ENGINEERING
TECHNICAL
FIELD
INFORMATION
TECHNICAL
NOTES
DATA
REPORTS
CURRENT
RETRIEVAL
TEXTS
AWARENESS
SYSTEM
Notes
Field
Volume
Obsolescence
Use
Regional
Number
1974
8
Overloads
of
Superstructures
of Engineering
Division
Washington
Office
FOREST
Division
SERVICE
for
Low
Water
Roads
Secondary
Crossings
UýS
6
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FIELD NOTES
AND FAILURES
OBSOLESCENCEOVERLOADS
By Wayne
Salmon
If
a culvert has
enough
large
And what might
a 50- or even
the consequences
25 years when does
if
make
it
make
sense to
it
flood
a 100-year
be
4
Forest Region
National
lifespan of only
a probable
to handle
Valentine
H.
flood
a 50-year
strikes
a pipe with its capacity
accumula-tion
develop-ments
flow
strained by the 25-year
already
Last winter
that necessarily be a catastrophe
doubled those previously recorded
such
as
The magnitudes of snow
a particularly heavy snowfall.
there occurred
easily
structure
Need
a trail bridge
or a
in
the last 50 years.
gymnasiumroof what
If
you wish
snow-loading
to design a
design
do you use
de-ciding
estab-lished
The
to these and similar questions
answers
which
nor comfortably
easily
the answers.
Neither
approach
with
dissatisfied
Others
is
completely
abandonment
there
is
service
should
is
the brand
rules
in
of practice which have been
Some best judgment
satisfactory.
analysis.
Consequently
is
many
has a risk of failure particularly if its service
some
as
is
a bit
kind.
But
things built
easy to comprehend the risk
more subtle but nevertheless
new something
well as the very
in
constructing
that has been torn
old something that
be given consideration
economy
arbitrary
really
very
engineers
poor and
have been
function
man
and used by
also
calls
for the
have another
of obsolescence.
of overload
risk
on
are not
best judgment
their
results.
to handle a load of
risk-that
The
relied
for
criteria
design
sustain a risk of overloading
controlling organization.
Almost any improvement
ability
have
appropriate
will
designers have simply used
by themselves preclude
rules
arbitrary
Some
settled.
by some
policy
as
concerning
carry normal loading and which
will
just
as
is still
just
1
as real.
In
everyones experience
down wrecked
in service.
the risk of overload
new improvements.
i.e. replacement or
of obsolescence
should
The
be
or otherwise
risk
if
put out of
of obsolescence
we
are
to seek
true
may be
or abandonment
Replacement
A
reasons such as
needed for any of several
chang-ing
change
ancillary
flood
only
of changing
because
For
obsolete.
facility
for fish passage
when
Likewise
flows.
standards
and
energy.
may become
facility
to allow
accommodate
to
have been rewired
electrical
makes the
or standard
to be replaced
had been designed
it
older houses
use patterns of
An
function
may need
a culvert
previously
many
the service
in
example
obsolete
the primary facility
because
is
exam-ple
For example a bridge may no longer be needed because
changed.
of road
relocation.
Damage not
power
poles are normally designed
They may not be
A
facility
with the main structure purpose
associated
has
This
out.
may be due
may occur.
accommodate wind and
enough to withstand
strong
worn
to
vehicle
to normal
For
line
loadings.
collisions.
wear
of maintenance
lack
tele-phone
or substandard
have made the
advances
Technological
lines
which leads to shortened
construction
are being replaced
because
facility
life.
Currently many
obsolete.
of improved microwave
communications.
regard-less
The
structure
is
old and perhaps
unsightly.
It
may be
point the older a structure the greater the likelihood
of
for continued
its suitability
older buildings of historical
This
service.
have been
interest
will
be replaced
Many
often unfortunate.
is
lost
that up to a
observed
it
simply because
of
their
age
analy-sis
A common
By
objective of design
the
incorporating
the
is
to achieve
only load capacity
considering
risk
some
specified result
of obsolescence
and a study
of consequences
designer will have a better chance of getting closer
There may be
100-year
little
the combined
apparent
when
flood
rationale for designing
the structure
life
cost from risk of damage
is
of
failure
that would
may
result
into his
to the most economic
structure
a drainage
from
But by
this objective.
