ENGINEERING
TECHNIC A
FIELD NOTES
TECHNICAL REPORTS
DATA RETRIEVAL
MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
SYSTEM
-.Avo
Notes
Field
Use
Photographs in Construction Plans
Designation of Water Resources
Curve Widening
Washington
Office
News
FOREST SERVICE
AUGUST
1978
ýxSi SNyQ
AUýS
U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
UýtS
-
ENGINEERING FIELD NOTES
Volume 10ýNumber
Information
contained
in
this
has
publication
been
8
of employees
respon-sibility
of
the
United
cooperating
for
The
the
product
that
The
in
text
must not
policy
engineers
be
or service
may be
the
Such
by
as
FSM
and engineering
not intended
for
guidance
use
names
does not
by the United
in this
publication
is
for
its
own
employees.
the information
and
an official endorsement or approval
constitute
States
by other than
its
Department of Agriculture
to
the exclusion
suitable.
publication
construed
except
use of this information
firm or corporation
of the reader.
of others
or
interpretation or
use of trade
convenience
of any
developed
Department of Agriculture-Forest
Service
its
and
contractors
Federal and State agencies.
The Department of Agriculture assumes no
States
exclusively
represents
the
recommended
Because
references.
technicians
for
personal
opinions
or approved
should
of the type
read each
of material in the publication
issue however
engineers.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Washington
D.C.
author and
procedures mandatory instructions
FOREST SERVICE
U.S.
of the respective
20013
this
publication
all
is
USE
OF
PHOTOGRAPHS
CONSTRUCTION
IN
PLANS
Paul Branehfield
Geologist
National Forest
Umpqua
R- 6
con-struction
impor-tant.
es-sential
means of transmitting
Although photographs can be an effective and accurate
information
they are not used to any extent in the production of
transmittal
of data
is extremely
plans--where accurate
are relied on to provide the
Generally orthographic drawings
Photos
to
details in the plans.
can be used in construction plans
show rock pits slides bridge sites or other features.
Often the photo
and ink can
or written descriptions
image is more effective than drawings
be used to mark the image to define development areas or special
points of
pho-tos
economic-ally
atten-tion.
interest.
6 illustrating small rock pits has been the primary use of
The system permits us to rapidly and
on construction plans.
draft a plan that shows the contractor the development limits crusher
stockpile sites and areas of the pit which may require special
In Region
and
One reason probably that photos have not been used more.frequently is the
basic differences in the methods of reproducing the construction plans and
photographs.
Copies of construction plans
usually are reproduced by the
ozalid copy method which is not suitable for pictures recorded
unless a special
technique--the halftone method--is used.
Because the halftone techniques are not widely known outside the printing
photo-graphically
cer-tain
reproduc-ing
industry
instances
photographs are
when they would
required information
be
the
used on construction plans--even in those
most effective means of transmitting
to
the
contractor.
seldom
informa-tion
However
there is a simple
mechanical technique
for successfully
on
ozalid
a quality photographic
image
copies and the materials are
available
to
unit
that
wants
to
to
use photos
readily
any
display
the
construction
This
involves
in
use of a positive
plans.
technique
to a vellum plan sheet.
transparency that is fastened
posi-tive-image
Ordinary black-and-white photo negatives can be processed to produce
The low cost
transparencies
usually this can be done locally.
factors
make
it
feasible
and quick processing
to use
photos more often in
1
ex-pensive
production of our construction plans.
Orthophotographs such as aerial
photos with superimposed elevation contours
on transparent film are
available
from
than
commercial
the
photo
OZALID
ozalid
In
printing
paper
treated
labs
but
positive transparencies
a
and
the
PRINTING
they are considerably more
used or needed
in our method.
TECHNIQUE
positive master copy
is placed
is then
over
a
sheet
of
exposed
bright light.
light
alters the chemicals on the treated
paper
except for areas that are protected or shielded
from the light by dark
areas on the master. After this exposure
faint lines can be seen on the
that correspond to lines on the original positive image.
treated
paper
The
chemical
in the unshielded areas
special
where the master was blank has
been transformed
by the intense
light.
passing through
print
the master
to
The
a
copy
chemi-cal
The
treated
paper
reaction causes
darken usually
for most
then
is
the
exposed
residual
to blue
or black.
construction
ammonia fumes and the
to strong
traces of the photosensitive chemical
This
produces
the
familiar
print
to
used
plans.
photo-graphs
black-and-white
The
of the ozalid paper have
photosensitive chemicals
a fairly
This
factor
allows
to
be
made
range.
prints
lighter or darker
different exposure times and it also allows monochromatic
be reproduced.
