ENGINEERING
TECHNICAL
L
NOTES
FIELD
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
DATA
RETRIEVAL
Volume 6 Number
You Should
Specification
Washington
REPORTS
CURRENT
TEXTS
AWARENESS
Notes
Field
Something
TECHNICAL
11
Know
November
About
For Environment
Office Engineering
Oil
1974
Heating Systems
Protection
News
Readers
UýS
FOREST
SERVICE
U.S.
DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE
ENGINEERING FIELD NOTES
This publication
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or administrative
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all
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is
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personnel.
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FIELD NOTES
SOMETHING YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT
OIL HEATING
SYSTEMS
By Herman Gardner
The
crisis
energy
and resultant
efficiency
and economy study
The
involved
study
atomizing
The
oil
initial
adjusted
Wenatchee
Technician
Engineering
fuel
oil
National
a recent
price escalation prompted
on the Lake Wenatchee
District Wenatchee
that are heated by forced
nine buildings
Forest
warm
air
heating
system
National
furnaces
Forest.
with
gun-type
burners.
inspection led to the
tenants
were generally unaware
of
been
deficiencies.
were
Obvious problem indicators
The
systems had probably never
that the heating
conclusion
methods and
other than by eyeball
draft regulators barometric
dampers were not
level
some were stuck and
notice-able
all
were very
The
dirty.
flame had blowtorch
burner
characteristics
short and white
with
a
loud sound.
Three furnaces
were
installed
in
small closets
that either had no combustion
air
source or had the air source intentionally blocked for the mistaken purpose of
heat.
conserving
caused
combustion
air
soot and oily
At the conclusion
checking
kit
One was
snow which
from
closed to prevent
on the
buildup
their
own
flues
eaves.
escaping
heat from melting roof
These furnaces
as further evidenced
were obtaining
by the amount of
dust in the closets.
of the visual
consisting
ice
inspection
the Forest
decided
to invest in a combustion
of
ABacharach.CO2 Analyzer costing $62.10. This measures CO2 stack emissions.
The analyzer is inserted into a small hole between the furnace breach and the
damper which
to read percent
allows
a flue gas sample to be taken at this point
and expanded
CO2.
of
tempera-tures
ATempoint
at
Dial
Thermometer
the furnace
costing
or boiler outlet.
I
$13.80.
This measures flue
gas
A Pocket
inches
This
basic kit
efficiency.
check
oil
Draft
Gage costing
$16.39.
This measures flue
vacuum
draft
in
of water.
provided the means
No
for
minor adjustments
and an increase
combustion
in
attempt was made to clean furnaces change nozzles improve fireboxes or
pump pressure but in every instance combustion efficiency was increased with
The
only minor adjustments.
following
BEFORE ADJUSTMENT
Stack
Bldg.
Number
2071
F
Temp.
600
table reflects
CO2
8.5
% Efficiency
73
of these adjustments
AFTER ADJUSTMENT
Stack
%
the results
F
Temp.
500
%
CO2
10
REMARKS
%Efficiency
79
Office
small
Plugged
and not
dirty
Changed
1206
Damper
670
9
72
570
12
76
Residence
.035
to
Damper set
pipe
level.
damper setting
.0
from
leak
air
under burner.
in sloping
and could not level
noz-zle
or adjust.
Oversize
too much
or
might account
draft
for
exces-sive
noz-Residence
stack
1202
630
8.5
72
540
9
77
temperature.
Flame ragged.
New
or centering
zle
of nozzle
re-duce
in
burner tube might
excess
1200
550
4.5
60
510
720
8
67
620
air.
78
Excess
77
Smaller nozzle
soot in stack.
re-Residence
9.5
Residence
1209
11
duce stack
1211
600
6
65
550
9.5
76
600
5.5
63
520
8.5
75
500
6
70
350
might
temperature.
