oppp
ENGINEERING
TECHNICAL
FIELD
INFORMATION
NOTES
DATA
TECHNICAL
RETRIEVAL
REPORTS
TEXTS
CURRENT AWARENESS
SYSTEM
s
FOREST SERVICE
JULY 1975
UýS
U.S.
DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE
UýS
ENGINEERING
This
publication
The
Forest
text
the
The
and
Because
publication
monthly
is
not
mandatory
of
the
not
of
technicians
is
the
Department
interpretation
of
nature
or
of
as
of
opinions
or policy except
material
should
the
in
issue
or
FSM
by
publication
each
read
the
recommended
all
however
exclusively for engineers.
published
for distribution
this
Service and
no
assumes
Agriculture
use
personal
construed
instructions
type
intended
newsletter
be
Department of Agriculture-Forest
U.S.
exchange
to
published
technical or administrative
represents
must
and engineering
engineers
This
publication
procedures
references.
this
the
author
approved
a
Service personnel.
in
respective
newsletter
and ideas of
information
engineering
among
monthly
a
is
FIELD NOTES
information
employees of
to
its
retirees
by
other
only.
for
responsibility
than
its
the
own
employees.
The
use
of trade
convenience
evaluation
any product
of
firm or corporation
the
reader.
conclusion
or service
Such
use
names
is
does
not
recommendation
to
the exclusion
for
the information
constitute
endorsement
of others
or
an
approval
which may be
and
official
of
suitable.
June 18-27
6/18-21
- Cut
out
Miles
hitch
10-day
Begin
Trail
108 Route
and stay two nights
at
days on Route Creek
to Pack
Bridge.
between
clean
6/22
- Cut
Creek to
Wrong Creek
Then
Trail.
Be sure to
repair
out
beyond
109.
Any
Wrong Creek
109 from
any damaged
Drain
14.5
on two
Trail
108
bridges
all
and
bogs
bars.
110 to junction
Trail
tion with
water
all
at
while working
Trail
Route Creek and Ray Creek.
or replace
110
Trail
with
Trail
extra time can
164 and 164 junc-
be used
on
Trail
2
110
cutting out draining and rerouting
the junction
bogs.
6/23
- Cut
out Headquarters
6/24
- Cut
out
Trail
111
to
Trail
Rock
165
as far
5
as possible.
Creek Cabin.
Stay at
Rock
Creek
9
Cabin.
6/25
- Meet
6/26
- Cut
out
Trail
fence
pasture
6/27
- Shovel
Pass.
bad bog on
the
at
rocks
Return
Figure
1.
-
Trail
110 from Gates
with
Park
to
Wrong
it.
Check
Creek.
any extra time.
off switchbacks
stock
and try and bridge
111
on
east
side
of Route
Creek
to Ear Mountain for the weekend.
Portion
of Annual
Trail
Maintenance
Plan
8
- A CASE STUDY
FOREST TRAIL MAINTENANCE PLANNING
John W.
Transportation
Platt
Group
Analysis
Region
5
Bob Richmond
Teton
Lewis
Ranger
District
Forest
Clark National
Region
1
success-fully
This
on the Teton Ranger
District
miles of trails and slightly
District
the south
to
Mountains
1
Forest Region
Clark National
the Continental
unique
Bob
in
Marshall
east
side
500
Rocky
of the
area and the spectacular
Wilderness
with
facilities
Together with the Sun River
from the
access
on the Lewis and
District located
regards to transportation
20 miles of roads.
the primary
provides
it
is
The Teton
1966.
since
more than
the popular
to
system that has been operating
the trail maintenance planning
discusses
paper
mountains of
Divide.
approxi-mately
Some
may
statistics
recreation visitor
help
days
system from
while
big
game
District
be an
hunters
and hunters
by population
way
to
outfitters
govern
continue
to
make
centers
within
dominate the
the
fall.
a
trail
1974
with
150-mile
radius of
system during
Demands on
scheme was put
the
the
trail
maintenance
while adequate
increase
planning
a
10000
about
FY
Total
perspective.
in
are
during
it
Because of this
decrease.
efficient
situation
network
trail
and commercial
recreationists
funds for the
to
use generated
Backpackers
summer months
found
this
District
on the
experienced
60 percent of
the District.
the Teton
put
effect
into
and
use of every trail maintenance dollar.
mainte-nance
particu-larly
maintenance planning
Trail
summer and
developed
early
fall
on the
trail
from reports from
crews condition
fire
is
year-round
foreman and
are collected.
District
trail
patrol
spring
late
These data are
men roving
trail
reports from public users
foreman
is
also
These surveys afford him another
the winter.
During the
process.
and wilderness
prevention
The
a
and use information
surveys by the trail
the commercial outfitters.
snow
District
conditions
responsible
for making
evaluate
invalu-able
trail
surveys during
and notice
conditions
result
of snow
experience
input
slides
or other snow/water
on the District the judgmental
maintenance plan
about
is
the annual
trail
prepared
be accomplished
preparing
damage.
fig.
plans.
use
1.
opportunity
be needed
With over
A
provides
chart
to
the spring
as
a
of the trail foreman
are
an
process.
a detailed description
wall chart titled
is
in
10 years trail maintenance
and conditions collected throughout
that
This
will
contributions
into the trail maintenance planning
From knowledge
job to
where immediate attention
Trail
Maintenance
updated annually
1
the
year an annual
trail
of the trail maintenance
is
also
used
in
and remains posted on the wall
TRAIL MAINTENANCE
NO.
