channel
also
includes
extent
of
deteriorated
peen hammer
blows.
This
areas
were
the
basin and
which was used
stilling
a
The
pond-drain channel
during repair parallels the spillway.
The
m
38.4
overflow
with walls between 15 and
126-foot
a
judging quality by
procedure compared well
Rebound Hammer and was much
a
to
section
30
175-foot
divert
the
feet
53.3
water
m
identified primarily by using a ball
or ring caused
by the hammer
with the results obtained
with a
Chunk
arbitrar-ily
con-tract
Schmidt
marked
on
the
faster.
Areas
to
be
repaired were
concrete.
A contract was advertised for the concrete
repairs rather than
the
it
decided to prepare a
restrict
concrete repair method
was
with an end product specification and to require that the contractor
demonstrate his experience with the materials and methods that he proposed
The
six alternative repair methods
to use.
specification identified
1
2
3
4
5
6
Dry mixed
or
gunite
pneumatically applied
Portland cement
concrete
Dry packed grout
Prepacked aggregate with
or
Polymer concrete
Epoxy-resin concrete.
mortar also called
replacement
intruded
13
grout
shotcrete
I
WALKWAY
OVERFLOW
Z.
SECTION
N O
O
c
-
f
Inic
e.
POND DRAIN
CHANNEL
DAM CREST
.o
0
12
64
12-6
rV_ARIES 7-6T016-8
SECTION
.
A-A
OVERFLOW
SECTION
LOWER
CHANNEL
STILLING BASIN
CHUTE CHANNEL
WALKWAY
SCALE
80
20
Figure 1.--General site plan
Vesuvius
Dam and
spillway
structure.
0
50
The
included
drawings
areas
repaired
to be
1
2
3
4
5
details
summary of as-built
repair details.
Pay items
a
and
Wall cavity repairs - shallow..... 900
Wall cavity repairs - deep ....... 945
Wall edge and joint repair ..... 1313
Floor repair ................... 1234
Surface cleaning and treatment..2200
identification of
included
sq.
ft.
sq.
ft.
In.
ft.
sq.
ft.
sq.
ft.
83.6 m2.
87.2 m2.
400.2 m.
114.6 m2.
204.4 m2.
conven-tional
The
contract
awarded
was
to Gunite
There was
a difference
Gunite firm and the bid by
repairs with forms and ready-mix concrete.
Alabama..
by
the
Contracting Company Inc. of Florence
100 percent
between the low bid
over
contractor
who
a
proposed to use
of
re-moved
deteriorated concrete from the
contractor began operations by chipping
4.48
walls with hand-held 12-pound
kg jack hammers fig. 2. The Corps
the
in
several
of their similar projects
of Engineers had warned us that
much
100
because
the
contractor
as
as
percent
quantities overran by
excessive concrete.
The
A relatively close watch was kept
on this item with a requirement for FS
authorization to permit the contractor to chip beyond the painted repair
limits.
The contractor was
extremely cooperative in this regard both by
good
pointing out additional areas he felt needed repair and by leaving
areas.
With the 12-pound
concrete intact within the designated repair
good and
jack hammers it was relatively easy to differentiate between
hard
deteriorated concrete.
The
to break out
extremely
good concrete was
the
fine
in contrast
to
and came out in fist-sized pieces
segregated
ag-gregate
in-stalled
spray-ed
that
came
from
the
poor
concrete.
The concrete repairs were made through the gunite placement technique
A dry mixture of sand and cement was pumped through
figs. 3 and 4.
.12-inc 3.81 cm diameter hose pressurized up to 100 psi 689.5 kPa
Before
with water being added at the nozzle through a separate hose.
x
5.08 cm x 5.08 cm wire mesh was
placement of the gunite a
The mixture was
and the areas were washed and sandblasted.
the excess
was removed with a
onto
the surface to a slight overdepth
trowel to a relatively smooth surface and then the surface was brush
Test
finished.
specimens of the gunite at 14 days ranged from 5284 psi
2
36431.6 kPa
to
5425
psi
2
37403.7 kPa
compressive
strength.
smaller repairs of 3 sq. ft. 0.28 m2 or less were nearly
However the larger surfaces
indistinguishable from the old concrete.
were noticeably rougher than the original and more difficult to finish.
0.9
sections
at a
to 3-foot
the removal and limiting repair
Staging
aesthetics
are
time would improve
the finish on large areas where
The
finish
on
particu-larly
m
important.
15
Figure 20--Removing deteriorated
Figure 3e--Shooting
gunite into
16
concrete.
repair areas.
Figure 4a--Shooting
gunite and finishing repair areas.
Figure 5a--Finished wall section showing repaired areas.
17
The surface treatment item consisted-of.a -final -overall sandblasting and
oil solutionThe
linseed
oil was
to improve the
treating with a linseed
and we hoped the appearance of
weather resistance of the existing concrete
the old concrete would blend with the repairs.
However after application
oil solution
the repaired areas were more noticeable than
of the linseed
This has improved
and. heavier
before.
some with curing
applications of
linseed
oil particularly
on the light colored
repairs might have resulted
in a more uniform appearance.
Figure 5 see preceding page shows some
completed
The
of
repairs.
gunite method
repair
and
this type
proved to be a very effective means for doing
were several
advantages over a conventional repair
there
technique
1
2
3
Final
cheaper
was completed
It was
Work
much
faster
than
could
otherwise
be
expected
and
obtained were much higher than
strengths
normal concrete repairs.
The
construction cost
was
$80000.
18
those
obtained by
INVITATION TO READERS OF
FIELD NOTES
Every
reader
a
is
of an article for Field Notes.
author
potential
you would
you have
If
we
news item or
a
send
ac-curate
short article
Material
share
to
with
Service
engineers
you
invite
to
it
for
Field Notes.
in
publication
like
submitted
the
to
should be reviewed
for publication
by the
information
is
current
timely technically
to Forest Service Engineers
7113. The length of
Office
Washington
Washing-ton
Office to
Regional
respective
and of
informative
Office should
drawings
is
be
all
should
illustrations
be original
list
Forests
and Forest
Office directly
to
all
Regional
Station
and
you are not currently on the
Technical
Data Systems
ask your Office Manager or the Regional Engineering
to increase the number of copies sent to your office.
Copies of back issues are
Coordinator
from the Washington
available
Field personnel
should
R-1
Melvin
R-2
Royal
Juan
Coordinators
submit
Service
retirees.
If
Office.
material
for
publication
or questions
concerning
Field Notes
Coordinators
Regional
R-3
ideally
pages
or negatives.
distributed from the Washington
Area Headquarters
their
and
double-spaced
typed
prints
glossy
Field Notes
to
FSM
may vary from several short sentences to several typewritten
short articles or news items are preferred. All material submitted
to the
however
also
interest
submitted
material
mailing
the
that
see
Dittmer
M.
Ryser
Gomez
should
direct
R-4
Ted Wood
R-9
Fred
R-5
Walt
Weaver
R-10
F.
W.
R-6
Kjell
Bakke
Al
Colley
R-8
Bob Bowers
questions
concerning
WO
format editing
problems to
Forest
P.O.
-
Staff
Engineering
Attn
USDA
RP-E Bldg
L.
Rome Editor
Service
Gordon
Box 2417
Washington
Telephone
D.C. 20013
Area Code 703
235-8198
Hintsala
Baxandall
publishing dates
and other