PFPPP-i
TECHNICAL
INFORMATIO
FIELD
NOTES
DATA
-
TECHNICAL
RETRIEVAL
REPORTS
CURRENT
TEXTS
AWARENESS
SYSTEM
Notes
ield
Number
Volume
..
and Computer
Perspective
Limiting
Regional
Vehicle
1974
Graphics
Velocities
Division
Washington
March
of Engineering
Office
Division
FOREST
SERVICE
News
Engineering
U.S.
DEPARTMENT
-
OF AGRICULTURE
ENGINEERING FIELD NOTES
This publication
technical
is
a
monthly
or administrative
the personal
procedures mandatory
This publication
is
all
This publication
is
Regional
not intended
distributed
to
exchange engineering
Service
policy except
be exclusively
FSM
by
as
recommended
or
represents
approved
However
of the type of material
because
in
should read each issue.
Office
directly
number
like
to
of copies
Regional Station and Area
all
one
ask
your Office
sent to
Manager or the
your office. Use Form 7100-60
of back issues are also available from the Washington
Copies
and ideas of a
references.
for engineers.
technicians
to increase the
information
text in the publication
and must not be construed
from the Washington
Coordinator
The
personnel.
not now receiving a copy and would
are
Information
for this purpose.
Forest
and engineering
engineers
you
If
Headquarters.
or
instructions
to
published
among
of the respective author
opinions
the publication
newsletter
nature
Office
and can be ordered
on
Form 7100-60.
Material
Office
submitted to the Washington
to see that
engineers
the information
edit for
all
FSM
Service-wide
several typewritten
grammar
pages.
Each
R-1
should
This
-
of
Service
interpretation
not constitute
Kjell
Ernest
R-9
Ron Pokrandt
R-10
Bill
R-3
Dan Roper
Fleet
Stanton
WO
Jim McCoy
is
published
its
retirees only.
of
this
an
should
personnel
R-8
concerning
official
The Department
by other than
names
evaluation
product or service to the exclusion
format
USDA
for distribution
information
The use of trade firm or corporation
does
field
R-6
direct questions
or use
should
be
to
Office
will
typed double-spaced
and
submit both questions and
are
Engineering Forest Service
and
whom
Office
Groven
Allen
monthly newsletter
Forest
to
The Washington
and white photos.
Bob Hinshaw
R-5
Editor Division
submitted may vary from several sentences
news items are preferred.
or glossy black
Coordinator
R-2
R4
Coordinators
or
by the respective Regional
accurate informative and of interest to
submitted to the Washington
The Coordinators
publication.
of material
articles
be original drawings
Region has an Information
materialfor
short
be reviewed
should
for publication
The length
7113.
However
only. All material
illustrationsshould
Office
current timely technically
is
is
to
Bakke
Vischer
Al Colley
editing
publishing
D.
Washington
employees
dates etc.
to
Fran Owsley
20250.
U. S. Department
of Agriculture
assumes no responsibility for the
own employees.
for the information
and convenience
conclusion recommendation
of others
C.
of the
of Agriculture
its
Quinn
which may be suitable.
endorsement
of the reader. Such
or approval
of
use
any
FIELD NOTES
ROAD PERSPECTIVE AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS
By
Jerry Larsen
Geometronics
Staff Engineer
Region 2
and
Jerry Leonard
Man
has always
actual
of these
construction
have been developed such
Region
2
of
display the effects
to be able to graphically
desired
prior to the
facilities
Technician
Engineering
Civil
his
development of
Over the years various ways to
facilities.
drawings
eval-uated
rela-tionship
accomplish
this
models
scale
as
etc.
many
highway designs
In developing
between
The
the landscape.
and
the horizontal
usual graphic
method
This
with
of display
its
exaggerated
on
process on
all
facilities.
The United
works projects upon the
which
the
it
will
fit
plan and profile
through
is
normally
factors
States
is
of
effect
from
there are people
all
entering into the decision-making
experiencing
environment.
total
by
to comprehend
difficult
with the concern for the
a myriad of lay pressure groups
engineered
the impact of public
is
Today
ecological and environmental
disciplines representing
in
detailed information.
scales
drawings.
and the manner
of this design
the
must be
effects
must be able to communicate
alignment
providing
those not familiar with engineering
major construction
A designer
vertical
presentation
drawings with computer printouts
and
different design parameters
to one another.
interrelate
they
plans engineering
renderings
as artists
an acute
Conservation
awareness
of
of natural
thor-oughly
beauty
As a
is
a major decision
factor in highway location.
of this awareness
result
it
is
the interrelationships between
impact of the design and associated
life
the actual
construction
must be able to communicate
and planners
who have
a real interest
in
increasingly necessary to evaluate
becoming
the
their
physical design
as
well as the
on the environment.
activities
thoughts
parameters
more
and ideas to people in
consequences of the proposed
The
all
designers
walks
of
actions.
pro-posed
With
Public
this in
mind the
Federal
Roads embarked
and various
highway.