1
101
102
2
Two
Meadow-
Heart
Butte
North Badger
ý0
PERCENT OF
STANDARD
1
NAME
pPý
3
4
5
6
H
H
H
14
ýýZ-
7
20
8
40
9
60
80
10
11
YEAR MAINTAINED
REMARKS
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
and
Signed
Blazed 1971
H
M
M
100%
6
to
Std.
1970
103
South
Birch
Fork
M
L
M
10
Lower 3.5 Mile
Creek
Realigned
1969 Flood
Damage
Figure
2.
-
Trail
Maintenance
Chart
After
of the District
office
relative
2
chart fig.
by the management
involved
on
it
a particular
to
used
of the
on the chart and
use levels
as
trail
foreman
Plan.
consideration
give
Three standards
standards.
the planning
formulating
specific
Rocky Mountain Front Unit
Plan and the
Wilderness
in
H-
Heavy Use
factors are
ultimate
management objectives for the
Management and Engineering manuals with more
defined
are
desired
trail system are obtained
Marshall
and needs
conditions
local
overall
many
Although
trail.
the
primarily determined
maintenance standards
planned
2 depicts
Figure
contains.
it
of these documents the Ranger and
the framework
Within
that
be served for each
to
Service Recreation
from the Bob
direction
glance the trail maintenance history
a
to express these criteria in terms
The
trail.
at
of any trail on the District.
of the information
specifies
objectives
convenient
is
from Forest
3
column
see
significance
format of the chart and the nature
The
may
anyone
that
so
current status and the
are
follows
Heavy use
been
have
trails
identified
to
serve as the
primary
out-sloping
routes
for providing
smooth
relatively
access
or puncheon
crossed dry with
is
trail
is
well drained
where
tread
Trail
of existing
manipulation
or other necessary
used
bridges
areas of the District.
special
The
grading.
bars ditches
water
nonroaded
and may involve
surfacing treatments
corduroy
to
is
material or other
native
for surface runoff
without
or rerouted
Bogs are drained
measures.
Streams and other cross-drainage
necessary.
to be
intended
and
are
or by other means.
culverts
mainte-nance
If a
dry
crossing
then
impractical
is
and limbed back to allow convenient
and other permitted
wet
safe
trail
passage of horseback riders pack stock
These
trail vehicles.
The
established.
are
crossings
intended
trails are
brushed
is
snowmobiles
receive high standard
to
annually.
Moderate
Use
M-
Often these
trails
branch off from the heavily used ones.
smooth
neces-sary
negotia-tion
Tread conditions are intended
and
measures
special
user safety.
drained
Trail
and pack
The
to be only
runoff
is
Stream and
trail
is
by
allowed
as
material
are necessary for
are
wet crossings unless structures are
drains are
and limbed
allow slow
to
but
safe
passage
and slopes are corrected
washouts
native
existing
unless they
with outsloping and water bars bogs
well drained
cross
brushed
Blowdowns
stock.
as
smoothness are not employed
obtain
surface
or rerouted.
for safety.
riders
to
of horseback
to allow
safe
main-tained.
of the trail and to
Low
Use
Surface runoff
investment.
protect
trail.
left
unless they
that
is
intended
L-
travel
Tread conditions
is
present potential
in this
standard.
at
except
are
hazardous
only to
are not
locations
the
extent
necessary to
accomplished only for purposes
Blowdown
encouraged.
resource
reroutes by users.
to
are maintained
and brushing
not
due
damage
and cross-drainage
Cleaning
Horseback
the
prevent
resource
damage.
Typically these
A
game
trails
of defining
slides and other obstructions
trail
type
facility
are maintained
is
probably
are
all
once every three
years.
The
Trail
priority
placed
2 column
High Medium Low indicates
Maintenance
level
by the District
Chart
in
fig.
allocating resources
4
also
depicts
maintenance
to
chart observers
to
bring the various
3
a
priority.
This
measure of the importance
trails
up to
their
planned
CONTACTS
VISITOR
Day
No.
1-2
Yr.
3-4
-
Zip
5.6
7-11
No.
BOB MARSHALL
Day
Mo.
WILDERNESS
Fish
Hunt
17
Photo18
Mtn.C.--
N.St.
Swim
Hike
20
Ride
22
21
23
Camp
4
O
Hike
Fishing
Hunting
Swim
Photography
Hike
MountainClimb
Ride
ZIP
w/stock
Other
No. Saddle
stock
Route
Nature
STATE
No. pack
stock
Campsites
Study
Where
1 With
2
3
No
Outfitter
Outfitter
1
2
Private
Party
Organization
Spot Pack
Contacted
Compartment
1
Camp
2
Place
Name
and
No.
Trail
3
Road
4 Other
27-28
Information
Visitors
given
questions
or
comments
29
Given
31
Questions
34
3
stay
Type
25
Comet.
Contact
of
Horseback
CITY
Other
1261
30
party
of travel
Hike
Activities
rg
Contact
Length
in
24
Outfitter
Info.
No.
1
2
CLARK NATIONAL FOREST
STREET
19
Other
Pvt/O
Method
14-15
16
NAME
Yr.
Stay
12-13
LEWIS
35
32
33
By
Asked
36
37
15-2300-2
Figure
3.