only on the order of 25 years.
probability of replacement or abandonment
with economy.
or capacity
may miss
versus cost the designer
failure
to
selection.
accommodate
However
due to overloading
lead to the conclusion
a
analysis of
and
that such a selection
would be prudent
If failure
would cause heavy damage
The
may be
economical to oversize the structure
costs of failure should
it
has a comparatively
A
mathematical model of the probability of obsolescence
most
things.
a more
By
prudent
short
it
life.
combining the risk of obsolescence
design can
be achieved-one that
more consonant with the objective of economy
in
2-
in analysis.
can be developed or assumed for
with the
yields
be included
even if
risk
of
failure
a lower average
construction.
due to overload
cost and thereby
is
con-sider
By
lowest
considering
specified magnitude
average
it
is
case of a drainage
the
of culvert that may be
which the culvert
with
make
has
installed
The
The water merely ponds behind
overtops
The
overtops
water
To
out however
insist
arbitrarily
return
is
may
of consequences
anticipate that
the structure
that the
providing
The methodology
where the
pick
of
risk
selections
is
Because of
is
considered
to
selection
first
decide
associated
different
risks
life
of
failure
expectancies.
this
It
by
must be
particular flood
failure
due to
that the average
a 10- or 15-year
once or twice
and
a
of
risk
may be
during
expected
its
the analysis.
in
design of other facilities
on the flood
load
Seldom
loading.
economics
of
costs
storm and
in
with the capacity
due to overloading
Thus
have a longer
life
change
expectancy due to different
Figure
It
are included
of the comparative
analysis
site peculiarities.
magnitude
then
do these match.
several
A
alternative
and consequences
of
failure
alternatives.
have different
in life
failures.
most nearly coinciding to
risk
of
specified
the pipe to handle
failure
is
severely
circumstances.
site
a specified annual
of such
in culvert
to find the flood
then make an
of the several
will
usually followed
failure
done.
is
done.
because
occur
would be repaired or replaced
of
is
flood
change with time.
satisfy
by designing
consequences
a pipe with capacity
better approach
must
it
the consequences
be reduced considerably
could
life
saying that
to ignore
a
may be
this failure
roadway and
that every culvert must meet the capacity
which
period
overloading
damage
erodes the
particular size
channel.
that these circumstances
is
of
and no damage
a little
They may be disastrous or they may not depending on
pointed
Each
due to overloading
failure
consequences
and
and completely
combination
other likely
of
the roadway
the roadway
damages the culvert and stream
Or some
risk
of a
As an example
a live stream.
crossing
an associated
of handling.
The water
of an overloading
the consequences
further design refinements.
culvert for a roadway
incapable
is
cost together
possible to
expectancy than one with capacity
2 was derived
to provide
the alternatives
a pipe with capacity
for a 25-year
flood.
flood
Just what
will
is
the
risks of failure
an answer to the above question.
to be reduced to one of economic
under investigation
for a 100-year
selection between
different life spans.
3
alternatives
Its
with
use enables
different
the problem
first
costs and
The curves
2 were obtained
Figure
in
under the curve
divided
of
Pi
equationl
P
where
F
Pi
P
combined
P
annual
rl
ri
For purposes
F
F
-
1
Pri
-
\
i
year
1
_TT.
1
1
-
ri
1
j
risk
probability of obsolescence
during
year
probability of obsolescence
during
any year
of calculating
P
equally
is
by the
as defined
j
Pj-
-
probability of failure during
flood
which the area
at
values of
years for various
vs
r
by integrating to the year
the mathematical
j
i
with
i
to
1
i
-
j
1
was assumed
model of obsolescence
demon-strating
rj
normally distributed with mean
This assumption
years.
otherwise.