16-millimeter
ray tube.
on
other interested
By
The
Association
Highway
a program to develop
groups
FHWAs
with the
research
ability
developed
FHWA
to evaluate
two very
movie sequence about a given road ordinated
using a flash technique
it
is
formerly
a means to present
of
design features of a
interesting
systems.
One
with a computer-driven
possible to get a sensation
1
the Bureau
the highway designer
is
a
cathode
of driving along the
ex-pensive.
existing
road and then the road
The
as
it
much
is
This system has
proposed.
the same but uses
great potential
but
is
and an electronic
po-tential
After
other system
plotter
digital
is
see
is
1
Figures
2
in
a pilot
as
and 3.
photography
still
cathode ray tube.
Region
equipment
certain existing
under design was selected
taken
we
these systems
reviewing
with
is
used in place of the
study
2 think that
the
still
of being economically
photo system has the
A
practical.
and the necessary on-the-ground
road currently
photographs were
must be determined before
Certain basic criteria
the system
These are
operable.
Focal
Road with
Road
of camera being used.
length
X
Y
and Z coordinates
design data in
A target
RDS
system
on road
stationing.
1108 Computer.
finder in the camera to sight and center
or range
photo view center of photo
on
a
known
the
XY
point with
and Z coordinates.
The
following
photographs and computer plots demonstrate our
first
attempt
at
highway
design graphics.
From
the conception
of this project
our goal was to keep the process simple.
limitations of this procedure was that the
station with
road.
To be
the top
known
which allowed
coordinates
able to see the improvement
of a cut bank
etc.
-
two methods
An independent
observer
survey
was required to occupy
him
One of
a view only along the centerline
- i.e.
from different views
the
a centerline
of the
from across a drainage
were used
to establish
relative
coordinates
of
the camera point.
A
computer program to resection the location
of coordinates
of the camera point.
coor-dinates
sub-stituted
The
inputs
for this program are three identifiable
and the focal length
for the
focal length
points on the
of the camera being used.
of the camera.
Technical
No. FHWA-RD-72-7.
2
A
fourth
photo with known
known point can be
requirements
can
be found
in
Report
yJ
H
/
T3
y.-
S$
1ý
q
Nom.
Figure
at
1.
-
The camera was positioned
the range
pole at station
701.
A
over station
135
651
mm press
on a horizontal
camera was
used.
plane looking
. i
at
ý
AYR-..
-0
ýsm
F
x
aýý
..smok
J
i
l
r
-5
n
y
OBSERVER
SOURDOUGH
COORD
99604.85
99484.94
EL
7004.80
SIGHTED COORD
99575.76
99444.21
EL7004.80
FIRST X-SECT PLOTTED
X
Y
X
Y
Figure
2.
-
was the
IS
7t
This plot was generated
X Y
the camera.
Z
coordinates
These
1.00
from the
RDS
design data.
The input for the perspective
for the occupied point observed
plot routines are available
to
point
those regions
For more detailed information see report No. FHWA-RD-72-6
who
and
the focal
length
are using the Univac
Rev..
of
1108.
OBSERVER
-21
SOURDOUGH
Y
C0R9604.85
99484.94
SIGHTED
COORD004.80
99444
FIRST LX-SECT
7PLLOTTTED
7
IS
1.00
Aw
.e
ins
r
Figure
to
-
3.
The plotted perspective
aid in matching the two
images
see report No. FHWA-RD-72-3.
a reliable
using
it
copy camera.
directly
as
Y
ý
S
_
1
drawing includes
tie
marks corresponding
photo and plot and to
When these were fitted
This last step could be eliminated
an overlay
t
-7 ýT
y
T-eý
ýý 3a
on the controlled photo.
act as a check
a picture
by making
on
to
the
scale
known
points
and on distortion
of the montage
was taken
the plot on clear
film
with
and
rel-atively
1108 version
With careful use of a good camera and having access to the
produce a graphic
presentation
enough experience
to establish
of a proposed highway design.
cost we
that the
feel
of
Although
expenditures
RDS
anyone
can
we have not had
for the process will be
small.