Monochromatic photographs such as common
special
tonal
posi-tive
fur-ther
wide
by using
to
photographs
on differing shades
of the same color to
reproduce a photograph on an ozalid print a
transparency is required since the ozalid is a direct reproduction
i.e. black area on the master results in black area on the print
the positive must be the size desired on the ozalid
print as most
ozalid printers do not enlarge or reduce the image of the master.
make up
the
depend
To
image.
inexpen-sive%
MAKING A POSITIVE
The
x
FILM TRANSPARENCY
for producing a positive transparency is easy and
technique
if an in-house
photographic darkroom is available
x 10
25.4
8
cm
prints cost about $.69 each.
film sheets such as
x 10
positive
Grain Positive
8
20.32
cm
The
is
only special item required
20.32 cm x 25.4 cm Kodak Fine
is an adequate
size for most construction
pho-tographic
plan
Film
photographs.
7302
The
8
which
x
10 20.32
cm
x 25.4
cm
film
is packaged
in
posi-tive
boxes of
25
sheets
and
the
present cost is about $13.00 a box.
Any
darkroom that is equipped
to produce
the usual black-and-white
photographs can process the film in fact this film can be handled in the
same way as standard
enlarging
paper since the major difference is the
backing which is transparent film instead of opaque paper.
The
film can be handled in the darkroom with either an OA or No.
lA
at least
safelight that is kept
4 feet
from the film.
1.22
away
m
2
Grain Positive Film 7302 is a special
professional.
most hobby or amateur dealers
not available
through
the
local Eastman Kodak Company to find
and it may be necessary to contact
labs may have
alternative
a convenient source.
Many photo
continuous-tone
films which will do the same job.
Since
the Kodak
the
Exposing
used
Fine
it
product
type
is
Film.
A standard
black-and-white
negative
of
subject
the
is
the negative
in the enlarger upside
place
down
shows on the reversed image on the enlarging easel.
so that
The enlarger is adjusted and focused
for the desired
size and shape of the
The continuous-tone
film is placed in the easel emulsion side up
photo.
pic-ture
ob-tained
Kodabro-mide
de-tails
1I
so
preferable
the normal
view
it
is
to
but when the transparent print
is.reversod
plan sheet with the emulsion side down the
will be correctlyoriented
this method additional details
Using
be inked
on or blocked out of the image on the non-emulsion side of
film without disturbing the
fragile emulsion coating
fig..
that
made
the
negative
affixed
and
to
image
is
the
l
can
the
Getting the best exposure on the continuous-tone positive
film may require
some
trial-and-error experimentation. The best results seem to be
when
the
exposure is about the same as that used for Kodak
F-2 paper a common
black-and-white enlarging paper.
The
finished
to carry
all of the required
photographic image must be dense enough
be too dense
on to the ozalid print but cannot
or ink lettering on
Since
the picture
diazo machines vary widely in wattage
may be obscured.
fl
1
ýhL1
1tL
t.l
_a
fill..
.f
I
-
I
Iil
I
1
I
1
4
AIt
/1i
tkP
1.
1
Ov
as
1
iv
iA
itcdti
t.a
uil c
iIPs
u
1R9A
t4
nd
ii
ni
1M1ey1
1
1
1.
Pan
tv
it
f
.
t
1
-
t
4
i
Pet
I
1
Ptd
ry_..
ýi
4
I
slay
Ha6
x1011
.
if
Aii-1-.a11Y
d
1
eýnu
on
la.
.
1
it
C.
OPA
re Vn
1
t
6i
nI
ac
c
11.E
v1
De
1
1.
nil
i
ýn
11
nn
I
ý1_t
ý
t1
.ee
1
ýI
..
ý
4
5i
1
gl
t
S
pile
t
Figure 1.--Construction plan with continuous-tone photograph printed on
detail added with black ink to describe
vellum.
Note
features.
3
output
diazo
sample
a
positive
be made.
can
prints
should
be
given
to
the
lab so
photo
that
the
best
de-veloping
Processing the
the
same
Dektol
Film.
film is done
in
Processing of the exposed positive
way as for standard black-and-white enlarging paper Kodak D-16
and
or D-11 developers will work.