It
is
made
seems
lives
in
of 25 and 30 years and a standard
the absence
of information
to be reasonably
intuitively
change Figure
The
number of
half would
The
A
No.
in service
examples
at
will
analysis
The objectives of the
operate
at
the associated
Table
I
A
is
the
years
under
is
it
is
life
risks
of obsolescence
the end of the expected life span
within
neither
having
If
life.
and overloading
failed
due to
that time period.
serve to further illustrate
has been performed for a drainage
are to provide
installation
annual
flow
flood
the annual
and the flood frequency curve
probabilities
fig.
acceptable
levels
that the expected
21
life
years and so on.
and Cornelli Probability
Statistics
rounded
Table
for
II
1
for each pipe
alternative.
risks
to the nearest full
is
shown
in
2
Figure
year of Alternative
summarizes data and enables the selection
and Decisions
4
of protection
values.
cost for each
installation
1.
underneath a road that
a waterway
cost and that will provide
of pipe sized to accommodate floods of various
B
observed
22 years
Benjamin
appreciably
yields the expected
equally divided
identical
roadway environmental and other
of an alternative.
1
culvert
least
and the estimated
expected
where
vs
shows flow capacities probability of flood derived from Figure
capacity
The
F
installed
has been developed which estimates
will
of
possibility
may not
1
frequency
flood
were
culverts
nor become disfunctional
following
Example
be
still
an overload
and suggests the
true model
2.
year at which the area under Pj
a large
to the author
available
valid
The
research to determine the true model of obsolescence.
being
as
deviation of 10
for Civil Engineers
McGraw-Hill 1970
p58.
600
500
400
300
1k
I
200
o
J
W
Y
w
100-go---80
70-60
50
0.5
2
1
ANNUAL
5
CHANCE
Figure
1.
1.
OF
- Flood
5
20
10
URRENCE
Frequency
30
- %
6
fill
-------
--------7
6
5
4
IN
I
cc
rý3
2
I
5
10
15
EXPECTED
Figure
2.
- Expected
Life due to
IX
20
LIFE - YEARS
Combined
6
Risks
25
30
of Flood and Obsolescence
35
Table
I.
- Details
of Alternatives
Annual
Flow CapaAlternative
city
Flood Risk
from
c.f.s.
fig.
1
Estimated
First
Cost
A
470
0.012
B
400
0.015
5000
C
330
0.020
4250
D
280
0.025
4000
E
230
0.032
2900
F
190
0.040
2400
G
150
0.055
2050
H
110
0.084
1300
I
80
0.130
1150
J
60
0.200
7
$5500
950
Table
IL
-
Comparative Costs of Alternatives
Expected
Alternative
Cost of
2
from fig.
Cost
Total
Expected
Life Years
First
Replacement
Comparative
J
Cost
A
$5500
22
2113
7613
B
5000
21
2083
7083
C
4250
19
2098
6348
D
4000
18
2157
6157
E
2900
16
1883
4783
F
2400
14
1903
4303
G
2050
11
2282
4332
H
1300
8
2189
3489
I
1150
5
3400
4450
J Amount
to deposit at 6 percent
interest so that a replacement cost equal to original
cost
prob-ability
probabil-ity
will
be
available
an economic
Some
at
the expected life on a perpetual
comparison and
other basis
of obsolescence
by
the
This basis
in
no way
of comparison could
calculated
and
total
failure
present
however needs EDP
represents
be selected
for each
worth
This
basis.
is
merely a
the events likely
such
as
basis
to occur
calculating the
capability.
8
the specific
in reality.
combined
year up to 50 years multiplying
for
for making
this
year then summing these
values.
H
in-stallation
unaccept-able
F
Note that the estimated
however
least
on an average
other considerations
associated
F
C
Alternative
will
Alternative
82 percent
greater than
If
be made.
selection could
this
would occur
or inconvenience
damage
demand
is
with
Alternative
one concludes
that a failure
of every eight years would be acceptable
would be Alternative
that
cost
comparative
has an expected life of only eight years.
which nearly doubles
carry a 25-year
H.
life
if
it
presumed
is
Note
further that the
of about 19 years
at
that
a better
the expected time between
storm.
with an expected
Alternative
However
this
from environmental and
each failure then perhaps
with
which
of
choice
Note
failures.
would
flood
50-year
a cost approximately
Example No. 2
3 shows a flood
Assume
mean
to be
conse-quences
Figure
30
years.
event
The
may be
of
results
frequency for another
are tabulated
the prudent
choice
in
drainage.