LIMITING
AROUND CIRCULAR CURVES
VEHICLE VELOCITIES
By John
Sessions
Logging Engineer Region
An
assumption often made when determining
that a vehicle
is
limited by the velocity
highway engineering
standard
all
the design velocity
which causes
it
to
slide
around
curves
circular
under centrifugal
is
In
force.
texts the equation
f
V2
gR
is
2
used to express the relationship between
curve
radius
velocity
coefficient
of friction and
superelevation.
This paper
will
define
moment becomes
The
Also
equations
see
the
the
where
is
the
gravity of the
sliding
does control and when the overturning
factor.
the two
possible
Force Diagram on page
mode
f
critical
expressing
two modes Equation
critical
under what conditions
8.
6 and Equation
modes of
are presented
failure
on
Comparing the forms of the velocity
12
indicates a simple
decision
rule
pages
8 and 9.
equations
exists
for the
to predict the
of failure.
If
f
x
If
f
x
coefficient
vehicle.
of
The
y
/
/
y
the overturning
the sliding
friction
and
decision
rule
/
is
y
is
case controls
case controls
the ratio
ofthe
distances
independent of the superelevation
radius.
6
to the
center
and curve
of
The
case controls passenger
sliding
trucks having a higher
The
illustrates
following
example
and what the controlling velocity
If
cars
with
their
can
affect
of gravity
center
how
will
low center of gravity
the
mode of
failure
to determine whether a vehicle
but loaded logging
on paved
will slide
surfaces.
or overturn
be.
we assume
of
coefficient
sliding
0.50
friction
x/y
Then
0.35
since
x/y
f
we would
expect
the vehicle
radius and superelevation
and Equation
before
to overturn
it
would
then the limiting velocities
slide.
can
we
If
further assume a curve
be calculated
from Equation 6
12 and compared.
Assuming
By Equation
vehicle
at
6
the vehicle
would overturn
which overturning
As highway research
we
increase the
design guides
at
superelevation
0.06
curve
200
would begin to
radius
slide
52 fps or 35 mph.
at
The
61
fps or 42 mph.
vehicle
is
clearly
ft
By Equation
12 the
limited to that velocity
would occur.
is
paving
developing
of
forest
pavement
roads
it
is
surfaces with higher
necessary to
apply.
7
coefficients
know under what
of friction and
conditions
our
F2
F
C. 9.
F1
W
W1
W2
A
X
2
Centrifugal
Force
gR
Force Diagram
MODE 1 - SLIDING CASE
Normal Force
F1
W1
W
gR2 sing
F2 -
Sliding Force
W2
g2 cos8
To
prevent
cos8
-
W
Eq.
1
Eq.
2
Eq.
3
Eq.
4
sing
sliding
Normal Force
Substituting
Equation
2
gR
cos8
1
Coefficient
of Friction
and Equation 2 into Equation
-
W
sing
Sliding Force
3
W cos8
f
8
Dividing
by
W
gR
Solving
for
V
cosg
yields
- tang
gR tang
and substituting
1
Eq.
f
5
tang
superelevation
1
1/2
e
V
f
Eq.6
c
-
1
gR
fe
gR
MODE 2 - OVER TURNING CASE
Resisting Force
W
Fl
WV2
w
Force
Overturning
sing
-
F2
WV2
-
F2
WV2
gR
Dividing
by
W
g
W2
cosg
cosg
Point
A
Y
-
W
in
the Force
_
sing
-
Diagram
Fl
Eq.
7
W
Eq.
8
Eq.
9
sing
X
Wl
r
y
W cosg
W2
cosg
gR
Summing moments about
l
WV2
L gR
sing
W cosg x
Eq. 10
yields
- tang
y
Cg
R2 tang
9
1
x
Eq. 11
Solving
for
V
and substituting
x y
e
V
tan@
superelevation
6
1
gR
/
-
e
x/y
gR
10
1
1/2
Eq. 12
REGIONAL
OF ENGINEERING NEWS
DIVISION
REGION
MAINTENANCE
FACILITY
Submitted by John
Grosvenor
last
and
condition
utility
Region
These surveys
surveys.
Officers District Rangers and Forest
concerning
the National
construction
Forests
in
and
now
tool to better
a ground zero
their
condition
and safety items items
to these surveys a multidisciplinary team approach
credibility
One-half
of
surveys.
In order to provide
public.
Line
money and
facilities.
the yearly required
for
the
aid
for
establishing priorities
completed
or hazards to the general
occupancy
in
forest-wide building
and maintenance of the
operation
as
management
a
the current needs to correct health
well as providing
unsafe
are
Supervisors
California have
These forest-wide surveys serve
as
5
two years the California Region has been conducting
During the
personnel
5
validity continuity
being used.
is
surveys
that create
The team
CM
representa-tive
is
made up
and sewer
of professionals and technicians
who
size
of the team depends
to do the survey
available
Once
is
the survey
is
This
strong
support
of the forest
program.
who
Each
by
actions
is
subject
water
or inactions
of 2 1/
days
and sewer systems
and treatment
of wood.