Residence
2270
Shop
1301
13
84
Bunkhouse
Door to furnace
closet
Combustion
closed.
from
obtained
air
flue.
center-Warehouse
2271
650
7.5
68
650
Fire
9
72
new and
Needs
smaller
ing
tube
nozzle
perhaps
or
of nozzle in burner
to
improve
combus-tion
and lower stack
temperature.
2
con-sequences.
When
adjustments
necessary people should
are
Following
reference
Step
1.
is
to precautions
Set the
outline
that should
be taken
and within
hole in the emission
using instructions
maintain
the fire.
with added
Punch
and percent
of CO2
combustion efficiency
Calculate
or
from the draft regulator
away
Check the stack temperature
with the analyzer.
supplied
burner efficiency
oil
pipe at least 6 inches
of the furnace.
12 inches
be aware of and understand the possible
for checking
room temperature to
well above
thermostat
a 1/4-inch
drill
a procedural
using the
approx-imately
Generally modern
chart.
analyzer
500 F
about a
that provide
oil
equipment
burning
is
engineered
CO2
stack temperature a 10-percent
to standards
emission and
exam-ple
Know-ing
com-puted
combustion
80-percent
-Precaution
When
1.
adequate
the oil burner
efficiency.
located
is
for combustion
provision
of opening to the outside
air
in
2
yields approximately
oil
or closet
there should
2
140000 Btu
the
For
of one gallon per hour.
a rate
oil at
minimum opening can be
follows
as
140000 Btu
X
1000 Btu
A
room without sufficient
own flue usually around
air
280
2 square inches
forces
square inches
the burner to consume
damper and
the barometric
combustion gases from
02
of oxygen
the percent
be very low.
Step
2.
The
plumb.
be
generally call for 2 square inches
codes
for each 1000 Btu per hour of burner capacity.
a given burner has a nozzle supplying
that
room
a small
Building
air.
draft regulator
It
should be
be checked
should
free
moving
in its
to see that the axis
pivot
bearing
and
free
is
may
and the face
level
of any
dirt
its
is
that might
combus-tion
affect
its
balance.
instructions
Efficiency
greater at
2..
Look
be introduced
Step
3.
.0
than
at
.0
but
for and repair visible
through
nozzle
is
a -soft yellow-
the shutters until
outside
the building
visible the burner
until
the
oil
.0 vacuum
glass
smoke
supply
no smoke emission
or firebox
hitting the firebox
inches
the
of water.
to carry
All combustion
air
should
flame
atomization
is
air
A ragged
flame
good as
supply
with smoke showing
Close the inspection hole
disappears.
possible
openings.
wall indicates either the need
by closing the primary
or orange-colored
to observe
air
following
flue.
or improper oil pressure. If fuel
the flame proceed with adjustment
there
to
leaks in the firebox.
air
Observe the flame through the inspection
new
.0
and
the burner.
with streams of liquid unvaporized
for a
a
hole
the draft must be sufficient
out of the firebox and up the
by-products
Precaution
the draft gage stem in a 1/4-inch
the draft regulator to maintain
set
is
Insert
smoke
emission
shutter must be opened
invisible.
3
from the
slightly
indicated by
shutter until
Open
open and proceed
chimney. If smoke is
at
the tip.
if
and the process repeated
Precaution
A
3.
smoking burner
Carbon
cleaning.
Remember
both.
expert
qualified
Step
and
the nozzle
improperly adjusted and the furnace
is
accumulate rapidly and
will
This situation could
ignition points.
If
and soot
that extra air
pump
oil
are
to analyze
is
will
may bridge
soon need
the gap
between
of
lead to an explosion a fire or a combination
than
better
too little
air.
suspect do not attempt an adjustment or
Hire a
repair.
and correct the malfunction.
and percent of CO2 using instructions
Repeat the check of the stack temperature
combustion
with
the
Calculate
the
efficiency using the analyzer
analyzer.
supplied
4.
chart.
adjustment
If
percent
in
Precaution
4.
efforts
there will be a corresponding
have been successful
increase
readings.
Be sure that there are no combustion odors
at
the furnace
and no smoke from
the chimney.