Table
III suggesting
for this installation
the
that providing
depending
structure
capacity
life
for a rare
of course on the
con-sistent
The
best
failure.
selection of load
correlated with
the
risk
with acceptable
more prudent
with
in
an occasional
found
While
i.e.
of obsolescence
consequences
the long
overload
that providing
of
in
results
a
than to provide
capacity
for a rare
Flow
Alternative
c.f.s.
due to damage
repair a structure
for an extreme risk.
event
to sizing culverts
will likely
this
that can
Or
result
approach
can
the reverse
in
lowest
may be
average
cost.
be used for other
be assumed or developed and a
risk
III
Annual
Flood
Risk
%
is
associated
which can be estimated.
Table
Capacity
the risk of failure due to overload
way that results in the lowest average cost
The conclusion may be reached that it is
which have a model of obsolescence
due to overloading
when
failure.
run. to occasionally
the examples are applied
facilities
failure
carrying capacity
Expected
Expected
Installation
Life
Cost
Cost of
Replacement
Comparative
Cost
A
400
0.5
29
6150
1392
7542
B
330
2.2
22
5450
2094
7544
C
280
6.0
11
5000
5566
9
10566
of
500
400
Cn
LL
ci
300
3
0
J
200
a
W
10
0.2
05
ANNUAL
2
I
CHANCE
Figure
3.
-
5
OF
10
OCCURRENCE
Flood Frequency
10
20
30
- %
FOR LOW
USE OF CATTLEGUARD SUPERSTRUCTURES
WATER CROSSINGS ON SECONDARY FOREST ROADS
By
A. Brink
Steven
Engineer Eldorado National
Civil
Forest
situa-tions
Low
water crossings have become increasingly popular
National
Forest
and low
presented
The
because
of their diversity
are some
years on the Eldorado
recent
to different stream-crossing
Recently a stream crossing was encountered on our Forest
initial cost.
a real challenge
following
in
of application
to
facts
the best type
determining
of structure
that
be used.
that could
and physical conditions which had to be considered
in selecting
the structure
16-foot road fords a relatively
stream
bed-180
between
pro-posed
Existing
flat
feet
high
water marks.
Good
trout spawning
crossing
Dispersed
exist
gravels
recreation exists in the
Flow fluctuates
of the
site.
MMBF of timber will
Thirty
both upstream and downstream
from 15
form of hunting camping and
be removed
feet
wide and
from the area
the next 20 years.
in
deep to 180
foot
1
fishing.
feet
wide and
5
feet
deep.
The
environmental
analysis
established
the following
criteria
to be adhered to in the design
of the structure
Provide
for minimal stream
Provide
for free
passage
disturbance
of-fish
during
the construction
during
periods
phase.
of low flow.
con-crete
Avoid any damming of the stream that would cause channeling
during
peak
flows.
Within
these limitations
box
After
culverts
many
concrete
careful consideration
drawbacks
varying
structures were evaluated
gabion
fords and treated timber concrete
of each of these structures
from environmental
we found
or aesthetic impacts
11
low water crossing
and composite
that
all
to high cost.
bridges.
had some
definite
Then someone
expanding a concept we had used before that of a concrete
suggested
over the low
cattleguard
and a cattleguard
The
structure
The
loading.
and were placed
5
by
8-
feet
see
fig.
of the approach
consisted
concrete
opening to a low-water bridge
surface
running
and two
cattleguards
flow
foot
ford with a single
structure
with concrete
piers
1.
slabs ten concrete
with a
pier footings were designed
below streambed to prevent
8-
by 16-foot
were designed
All elements
cattleguards.
twenty
piers
soil
bearing
The
scouring.
for H20-S-44
pressure
of
ton/sq
1
ft
of the
understructure
stream-bed
was designed
cattleguards
To
beams.
fabricated
provide
so as to distribute
a smoother running
two more
with
rails per
the cross-rail
surface
than
cattleguard
on each end of the structure were designed
placed
and were heavily rip-rapped
of the cattleguards
section
The
normal.
with cutoff
and two channel
concrete
walls 5 feet
approach
was
slabs
below the
both upstream and downstream to protect the roadway
high water.
during
The
the weight over three I-beams
structure
The low
to carry approximately 80 percent
was designed
storm under the cattleguards.
for a 100-year
bid for the structure
$53000
This required
of the stream flow
5000
an end area of 336 square
was about half the estimated
c.f.s.
feet.
cost of the cheapest
com-pletion
pre-caution
acceptable
The
alternative.