R.O. and two
from
a
by the Forest
problems found
Service
CM
heating
and
modifications
instructors are
and are
do
air
all
all
how
overall
and
in
maintenance
efficiently
in
the surveys were
personnel.
areas
to get the
conditioning
systems
and architectural
Forest
extremely
11
and
staff
are consistent
program for those
a training
of training given in four geographic
structural
forest
conducting
is
of the
can and cannot
include
The
only if the
meeting
The time and
funds.
available
justified
forest
identified
performed economically
are
Many
the stations.
on what our people
areas covered
forest
A
data are compiled.
forest
of business and
the Region
of these surveys
maintain
session consists
emphasis
The
either
on the
and the time
available
9 persons.
to
insures that the priorities
volume
be a part of the team.
shall
Rangers and appropriate
and inventories can be
facilities
individuals
and
district
District
water
A
systems.
skill levels
from 4
ranged
approach
work
of the
As an outgrowth
caused
Supervisor
managerial
spent on these surveys
and operation
of the forest
completed the station
with the forests program of
effort
size
the teams have
then held with the Forest
officers.
on the
electrical
of the facilities
knowledge
has historical
and structures
expertise in buildings
systems roads and drainage systems and
of each district
The
with
of the state.
work
accomplished.
electrical
changes
The
plumbing
and protection
Service employees three from the
competent
in their
specific
areas.
This
is
the first get-together session of the facility maintenance
personnel
Within the geographic
who
discovering
provided
a forum
areas the maintenance people
the regional specialists
are and
are getting to
how
know
to get assistance.
in
this
Region.
one another
They
are
also
-
being
to discuss their particular problems and to air grievances.
These training sessions
and
be
of
Con-struction
Region
are
being video-taped
maintenance personnel.
the training
you
can
Operation
contact
will
For further information
John Grosvenor
and Maintenance
415
Regional
556-3984.
12
available
regarding
for future
either
Staff Engineer
training
the surveys or
for Facility
WASHINGTON OFFICE DIVISION OF ENGINEERING NEWS
OPERATIONS
Harold
L.
Strickland
Assistant Director
DIGITAL TERRAIN INFORMATION SYSTEM
The
Information System
Terrain
Digital
From
to meet multidiscipline needs.
analyzed and displayed
The system
Results
future
is
-
is
been favorable.
now
Although
time to fully document
family of computer
a
data
input
contours
has been under development and pilot
have
it
forms
various
in
DTIS
various
profiles perspectives
additions and improvements
the system and
make
The pending Fort Collins Computer Center provides
transfer.
The target date is July 1 1974.
technology
systems.
One
a stereomodel.
XYZ
digital
data
is
terrain
this digital
involves
This
the numerical
the use
engages
information
terrain
representation
of a digitized
employed
to scribe
of the GZ-1
orthophoto
to
available
all
interested
by means of three different
on imagery read in
based
terrain
to define
the
with
terrain
With the use of a computer
tape.
and stored
which are used
these profiles
years.
be made in the
in a grid
directly
this
format from which individual
In the production of orthophotos a precision
generated.
are
obtained
of the
etc.
a unique opportunity for assisting
stereoplotter
output on either cards or magnetic
transformed into ground coordinates
profiles
is
it
will
aspect
slope.
demonstration for the past 3
users.
At the present time
programs designed
models can be measured
terrain
to control
XY
plotter
the projecting
is
motions
projector.
mag-netic
pro-gramed.
The second system
with the use of an
involves
XY
digital
graphic
unit with proper computer
tape which then can
The
digitizer
software
file
all
of which has
format on magnetic
direct
retrieval
of
tape.
been
this terrain
of the wide geographic
of the
digitized.
Through
range
from topographic
with vertical
application
be plotted on an
third system entails the use
data
data taken
XY
DMA
recording
can
data
of developed
encompasses.
13
capabilities.
store terrain
TopoCenters
data in different graphic
it
sheets.
This
This
information
plotter in any format which has
This terrain
a series
map
1250000-scale
is
systematically
computer software
forms
is
proving
very
is
done
digitizing
onto
been
map
numerical
stored
in
a grid
programs
valuable
because
prod-ucts
com-pilations.