These efficiency
with
provided
clean-burning
checks
are
easily
not attempt to get more at the expense
nozzle
then
and
draft
have
of a
the furnace
for type
and size and the
the services
of a professional
smoky
hazardous
cleaned the
oil
for operation
Generally you are
gage.
that will produce about 80-percent
combination
cannot be attained
and complete instructions
understood
the analyzer thermometer
fire
combustion
fire.
chamber
If
striving
Do
efficiency.
the 80-percent
checked
are
for a
range
for leaks
the
pressure checked.
efficien-cy
Combus-tion
analyzed
Always
enlist
perform Steps
figures
Anyone
the
1
through
next
4.
this
Street
Refrigerating
New York NY
are
not confident
that your repairman supply
Insist
interested in pursuing
of Heating
you
time he cleans your furnace
and Automatic Fuel-Burning
Society
if
subject
in
of your
own
ability
to
you with combustion
or adjusts your burner.
more depth
Equipment
in
and Air Conditioning
10017.
4
should
read
Fuels and
the guide published
Engineers
by the American
ASHRAE
345 East 47th
FOR ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
SPECIFICATION
By
Civil
Joel M. Marshik
Sawtooth
Engineer
National
Forest
engi-neers.
pro-tect
Protecting the environment
during
a construction
Proper protection. measures begin
the field with the inspector.
construction
operation
the office
is
with
the
a
problem facing many
designer and continue
on
in
But neither the designer nor the inspector performs the actual
operation the contractor
the environment
in
he must know
does.
what
is
Therefore
the contractor
if
and
to be protected
in
is
some
expected to
how
instances
to
draw-ings.
protect
it.
Informing the contractor
and the various
of what
documents
that
he
make
will
be required to do
is
accomplished by the contract
up e.g. general provisions
it
Army Corps
of Engineers Seattle District has adopted to inform and educate
about environmental
The
their
present
better communication
methods.
between
what the designer intended
same.
The
A
resulted from a desire
Protection
They
felt
that before
is
office
and
field
was necessary.
personnel
built and the inspector
the contractor
of that committees
a result
the contractor
by the Corps to
improvements could
be achieved
In
many
enforced
committee was formed to resolve these differences and make
specification
measures
the
measures.
entitled Environment
specification
improve
protection
and
specifications
Any one of these can be used to inform the contractor about the protection
required of him. The purpose of this article is to describe a new specification that
a
instances
were not the
recommendation.
recommendation.
specifica-tion
In addition
manual
to the specification
provides
contractor
and
illustrates
his
The
labor force.
how
the manual
ILLUSTRATED
they
also
created
a manual
or pamphlet
form some important environmental
cartoon
in
following
paragraph
from the
and the specification complement
supplement.
dos and donts
first
The
to the
page of the
each other
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES. Some
environ-mental
of the environmental
protection
measures included
these specifications
in
in-cluded
Con-struction
have been selected
protection
as
subjects
for illustrations.
measures are
identified
These
and numbered
of the specification to which they apply.
section
illustrated
The
as
EPMs
illustrations
in
the
pam-phlet
in
a pamphlet entitled
Operations
in
dated
these specifications.
as
dos
respective
illustrate
contractual
Environmental
March
1971.
Protection
EPMs
1
approved
methods
environmental
5
in
are
referenced
identified in the
and concepts
requirements
Measures for
through 32
The equipment and methods
are
to accomplish the
a general way.
They
not intended
are
to provide
detail
work must be accomplished
All
guidance.
posi-tive
in
strict
accordance
with the
specification.
donts
practices identified as
Besides improving techniques
the specification
established
regular meetings
between
several
operations
shall
prevent
the pamphlet.
the
new
guidelines concerning
training.
as
Contractor
specification
the following
remaining
examples
a
help accomplish this
on-the-job training sessions and
and the contractor.
officer
The
would develop
To
of protecting the environment.
the contracting
the requirement for monthly
of construction
in
the Corps hoped
toward the importance
attitude
The
EPMs deal
EPM
No.
specifically
1
illustrates
with a variety
illustrate.