-
Trail
User Information Card
4
mainte-nance
The
maintenance standard.
effort
is
based
are considered
and desired use the season
of use
other factors related to the
for making
were formally
in
Through
August 1971.
extended the
A
estimates.
of use data
is
provide
a
6
uses
tried
for
the
form
good display of
In order to
make
when
personnel
District
poor
management
due
to
consistent a record
Bob
Marshall
they encounter users on
columns when
Priority and Standard
trail
a trail
considered
For example when
operations.
trails
have
results
for the
designed
originally
trails
current trail use
years with
several
background
personnel
show
to
as
on the heavy use
District
system
with the counters.
by
out
grades and
the District
for
conducted
survey
trails in
a visitor-contact
filled
trail
on the chart
are included
and observations
other
to
Entries in the Traffic Index
together
and
5
experience
difficulties
the District
cover
vegetative
Traffic Index relationships
program was
counter
Plan that
Wilderness
3.
field
and technical
vandalism
fig.
trail
The
of this survey
results
characteristics
by an origin-destination
established
District
The management objectives as
with the type and amount of existing
situation.
particular
decisions.
emphasize the
to
factors.
combination
in
soil
Length columns
Traffic Index and Trail
information
melding of several
upon the
previously discussed
when and where
of
decision
a
mainte-nance
assigned
high maintenance priority with a planned heavy use
maintenance standard this tells the observer that management trend is toward encouraging
present low use
trail
higher immediate
a
is
use by lowering
the impedance
to
though improved
travel
trail
has shifted.
The
of Standard
Percentage
of the
percentage
section
a bar chart which
is
For example
current maintenance cycle.
of several
with the exception
bogs
The Year
section
trail
are
working
Determination of
the planning
and
cost
10-day
shifts
do
for
a specific
may be
note
to
to
planned standard
its
that
this
80 percent
not
is
a
length
days
applied
trail
the
to
The most
is
Ranger
effective
that has been performed
a
The
by the
this data.
work
and economic
performance and amounts
5
trail
work
on
a
trail.
covered
by
for the two
guide for completely
as a
instructions.
and
materials
Figure
District.
The form
is
bosses
required.
is
necessary in
accomplishment
an example of the
amount of
to the
size.
4
costs
work
simple and self-explanatory
historic
have
for determining
crew
of
of
of a systematic
referring
device that
recordkeeping
schedule
of the type and
By
a
plan serves
foreman and crew
or routine
is
to the length
day-to-day
the result
description
trail
21
work
or no operating
maintenance work.
repetitive
Equipment
its
12 to
time manpower
procedure established
in
is
District.
little
for organizing and recording
these Daily Records
that
on the
estimates
realistic
and yet quite comprehensive
to
up
totally
is
proportion
in
Column 22 Remarks
of the trail maintenance job
accounting
form used
of maintenance
crew bosses who require
experienced
accomplished to date under the
might be considered
important
shaded under the year number
for the year.
crews
is
columns
2
of Figure
and extent
indicates the frequency
the crew
which
a trail
the estimated
relationship.
Maintained
The boxes
It
11
7 to
that need draining
accomplished and shaded accordingly.
proportional
columns
maintenance standard
shaded to show
is
a
resources
required
information
standard
on
measure
DAILY RECORD
No.
15-6500-15
Trail
Maintenance
TETON
Trail
RANGER STATION
Date
No.
To
From
Q
Foreman
b
aj
aa
ay
ý a
03
o
yýa
me
aJý
Total
Crew
Hrs.
Cost
Meals
No.
Cost
Total
Cost
Totals
Miles Completed
Today
Travel
Miles
P.
1
Material
Cost
Hours
Equipment
Item
No.
U.
Ton
11/2Ton
6
Pass.
Jeep
Grand Total
Figure
4.
-
Trail
Maintenance
Daily
Cost and Resource
6
Requirement
Used
Record
Cost
Type and amount
Recommended
A
standard
Basis
of productivity
Everyone
involved
with the standard
number
crew
that can
skill levels
schedule
defines
clearly
that the
The
come
of variables
total
trail
trail
maintenance job
exist
will
find parts
in
that
completed
is
could
at
operational
are
District
be made
that can
for
The
to
assure
the Teton District
More
however
contributions
Hopefully
the field level.
approach
accidents
a schedule.
satisfactorily.
make major
adaptable
to
analytical
such
tools
do
the reader of this paper
his particular
situation.
ADMINISTRATIVE CONSIDERATIONS FOR MANAGERS
FACILITY OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
Darrell P.
McNenny
Environmental
Region
William C.
Sanitary
Washington
supply
and accountability
and wastewater
at
various
technical hands-on skills
Clow Hank and
Handbook
Russell
and provides
Phil
when printed
organizational
will
for
Trail Maintenance
be an
excellent
Engineer
Kolzow
Office
facilities
Health
1
Engineer
- Engineering
and maintenance
the most important aspect of operation
Service water
1
to
A
and
WATER AND WASTEWATER
Regional
Perhaps
adhering
estimates
productivity.
breakdowns
equipment
when
of the art of trail maintenance planning.
certainly
of the Teton
weather
as
difficulties
scheme presented above works well
the current state
forms
not
that the time and mileage
realizes
maintenance and adjustments
overall
approaches and methods
IN
rapidly create
maintenance fundsl
only an appraisal of the average
provide
into play such
maintenace planning
and represents
measure
trail
expected per day.
work.
of day-to-day
and budgeting
developed from the Daily Records
of accomplishment
terms
in
scheduling
for requesting
the activity.
for performing
procedures
Recommended
be used.
of materials that should
is
the
framework
OM
levels insures proper
mixing of engineering
audit and inspection procedures.
Management
to
guide
7
trail
Handbook
maintenance
for the Forest
which defines responsibility
Draft
-
Without
1970 Region 5.
management
systems.
and
this
This
mainte-nance.
framework
the wide variance
structures would contribute
Therefore
operational
to
and organizational
complexity
facility
ineffective
and
systems operation
management of
that the
and groups of systems be well planned
skills
and
inefficient
imperative
is
it
in
and wastewater systems
water
and structured.
super-visory
Organization
The manager
office
isolated
Any
level
most
levels
above that
below
and
Pollution
responsibility
Forest-wide
i.e.
levels
activities
is
is
responsible
the Environmental
NPDES.