structure
was topped by an extremely heavy spring runoff
and showed no apparent
needed
The
the first year
in
Forest
as
wet or
icy.
properly
will
160
during
in all the
expected
its
erect detachable
feet
installed
it.
wheel guards
of continuous
high runoff
from
No
the first winter
cattleguard
will
periods.
this
spring to provide
running
be removed
each
surface
fall
could
an additional
become
its
12
when
to function
metal-mesh walkway
traffic
Eldorado has been pleased with the aesthetic appearance
and the minimal environmental
safety
slippery
to allow the structure
In addition a 3-foot-wide
on the structure to accommodate foot
cost of maintenance
after
maintenance of the structure has been
life.
These wheel guards
be permanently
All
of
effect
and 2-wheel
low
impact of
initial
will
vehicles.
cost
this structure.
-15---ý804/H1604
8 x8
I
CATTLEGUARDS
4
8
Spaces
at
1604
Each
1604
- 26 ---I
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NOTE
ALL
16
OTHER
WIDTH -
CATTLEGUARDS
20 TotaI
PLAN
.4.37
0.00%
ORIGINAL
CHANNEL
3.50%
EXCAVATED
PROFILE
Figure
1.
-
Plan
and
Profile
CHANNEL
ELEV
REGIONAL
OF ENGINEERING NEWS
DIVISION
REGION
5
VIDEOTAPE OF A NEW METHOD
FOR TESTING ASPHALT EMULSIONS
Recently
have been investigated for more extensive
emulsions
asphalt
have been known
for what
as
paving
grade
and cutback
use as a replacement
The
latter
because
material
well be in short supply.
purposes may
or naphtha for diluting
of its requirement for kerosene
asphalts.
non-flammable
usage
the Forest
in
nature
their
Service
lack of evaporative
However
reliable
test
use
Recently
tight
method
a test
by the Materials Division
the residual
asphalt
Division
called
has brought
Residue Recovery
of the Arizona Highway
to
the surface
by Vacuum
Department.
from an emulsion
Materials Technician
of Engineering Region
closer
to
are
evaluate
method
the test
with Geotechnical
mixes
the need for a
and
more
Existing test
supplied
product.
was developed
Evaporation
The new
test
method
allows
of the
the physical properties
with
and Materials Engineering
5was sent to Phoenix to videotape
being used by emulsion users and producers
of the videotape
is
to hot
the quality of purchased emulsions.
enough control check of a contractors
to be recovered
Rodney Shea
Recently
This
as opposed
state
seen wide
as their
base asphalt.
original
accepted
to roads in a cold
of emulsions
for determining
do not allow a
methods
advantages such
environmental
solvents.
the accelerated
method
are their positive
application
their
which have already
a closer look at emulsions
Several other reasons for taking
an eye toward incorporating
the
new
on the West
process.
Copies
Coast to
the procedure into nationally
specifications.
but
one new procedure currently
Engineering to find the most efficient
being investigated by Geotechnical
and Materials
and economical means of building and maintaining
Engineer-ing
roads within
the National
For additional
information
Forests.
contact
Rodney Shea
c/o
Branch 367 Civic Drive Pleasant Hill California
14
Geotechnical
and Materials
94523 telephone
415-825-9800.
tý.
ý1
7
tis
New
Asphalt
Recovery
Arizona State Highway
Chemist
G.M.E.
and videotaped
Photo by
Process developed
Department
by the Materials Division
being run by William
by Rodney Shea
the Arizona State
Tolonen
Materials Technician
Highway Department
15
from
REGION
6
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
NOTES
Reference FIELD
Volume 6 Number 4
by Harold
Operations
It
is
good
to
know
these programs are available
make
of programs to
full
of available
use
years gone by needs to be reactivated
loads preclude
adding computing
take a share from each
I
suppose
to
it
is
for use.
or two
in
but
level
it
as
facilities
to finance
at
your program.
it
These views
This
it
WO
and
RO
You
asked
of
continues
to
if
there are insufficient
funds
RO
from the
direction
priorities
more positive
to
and
make
each
service
WO
a
is
a bit.
spot for a terminal
of us at the Forest
of supplying
direction
lacking
and financing
levels.
are from grass roots level
the true picture.