1
EPM
No.
monthly
contract.
goal
1.-The
for the
He
and that
Contractor
purpose
shall
of
emphasize
restoration
shall
conduct
emphasizing
should
that
be
frequent
on
the job training courses
the environmental
prevention
necessary
protection
damage to the environment
only when damage is unavoidable.
of
6
not
requirements
is
the
less
of
than
the
primary
t
f
46
10
zw. ice
//J//ýCi
EPM
No. 19.-The
a
preparing
base
use
of
for culverts
within
equipment
and for channel
streams
shall
diversion
only.
be
held to
that
necessary
for
ve3
y
_ý
_
Ai-a
ý
-
inter-ference
EPM
No.
21.-The
or disturbance
Contractor
shall
perform
to the safe passage
all
work
and spawning
in
of
a
manner
game
fish.
to
prevent
any
w
1
C
ý-3
l
Ij
\\
chem-ical
EPM
No.
23.-Approved
treatment
light
ýd
13
h
NIN
lar
EPM
111@
oil
11t
temporary methods of
bituminous
lpRN4iIN
treatment
6k4quy$104
or equal
stabilization
consisting
ra
Phil
No. 27.-Waste
materials
shall
not be
dumped
8
of sprinkling
methods shall be provided
on
slopes..
to control
dust.
pro-tection
envi-ronment
con-tract.
The Corps
realizes
that this specification
and the environment
draws attention
but
it
was covered
The
by scattered
contractor
what protection
in
Before
is.
knew
never
measures
will
The
it
may
author
Division
be irreparable
at
any
wishes to acknowledge
Department of the
this
the assistance
Army Seattle
Editors
P.
L.
Note
documents
important
of the
of him.
making
Now
is
not
of Sydney
up the
he
is
able to see
An
increase
serious damage
is
and
Division
Environmental Protection
using both
contract
a
Response on Highway
ASCE
was helpful
in
Measures for Construction
250 per copy from
Office
of Administrative
Army Corps
Seattle
Services
of Engineers
District
1519 Alaska
Seattle
Steinborn Chief Engineering
the pamphlet
Cole and S. Steinborn which appeared
U.S.
Once
cheap.
who
District Corps of Engineers
Protection
and Construction
of the Construction
how
protection
cost.
Operations
Reservoirs by
the various
of the environment
Measures for Construction
Journal
in
that
a specification
aware of
was issued
exactly what was expected
Environment
Design
specification
statements
copy of the specification
Environmental
They now have
be necessary and to bid the project accordingly.
costs will result but protection
done
problems involving construction
all
and makes the contractor
to the environment
of that environment
not solve
will
has reduced the number.
Way
South
Washington
9
98134
in
provided
Environmental
of these.
In
Relocations
the March
preparing
Operations
this
a
Protection
addition
for Mountain
1974
issue
of
article.
may be purchased
for
WASHINGTON OFFICE ENGINEERING
NEWS
OPERATIONS
Harold
Strickland
L.
Assistant Director
REMOTE SENSING
Chief and Staff recently determined that
The
remote sensing
of Engineering
would be assigned to
responsibilities
air-craft
National
Forest
Systems.
for maintaining
Remote
communication
effective
with non-Forest
was assigned the primary responsibility
and coordination
throughout
Service and
the Forest
Service organizations on remote sensing.
the use of electromagnetic
sensing involves
or space
Director
platforms
energy
data from great distances
to gather
and often
equipment
special
for measuring or interpreting
physical information.
