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ENGINEERING
IF
r
TECHNICAL
FIELD
TECHNICAL REPORTS
MANAGEMENT
DATA RETRIEVAL
INFORMATION
L
NOTES
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
SYSTEM
L
VOLUME
PP_
1
/
i.
Solar-Powered
Matching
1a1
NUMBER
3
Notes
Field.
Use
8
Construction
Flush Toilet
System
Automotive Engines
by
the
Response Method
Washington Office News
L
FOREST SERVICE
fýpEST
MARCH
5EPý
nrtaw.
U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
1976
Mr
E
maws
FIELD NOTES
ENGINEERING
Volume
Number
8
3
March 1976
This
monthly newsletter
U.S. Department
of Agriculture
Department
or use
The
of this information
use
of trade
of
convenience
product
or service
text
in
respective
procedures
Because
intended
to
by other than
Such
reader.
exclusion
publication
names
use
does
should
exclusively
U.S.
for
is
for
not
only.
information
the
constitute
the
as
or policy
in
the
personal
The
publication
read each issue
opinions
by
however
FSM
all
FOREST SERVICE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Washington D.C.
20250
of any
of
the
or approved
references.
engineers
this
engineers.
and
official
suitable.
recommended
except
an
or approval
of others which may be
represents
of material
technicians
retirees
employees.
endorsement
and must not be construed
type
own
its
recommendation
the
employees of the
to
its
assumes no responsibility for the interpretation
mandatory instructions
of the
engineering
not
the
author
for distribution
published
firm or corporation
the
conclusion
evaluation
The
is
of Agriculture-Forest Service and
and
publication
is
teeth.
ripper
and
Backhoe
thumb
690B
with
Bucket
Deere John
1.
-
2.
Figure
Figure
USE OF BACKHOE IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION
W.
Bernard
Lea
Engineering Technician
Bitterroot National
Region
Complete
who have
contractors
is
almost
slash
mixing slash with
bum.
to
roads
specified
been
has
a
problem
continuing
used dozers for this type of work. The main problem
traditionally
impossible to avoid
difficult
is
narrow
slash on
of
disposal
Forest
1
soil
is
for
that
it
operation consequently
during the pioneer
For the past two seasons the
Construction
Company of Barby Montana has worked on
Godd.rd
the West Fork District of the Bitterroot National
Forest under a sub-contract. Last spring the
The machine
piling.
between the thumb and the open
back of the bucket see figs. 1 and 2.
general operating
right-of-way
logs
procedure
Piled in the roadway
2.
Loaded on trucks
3.
Scattered
in
3
figures
through
thumb
of the
that the machine
30-40
backhoe
that
bucket.
It also
the
for
long.
The
pioneering
operator
to
trap
ripper teeth on the
has
out in front and clears
reaches
feet
to be used
enables
slash can either
the slash and
be
and burned
and hauled to a burning pit or
behind the machine
the roadway
works well when
See
is
a
side
from an area approximately
1.
track-mounted
equipped with
is
material
The
B
purchased a John Deere 690
sub-contractor
and slash
it is
6
be picked
to
up
methods
for
of
of
disposing
slash
This method
later.
can be used.
a long haul to the pit since more trucks
during the
road
construction
operation.
Large stumps and right-of-way
then dropped to remove
When
right-of-way
fig.
a road for
it
up
slash and
track-mounted
operator
operate
can be
Stumps
laid
dug
the pioneer
along
up and
picked
slope to be
fill
on.
has
been cleared
The machine
is
the machine
scoops
then moved ahead and the
up enough
cycle
dirt to
begins
again
7.
of the advantages
picking
to
logs
can be
trucks.
the area in front of the machine
construct
A few
The
up by self-loading logging
picked
see
dirt.
have created no problems.
logs
to
pick
it
has
are
1
operating
versatility
up considerably
the machine
can swing a 360 degree
considerably
for
faster
rough terrain
larger amounts
than
and
3
the
when
it is
2
backhoe
thumb attachment
of slash to be loaded
1
circle
a normal
and hauled see
or
digging
since
enables
fig.
it
is
the
8. The
truck.
burning.
n
for road
loaded
2
being
Slash
the in piled Slash
4.
3.
Figure
Figure
S.
Slash
Figure
6 -
Figure
being
Slash
hauled to burning
scattered
in
3
the
pit.
Summer
Operation
road to be picked up
later.
Y
k
j
X
Figure
can
operator
lodgepole
-
7.
scooped up to make a small road for the machine
Dirt being
between 800 and 1900 linear
clear
dead material
stands with considerable
The machine
is
also
used
for
about 18 inches down. This
feet
day
averaging
operate
1200
feet
on.
through thick
on the ground.
operations
and can reach
the operator
to place more
culvert
enables
per
to
approximately 30
fill
in
dry
and
feet. level
draws compact
it and
then dig the culvert trench.