We have been using Dektol
the positive
the exposed print 2 to 4 minutes.
After developing
and
solution
for 30 seconds
transparency should be rinsed in acid stop-bath
or rapid fixer for 2 to 4 minutes if possible
fixed with either regular
After fixing wash the film with
use a fixer containing a hardening agent.
After washing rinse the film in a
running water for at least 20 minutes.
such as Kodak Photo-Flo
to reduce
water spotting during
wetting solution
drying then hang the film to dry in a dust-free area.
MAKING THE COMBINATION
PLAN PRINT
usu-ally
have
1/4
a clear
plan sheet the film should
the image.
Cut out the area on the plan where the
the cutout
in
will go so that the margin of the picture
picture
overlaps
for splicing
vellum
the
vellum sheet.
suitable
Any transparent adhesive
To
the
attach
.6
cm
should
film
to
a
margin around
be
suitable
for
attaching
the top edge
only
to
travel
through
sheet
of
the
is
film
in place
on
the
plan
sheet
permit the film
the ozalid machine without wrinkling.
OTHER
Since
the
film
is
taped
vellum
and
to
CONSIDERATIONS
commercial lab production is more expensive and the positive film
be
a common on-hand item some
advanced planning should
before
the method described is tried the first time.
A unit planning
the
not generally
done
of this type of work should
locate
the source
for purchasing the
might send some to the photo lab along with the negatives to be
the work.
printed details would have to be worked out with the lab doing
Another way to get the processing done would be to find a local amateur
who would be willing to do some of this work
or find a darkroom and make
do
the
work
to
Offices
or
yourself.
Often
Regional
arrangements
to
do
film
some
and
Super-visors
lit-tle
Offices
done
for
have
individual
darkrooms
available where work of this nature
can
be
units.
Alternative Methods.
Alternative methods
are available--that involve
or no additional cost and effort--to produce
a good
printed photo image
in the plan and incorporate the halftone dot screen pattern mentioned in
opening
the
plan
a
8-1/2
the
and
thereby
improve
the
quality of
the
finished
copies.
alternative
One
is
paragraphs
is
pre-screened
x 11 21.6 cm
same
manner
as
2563
Kodak Autoscreen Ortho Film
purchase
it
about
costs
$18 per box of 25 sheets
film
to
the
x
27.9
cm
film.
continuous-tone
4
handled
product
monochromatic film.
This
is
which
of
in
exactly
Another approach
tinuous
tone
of
is
the
to
use
original
a
patterned
photo
material that will
ne.gative
actually
break
this
is
up
the
doing
the
lithographer does when he prints a book.
2
and
Figures
3
were made
of ZIPTONE material between
by inserting a sheet
the original
negative and the unexposed-positive-film before making the exposure.
One
was made with a line pattern and the other with a dot both
are effective
same
for
the
thing
that
a
the
purpose described.
ZIPTONE sheets.
Other materials that
cloth
or
or
silk
can
In
be
the
used
screening sheets
to
examples
the
obtain the
used
similar sharply-patterned items.
5
in making
wax was
same
not
effect
signs
and
removed
are
from
cheese
similar items
tea--Sam
Figure 2.--Line-patterned print section made with ZIPTONE sheet that
available from most art and graphics materials suppliers.
6
is
r
ja
g
54
9
r
c
Figure 3.---Doi-patterned
print section made with ZIPPONE sheet that
available from most art and graphics materials suppliers.
7
is
DESIGNATION
OF WATER
RESOURCES
BiZZ Opfer
Sanitary Engineer
Leon Lehr
Sanitary Engineer
Consultation and Standards
WO
considerable interest and controversy concerning .th degree
about
the
information
that shall be provided to the public
and extent
National
Forest
land.
sources
on
safety of water
There
has
been
sign-ing
of
A revision
and
to
FSM
that addresses
is being printed
many of the issues
the requirements for potable water and the
7421
relating to
fur-nish
In-terim
regu-lations
concerns
of unsafe
water sources.
drinking
Any water offered
as
The
intended
new FSM
for human
is considered
7421
use
reads
part
in
whether
for
cooking or washing
potable.
drinking
water by any means of development that indicates physical
must
protection is given by design and construction features
evidence
of
intent
of
human
use.
be considered as
To
where compliance with the National
State
Primary Drinking Water Regulation NIPDWR
and manual standards is physically impossible i.e.