We
are currently
Forest
investigating several
Primarily
Programs.
equipment and technology to
management
of remote sensing technology to National
applications
the use of remote sensing research
involves
this
and display earth resources
collect
Following are brief descriptions of
activities.
data
presently
activities
and new
results
to be used
in
land
underway
area
in this
Cooperative
FAP
Project
NASA
with
efforts
are being continued
on a program known
Johnson
at the
Space Center
as
in
Forestry
Applications
The purpose
Houston.
of
cano-py
this
program
is
to investigate
of remote sensing technology
the application
for the inventory
photog-raphy
Applica-tion
of forest
resources.
categories
as
camera and
met with
has
a thermal
limited success
There have been varying
erosion.
and crown
closure
diameter
Early this
with McDonnell
problems
geologic
map
data combined
overlays
use of high altitude infrared
mapping
An
the areas of vegetation
in
accomplishment report Forestry
be released
in
Service entered
November.
into a cooperative
the State of Utah
the generation
agriculture
Soil
of thematic
The program
basis.
10
is
map
overlays
attempting
and computer
agreement
Conservation
inventory recreation impact
with multistage sampling
on a production
such
mapping and
Company
investigate
in
scanners a multispectral
of success
will
Forest
and interpretation
areas of land use surveys land form
hazards and natural resource location.
multispectral
useful
of Utah to
urban encroachment
as
the
1974
summerthe
The
scanner.
degrees
Douglas Astronautics
and the University
using multispectral
determination.
FY
Project Accomplishment
in
data collection
addressed
project scope
timber wildlife soil and range
a metric
camera
The
Service
for such
water pollution
to
processing
show
that
can generate
solv-ing
catego-ries
It
shown
has
clear
that
few
ERTS
high
was
this
type of information
invaluable for large
altitude
areas at the national level
flights while local
aircraft
for
will
made
it
is
undergo change
found that most of the problems of the resource managers
not be solved with the spectral resolution of the
is
information
of the number of
of boundary placement has not been
for generating
also
may provide
data
a final determination
Although
or the accuracy
It
years.
of multispectral
analysis
problems.
techniques
traditional
the next
could
computer
can be classified
that
in
that
management
resource
areas
will
ERTS
multispectral
regional needs
require even lower
Although
scanner.
now be met
can
level
only by
flights to collect
the required data.
LARS
We
at
INSTAAR
at
the Laboratory for Applications
with
are cooperating
Purdue University
the Institute
through
Colorado University
in
the use of ERTS-1
of Remote Sensing
and Alpine
for Arctic
Research
imagery to identify and catalog
Colorado and Wyoming.
To
Experi-ment
ecosystem components
in
high-elevation
date model plots have been established
Remote
sensing researchers
Station continued
South Dakota.
imagery.
strong
work
at
at
to develop
classification
possibilities for effective
of current status.
and scope
of the
in
be published
we
intend
a west
scanner
truth.
and Range
the Black
scanner
data.
and enlargements
prints
of multispectral
will
in
improved computer processing
from multispectral
As new projects are launched
ground
Southwest Forest
of eight land use types
processing
in
pattern recognition
was developed for obtaining good quality
Automatic
zones
locations to facilitate
the Pacific
and mapping
classification
Progress reports of these ongoing activities
nature
several
on reflectance
They are attempting
tapes for automatic
technique
to
alpine-type
Georgia
of
ERTS
An improved
ERTS
of
test
site
showed
data.
periodically to keep
to keep
area of
Hills
you informed
you
as
abreast
to the
activity.
we will be continually searching
new developments and applications for remote sensing technology.
We would appreciate
other
information
from
if
become
of
in the
hearing
aware
or
you
you
any project activity
In redeeming our responsibility in the remote sensing field
for
area of remote sensing.
11
TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS
Heyward
Taylor
T.
Assistant Director
EPA WATER QUALITY
PROTECTION GUIDE - LOGGING ROADS
During the month of September
Office and
the Washington
from the Environmental
Stations received
Regions and Experiment
several
EPA
Agency
Protection
a
rough draft of Water
312-page
-
Guide
Quality Protection
Logging Roads.
was selected to make a unified response
by Forest
supplied
a unified
Service
Improvements.
Technological
report was delivered to
16 pages
to
feasible
EPA
to restate
comments
the
comments
Office
comments
Using
Service.
and Standards
Consultation
On September 22 the Forest Services response to
EPA Region I in Seattle Washington.