The
reach
long
the machine
see
fig.
also
proves beneficial
along the road and slide
for
slope rounding
the bucket
flat side
and blending.
down
The
operator
can move
and create a neat-looking
slope
9.
The machine
an additional
additional
cost
approximately
$3000
machine
for
however
skidding
$60000
the
in
the
machine
spring of 1975.
has
cut the
The thumb and
contractors
costs
on steep slopes where the backhoe cannot reach
4
ripper teeth cost
considerably.
is still
needed.
An
Figure
Figure
9.
Slope
8.
created
Large amount
of slash being
hauled.
by sliding the flat side of the bucket
5
along the road
PUSH
BUTTON
SOLAR
POWER
PANELS
BATTERIES
24
J BOX
CLOSET
11
VDC
c
N
LL
24
VDC
URINAL
J
CONTROL
CLEANOUT
FLUSH
fLUSH
WASTE DRAIN
HOLDING TANK
Figure
1.
- Diagram of
solar-powered
Magic Flush
system.
FLUID
FLUID
FLUSH TOILET SYSTEM
SOLAR-POWERED
Neal Spooner
Harry Kringler
Sanitary Engineer
Gallatin
Custer
Region
A
power.
of solar power
unique application
The
sanitation
wall which was
hazard to
The
commercial
flat
tank.
wastes
The
are
fluid.
was
convert
to
system uses
approached
existing
Electrical
that
50000
30000
the
vault leaked
at
an
of
the rear
health
a potential
were limited since water
alternatives
site
the
elevation
it
Magic Flush
odorless fluid
is
fluid
a small
being
9200
A
feet.
a few feet
air
available
of
Magic Flush
people
summer of
visited the
site
system
mineral
in
the tank
operates
figs.
pump
the
for each
site
fixture
and the
depending
over steep rocky
1975.
7
the
to
The
a sealed
and 2. The
on the
terrain.
to recirculate
estimated
An
route.
on-site
system.
during
1
a
like
oil for flushing.
see
the
to
building
and disposal elsewhere.
$85000
and
miles away
at
toilet
the system to carry wastes
and stored
24-volt D.C.
power was
between $30000
similar to
within
recycled
vault
eight-fixture
The
system.
not
system was added to power the
estimated
the
at
Beartooth
consisted
the site.
periodically for treatment
power line was
commercial powerline was 1-1/2
is
Park
The
tank.
on the
overlook
National
exist and bedrock was exposed or within
the
sanitation
but unlike water
overhead
lIt
for the
the site.
pumped and hauled
The Magic Flush
flushing
available
not
are separated from the flush
wastes
at
was desired but the
system
flush toilet but utilizes a clear
looks like water
electrical
an opportunity
The exposed raw sewage was
slope.
area for a drainfield did not
Magic Flush
conventional
to supply
panels
presented
a scenic
Yellowstone
an 18000-gallon hold
with
were
electricity
solution
design
and
and strong odors were present
throughout
Monogram
fluid
1
Forest
also
Creek Vista Point
Montana
Lodge
type of sanitation
the surface
National
exposed because of a steep
visitors
different
relatively
Red
Rock
the
at
1
panels.
vault toilet building
eight-fixture
and
facilities
between
Highway
A
project on the Custer
sanitation
Forest
National
stations have used solar power
years remote radio repeater
In recent
Engineer
Civil
Forest
National
summer of 1974 and
the figure
cost
The
the
of
an
closest
generation
A
reliable
electrical
system was required to keep the sanitation
power
system
operational
at
all
times. Three systems were considered
All
gasoline-powered
2.
wind-powered generator and
3.
solar power panels.
three systems would require similar storage
costs
for
comparison
annual
of the
alternatives
of the equivalent
calculations
of the
cost
solar
No wind
data
was
is
battery capacities.
given
Table
in
uniform annual cost of each
panels
was
somewhat
still
1.
A
summary
Table 2
alternative.
higher
than
the
is
available to
assure adequate
of the
pertinent
a compilation
The
equivalent
other
on top of a 50-foot tower would have had a large
wind-powered generator
site.
generator
automatic starting control system
with
1.
alternatives.
the
The
impact on the
visual
wind-power to operate
of the
uniform
generator.
The
had a sequence of mechanical steps required to start the unit. The
gasoline-powered
generator
solar panels were chosen mainly because of their low expected
maintenance costs and simplicity
of operation.
A
contract
supply
specifications
stated
was
that
would run 55 seconds
batteries
advertised
for
the electrical
per cycle.
which were supplied
The
supply
load
24-volt
and
installation
would be 800 flush
D.C.
by the Forest Service
pump
of
cycles
the
solar
panels.
motors would draw
were low-loss lead calcium
seven
amps. The
batteries
see
3.
Figure
2.
Holding tanks
with
covers
for
Magic
Flush
system
Figure
3.
- Lead
calcium
pounds worth
open.
8
The
per day and the pumps
batteries
all
1332
fig.
TABLE
1.