Wilderness Areas and cross-country trails etc.-must be
in an undeveloped condition that clearly indicates the
Water sources
in
areas
main-tained
water source
is unprotected.
providing the public with information about these water
or maps a warning
sources
through trail guides brochures
statement
as to the potability of the water must be included.
Any modifications to these unprotected sources must be limited
the water is protected
as not to mislead users into thinking
so
and safe.
Water sources where a potential for chemical
health should not be
to public
poses a threat
When
con-tamination
iden-tified
on maps and
brochures.
con-sidered
Water provided for range and wildlife water developments and
for human use and shall be
firefighting is not intended
non-potable water.
Requirements of this chapter will
not apply to range and wildlife or firefighting developments
unless its design and construction features
clearly provide for
9
foun-tains
human use through fixtures
or it is an integral
such
as
faucets
of
a potable
and
drinking
water system.
Such
integral
systems must meet all requirements for potable
water and shall additionally provide suitable cross-connection
for the potable portion.
part
direction was developed as a result of several
recommendations and
provided by the Office of the General
Counsel
OGC concerning
possible tort liability for signing
water
sources.
The OGC concluded
that in areas where particular lands are open for intensive
public use
a user is an invitee on public
land and the Government owes
the user a
duty to exercise ordinary care and prudence in rendering the area of
This
in-tense
opinions
potabil-ity
informa-tion.
ex-pressly
consti-tute
use
As
safe
and
to
warn of unknown dangers.
applied to water sources the Government should
of water by signs and by warnings on maps and
However
sign
in
water sources
areas
of
found
on public
dispersed use
disclaim the
other
printed
no duty
is generally
there
lands unless
these
sources
to
are
or implicitly held out to the public
as potential drinking
water
are so located
that a reasonable person might believe they were
sources of drinking water such as a spring in a campground or
an extraordinary risk to health or safety.
There does not have to
be a sign at every water source disclaiming potability nor does there
have to be a disclaimer posted each time that the name of a historical or
landmark site includes
reference to water
e.g. Oaken Bucket Spring
and
con-sider
or
Silver
Spring
or
use
2
Butlers Wells.
before placing disclaimer signs
the
public
For an area
and
the
amount
are
1
The
relevant factors
the
extent
of risk involved.
and
to
purpose
of
public use
such as a component of the National
highly-developed
campground even though there is
no affirmative duty to sign or indicate
generally
potable water sources
once the Government assumes that job it assumes the duty to do it
Merely indicating the location of a water source on a map or
sign without referring to its purity implies that
it is safe to drink.
The principal purpose of the trail or campground
is to provide a
and the public
experience
is invited
and encouraged
to participate
in that activity.
In
the context of a heavily-used hiking
trail or
signing the location of water sources
could reasonably be
as an implied warranty that
such water is for drinking
purposes
therefore
a reasonable person hiking
the trail or using the campground
of
intense
cor-rectly.
recre-ation
camp-ground
con-strued
Trails
System
or
a
Gener-ally
inten-sive
could
construe
the sign as indicating a drinking water source.
of care should
be exercised
higher standard
in areas of
public use than is required for other general purpose lands because
the high intensity of use over a relatively small land area.
a
of
With
respect to drinking water an area of much greater significance lies
not with springs or streams or other open sources but with developed
sources such as hand pumps in campgrounds wells and pipes.
Where those
10
appro-priate
emer-gence
system must be monitored to insure that the water is
the system is closed
to public
use.
Signing is not
safe or
is
manmade
facilities.
where the water
pumped or passes through
There need not be signs disclaiming potability at every
ground water
point nor is it necessary to remove existing signs at those points.
or
Failure to sign--except where water may be poisonous
A disclaimer statement on
not raise
inordinate risks of liability.
and brochures that provides information relative to the safety or
maps
be sufficient
to protect the Government
purity of water sources should
facilities
exist
the
that
contaminated--does
from
most
potential
liability
claims.
11
CURVE WIDENING
Rick
Civil
Nelson
Willamette NF
Engineer
R-6
condi-tions
has followed
the practice of adding
For several
years the Forest Service
surface
width
to
curves
in
order
to
make
extra
operating
roadway
on curves
comparable to the conditions on tangents.