Our response
3 pages
comments.
of general
comments on
the specific
all
Staff Unit
Engineering
well as the Washington
as
by both
publishing the report in
regarding
Office
for the Forest
a joint effort
comments and
of detailed
expressed
as
EPA
and Stations
Regions
was prepared
response
to
The Washington
the
present
its
EPA
Serious
form.
made
Guide that were
contained
were
concerns
Although
and
the
it
is
not
the following
from the general comments express some of our main concerns
extracted
about
the report
contermi-nous
The Guide
sedimentation.
United
does
not
a frame of reference
establish
the reader the
Of
15.6
amount
answers
provided
It
that are produced
in
of sediments
supported by documented
percent
In the Region
million tons of sediment yearly.
the total sediment production
what
what percent
is
due to
man what
Of
the portion
due to
silvicultural
Of
the portion
due to logging roads what percent
would be helpful
if
States
River
the report
the Pacific Northwest
told
area and
questions
due to man-associated
causes
and
is
due to
silvicultural
what percent
activities
is
is
activities
due to logging
roads
due to logging roads that have
and operated
in
conformity with
practices
the effect
sediment attributed
on water
quality over a period
to properly
Repeatedly throughout
principal source of sedimentation.
in
percent
designed constructed maintained
good engineering
What was
of the United
the Columbia
due to natural causes
is
the portion
been planned
rivers
X area
data for the following
Of
erosion
The
States produces 185 tons of sediment annually.
discharge 491 million tons of sediment per year.
alone discharges
with respect to
or perspective
Survey each square mile of the
According to the U.S. Geological
forested watersheds
the
Guide
In fact the
of time for that portion
and managed
engineered
the
reader
Guide
has been attributed
12
is
states
to roads.
logging
told that logging
that 90 percent
It also
of
roads
states
roads are the
of accelerated
that back slopes
up to 85 percent
contribute
total
of the
of sedimentation but precision as to the pinpoint
only precision as to quantity
such sedimentation.
sedimentation
Unfortunately
not
is
Although
and the inexactness
of the
the state
precise nor unchallengeable
as
we
did not
of the
- not
the previous
as
the Guide itself describes the difficulties
of sediment source location
it
acknowledge
that
many of
the
of
statements
imply.
of sediment measurement
nevertheless
numerous
quotes
to logging
We
roads.
are from Forest
quotations
source
measuring and locating sources of
art in
that attribute the sediment source with great assurance
if
and up to 30 percent
road sedimentation
first-year
All this implies a great deal of preciseness in measurements
road sedimentation.
studies
would be remiss
Service authored
impreci-sion
reports.
Nonetheless
measurement
accepted
if
view of the previously stated
in
and location
it
many of the statements
qualified
on which the statements
more credible
if
the aforementioned
more
objective and better
and pointed
believe
out
the
the report would be far
on sediment measurement
difficulties
were brought out very
source location
and quotations
Furthermore we
are based.
with sediment source
difficulties
the Guide would be far
would seem
it
and sediment
the Guide and fully discussed.
sedi-mentation
early
in
Engi-neers
The
Guide
no information
gives
that would be tolerable
on the threshold
level
need to know
what
with respect
of sedimentation
level
Armed with such knowledge
and procedures
to flora and fauna
of sedimentation
with respect
or guidance
is
to the levels
of
nor does the Guide give information
quality deterioration.
to water
a hazard
to public health
and
safety.
engineers can design an array of sediment minimizing devices
so as to prevent
beyond
sedimentation
the total
allowable
sedimentation.
ter-rain.
exorbi-tant
Of course
the levels
should
be
with
realistic
Logging roads
in
as
the Guide
is
not
really
address this problem.
presently written absolutely no sedimentation
Northwest are located
the Pacific
of the costs and the benefits
consideration
The Guide does
for a particular level of sedimentation.
would seem that
full
in
is
It
tolerable.
mountainous
steep treacherous
contribu-tion
Even
were possible for logging roads
if zero sedimentation
This price would be directly
price.
would substantially contribute
to the state
of the
art if
it
roads within
related to specific
would identify
general
portions
and work
quality as affected
Editors Note
make
Guide could
tolerable
constructing
comments were
of wood
an
and
a meaningful
of sedimentation
levels
at
products
maintaining and operating
with them
in
reinforced
We
of the Guide.