COST SUMMARY FOR THREE ALTERNATIVES
Annual
Estimated
Cost$
Alternative
Gasoline-powered
Equivalent
Uniform Annual
Maint.
Operation
Initial
Cost$
Cost$
4200
405
838
6590
240
874
50
916
generator
Wind-powered
generator
Solar
9750
power
panels
Estimated
Written
Low
quote
bid
TABLE
PW
Initial
Cost$
Alternatives
ECONOMIC
2.
of generator
10
ANALYSIS
30-Year
20
Annual
Total
replacement
years
PW
years
Life
CR3
OM
Uniform
Cost$
Annual
Gasoline-powered
4200
463
215
4878
433
405
838
Wind-powered2
6590
370
172
7132
634
240
874
Solar-power
9750
0
0
9750
866
50
916
-Figures
for
$1000
P/F
P/F
$1000
2Figures
$800
$800
for
P/F
P/F
PW
3CR
PW
generator
replacement
8% 10
1000
0.4632
8% 20
1000
0.2145
PW generator replacement
8% 10 800 0.4632
8% 20 800 0.2145
P
KCT-540
Battery
Division
cells
24
per cell.
follows
were calculated
as
follows
at
were purchased under
volts
The
The
a cost of $1532.
hydrometer to measure the
volts
as
8% 30
Twelve
to provide
were calculated
specific
D.C. The
expected
price included
contract
have a rated capacity
of the batteries
is
20
9
to
GS-OOS-28761 from
shipping
gravity of the battery water.
batteries
life
FSS
a
25
interconnecting
The
cells
straps
are connected
of 840 amp-hours
years.
the
eight
hours
CD
and a
in series
to 1.75
The
iow
bid
at
24
D.C. for a
volts
Maryland.
total
$8750
was
solar panels
Rockville
in
Corporation
the
for
for installation
from the
Their proposed solar array had an output
The
of 360 watts.
output
$1000
plus
Solarex
rating of 15
amps
area of the array would be 73 square
total
feet.
The Magic Flush
system and the solar panel
system was completely
season
The
see
figs.
45
operational
measured
array was
September. The array was sized based on the
A regulator
some smog problems.
can be a viable
Solar power
cost
one of the main concerns
this
cells
are exposed.
cells
a module
case
the module
in
There are 1664
current.
be
If
lost for
There
much
in
adequately
evaluated
The
10
solar power
20
this
is
cells in
Solar panels
of September.
The
source
being
of the arrays to 14 amps.
under certain conditions.
a competitive
type of system.
The
article.
In-depth
of solar power
when
Each
this
power
will
about panel
queries
as
in
a unit or the
that
one cannot
and outputs
amount
of
the slug will
cables.
be a unique system
sizes
a small
damaged by
one of the interconnecting
application
cover
and
should
will
this
subject
have
be directed
to
to
be
the
panels.
available under a
present supplier under
modular units
the factory.
at
solar
using
low
and the bulls-eye-like
of standard
with 32 solar cells. The-module can be replaced
hits
The
alternative.
generating
panels
the solar array at Vista Point each cell producing
consider
to
now
first
during the 1975 recreation
shot at with a rifle only the area of the small cell
a small
are
the output
limits
combinations
arrays are
can be repaired individually
individually.
manufacturers
obtained
x
for
power generation unless the slug
so
is
is
solar
the unit
intensity
the major factor for solar panels
is
by the
use
for
be 37 amps when the system was tested in
of sunlight in Maryland which does have
for a power
alternative
Vandalism
solar
to
on the solar panels
maintenance
is
late
and 6.
of the solar panel
output
array were installed
but was completed too
contract.
FSS
from the authors or the Regional
Darrell
contract
Environmental
Solarex
Health Engineer
McNenny
Environmental
Regional
U.S. Forest Service
Federal
GS-OOS-03887.
Corporation
is
the
Information on the system at Rock Creek Vista Point can be
Health Engineer
Northern Region
Building
Missoula
Montana
59801
10
teflon-coated
units.
are fixtures
11
t.
Kohler
Porcelain
-
6.
Figure
i
panels.
next
holding
Rock
at
power
solar of
view
Close-up
-
5.
Figure
building
foundation.
to
tanks
power
panels
system Flush Magic
for
and roof the on installed
Solar
facility
Point.
Vista
Creek
of View
sanitation
4.