Extra width
a
is needed
on road
curves
because
in
rounding
curve
a
the rear wheels generally track inside the path of the front
wheels and the truck--or other vehicle--requires a greater width of road
surface as a result of this difference in tracking
paths and
in
the truck
so as
the driver experiences difficulty
steering
b
to hold
The
the
truck
the
center
of
the
lane.
formula generally has been
following
required for
in
a
useful
to
curve
Curve
widening to be added
400/radius
compute
the
extra
width
of curve
com-puting
on long curve
compromise formula it is adequate for log trucks
excessive
tends
to produce
extra width that may be somewhat
Further the formula may be inadequate for
on short curve lengths.
widths to accommodate vehicles that are appreciably longer
curve
This
is a
lengths
than
but
normal.
In October 1976 Leonard Della-Maretta and Michael Cisneros of the San
Dimas Equipment Development Center
SDEDC published Trailer Tractrix
That publication has
and
Curve
Program
for
Widening.
Computer
Equations
and reprinted
are available from SDEDC.
been revised
recently
copies
presented in that publication the most recent one we
Using the equations
from which
have on this subject it is possible to develop design curves
we can determine the curve widening values necessary to accommodate the
on a curve
tracking variations of vehicles of any size that are traveling
of any radius and deflection
angle.
The outside offtrack is
Figure 1 shows the geometry of offtracking.
If R is the curve
determined easily.
radius and L is the tractor length
the offtrack is L/sin cos-1 L/R-R.
13
INSIDE
OFFTRACK
OUTSIDE OFFTRACK
TRAILER
LEN
GTH
TRACTOR
LENGTH
cý9ýF
I
5t-h
WHEEL
TRAIL
ANGLE
OI
I
Figure 1.--Geometry of offtracking
for the inside
Design curves
offtrack can be developed by using a computer
program to calculate the maximum offtrack for a specific
trailer
length
and varying the radius and deflection angle.
2
and 3 show curves
Figures
that have been developed for 40- and 55-foot
12.19 m-16.76
trailers.
To find the inside
offtrack
at the bottom
go up from the deflection angle
until you intersect the curve
representing the radius then read the
off-track
in-stance
print-out
m
Then
roadway width from the
vehicle width.
For
a 40-foot
12.19
on a 100-foot
30.48
radius curve
m
ttrailer
with a deflection angle of 80
will have an offtrack of 7.8 feet 2.38 m.
If the vehicle
is 8-feet 2.44
wide the inside roadway width will be
from
the
centerline
11.8
The
feet
scale
is
just
3.6
m
at
the
the
left.
offtrack
m
plus
Tractrix Program may also be used
intersections.
Figure 4 is
a
HP
9830A.
inside
the
m
critical
on
the
one-half
The
PI
of
the
to design bridge approaches
and
copy of the Tractrix Program
curve
is set at Station 100 the first
a
columns are the station and the offtrack of the rear of the trailer
and the third-column is the station of the fifth wheel.
The wheel track
of the inside
rear wheel can then be plotted as shown and this plot can
two
14
12-80
10-W
6-150
50
14
TRAILER LENGTH
60
40
70
100
8
LL
lJl
OLL
125
175
4
200
250
300
350
400
459
2
20
40
60
80
DEFLECTION
Figure 2.--Design curve
100
ANGLE
120
140
160
DEGREES
for 40
ft.
12.19
m
trailer
180
RADIUS
14-125
12-150
60
16
TRAILER LENGTH
70
80
90
100
55
RADIUS
U
ý
ON
10
175
LL
t
8
200
250
6
300
350
4
2
20
40
60
80
DEFLECTION
Figure 3.--Design curve
100
ANGLE
120
140
160
DEGREES
for 55
ft.
16.76
m
trailer
180
R
80
STHilM
I
IFFTRHCK
DEF
8L9
DISTANCE
-.i 00
14
00
4Fi00
Iii
liii
49.444
98
V27
60
7-_trý
1.104
5.7
-
1.b10
111.
-.
7.95-
-
120.89
1313.53
140.26
HE
05
151. 72
3.56r
181.
190.33
0125
ANGLE
140.00
1t6j.
.43 I
160.010
170.00
12.
00. A0
2 10. 00
211.701
50
M99
14.1..8
18
1
0.86
1T98
lE
34
11.14
9.74
31
4r.1..
8.14
F1ý0
256.99
266.91
68
4.74
276.84
95
ý
300
96.7.i
28680
21. 41
AO
MAO
.
1
2M.70
261.70
71.740
281.70
29170
E
RHD1II
UFFTRHCK_
0Fj
040
INFINITY
6..5
INF.T.F11T.