System
the
at
and
area
technical
except
of activities
EPA
Agency
in
for
skills
the coordination
for
Protection
of systems operator
staffing
usually an engineer
too remote from the work
do not possess the adequate
it
Elimination
Discharge
for proper
is
The manager
and maintenance.
other agencies
National
on
and maintenance
operation
instances
operation
with
for
level.
This individual
training programming
and the
has
also
and budgeting
and
jurisdic-tion.
account-able
a
The
inspection of systems as necessary.
and
technical operation
efficient
The
operators
engineer
of every water
for each water
the managing
to
recordkeeping
basis proper
priority
technical
therefore
is
consultation
responsible
auditing
for the effective
and wastewater system under
and wastewater
his
be technically
system should
engineer.
Programming and Budgeting
Lack of funding
the reason
is
heard
throughout
the Forest
However
maintenance of water and wastewater systems.
much
at
a
lack of funds
the proper
control
time
as
it
is
the.
lack
or to efficiently
public health
those funds already
and welfare
safety
are
excuse
for nonperformance.
adequate
this
operation
and maintenance
situation
not
is
Closing
is
an
is
Since
budgeted.
related to proper
directly
maintenance of water and wastewater systems low funding
acceptable
seems the problem
not
so
program and budget the necessary funds
of foresight to
utilize
and
Service for poor operation
it
priority
is
pollution
and
operation
not
an
considered
those sites which cannot be funded
for
which may have to be implemented
alternative
if
resolved.
Personnel
The matching
of proper
technical
skills
with water or wastewater systems operation
and
considera-tions
maintenance requirements
of contract
test
more than one system of
test
In
sample collection
many
cases
and maintain
should
relatively
should
simple
disinfection
operator
possibility
laboratory
of
requires a high degree
operator
staffing
training geographic
of assigning an operator
facilities
location
to
care
and
for
or of establishing Forest-wide
can be trained and effectively
with
systems in conjunction
significant
to
not be overlooked.
personnel
in establishing
be designated
management and
contributing
skills
The
centralizing
routes
accomplished without
wastewater
Factors
facilities.
current District
care must be taken
operators
the responsibility of
system complexity operator
include
availability
is
and good judgment.
technical ability
work
schedules
interference
and trained
equipment when
with
to
their
insure that
OM
the primary operator
8
activities
to
operate
However
are
routinely
For example alternate
other duties.
assure the continued
to
utilized
other duties.
is
functioning
on
call
of water
for fire or other
and
emergency
The
leave.
and when
duties
operators.
for those systems requiring
for
water
all
such
the
Operators
i.e.
weekends annual and
certified
at
a specific
Forest
Service
is
working toward
Much
system operators.
sessions
goal of formal
a
certification
by the State health
administered
Technical
be encouraged
major systems or group of systems should
all
be recruited
of the training and the actual
departments and the Naashe Missouri Water and Wastewater
of
should
level
sick
and additional
require the recruitment
skills.
and wastewater
supply
days
will
accomplished through the Short-Course
are
testing
mandatory
not
Although
nonwork
his
complexity of other systems
higher
of competent
training
he has
to
School.
obtain
Operators
the necessary
knowl-edge
manage-ment
become
to
training
certified
and recruitment
function
of the
of operators
certified
at
level
a specific
should
be considered.
Training
is
another
of plant operations
of the training
received
engineer
is
system
by Forest
the logical
little
used
one operator
method
of operator
Benefits which
for a group of systems.
an on-the-job
or coordinate
necessity.
In addition
this training.
training
Much
The
programs
available
he
in
of these opportunities.
take advantage
but extremely efficient
is
and out-of-service
in-service
order to insure that operators
A
accomplish
to
that requires a good overall
engineer
procedures and maintenance requirements.
Service operators
person
be aware of the formal
should
management
testing
utilization
the
is
be expected
can
employment of
from such
action
include
skill level
Higher
Reduction
in
less
-
utilization.
Better maintenance of specialized
Better opportunity
More
efficient
District
and Forest
method
of
to
overall
boundaries
manpower
complex systems.
manpower.
manpower
Better
of
operation
skill levels.
employ operator
skills
on
a
year-round
basis.
operation.
should
not
restrict
logical
geographical
work
areas for this
utilization.
Testing
proce-dures
Adequate
laboratory
treatment
and protection
are
used
to
regulatory
is
being
the only satisfactory
obtained
measure performance.
limited equipment
and considerable
control
and instructions
to
by
a
water
They range
method
of measuring the degree
or wastewater system.
may
dictate testing
Many
from simple tests which require only
complex examinationsrequiring elaborate
training to perform the tests and interpret the results.
agencies
requirements
system control.
9
of
in
addition
In
some
equipment
cases
to those required for
will
play a key role in establishing a framework
management must
Engineering
both be
and insure quality control.
efficient
by commercial or State
testing
and quality control
sampling
in
In
laboratories.
many
for contract
sample collection routes
Forest-wide
Options
cases-it
is
systems and contract
most
to utilize
efficient
This will also
testing.
that
independent
include
available
centralized laboratories for several
laboratories for each system
for testing
insure uniformity
and preservation.
techniques
WHY
EQUIPMENT DEVELOPMENT
DOES
IT
TAKE
SO
LONG-Donald
L.