Figure
MATCHING AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES AND DRIVELINES BY THE RESPONSE METHOD
Leonard Della-Moretta
Industrial Engineer
San Dimas Equipment Development
The power consumed by
and accelerations
stops
the
fixed
wasteful
A
a car or truck
determined by
is
road gradients
the
Center
travel
its
and other
must be paid. The price can be needlessly
price
speed
haul
or
trip
Calif.
number
gross weight
Once
variables.
and grossly overpaid
of
these
are
however
by
of the engine that supplies this power.
operation
can
good truckdriver
avoid
much
of
he has
if
overpayment
this
been
with
provided
two
necessities
An
1.
at
an
2.
of proper size to
engine
efficient
engine load and speed
so the
Proper gearing
work
deliver the correct horsepower so the
most of the time
engine
an
at
can work
engine
and
can
start
and accelerate
the vehicle
and
efficiently
engine load and speed.
efficient
ENGINE SIZE
First
we must
find out
how much horsepower
the truck
needs
to
do
its
main job-the
job that
suitability.
may be hauling up a 2% grade at 55 mph or a
some other speed. Lets say we need 100 hp for this. Do we then simply order a
the trucks
really determines
steeper grade at
This
100-hp engine
Nope. That choice would be a
Then we
must derate
carburetor
inlet
the
temperature
disaster.
engine
etc.
to
We
85%
to
100
Now
get this 118
hp from
the engine at an efficient
net hp and torque
the manufacturers
delivered by the engine at full load over
however
or fuel
because the
pump
continuously-it
to
a
last
rich
wastes
its
curves
due
losses
to
higher
is
We
obtained
flow
fuel.
12
of fuel
load and speed.
how much power and
describe
speed range.
20% of power
maximum power
15 to
for installation
118 hp
0.85
Second we must
provide
must look for
cant
at
any
but
torque
can be
get all of this power efficiently
rpm by
opening the carburetor
we dont want
this
to
happen
Nor do we want
to happen
it
spasmodically
on each occasion
pedal to maintain our steady speed. So lets back
118
hp
70%
at
engine load. For this
169 hp
0.70
at
its most efficient
The most
the speed
to
speed
efficient
is
of maximum torque. Usually it occurs about 1/5
maximum power speed. For example if an engine delivers
Therefore
we
will
power
maximum torque
difference
and
at
4400 rpm
at
2400 rpm
2000 rpm
is
/5
of this
speed
2400
1
engines advertised
not we
If
we dont have
above
torque
400 rpm.
is
full-power
curve
2800 rpm.
400
shows 169 hp
at
2800
rpm we
have the right engine
must look further to find an engine that comes fairly close to what
if
somewhat
maximum
assume that
the most efficient
the advertised
net power
curve but we do have the engines
we
are looking
for.
maximum power
and
statistics
hpP
@
where
first
convert
T
to
rpmp
P
is
the
T
is
the
E
is
the
then
estimate
T
@ rpmT
and T
in
ft
lb
maximum power point on the engine curve
maximum torque point on the engine curve
maximum efficiency point on the engine curve.
horsepower by the formula
hpT
and
but commonly
of the way from
the
We
load
from engine to engine
varies
engine speed
and
torque
full
deliver
engine speed.
maximum
If this
at
an engine that promises
an engine that can
for
touch the accelerator
slightly
off further and choose
we must look
118
we
that
the
net
__
T
27T
33000
horsepower available
x rpmT
at
the
engines
most
efficient
speed
by the
formula
hpE
In other
We
words
_ 0.8
forget the
would backhand
0.08
maximum
our offspring
rpmp
hpT
advertised
if
horsepower.
we caught them
13
Its
0.2
hpP.
only an advertising
continuously
gimmick.
running the family cars
mode you
Sam feels
Uncle
engine this way.
intend
to
them
use
the
same way about
not by far-out
his
So
engines.
measure your engines
in
the
abusive extremes.
wasteful
GEARING THE DRIVE-TRAIN
Once we have
We
can compare
truck
heavily the engine
power.
when
If
is
to the truck
it
is
by comparison with other trucks.
Response
parameter which
by comparing how quickly the engine responds
the truck
too quickly
you forget and
gear
mathematically by the
gearing
loaded
responds
it
way to
our engine the best
leave
second
in
it
is
lively
enough but
the
gear
a gas
races
engine
to a
hog.
demand
It acts
and wastes
like
fuel
how
reveals
for
more
your car
because
its
underloaded.
On
the other
overloaded
hand
anyone-but it wastes
To compare
R
n
vehicles
VIT
doesnt respond the vehicle
if it
condition.
If this
carried
is
from
fuel
too
far
rich-mixture
we
See
define
sample
the
only irritates
operation and abuses
by the Response method
rpm
dead-its engine
acts
not
it
parameter by
end of
at
lugged down to an
the engine.
the Response
scale
is
driver-he cant
this
paper.
where
n
engine revolutions
W
total
weight
maximum
rpmT
engine
EXAMPLE
160 nethp
255
ft.lb
696
R4
@
@
net
rpm
74 Chev.
load
fuel
passengers
T
at
mile in
per
pounds
in
engine
which
being
trailers
gear being
checked
by the vehicle
including
etc.
torque ft-lb
maximum
net torque
occurs.
GVW
5400
Pickup.
the
accelerated
Gear Ratios
3800 rpm
axle 3.40
2400 rpm
trans
tire revs
6.55
3.58
1.70
1.00
/mile
696 x 3.40
255
x 1.00
1.70
3
2
10.5
54 00 x 2400
17.8
3.58
37.6
6.55
68.8
1
Comments Weak
starter
in
2nd.