12.0
16.
20.4
23.7
26.4
28.8
lIIF1MITi
TTr
INFINITY
INFINITY
ihlFI
h1
MA
_
-
4
4111
_.
33.9
MY
35.
4
D_
0
20. 9
1_
--
_Li.
an
Rmno
so 0.1
804941
0.
ON
As
4j
00
k9.Fi4j
14.6
am 00
INFINITY
10.2
INFINITY
INFINITY
0.ý
301.70
311.70
321.7H
5.9
INFINITY
INFINITY
331719
311.7U1
351.70
4.1
INFIHITi
INFINITY
INFINITY
An
s
.
_.1
361
Sri 1.70
g$
-.1FhIT5
CS
3.4
q
TA4
1
..
1
S8
INITi
IF1FIhIITi
I
2.29
19000
GI
DEGREES
90.00
1149-0H
120.00
AN
TRH1Y.-
10000
180.00
217.95
227.57
30075
STATION
9.81
11.42
208.49
237
55
L
130.0
-
13.
_
9_
TRAILER
r_IFFTFNF
TRACK
OF INSIDE REAR WHEEL
80
Figure 4.--HP 9830A printout
and diagram of inside rear wheel
17
tracking
intersection or bridge approach to handle the
This technique
design vehicle.
may also be used to plot the path of the
front overhanging
portion of a yarder.
then
be used
to
design the
widen-ingi
inter-sections.
A powerful tool in an area that had previously been mostly guesswork
Tractrix equations make it possible to actually determine what curve
necessary and the proper dimensions to bridge approaches and
18
the
WASHINGTON
OFFICE NEWS
OPERATIONS
Harold L. Strickland
Assistant Director
Den-ver
informa-tion
ac-tion.
ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATION PROGRAM
Representatives of the Regions and the Washington Office will meet in
the week of August
21-25 1978 to share
Colorado during
Service-wide
the
on
problem concerning
Certification and Technical
and
to
recommendations
for corrective
Data Systems Programs
develop
One of the recent changes in the program in the WO provides for the WO
technical staff specialist in Consultation and Standards
to work directly
the
Certification
Examinations
and
associated
with the Regions to keep
in
their
The Technical
material current
training
specific
specialty area.
Recruitment and Development Engineer will continue
to
function
however
Technical
as the program coordinator in accordance with FSM-7115.04a.
Staff
Specialists in the WO will workwith their Regional
counterparts to
meth-ods
by
quantity and skill level
and to develop recommendations
correct any skill deficiencies
and/or programs to assure satisfactory job performance.
determine the
extent
of
training
PRECONSTRUCTION
needed
to
for
CERTIFICATION
Pre-construction
In development
of
Preconstruction
Certification Program the WO
in Consultation and Standards
will be working with a
to follow up on the Regions earlier work in the
assigned
the
Engineer
small
task
force
Preconstruction
categories.
TRANSPORTATION
ANALYST TRAINING
COURSE
According to recent audits and reviews the visible process of relating the
transportation system to resource management is deficient on many Forests.
19
Berk-eley.
modular instruction program has been developed
with
the University of California at
a cooperative
through
agreement
Forest
Service
the University in development
Many
personnel assisted
To
problem
this
correct
a
com-pleting
transporta-tion
of
course
content.
In addition
to
program
is
enhancing
designed
1
Forest
Transportation Analysts
thetechniques
necessary for
the Forest
Service
Land Management Plans with related
and other considerations
by 1985 as required by the National Forest
and
needs
in the Small Area
Management Act
meeting Forest Service
the
2
the
to
skills
of
provide
trans-portation
Planning
allows
The
efforts.
each
modular concept
be
trained
person
planning for which he
to
used
in
the
pre-testing and
in only
the particular aspects
has a job performance need.
training
of
devel-opmen
at Fort Collins
Prototype courses were given
Colorado by which training
material was validated.
Of special
concern was its relevance to the
of skills necessary for Transportation Analysts to perform the work
at the Forest level.
pro-gram
development steering committee will evaluate the results of
prototype module training sessions prior to final preparation of the
A course
The
modules.
steering committee
1.
An Assistant
2.
Several
3.
4.
5.
6.
We
expect
FY
79.