The
data from these systems can
digital
be used interchangeably
to produce various
tech-nology
of an
scope such
infinite
as
orthophotos contour overlays
and density slope maps with any range
The
which
products
obtainable
are
bank
a central computer
data files and compatible
terrain
between
flexibility
from
and seen area
cross sections
of slope values
digital
enhance and increase the
will
desired
expansion of
future
any interval contour
at
digital
the various
Remote
information.
software
data bases and the
terminal
access to
truly a forthcoming reality.
is
CONSULTATIONS AND STANDARDS
Charles
R.
Weller
Assistant Director
POTABLE WA TER SYSTEMS
Chapter 7420 Water Supply of
the first week
after
or emergency
in
the
new
FSM
7400 has been published
with
In conjunction
year.
FSM
2331 and
field just
amendments
manual
issuance
its
are in the process of being issued for
directives
and was sent to the
FSM
2540 to
in-cludes
eliminate inconsistencies in our drinking
The new FSM 7420
has been reviewed
Agency which
Protection
formerly
water bacteriological
B-166506
Safety
of Drinking Water
The
Improved
in
Water Supply chapter
the U.S.
initiates
a
the Public
in
operated
Federal
Health
total
is
being final-tested
November 15
new
potable
There
are
some
in
errors
be corrected
as
or omissions
are
soon
as
FSM 7421.23
column
read
prior to sending
is
inventory
being prepared
to the
it
FSM
pg.
should
People Use Days JPer
table.
be crossed out.
Period
of
Use.
14
in
its
the Purity and
and monitoring
for field users.
The
The computer monitoring
Our
present
plans are for the
1974.
amendment
7421.23-2 People Use
table heading
field.
7420 which you may have already
possible by another
chapter
GAO
1973.
water supply
you by the end of February
package to reach
Office
and State Programs Needed to Insure
two new forms involved 7400-2 and 7400-4 are being printed.
program
The
Service.
by the General Accounting
Information for implementing the system
system.
program.
by the Water Supply Division of the Environmental
recommendations made to Congress
report
sampling
noted.
to the manual.
The word Pay
The
in
These errors
The
obvious
the left
table heading should
will
errors
The second page of
Exhibit
1 FSM 7421.25
was inadvertently
omitted.
That page follows
Sample Size
10
If
No
ml
and previous
sample contains
present
No
portion
One
sample contained
previous
Then
1/
sample
portion
Two
J
portions
Three portions
2/
Four portions
Five portions
No
100 ml
No
portion
One
previous
portion
Two
1
sample
59
jj
57
portions
2/
99
Three portions
Four portions
Five portions
Membrane
Colonies
filter
than
technique
7/200
ml 4/100 ml
3/50
ml
13/500
ml
more than 3/50
Colonies
4/ 100
J
equal to or less
ml
2/
ml 7/200 ml
13/500
ml
TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS
Heyward
T. Taylor
of Engineering
Assistant Director
HANDBOOK CHAPTER
ON FLEXIBLE PA VEMENT DESIGN
Chapter 50 of the Transportation
and
is
in
Materials
A
method
this
to
The
title
FSH
7709.11
of the chapter
has been rewritten
has been changed
from
Pavement.
for the design of structural sections
chapter.
Handbook
Engineering
the process of being distributed.
The
write-up of
this
design
for flexible
method
15
is
largely
pavements
due to the
has been included
efforts
of Ronald
in
of Region
Williamson
6.
Test at
same
Ottawa
Illinois
may be found
as
with modifications
50
all
combines
and
now
completed
cover
in
been looking
all
response
forward
roads with the findings of the
programs.
The format
Guide for Design
Interim
the Corps of Engineers
except
to
many
pavement
requests
AASHO
Road
is
the
1972
Structures
material.
available
design problems encountered on Forest
rigid
of Engineers
of the design guide
of Pavement
comprehensive method of design has been
of the structural section
will
Army Corps
the findings of the U.S.
later satellite
inAASHO
to include
In the past no single
to
It
and aggregate-surfaced
studies on unsurfaced
structures.
This
handbook
that would apply
Service roads.
chapter
Chapter
has been
and comments by road design engineers who have
to its issuance.
GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF SUBSURFACEDRAINAGE SYSTEMS FOR
HIGHWAY STR UCTURAL SECTIONS
A report
entitled
Structural
number
for
Guidelines for the Design
Sections
has been received
of copies of this report have
chapter
on
flexible
pavement
from the Federal
Drainage
Highway
been forwarded to Regional
The
report
design
FSH
distribution to the Forests.
of Subsurface
is
Systems for Highway
Administration.
a supplement to our recently issued
7709.11 Ch. 50.
16
A limited
Information Coordinators
handbook