Good economy on highway
Creeper
gear
1st
is
too
far
but
4th
is
out
for
handy
14
too
dead
for
starting.
city
traffic.
driver
pass
For highway travel the high-speed
is
economical
R between
have an
gear should
but dead above 13 the truck
use
13 below 10 the truck
gas above 15 it begins
too
dead-you cant
10 and
but starting
lively
is
to
to be a gas hog.
For
travel
speeds
R
traffic
in city
to
stay with
the
should
traffic
12 and 15 below 12
be between
15
above
the
vehicle
is
to be
starts
a
adjust
hog-snappy
gas
but
expensive.
R
For mountain roads an
back down onto the
Now
the
for
or
loaded
27
greater than
and a sluggish
However
real
the
The
wastes
we
if
in
take
in
a higher
is
surplus
cold
cant
Furthermore
etc.
large clutch
for
R
the truck
that
is
in
an
R
we
find that
to the trucks
excessive
causes
in
the
gets
driver
actual
he
find that
27. Starting
R
meantime
needed
is
They
choose
will stall
a car or truck
For such drivers
between
and
45 and 50
is
empty
will
a lower
clutch-slip
R
R
is
is
start
R
gear
chatter
or out
and
wear
Dont
go beyond
in
or
the
dampen
to
the
is
by comparison with
recommended
40 and 46. For driver trainees
45
than
50
would be
of a hole
drivelines.
a starting gear
is
27 we
of
we probably dont have
clutch
between
less
R
mud
and have
simply wastes
it
learning to
difficulty
an automatic transmission background a
with
best.
in
the following
whose
the
for
an
or in
hill
car or truck
a light
severe starts with light clutches
you to find out how much
drivers
properly.
it
with
exceeds
on a
needed to provide
a starting gear whose
start
according
gear
start
For
try this.
when he
gear to use
a heavy truck
so that its starting gear had
the truck
other cars and light trucks.
skilled
R
gear whose
the nearest
In the
dont
another
up on him we
and check
notes
shifts starting
come from such
way
best
fact
simply geared
engine
that
When we ride in the cab of
same gear. He chooses his gear
weight
Without
extra-heavy-duty
jitters
man
give the
start.
we
if
trouble.
when
In
to actual
according
the
in
start
weight.
good but
is
gears
starting
doesnt always
of 15 to 18
flatlands.
gear
starting
and creates a
shifts
larger step to the next gear.
For sports cars
drivers
intentionally seek
a starting gear whose
stay in starting gear as long as possible in the
standing
with the family car unless youre willing to pay the price.
dense
urban areas where every block
rush hour bumper-to-bumper
tow a small
trailer
line-ups
we must
and
will start
behind you. Sports cars are
number
should
n
be
at
provide
lovely
for extra running gears
of well-spaced
least
start
running gears
dont
is
between 35 and 40
time
The
vehicle
will
in
hills
order to
Dont
clutch
be too
when you load the
dont
confuse
them with
but
things
poorly on
or
try this
wear
in
fast
in
car and
pickups
clutches.
as engines
get smaller or trucks
count the creeper gear
n116J
T rpmT
15
trials.
Such gearing brings high
requires a stop and start.
and family cars unless you enjoy replacing burnt-out
Finally
R
1/4-mile
it
get larger.
isnt used
The
for starting
and accelerate
the driver to start the vehicle
for
If
a car or truck
to
find a reasonable
Now
weve
both with and without
operates
by reasonable
running speed
to
it
a trailer the gearing
steps.
must be figured both ways
compromise.
covered
the
complete our work. The
basic
rest
well-matched
requirements-a
up
is
you when you
to
truck
and
plan the haul
and
engine
educate
driveline
the driver.
A UTOMA TIC TRANSMISSIONS
Someone
If
asks
always
automatics The answer
For high
automatic
gear
We
allowance.
by reducing
must do
can but we must do a
transmissions
this
rpm to
engine
We
is
works so well on manual shifts why cant
method
this
the
that
require
for two reasons
same value
little
or
slips
So
compensation
tire
revs/mile
as in
the manual
It
gear.
With
are less significant
city
now
ratio and
Response
it
on
Second
that road speed.
against
R
different
we
for
lugging
transmission
scales
just
apply
calculate n
for automatic transmissions
works well
slip
name
the
divide this
comparing
running
streets and mountain roads.
comparing starting gears
for
at
better safeguarded
method
use
for a 6/7
hence
For manual transmissions
formula.
the
adjustment
this
on highways
is
truck
to have two
isnt necessary
the Response
in
shift
slip
factor regardless of whether the automatic
conversion
high
x axle ratio x transmission
gears of vehicles
R values
n
in
the
to
by 6/7.
result
the 6/7
use
locked-up
is
be re-geared
First to correct for converter
and more important because the automatic transmission
the engine.
doctoring
drivelines
we
first.
in
automatic transmissions
for a variety
of reasons.