Sirois
Mechanical Engineer
Office
Washington
working toward the development of a new device or equipment system the time
- five years four years but seldom less than three - is a fact of life that must
requirement
When
There may be exceptions
be accepted.
problem follow
time-frame
but
are
they
all
too
of the Trail
the development
To
rare.
better understand
this
Traffic Counter.
The Need
In
the
mid-60s
it
became
evident
that recreation specialists
make
needed better methods
of trail traffic
recreational impact.
rapid increase in use of the forest
A
and snowmobiles complicated
this
work
were manual
power however they
methods
surveillance
measurement
the traffic
had serious shortcomings
all
was recognized
throughout
and other
accurate
by hikers
task.
The
and photoelectric
treadle switches
tallies
to
the Forest
forest
managers
assessments
of the
horsemen trailbikes
for
only tools available
cells
requiring
AC line
and the need for new or improved
Service.
The Innovator
This
problem stimulated Louis
an employee
a
security
Early that
Center
suggestion
Those
forest
which
Forest
lost
Felton
new
a
Service Technician
Forest
counting
system based
idea was forwarded
summerFeltons
MEDC
submitted
a
early
in
on an ultrasonic
1967 to submit
intrusion alarm
-
device.
his
device
breeze
caused
By
did not
the
give
spurious
to
following
accurate
counts.
the Missoula
summerdata
counts
Some
16
Equipment
Development
from the evaluation
showed
under ambient wind conditions
months had
elapsed
even
since Felton
suggestion.
months
MEDC
evaluation.
for
that the ultrasonic
a light
for
were not wasted.
launched
their
Evaluation
search for the
of Feltons idea was the platform
trail traffic
Service needs.
10
counter
that would meet
all
from
of the
The Search
The
search were focused
of the
initial stages
physical and qualitative of the desired
in
the equipment
field
development
survey were
as
on identification of
This
device.
The
trade.
is
known
for the
criteria
attributes
specific
as
MEDC
both
development of the criteria
counter
as
established
in a
follows
as
invisible
nearly as possible
and portable self-contained
lightweight
and eliminate connecting
transport
for 30 days to
operable
of recording
capable
vandalism
reduce
to
power
source
to provide
easy
lines
minimize maintenance
cumulative
9999.000
to
counts
reduce
to
recording
requirements
cost
than
less
$250
of
the price
good talley-whacker
a
tempera-tures
encoun-tered
under
operable
ranging
in
weather conditions
all
from
and accurate
reliable
120F
to
all
to
day and
night and
all
accommodate
the
in
conditions
Service sites and
Forest
all
-30
usable assessments.
provide
to
require-ment
estab-lished
These
were established
criteria
ultrasonic
the first three
MEDC
device was proven unreliable.
that would meet the
product
in
for any Equipment
which may
exist
in
the
criteria.
specified
Center
Development
commercial-industrial
months of 1968 and
shortly thereafter
then
began a search for a commercial
Such
an inquiry
order to
in
avoid
is
the
a fundamental
equipment
developing
and which can be used or adapted by the
field
center.
Only one company was found with
for our purposes
criteria
MEDC GCO provided
a
GCO
retrieved and the
a
range
30
of only
seen in a traffic
and work
1
to
a
Optoelectronic
pulsed
light
through
an electronic
a
a
light
to
Nevertheless
to
through
the late summer.
periods
Feltons counters
The
of cold
required
decided
to
stay
with
field
trials
and snow.
115 -volt
demonstrated accuracy
it
meeting any of the
With encouragement
and
from
were
went well
However
there
60-Hz power and had
reliability
never
the optoelectronicl
the power
before
approach
requirements
for
unit.
light
a given
source
lens.
A
an
impulse
a light-emiting
reflector located
second lens to a photosensitive
triggers
to
the field for testing.
streamline the electronics and reduce
system using a
circuit that
in
close
company GCO.
50 pounds
MEDC
Thus
came
that
that
data even during
battery-operated
is
beam of
feet.
GCO
sent
the unit weighed
counter.
with
conversion
was
accurate
were some problems
product
call
prototype counter
counter
and the unit produced
a
well
device.
counter.
11
diode
LED
in
at the distance
Interruptions
in
this
case
across
the receiving
a
that
trail
light
produces
returns
are sensed
a
the
by
After
a
number of
DC-powered
-
26 months
With the project going well
become more
locate
companies
additional
turned
it
DCO
out
for
a
that
company
had
years ahead of any counter
a contract
MEDC
prototype
a
decided
could
units reported
were proving
GCO
DCO
During
-
period
this
the extra effort
the field for
to
they
circuits
tried
to
A
paid off.
to
small
was discovered.
were
that was two
injection laser device
the worse.
for
counters
were inadequate
and having
$1000
rose from $250 to
technology.
that well call
20
sent
20
for
do some design studies on counter
unit with a fullium aernside
counters
unstable
to
MEDC had seen. Efforts were
of DCOs new development.
that the
failures the
battery
They
build counters
At the same time the project took a turn
field
was negotiated
contract
a
were received and
Feltons suggestion.
after
with optoelectronic
familiar
highly-technological
As
engineers
production prototype counters.
June 1969
in
testing
GCOs
with
discussions
then
directed toward negotiating
Information
received
inaccurate
giving
for field needs.
In addition
battery problems and the projected
cost
from the
daily
and having
counts
DCO
prototypes
for production
per unit.
pro-jected
MEDC
had made
in their
counter
for 1971.
was
out
but
Another
they
all
DCO
MEDC
decided
to
counters
was made
new
several
months
eight
and
season
field
make improvements
to
these were also
an improved optoelectronic
initiate
1970
GCO
design with production
untested
but
ideas
and only
alternative
for the
available
to encourage
new
offer was a
could
viable
have
to
effort
proposed
With no other
high.
season
commitment
a
time was running
and the
untested
before
1970
the
cost
field
design developed by their
engineer David Gasvoda.