while the Region
mix but
go on and eventually
surely would be nice to see a
study
and expanding work
Tight budgets
level
the use
a chance to be added to the mixing bowl.
have
or not-rearrange
could
in
computer.
a Regional
Services
need to be trained
People
the Forest
to determine his
Computer
bad enough-need
terminals from the
how
vast as
News
Along with this the computer
technology.
mix some projects-however worthy-dont
you want
1974
Strickland
L.
and implemented.
up to each Supervisor
With a program
If
Forest
April
Office Division of Engineering
Washington
for
and sometimes
comments and
this
all
I
can
presented
see
is
not
indicative
always
an opportunity
to let
of
you know
feel.
con-sideration.
The
I
computer has much to offer-for us maybe
in
FY 76
That doesnt help with the problems we
will
the program
be working
mix will
on
in
FY
allow for
75.
Ed Farr
Preconstruction
Umpqua
Roseburg
16
Engineer
National
Oregon
Forest
WASHINGTON OFFICE DIVISION OF ENGINEERING NEWS
OPERATIONS
Harold
Strickland
L.
Assistant Director
con-cern
AND APPLICATION
SYSTEMS DE VELOPMENT
For some time we have been concerned
and application
is
based
endeavors a recognized
to keep track of available
The 1973
groups
as
Forest
Application
result
concerns.
all
and our
Systems.
Some
areas as
we
see
of an Engineering
fields
inability
of
and Application
management
Identification of appropriate
all
and Application
Group
Forest
letter
and
needs
systems
concepts
Service computer
of outside
to meet needs
applications
systems
of computer-supported
Development
and/or modification
Development
and maintenance of data standards
17
and
computer-supported
systems
Special
and we are
to coordinate
priorities
an awareness
staff
1200
Development
them are
Identification of resource
Establishment
other functional
led to Chief McGuires
Howlett has been given a second hat labeled
Development
Computer-Supported
developing
programing
many
that
This
Chief for Systems Development
Deputy
Inventorying
in
This
systems.
of the art in
states
Chief for NFS.
the Deputy
establishing a System
of the problem
efforts
Study established
of the Chiefs proposal Mike
NFS
of
which proposed the establishment
Group under
Assistant to the
currently
duplication
Service Organization
24 1973
the rapid development
well as computer-supported
programs.
well as field units shared similar
of August
As a
as
part on the need to maximize the use of current
in
of engineering
over the need to coordinate
of computer applications
all
NFS
Systems implementation coordination and direction
Systems monitoring-user feedback
One
promising
would help resolve the identified problems
that
alternative
of a small but highly skilled
Systems Development
would work along the following
of Resource
Identification
Functional
staff
lines
assist
up-to-date
them
in
of
Establishment
SDAG
of
terms
This
will
SDAG
that
problem
respective
information
the grass
at
SDAG
needs.
to functional
roots level have the
will
staff
by
assist in this effort
groups and
will also
definitions.
Priorities
have the prime responsibility for providing the necessary staff work to analyze
importance
overall
continual
analysis
will
to
NFS
the various
needs
up by the functional
cast
recommendations to the Deputy
involve
merits of each identified need and recommendations
relative
The
at
Group
the establishment
Office level.
counterparts
their
their
state-of-the-art.
arriving
is
Management Needs
prime responsibility for identifying
providing
the Washington
at
working with
groups
and Application
Chief
Deputy
will establish
final
for action
with appropriate
priorities
staff
Chief concerning
input
on
a priority
from
NFS
in
groups.
the
basis.
Associate
sys-tem
Deputies
and Directors and
Identification
SbAG will
of Systems Concepts
have
a
it
is
to
will
to
SDAG.
Meet Needs
an identified need.
conceived
direction
provide
major responsibility for determining
that will best meet
however
manner
in like
In most cases
and recommending
this
that there will be needs
will
the type of system
be a computer-supported
which do not require
this
approach
and
which can best be resolved by other means.
Inventory
In order to coordinate
the development of appropriate
computer-supported
systems or
mainte-nance
applications
and to
capitalize
on the benefits of using existing systems a working knowledge
of existing internal and external
working with
systems
Administration Research
of an inventory
system for
this
is
necessary.
SDAG
and the Regions
in
will
have the responsibility of
the development and
purpose.