We
it
this
an additional
ratio
torque
crippled.
if
Preferably
the torque
we
against this
set
the
after
down
starts
that the
as
the truck
low-speed
sure our torque
starts
or treat
ratio
stall-torque
moving however
performance of the truck
converter
is
big enough to
is
harness
moving.
against a tree engage the transmission and apply full throttle
be big enough to drag the engine rpm down to about 2/3 the rpm of
mushy instead
heavy work
you have money available
Dont
we must make
the truck
by the converters
As soon
bumper
should
the transmission
the low-speed
net torque
the driveline.
sometimes so quickly
off
torque
in
engine torque at least to less than
small. It will act
torque
falls
converter
maximum net
to
gear reduction
To guard
maximum engine
after
is
for
the truck
prolonged.
a
new
85%.
of responding
If
it
doesnt
the throttle
moving. The extra
starts
Dont
to
do the
stall test
for
the
converter
and wont
slip
is
probably too
deliver
can cause
full
engine
overheating
more than 60 seconds
if
unless
transmission.
go the other way either by trying to find a larger converter that can lug the engine rpm
Thats all you will accomplish-lugging the engine. Once the
to below the 2/3
point.
converter
in
maximum
must multiply the engines
as
is
making
large enough to harness engine torque
it
larger.
16
after
the truck
starts
moving
there
is
no point
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
R
The recommended
values
are based
testing at San Dimas. It works
find a vehicle
whose Response
much
is
R
better to use
comparison of two
for direct
new one
order the
ideal
and have been validated by
on the authors experience
R
with the same
vehicles.
values
you
If
and you wont
be disappointed.
One
word
final
this
same
actual
level
time about
how
calculate it but not
roads but
to
their
use
it.
The manufacturers
Gradability
A small
car and large truck
and acceleration
Gradability
may
will
vary by 3 to
hill-climbing calculations including extra gradients for
are real
roads.
but
dont
Except
for
some
as
try to
do
use
similar engines
very
for
Gradability
and
trucks
mud
R
n
ý
YW
W
T
rpmT
R
10
20
R values
the
drivelines
so use Gradability
ground when
Response
results
of
to
on the
on
for
these
level
Gradability
but meaningless.
SCALE FOR CAR AND TRUCK GEARS
n
rpm T
1
soft
vehicle
predicting
calculations for level-road comparisons are usually very impressive
RESPONSE
and
how
show
catalogs
need the same
engine
total
revs/mile
weight
max. net torque
engine
of
speed
Divide
by 6/7
for
automatic transmissions
lb
ft-lb
max. net torque
30
50
40
60
111111liiiiliiitill1111111i11111111111111111111111111
INTERMEDIATE
HIGH
dead
lively
STARTING
level
starting
-
gas miser
gas
hog
begins
weak
immediate
start
start
RECOMMENDED VALUES
R between 10 and 13
High
Gears
Starting
Gear
17
f
for highways
R between
12 and 15 for
R between
15 and 18 for mountain
city
traffic
R between 40 and 46
for average
R between 45 and 50
novices
roads
drivers
WASHINGTON
NEWS
OFFICE ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS
Heyward
T.
Taylor
Assistant Director
SAN DIMAS SLASH MACHINE
The
marked
year 1975
SDEDC
testing
having extensively investigated various
tested
blades from numerous
typical
and shop personnel
creditable
used the
blunt
relatively
results
test
Slash
Machine
cutting
it
San
energy
imparted by
based on the prototype
the
also
Koch Ph.D.
add a chip hood and an
plantation
growth
logging
slash and
and elimination
rates
was a busy
it
design
1975
in
and
build
SDEDC
test
Model 1000 prime
is
an
to interest
slash
prototype
This machine
can do a
treating the
having 19-in wide blades
blade
stirrup-like
lb.
industrial
we
on nearby forested
assemblies
Scientist
conveyor
belt to
at
convey the resulting chips
to
is
firm in the commercial production
Also
our
testing program
field
under consideration
the Southern Forest
the
with
make
up the
850 rpm and the
immediate goal in the
Cutter speed
are continuing
areas.
Wood
Chief
own
and
technicians
simultaneously
6000
500000 ft-lb. The
is
Additionally
analyzed
and smaller-sized chunks.
and weighs
cutterhead
integral
their
After
year.
engineers
mover.
young dense timber stands and
in
significant
devices and having
features a 60-in wide cutterhead
design.
Dimas and perhaps
proposed by Peter
to
to
Three pairs of the
edges.
development of the Slash Machine
of
machines
into cordwood
residues
which has a diameter of 44
cutterhead
kinetic
types
cutting
job thinning
cost-effective
resulting slash by fracturing
The San Dimas
And
of slash treatment
which they mounted on a Hydro-Ax
cutterhead
San Dimas Equipment Development
Center
and standardizing equipment and materials
that the
evaluating
Service units and .thei cooperators.
use by Forest
for
a full three decades
been developing
has
Slash Machine
is
Experiment
so that
it
an
at
idea
Station
can hog pine
mulch beds for improved regeneration
of pile and burn operations.