Service reservations on the Guide and
EPA
would come
and discuss
logging
these tolerable levels.
The aforementioned
with
The
to inflation.
the costs and the benefits of designing
it
transferred to the consumers
make
preparing
hopeful
are
appropriate
by many
that
revisions.
useful guidelines
detailed
EPA
on
will
We
comments which
consider
the
Forest
have offered to meet
the protection
of water
by logging roads.
Improve-ments
This
news item and the related
and Consultation
activity
were a joint effort between
and Standards.
13
Technological
AND STANDARDS
CONSULTATION
Charles
R. Weller
Assistant Director
LASER RANGE POLE
LASER
The
using
fact
will
it.
it
However
has
we have
so well
is
The
center
line.
The
of
and photomultipliers
now occur
signal
carrier
will
when used
false
within
its
in
difficulties
inherent limits.
In
two more from RCA. The two new models
ordered
expected to extend to 2-1/2
filters
well
Important improvements
center and the elimination
work.
Recently
general
and there have been some
for one year
has functioned
it
needed improvements.
The range
that
in
functioned
include
recognize
Pole has been used
Range
be
will
in
range the
to
ability
readings.
miles for average
daylight
and
miles for night
5
have been improved to eliminate blank readings
be improved to eliminate the
of
possibility
false
on
readings
frequently.
5-watt
The
radios were added to the system.
by the addition of the 5-watt
RCA
The
walkie-talkie.
range
5-watt
of the radio has been improved
RCA
replaces a 1-watt
Bell
Howell.
new
The
radios have not
mile in rugged terrain
right
line light
or right.
left
The
present
up during
readings
of
1
in
is
sometimes
indicate about where
lights
center
it
improved the center
occurs
because
The reduced
system
daylight
down
is
still
hours.
the
The
is
because
problem.
to get a center
center line
the reflected
intensity
very
difficult
light
is
to a 5-to-10-second
to
split
LASER
line light
is
reading.
almost
40000.
14
left
and
The blank
often only half the intensity of either
line lights
by
noting
adequate.
This
the center
always
The
full signal.
the prism splits the reflected
box in
is
shots of one-half to one
because they get the
usable even though the center
ability
On
line
light.
do not always
left
and
provides
light
right
accuracies
READERS EXCHANGE
FIELD NOTES
This section
of
descriptions
of work
brief news
under
is
way
designed
to
successful
provide
you
with an opportunity
problems
experiences
share brief
to
requests for assistance
or
items.
exper-iences
tech-niques
We
anticipate
lacking
PI
evaluating
and having
in
some depth
maximum fines.
with mix design control testing
would appreciate
construction
and cost analyses of bentonite
to add plasticity
the use of bentonite
I
beneficiated
to
methods maintenance
an aggregate
and your
relevant references
evaluation
aggregate surfacing.
Gary
Schulze
B.
Materials Engineer
Superior
P.O.
Improved
and Disposal
Utilization
meeting of the American Society
Chicago.
During the 3 days
of Logging Residue
will
of Agricultural Engineers
December
10-12
of Forest
industry research
and engineering
Complete information
Engineers 2950 Niles
is
available
Road
St.
disposal
218-727-6692
396
the Conrad
Engineering
with
all
of the latest
on request
Joseph
of logging
utilization
residues.
information
15
in
be from
subjects.
of Agricultural
Sirois
Engineer
Office
will
products
will
on these timely
Washington
winter
Hotel
24 papers
new
Speakers
Mechanical
882.435
Hilton
_
Don
GPO
ext.
topic at the
sessions
from the American Society
Michigan 49085.
Building
55801
be a featured
at
Forest
Federal
Duluth Minnesota
be given on the various aspects of improved logging techniques
from logging residues and treatment
National
Box 338