Director
Regional
is
comprised
of
WO
Engineering
of Engineering and Assistant
of
Directors
Regional
directors
A Forest Supervisor
A District Ranger
Personnel from Engineering Training and Development
and
Staff
in
from
Regional
Transportation Planning
Specialists
Offices
and the Washington Office.
to
have
the
course
material available
SELF-STUDY
for
distribution early in
COURSE BOOKS
Engineering Certification Program Self-Study Course we
for distribution several
of Basic Mathematics
copies
and Measurements EM 7710-la.
In
the
the
still
EM
have
Gen-era
available
EM
7110-1
7110-lb and 1c are out of
available within 6 months the
revisions
will include
the most recent versions of the Forest Service
Provisions and Specifications for the Construction of Roads and
Bridges EM 7720-100.
Construction Inspection
Revised editions
print.
Parts
of
1
these
and
2
will
20
be
CONSULTATION
AND
STANDARDS
Walter E. Furen
Assistant Director
for March 5-9
Workshop is scheduled
is
to
evaluate
general
workshop
past water and
purpose
sanitation system designs
with
to
water
abatement
and
pollution
respect
health
This
of
is
public
protection.
workshop
type
especially pertinent
to the Acts controlling Safe Drinking
now because of recent amendments
Water and Clean Air as well as the promulgation of several regulations
authorized by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
A Service-wide
1979.
Sanitary Engineering
The
of
this
Sani-tary
direc-tion
It
is
the
anticipated
that
these
technical
dialogues
ideas
will
present
an
opportunity for
and program management
design
features
their Regional
encouraged to contact
for workshop topics and/or
Engineers with suggestions
presentations
may be of particular interest or concern as related to the
and limitations
of existing
requirements
programs.
exchange
concepts.
that
of
Field
personnel
are
21
IMPROVEMENTS
TECHNOLOGICAL
Heyward T. Taylor
Assistant Director
fabri-cated
STEEP-SLOPE
The
San
a
Dimas
series
SEEDER
DEVELOPED
and
Equipment Development Center SDEDC has designed
of successively-refined prototype seeders
for attachment
to
distur-bances.
The
seeder
is used
on steep
telescoping boom crane see fig.1
slopes
for instance
in order
that need
to stabilize the surface
revegetation
and to correct
after road
ski area or mining land
construction
Initially the members of the Steep Slope Stabilization Workgroup
Rehabilitation and Equipment Workshop
of the multi-agency Vegetative
plus
additional key people developed criteria
to make
sure the seeder would be
as
economically feasible as possible.
a
Figure 1a--SDEDC seeder mounted
operating on littered cut bank
hydraulic telescoping boom machine
on Willamette National Forest Oreg.
on
22
scar-ifier
up-ward
seeders design
current
The
incorporates
fertilizer are
broadcast seeders.
Seed
tynes.
and
motor-powered
covered by dirt drags pressed
dc
individually spring-loaded
behind the tynes by two
spread
In
loose soils
the
seed
is
down
by spring-loaded tynes that have an
In hard-packed
shaped
opening.
soils the drag assemblies can be
so that the tynes provide additional
inverted
soil loosening
while also
covering much of the seed with dirt.
Then
the soil is compacted
by
spring-loaded
terrain-following wheels.
Carriers capable of holding and positioning the seeder are limited to a
few telescoping-boom hydraulic cranes.
Other
cranes
inadequate
proved
because
they could not elevate and depress
through the angles required
or because
out very far.
they could not reach
Knuckle-boom cranes were
eliminated because
their knuckle joints could not be subjected
to the
Nation-al
side
In
loads
on
imposed
1976 the first
Forest R-4.
the boom.
SDEDC
prototype seeder was tested
on the Boise
tests were aimed at comparing effectiveness of
the new device with several
methods of planting roadside slopes
current
i.e. hydroseeding with Silva fiber mulch broadcast seeding broadcast
seeding with straw mulch held in place with jute netting.
All test
sites were along
one road near
Idaho
The fill slopes were
City Idaho.
These
generally 1 1/21 most of the cut banks were measured at 3/41.
The
soil is coarse-textured granitic
sand.
Germination
survival and growth
rates for the seed planted by the SDEDC seeder were very impressive and
surpassed those of seed planted by the other three methods.
Table
1.--Comparison of methods for planting
No.