IMPROVING THE ENVIRONMENT
In
1975 the Center was
obtain
design
data
also
wastewater
characterization
associated
trailer
campground
gathered
dump
locations
very busy in the
water
for
and
study
station
Pinecrest
at
area
of environmental
sewage systems
two high-use
Ashley
Recreation
on how many people entered
SDEDC
Area
Forest
Wyo.
Stanislaus National
the toilet buildings
18
completed
a
water
usage
to
and
recreation sites-Buckboard
National
quality of sewage they produced.
For instance
concerns.
how much
and
Campground and
beach and
picnic
Forest
water
Calif.
they
Data were
used and what
Another
effort
odor
not-too-effective
investigating
vent
area as
from the
the
recognizing
control
annual
large
use
for
products
by
investment
recreation
in
Forest
area
Service
vault
units
involved
toilets
new odor-control concept vault toilet venting. The idea is to use the same
now exists in vault toilet seats approximately 100 sq in per seat and place a
a
vault through
designed
to capture
keep the
attic
the
heat from the use
and terminate
of the building
interior
warm the
the suns heat to
the
air in
below.
compartment
attic
A
the
at
it
then constructed
second vent
above the ridge of the building. This
special roof to extend
is
out
roof
to
of the
from the
odors
system carries
venting
A
ceiling.
size
vent
and insulated
then placed
is
in
vault out to the upper air levels.
Also a report on an iodine dispenser
supplies for transient
device including
users has
been published
just
recommended
its
remote spring-fed or hand-pump
to disinfect
and provides
uses and installation
detailed
water
potable
on the
information
procedures.
MAINTENANCE OF FOREST ROADS
Another
important area emphasized
this
Cisneros and Kurtti December 1975
71213-25. One
Forest Field Notes
mobile hammermill
rock
crusher
past
Cost
roads
the
machines
surface
while
as
the
having
in
with other
conjunction
we
modifications
program. In 1975 the rock crusher-in
can
Maintenance
tests
equipment
projects has
SDEDC
rock.
suggested
on
demonstrate
welcome
to
to any forest
observe
the
if you
concept
are
early
this
of our
that wishes to use it-please
contact
the
SDEDC
the
crusher
In a joint road maintenance project with our sister Center in Missoula
current practices
all
problems
the Regions including
statements
Forest
EDCs
the
ROs
Forest
Supervisors
were interviewed
equipment operators
from the two
and equipment needs. Personnel
based on the interviews and
WO
set
met
priorities
field
in
We
plan to
are
area-you
can be made available
engineer.
we have been
determining
on 38 Forests scattered throughout
Engineers
needed
to gather
and the
it
including ripping
transportation
staff
test
that
Mont.
Missoula
Also the rock
the neighborhood.
in
in
earlier
Forests-showed
complete road renovation
summer
on
to rebuild
purchased one of these
crushing blading watering and rolling for about $3 per cu yd of material processed.
further
P-500
rock
material
results
on two California Region
provide
Pickett
National
oversized
with
has
based
see
the Pettibone
identified
for treating
potential
e.g.
Mt. Hood
on the
maintenance personnel
of troublesome
disposing
to incorporate
built
Road
of our on-going
nonsurfaced roads thus immediately providing
road maintenance
was
year
of
input.
Denver
for future
foremen
superintendents
A
few weeks ago
Colo.
to
analyze
FRT equipment
staff
the
and
people
problem
development
projects.
FUTURE EFFORTS
This approach
should
of gathering
be doing
for
important pursuits
should
in
you
input
is
one
1975 now
focus our efforts
in
Servicewide
I
is
would
the time to
the upcoming
at
like
all levels
to
let
us
fiscal years.
19
to determine what
continue
know
pursuing.
through
Ive
the Centers
just
can and
presented
regular channels
our
where we
CONSULTATIONS AND STANDARDS
R. Weller
Charles
Assistant Director
GROUND FAULT INTERRUPTERS
The ground
fault
fuse or circuit
conductors
interrupter
between the
however
if
some
a defective
using
current
a
as
people protector
It
phase or hot wire and the neutral
of a circuit-the
happen when
can be described
which protects wiring and equipment.
breaker
always be equal
GFI
electric
drill
through
passes
or other electric
and the current
out
going
current
coming
monitors
device
If
contrast
to
a
current in the two
These two currents should
wire.
a persons
back.
the
in
boyv
GFI
the
the
to
ground
as
can
senses the difference
difference
is
more than 5
opens the circuit within 1/40 of a second which is fast enough to
normal health. Ground fault interrupters can be installed to protect
milliamperesit automatically
prevent
an
entire
The
anyone
injury to
circuit
or an individual
box.
outlet
human
on the
of current
effect
in
body
will
vary
with
the
but these
individual
results
are
typical
1.