Development-Modification
Where
then
it
is
determined that no existing system
the development will be performed
contracts
by
will
existing
meet an identified and approved
Forest
Service support
groups
need
external
and
or where warranted by special teams with SDAG acting in a coordinating
The SDAGs primary roles in development will be to recommend who
consulting capacity.
18
mod-ification
work
do the
should
to insure that the objective for the system
of existing computer-supported
duplication
of an existing system
systems or subsystems.
well as the development of a
as
met
is
new
and to minimize
This could
a
entail
one.
Data Standards
Frequently
functional
several
development
resource or
staff
inefficient
very
This
matter was treated
have
the responsibility for the review
overall
common
a
item being inventoried
Obviously
this
is
system.
depth by the Data Needs and Standards
in
concerning
units of measurement.
using different
and an impact on the
costly
need for information
have
In the past this has led to a single
activity.
times by different people
several
groups
and coordination
SDAG
Committee.
of data standards
in
will
NFS.
Systems Implementation Coordination and Direction
leader-ship
Once
a system
putting
in
is
developed we have a major problem
The
into operation.
it
SDAG
will
have
in
NFS
the
training our people
in its
use and
responsibility for providing
this area.
Coordination-Direction
Through
full
of identification of needs
coordination
management and implementation
in
a position
NFS.
It
is
conceived
for identifying
Through
direction
this
SDAG
that
existing
all
and direction
coordination
to provide
knowledge
will
develop
in
will
be
in
This
assignments
will entail
recommendations
to Regions or support
These actions
will
lead
A
groups
SDAG
applications
will
be
throughout
Administration a system
with
well as those under development.
as
all
to provide
overall
staffing
computer-supported
for specific
for
systems
NFS
it
sponsors
developmental and maintenance
groups.
of equipment for computer-supported
systems
computer application being used to meet a
best available
major reduction
Universal
systems data
to
Standardization
The
staff
over computer
a position
of the development and maintenance of
or develops.
functional
conjunction
computer applications
SDAG
computer-supported
among
procedures
in
duplicative
specific
need
efforts
computer-supported-system
Substantial cost savings and increased
applications
efficiencies
recom-mendations
Figure
1
graphically
presents
concerning
this
the operational
action
will
concept for SDAG.
be appreciated.
19
Your comments and
NFS
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
GROUP
AND APPLICATION
SDAG
RD
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20
1.
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Ate
TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS
Heyward
T. Taylor
of Engineering
Assistant Director
ROADWY COMPUTER PROGRAM
devel-oped
oppor-tunity
A
new Road
RDS
System
Design
been developed and
now
is
to the procedures
according
to provide
Computer Program
by a number of
being used
described
in
FSM
ROADWY
called
the Regions.
Each
7116.
has just recently
program was
This
Region was given an
into the program prior to development.
input
Upon preliminary use of the
make comments and/or suggested
pro-gram
program each Region
documentation
ROADWY
is
a template
turnout
Some
additions or changes
Curve widening
templates.
data to define
and superelevation
widening
curve
crown and
TEMP
The
program.
data and generates rod and
are combined
superelevation
with lane and
these templates.
of the features of this program which were not available
with
the old
TEMP
program
are
Superelevation
on the curve
side
radius
The
program.
this
to the program.
program that replaces the old
generating
turnouts
to
was a part of the development of
future
will facilitate
computes
distance
again was given an opportunity
Complete documentation
changes.
and
rates
friction
distances
transition
factor
for each curve
calculated
are
and the design speed
based
given.
align-ment
The program
tight
alignments
there
is
ROADWY
can
handle
where the tangent
program automatically
curve
inadequate
length
widening and superelevation
curve
distances
between
the
adjusts the superelevation
and/or
distances
curves
to best
on
The
short.
transition distances
between
length
tangent
runoff
curves are very
fit
whenever
the
situation.
It
centerline
provides
to pivot the roadbed for superelevation
options
the inside
or outside
at
points
other than
of a curve.
superele-vation
including
An
transition
option
the safe speed
is
that a warning sign
distance
is
to have the curve
distance
for each curve
widening runoff
is
that have a safe speed
Curves
If
edge
10
mph
should
calculated
or
more
less
be placed
based on a
safe
distance
set
equal to the
included.
less
than the design speed
than the design speed
a given distance
deceleration
21
of the road are
a message
is
printed
ahead of the PC of the curve.
rate.
flagged.
stating
This
Plus or minus percent
design insloped
or outsloped
crown
Turnouts may be defined
topography
sections.