Gasvodas
The
Design
circuitry
of Gasvodas
been examined however
was one-forth
that of
the risk worth
unit and the range
was reduced by using dry
the
cells
Power
taking.
was doubled
had been added which enabled
Power consumption
events.
made
the advantages
GCOs best
to insure count-accuracy
from that of any of the units that had previously
unit differed
50
counter
that lasted
to
consumption
A
feet.
reject
timing
circuit
spurious
60 days
under
continuous operation.
The
project was moving
was completed by February 1970.
and had
sensitive
to
The
again and so was the clock.
be relocated
Tests indicated that
to
second prototype was assembled -
avoid
electronic
time
this
all
prototype of Gasvodas
first
some
of the components
interference
performance
design
were too
with other components.
criteria
A
were met and the
design was frozen.
Gasvoda-designed
MEDC
called
back 10 of
counter.
necessary
Gasvoda
circuit
GCOs
counters
With these on hand
boards.
trail traffic
By
counters
a
May MEDC
to
the
to
use as housing
contract
units for the
was awarded
had assembled adjusted
Rocky Mountain
12
Region.
new
for the construction
tested
of the
and delivered 10
They had met
the deadline
With the deadline
them for
work
field
and contracted
new
the
changes
various
and drawings
and
testing
The
Forest
This
and
should
were
finalized
now had 20
hand-built
system and housing
and
rapidly
were
prototypes
traffic
that
counters
use.
trail
worked
directed
specifications
Four years of searching
1971.
January
MEDC
The
unit
a few minor
after
Next
built.
for Service-wide
in
units and modified
Gasvoda design would
that
of the optical
progressed
ended the development of the
have
Service
five
GCO
10 remaining
work
effort
of counters
purchase
mass production
for
the
They were confident
redesign
was frozen
design
toward quantity
efforts
received
locations.
for the necessary redesign
mass production.
to permit
their
them MEDC
behind
trials at
counter
but
but
didnt.
it
meet
these did not
all
com-pany
Informa-tion
the field needs..
A
contract
was negotiated
in
January
and
was awarded
MEDC
contract
The
256.
counters
before
RIM
be isolated
not
$59000
the
and attempt
suspend the contract
developed
51
had
isolate
to
to
be
were added
counters
23 when
July
engineers flew
counters
to
small
a
so
for a Recreation
available
90-foot operating
MEDC
SDI
delivery by mid-July
for
1.
the specified
study a team of
for bids were issued
produce 205 counters
to
Incorporated
60 counters
smoothly and an additional
of serious trouble
signs
RIM
the
by August
requests
contract
were targeted
counters
goal of having
study
The
Dimensions
Scientific
The
counters
of the
had responded.
Mexico.
new
were not achieving
problem could
The
a
progressed
first
bidder
New
meet
could
Management
The
29 bidders
the lowest
to
Albuquerque
in
that
for mass production
March
in
SDI reported
With only
range.
SDIs
The
that the
a
few days
They found
plant.
rejected.
of
a total
for
left
the
that
was to
only alternative
the problem.
Question
Each
component
Why
werent
seemed
system tested
perform better than the specifications required.
to
prob-lem
the counters
Extensive
the 75-foot range
achieving
were made yielding reams of data a computer was used
a last
between
a correlation
establish
earlier
were compared
prototypes
was
finally
The
identified.
numbers stamped on
batch
with
No
and performance.
design criteria
effort the manufacturers
and measurements
tests
for analysis in an attempt to
those used in the SDI production
manufacturer
phototransistor
As
progress was made.
the phototransistors
his
the
in
The
units.
had changed
used
product
but
photo-transistor
not
number.
the part
that could
provide
a
MEDC
then
made
efforts
workable and reasonably
and reinstated the SDI contract
and moving
256
A
had passed but
seasons
field
forward
trail traffic
happy
Note
ending
Under
a
to
with quantity
except
TCS
it
is
slightly
direction.
equipment
contract
Scientific
trail traffic
discounts.
visible
a
The
and
were acceptable
a five-year
GSA
with
Feltons suggestion
a positive
counters
the Gasvoda-designed
units
in
during
90-1 that has an increased
new
final
met
as their
hours.
13
in
inspection
or exceeded
Four
vain the project was
alive
was made on schedule
the contract
Incorporated
model TCS-90
at
is still
all
specifications.
is
compared
to
manufacturing
a cost of $275
the original
Also there
as
a
project.
model meets or exceeds
of 120 feet
They found
delivery date of April 1972.
had not been
Dimensions
daylight
range
new semiconductor manufacturer
phototransistor.
development
counter
This
find a
to
priced
counter
for single
criteria
an improved model
75
feet
for the TCS-90.
NEWS
WASHINGTON OFFICE ENGINEERING
AND STANDARDS
CONSULTATION
Charles R.
Weller
Assistant Director
engi-neers
WA TER RESOURCES - FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION WORKSHOP
These two
and others working
separate sessions held
the
the water
end-to-end
/2 days were
2-1
first
in
to
development
resource
week
the
during
devoted
which
recommendations
resulted in several
sessions
will
be of
interest
of April 7 in San Francisco
Water Resources
to
there were two
Basically
area.
California
Some
Service Coordination Workshop.