Seeding method
of
sq.
plants
per
meter plot
roadside
Percent plant
cover attained
Hydroseed
30
20
Broadcast
42
37
60
31
80
43
Broadcast w/
mulch
SPEDC
and
straw
net
seeder
23
slopes
hydroseeding the test sites was estimated at $400 to $600 per
The cost of
were gathered for the two broadcast approaches.
acre
the
seeder
about
unless
the
amount
of
slash on
operating
ran
$100 per acre
the site caused difficulties for the operators
then
costs were about
$180
After
the
tests
the
Boise
National
SDEDC
acre.
on
engineering
per
Forest
work was aimed at making the seeder more durable without increasing its
The
cost
of
no
costs
weight beyond
capacity
the
of
existing hydraulic
cranes.
train-ing
in-cluding
in-cludes
This spring an improved SDEDC
steep-slope seeder was evaluated on the
Willamette National Forest R-6.
The purpose of the Willamette trials
to evaluate mechanical
was
reliability and to ascertain operating costs.
Just under 25 acres
10.12 hectares of roadside slopes were seeded in 5
days some additional time was spent seeding a recreation site and
two
The
.8
long
operators.
seeder/crane combination
hectares
per hour
times between
travel
seed
and
but
showed
this
sites
fertilizer was
hourly boom crane Gradall use
and a pickup
a swamper
truck.
40
$400
$600
to
acre.
per
and
$3200
jute
cut
netting.
banks
and
ran
as
per
kg
18.14
pounds
fertilizer per
of
that
rate
it was
couldnt
of seeding 2
capable
be sustained because
acres
of
not
the
operation
approximately $59 per acre this includes
rate two wage-grade equipment operators
The
total cost per acre was
$92 which
etc.
seed
The
per
cost
acre
and
of
160
pounds
72.58
kg
of
of
Region
compares
typical
for hydroseeding
for broadcast seeding
$40 per acre
for broadcast seeding
followed
by straw mulching and
This
cost
with
6
costs
acre
acre
oper-ation
steep
The
stumps limbs
was
As
the
a
SDEDC
produced
etc.
of
The
seeder
adapted
the
well
to
was
operated on both
will
the
terrain and
banks
its
litter.
Willamette National
Forest
trials the development of
is considered completed.
Final
are now being
drawings
the
seeder
and
seeder performed reliably and
seriously affected by
not
result
SDEDC
fill slopes.
Most fill slopes were mild however cut
Both cuts and fills were
as 3/41.
littered with rock
soon
be
available
from
24
SDEDC.
TO READERS
INVITATION
Every
reader
author of an
potential
a
is
would
OF
NOTES
FIELD
article
for
Field Notes.
If
you have
news item or
a
accu-rate
short
article
publication
Material
you
in
Field
submitted
like
to
share with
Service
we
engineers
you
invite
Notes.
Washington
the
to
Office
publication
for
should
be
send
to
it
for
by the
reviewed
Washing-ton
Regional
respective
Office
and of
informative
submitted
however
short articles
Office should
be
Notes
Area
Headquarters
mailing
the
list
ask
number
Each
to
should
be
to
of
pages
typewritten
material submitted
All
illustrations
all
several
the
original
drawings
or
photos.
and Forest
Forests
your Office Manager
has
an
to
your
Information
and material
for
or
Office directly
Service retirees.
the
Regional
to
Regional Station and
all
you
If
are
Information
Copies of back issues
office.
Dittmer
Melvin
R-2
M. Ryser
Juan Gomez
Royal
Coordinators
should
direct
Coordinator
Ted
R-5
Jim
R-6
Kjell
R-8
Bob Bowers
questions
are
not
also
on the
currently
Coordinator
to
increase
from the
available
Telephone
should
submit both
R-9
Fred Hintsala
R-10
F.
WO
format editing
W. Baxandall
Al Colley
publishing dates
and other
Service
Staff
Attn Gordon
P.O. Box 2417
Washington
personnel
are
Bakke
concerning
Forest
Engineering
field
Wood
McCoy
R-4
problems to
USDA
whom
to
The Coordinators
publication.
R-1
R-3
Service-wide
preferred.
double-spaced
typed
timely technically
FSM 7113. The length
current
short sentences
several
are
is
Office.
Region
questions
engineers
to
news items
of copies sent
Washington
information
distributed from the Washington
Field
is
the
that
from
vary
or
and white
glossy black
see
interest
may
material
to
L.
D.C.
Area
Rm.
Rome
1
108
RP-E
20013
Code
703-235-8198
U.S.
GOVERMENT
PRINTING
OFFICE
1978
0-261-474/4