Road
An option
alignment
feature
could
A complete
of the
desire
The
is
to compare
be used.
This
enables
by actual location and need not coincide
for topography
sections
description
a single
for earthwork
of the use of the
which should
within
falling
you
with
turnout
to
existing
tapers will
on the same run by using the
quantities.
ROADWY
this
line
lane versus a double lane road on the same
program
will
be out by the end of 1974.
on the use of
your Regional
following
different road widths
For instance
be compared
more information
in
widths
provided.
RDS Handbook
personnel
can
be computed.
automatically
number
for the template
roadways.
program
contact
be included
In the
in
the revision
meantime
the Engineering
if
you
Data Processing
Office.
shows the input
data form and the computer
22
output
listing
used
for
ROADWY.
USDA-Forest
ROADWAY TEMPLATE
Service
SM OK E Y
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AND STANDARDS
CONSULTATION
Charles
R. Weller
Assistant Director
REVISION OF
ROAD REGULATIONS
manage-ment
manage-ment
regula-tions
accom-plish
Several Regions identified the need to revise
36
CFR 212.
needs
was
It
that the present
felt
and were too time-consuming
A
existed.
proposed
ideas and to insure that
the revision would
The
intent of the revision
to meet the
this
Forest
The
it
is
demands
traffic
regulations
applicable to
Load
limits
However
greater or
lesser
Service to establish
needs.
On May
in
the
Road
permit
Permits
This rule allows
where
it
when
giving
signs
restricted
required
the establishment
can be established
will
be obtained.
can
to serve
notice
as
not enforce
System.
the
To
roads under
all
the road as Special
of
with State
by the Forest
a Federal
weight
The
management
Service.
rule
traffic
Service.
where
Regulation
also
needs.
It
permits the
The
does
Forest
greater or lesser
along the
of vehicles or types
for resource
laws.
limitations.
thereof have been posted
to use by certain classes
the timely regulation
may be
1974
of the road
application
Service
9
reaction and input.
to solicit public
on the Forest
cannot or
limits
to be effective
rule will
Register
flexibility
limits
greater or lesser
Roads may be
This
management
of State load limitations
agencies
not eliminate State enforcement
are
the need for traffic
Service roads shall be in accordance
on Forest
enforcement
in
roads are as follows
This rule permits the enforcement
limits
when
Regulations
to traffic
and circulated to the Regions to obtain
without the requirement to designate
all
Road
Service
proposed that certain regulations be made applicable to
Service jurisdiction
State or local
fill
Federal
more
to provide
is
changing
the
in
Forest
were not responsive
to implement
was prepared
revision
proposed revision was published
the present
regulations
of
road.
traffic.
or safety purposes.
for commercial hauling.
of the requirement
road use permit and thus insures his contributing
for a commercial hauler
to obtain
to the maintenance or reconstruction
a
of
the road he uses.
It
is
anticipated
that the
above modifications
will satisfy
situations and will minimize the need to designate
management
purposes.
27
traffic
management
a road as Special
needs
in
Service for traffic
most
There has
also
been some confusion
and therefore
regulations
existed in order to
some
over the interpretation of several
paragraphs
make them more easily
rules
in
the present
were reworded to reduce the ambiguities that
understood.
inter-pretation
The
until
9
proposed rulemaking of May
June
24
1974.
1974
stated
of the regulations.
We
anticipate
comments would be
that public
Only a few comments were received.
the regulations
accepted
Generally they requested
will
be promulgated
proposed
as
necessi-tate
with
the intent of making
Although
the
seek
the
Development
and
efficient
applicable around the
regulations will provide
additional
shall
them
enforcement
the
applicability
of and
Roads and
will limit
operation
more latitude
Forest
also
on
Service policy
the
Federal
latter
traffic
of these roads.
28
regulations and
has not changed
enforcement of
rulemaking
part of September.
State traffic
authority
in this
codes
may
regard.
on
to that necessary
all
We
Forest
for safe