Power Commission-Forest
days
Engineering while the last 2-1 /2
of
certifi-cation
were
a
joint Federal
the more
and recommendations involved
decisions
significant
agreements with the
inventory coordination
of the people designing
dams
procedures
The recommendation
will
as
make
needed
it
to
dams
which
the
establish
will
be most
dam
system should
visible
Service
revisions
generate
to
acquisition
specific
involves
interest
the certification
seem to be
program
Of
safety
licenses.
level.
listings
program.
need to have a
of existing
Center
Collins Computer
Fort
special
the recommendation
The workshop group developed
be studied to make it more compatible with the users
Another item of
dam
the Forest
at
and
training
national
dam
Service
Power Commission
the
at
inventory
possible for Forests with terminals
basis.
manual
issuance of Federal
involving
the foregoing there are several
Conservation
Soil
of proposed water projects
coordination
environmental
and coordination
and inspecting
the Forest
and reports on an
that the inventory
needs.
The
certification
of the
consensus
category
in
accom-plished
task group was that there does
dams
either
in
design or inspection.
without a
Decisions
certification
will
For more detailed information
the Regional
People
Regional
probably
was
Workshop
felt
needed and
that this can be
were mostly
Federal
will result
in
FS Manual
changes
year.
on the meeting
in attendance
Offices
it
is
program.
be forthcoming over the next
workshop.
more training
be helpful
from the FPC Coordination
developed
will
a
Although
job performance requirements
specific
which
not
contact
Regional
those working
in
Office attendees
water
resource
of the
engineering
Power Commission Coordinators and Washington
Office representatives.
Guest speakers
Bogner
from other than the two participating
Director
of Engineering
Soil
Conservation
Service
agencies
included
Robert Simmons
Neil
Attorney
Sam Miles Structural Engineer Corps of Engineers
William Wahler
Associates
Chairman
of the Board Woodard Clyde
Clevenger
Office of the General Counsel
William
Federal
14
in
W.A. Wahler
Safety
FOREST SER
The
Lay
and James
California Division
of
respect
to
Many of
safety.
some
and capacity
in
dams
dams
of
on National
condition
questionable
by the Act more dams than
should
if a failure
life
involved
any other
occur.
the Forest
fact
in
in
others in this law
than
land
Forest
by Congress
concern
dams
control over approximately 1300
of administrative
degree
are
more deeply
is
built
in
endanger human
could
Service
of the
because
passed
the United States which
these
number
be covered
to
92-367 was
the Forest
agencies
of the large
Service has
dams
of
PL
Act
Safety
number
the Federal
because
NA TIONAL DAM SAFETY ACT
VICE ACTIVITY IN THE
Dam
National
of the large
Of
and Gordon Dukleth
Associates
of Dams.
Federal
single
of a size
agency.
inspec-tion
To date
under the terms in the
acting
been developing
a national
dam
other
program by agencies
The
Forest
two types
is
as
recommended dam
preparing
inspection
of an actual
not require the institution
COE
with the
or coordination
the technical activity
COE has
the Corps of Engineers
COE.
than the
FS inputs
Service
does
Act
Safety
and
inventory
PL 92-367
guidelines and procedures.
Dam
with the coordination
contrasted
be divided
can
activity
into
of administrative
requirements.
The
technical activity
Guidelines
Proposed
dams
data on
within
consisted
inputs
for Safety
of providing
of
Inspections
the National
comments on
Dams
COE
the
COE
and providing
publication
with inventory
Forests.
inspec-tions
The
other major input the administrative
the actual
planning
conducting
all
financing
discussed
in detail
Expanding on these two
inventory
people
in
in early
seven
1974
problems and
Service
at
comments
to
the
by Region
on the
The
cards.
last
the same
differences within
interpreted
COE
occasions.
several
4
August
time serve
with
USDA
Technical
for
before
Department-wide
the best advantage
Soil
involving
of both
the
administration
being developed
of the inspection
SCS and
in
it
it
FS.
early
program
is
the
felt
Review
the
COE
Act
filled
inspections
were
Safety
was decided
Service
was
combined
by the COE. These recommendations
15
needs
COE
safety
to
In order to best reflect
Conservation
the
Departmental recommendations were submitted
actual
dam
and comments.
review
those of the
for
Guidelines
was given
Dam
by the
involved
and computer
Staff engineers
1300 dams covered
from each Region compiled into a FS reply then
The
which occurred
the first action
Regional
Office the FS report on the dam inventory
the report
boxes of computer
distributed by the
Forest
efforts
the Washington
January
on
regarding
and State versus Federal
problems
staffing
major types of activity
Through
data.
and
working with the Corps on
Recommendations
implementation of the safety program.
inspections
were
coordination involves
to
FS
combine
the
SCS.
By resolving
comments would be
the
comments were
received
with those of the SCS. The
October 1974.
also
the subject
were to cover
of recommendations
subject
such
as
Who
will
be responsible
How
will
the
for inspections
be financed
inspections
Of
the approximate
to
be inspected
FS and SCS comments and
60000
suggestions
dams
of
comments on
Long
Dams
Assistant
and
a
second
as
comments on
key points summarize the Department
A
program for dam safety
The proposed program
on Federal
that
is
dams
The program needs
The
COE
is
Dam
COE
plans to
present
preparing
Safety
will reflect
the foregoing
continuing
coordination
setting
policy
for
should
signed by Robert
The
following
comments
of
require that private
to
the respective
States
final
Agriculture
is
dams
located
agency
standards
for
before
in
July
the report
the Washington
and implementation
the national
completing
Congress
time
adjustments.
staffing
also
suggestions
between
and
of the dam.
recommendations
to
life
area of responsibility.
a comprehensive implementation plan to establish
package
efforts
The
publication.
remain the responsibility of the Federal
should
letters
Program of
dams.
to
be revised
in
Program and
the final
and Education.
level
National
needed to assure protection
urgently
arrangements and
financial
currently
for the National
a letter
with management
charged
frames
after
1975 by
Research
Act which need
Department
program
lands be included
Federally-owned
as
the
below or adjacent
located
property
COE
Safety
of the suggested
of Agriculture
is
Dam
on April 18
for Conservation
Secretary
COE
by the
program were provided
the
by the
were forwarded to
on two occasions one prior to publication
Inspection
covered
1975
to
it
is
Congress.
dam
inventory.
not
known how
There
Office and the engineers
will
it
be
that are
the Corps.
TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS
Heyward
T. Taylor
of Engineering
Assistant Director
THE
NCHRP REPORT
USE OF BITUMINOUS
EMULSIONS
compre-hensive
By
mid- or late-summer the Transportation
report
of Highway
on
Research Board
the use of bituminous emulsions.
Practice
report under the National
16
The
will
be distributing
a
report will be issued as a Synthesis
Cooperative
Highway
Research Program
NCHRP.
as
Forest
Service engineers
been
have
active
the report and serving on the Advisory
co-authoring
The
and to the development of the report.
Panel
NCHRP
this
giving
direction
study
and the Federal
officials
study
as
well
the study
to
by the American
was jointly sponsored
of State Highway. and Transportation
Association
in initiating
Energy
Administration.
The
report
Forest
is
well done.
Service engineers
materials
Among
contains
It
having
information
considerable
in
responsibilities
and maintenance engineers
construction
that
should
be of
the roads and trail program.
find the report
will
direct
use
to
Design
useful.
particularly
the topics discussed are
-
Chapter One
of emulsified asphalt
Development
Introduction.
use of asphalt
specifi-cations
materials
cationic
energy
comparisons
technical service
Chapter
Asphalt
institute
Two -
Structural
design Chevron
-
Chapter Four
cost
Design.
design
-
General
emulsion
Chapter Six
surfaces
roadside
slurry
-
composition hardness abrasion
shape
particle
surface
chemistry
Introduction emulsion storage and pumping
Construction.
mixes spray applications
-
texture surface
discussion.
of surfaces
laydown of central plant mixes road mixing of aggregates
for
design
and mix design spray application
systems aggregate stockpile management preparation
tests
AASHTO
considerations
discussion.
Mineralogical
Aggregates.
gradation
Chapter Five
control
safety
and grade construction
of type
analysis.
Materials selection
absorption durability
deleterious materials
considerations
selection
mixtures.
seals emulsion-aggregate
porosity
needs
technical training
Chapter Three
density
environmental
emulsions emulsion asphalt
history of emulsions
Maintenance.
compaction
plant operations
of emulsion
mixes
hints on construction.
surfaces
Asphalt
central
maintenance of aggregate
uses of emulsified asphalts.
Chapter Seven
-
Research
Appendix
A - Glossary
Appendix
B
Appendix
C - Gradations
Appendix
D -
Aggregate
Appendix
E -
Estimate
-
Emulsion
test
methods
and
and application
their
significance.
rates
for
seal
coats and surface
treatments.
gradations
of asphalt
procedure.
17
for slurry seals.
emulsion content
using surface
area
In the past several
Forest
means problem
Forest
Service
Some
free.
Emulsions
designing
Emulsified
in
Annual Meeting of Asphalt
First
The
1974.1
NCHRP
it
has been by no
the following
Some
paper
by A. Pelzner and
Pavements
Asphalt
Emulsion Manufacturers
report The
Use of Bituminous
of the identified problem areas and describes
ways and means
better bituminous emulsion surfaces.
and maintaining
constructing
well but
of these problems were described
D.C.
many
considers
been increasingly used for surfacing
have
material has performed
the
with
Proceedings
Washington
Association
for
In general
Experiences
Hendrickson
L.
years bituminous emulsions
Service roads.
assess-ing
We
have
when
it
asked
is
consider
the
We
issued this summer.
the report
own
their
Research Board to furnish us extra copies of the report
Transportation
valuable
a
needs
the
will
be sending
information
at
source.
least
After
Regions may wish to acquire
one copy
additional
each
to
Region
as
we
and
the contents
reviewing
from the
copies directly
Research Board.
Transportation
OPERATIONS
Harold
L.
Strickland
Assistant Director
GEOMETRONICSSER
With the approval
big task
of putting
been selected
Snedeker
GSC
as
new
which
ASCS
in
begin full operation
1
together
Service Center
an organization
the Director James F.
General
facility
Service
the Geometronics
were named to
begin their
Presently
CENTER UPDATE
securing
Roger R. Chamard Assistant Regional
has begun.
will
for
VICE
Distributed
in
Dixon Washington
will
be co-located
the Ogden/Salt
during
fiscal
-
File
Subject Proceedings
preparing
is
with the
in
Region
Office Geometronics
Chamard and
proposal
the
6
has
and Ross
his assistants
GSC.
to secure space
for
our
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation
Lake City Utah
year
of record the
matter
the other complexities
all
together
a
a
for Operations
positions.
July to start putting
Services Administration
now
space and
Engineer
the Assistant Director
assignments
by Memorandum
M.R. Howlett
fill
GSC
area.
As now planned
the
GSC
will
1977.
Designation
1630 To
of the First Annual
Association.
Regional
Meeting
Information
Coordinators
From
of Asphalt Emulsion Manufacturers
GPO 890-947
18