From 5
muscle contractions
to 15 milliampereslocal
freeing himself from the appliance
2.
prevent
the person
from
unconscious-ness
From 30
200 milliamperesthere may be
to
or ventricular
3.
may
or wire.
fibrillation
Over 200 milliamperes
heart
may
fibrillate
may
in
difficulty
breathing
of the heart.
severe burns
cause
or even stop
and muscular contractions.
A
resulting in death.
25-watt
light
The
bulb uses
about 200 milliamperes.
The 1975
following
1.
edition
National
Code
Electrical
requires
ground
fault
interrupters for
the
conditions
For
residential
receptacle
2.
of the
outlets
For construction
occupancies
installed
on
120-volt
all
outdoors
and
sites on all 120-volt
in
15-
single-phase
and
20-ampere
bathrooms
single-phase
15-
and 20-ampere circuits
which are not part of the permanent wiring and
3.
For swimming pools and fountains
and
circuits
supplying
most
electrical
outlets
lighting.
The Occupational
Electrical
on
Code
as
Safety
an
and
OSHA
Health
standard
Administration
but the
20
OSHA
requirement
for
has
approved
ground
fault
the
National
interrupters at
construction
sites
however
The
this
National
described
be due to
could
be used on
interrupters should
pump-houses and
while using
an
the
permits
For additional
optional
protection
120-volt
all
other locations where
electrical
cords
on
electrical
outlets
GFIs
by
protected
cords.
faulty
Code
Electrical
above.
extension
using
have complained
pending further study. Contractors
held in abeyance
being
is
tripping when
of nuisance
against
outdoor
there
is
use
of
GFIs
receptacles
locations
in
line-to-ground
shock
other than
hazard
and receptacles
ground
in
of a person being
a possibility
those
fault
washrooms
well-grounded
device.
OPERATIONS
Harold L. Strickland
Assistant Director
SPECIAL MAPPING CENTER ACTIVITIES
The
Forest
Service
The
is
Mapping
the Special
in
the process of installing
Center in Reston
system will be used to
Forest
Service
applications.
Forest Service specialists
The
includes
system
Application
in
Initially
The
digital
Special
a Perkin-Elmer
development
will
microdensitometry
Hardware
image analysis techniques
Mapping
represents
as
related to
a unique
being
installation
conducted
is
at
PDP
high-resolution
at
our Region
11/05
for
Periodic project reports will follow in the Field Notes.
21
March
opportunity
Computer
1
for
projects.
Controller
tri-graphics color display system.
will
work
with other
Geometronics Unit and
by other civilian military and
scheduled
a variety of
on various developmental
together
be headed by Project Leader Dick Liston who
July.
GPO 899-991
Center
Microdensitometer
COMTAL 8300
an inventory of similar activities
be assembled.
and display system
image processing
Virginia.
across division lines to work
4014 terminal and a
Tektronix
efforts
investigate
a digital
intelligence
with final operating
at
PSW.
groups
software
will
due by
TO READERS OF
INVITATION
FIELD NOTES
Every reader
short
you would
article
FIELD NOTES
Material
a potential
is
author of an
with
Regional Office
Washington
to
see
that the
submitted may vary from several
or
news
items
If
we
engineers
short
and
for
you have a news item or
you to submit
invite
is
current
to several
be reviewed
timely technically
FSM 7113.
Service-wide
sentences
should
publication
information
are preferred.
should be typed double-spaced
black
Service
Office
informative and of interest to engineers
short articles
FIELD NOTES.
for
it
to
for publication.
submitted to the
respective
to share
like
article
The
Washington
should be original drawings
all illustrations
accurate
of material
pages however
typewritten
submitted to the
All material
length
by the
Office
or glossy
and white photos.
Each Region
questions
has an Information
Coordinator to
The
and material for publication.
field
R-5
Ted Wood
Jim McCoy
Strohschein
R-6
Kjell Bakke
R-8
Ernest Quinn
Bill
R-2
Allen
R-3
Bill
R-4
should direct questions
should submit both
personnel.
are
Coordinators
Groven
McCabe
R-1
Coordinators
whom
R-9
Norbert Smith
R-10
Bill
WO
concerning format
Vischer
Al Colley
dates
editing publishing
and other
problems to
Forest Service
USDA
Engineering Staff
Attn Gordon
L.
Washington
Rome
Washington D.C.
20250
Telephone Area Code
This publication
is
distributed from the
703-235-8198
Washington
and Area Headquarters. If you are not now
Office Manager or the Regional Information
sent to your office use Form 7100-60 for this
from the Washington
Office Editorial Services
or Rita E. Wright
Office directly to all Regional
Station
and would
ask your
receiving
a copy
Coordinator
purpose.
to increase
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Copies of back issues
Office and can be ordered on Form 7100-60.
one
number
like
of copies
are also available