ENGINEERING
TECHNICAL
NOTES
FIELD
DATA RETRIEVAL
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
TECHNICAL
REPORTS
CURRENT
TEXTS
AWARENESS
F
Notes
IF-ield
Number
Volume
2
February
11974
Accelerated Determination
Compressive Strength
Color Infrared
Regional
Film
Division
Washington
-
Engineering
-
Division
News
mom
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SERVICE
U.S.
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OF AGRICULTURE
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direct questions
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any
FIELD NOTES
ACCELERATED DETERMINATION
By
OF CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
H.
Supervisory
Robert Young
Engineer Region
Civil
1
INTRODUCTION
Standard
breaking
concrete
that 28 days
is
A
or rejection.
method
practice presently
of these cylinders after
too
long to wait
C 684 Making
accelerated
curing
of the
Of
than
the three
on
they
are
Strength
tested
results
cylinders and the
of this practice
to be used as the basis
for Testing
cylinders by three different
selected.
test
in
are
is
for acceptance
ASTM
Materials
test
Compression Test
required waiting period. This test
cylinders are then
method
allows
methods warm water
compression within
therefore available
boiling
or 2 days
1
at
for
26 days
least
normal.
methods
the
autogenous method
Service use. It requires thermally
with
if
of concrete
major drawback
Curing and Testing of Concrete
this
concrete
The
and autogenous.
depending on the method
earlier
for results
Accelerated
seems to cut down
A
for 28 days.
recently adopted American Society
Specimens
water
the making
includes
curing
the other two
is
insulated curing
probably the most adaptable
containers
methods. These autogenous curing
items of equipment
under
required
this
but
containers
to Forest
no external heat source
are the
as
only additional
method.
INVESTIGATION
1973
During August and September
performed by
Bill
Antonich
cylinders were taken
Flathead
cured
River
procedures
trial
of the autogenous curing
and Bob Young of the Regional
from each of 16 batches
Bridge Flathead
by standard
a field
National
and broken
autogenous method and broken
at
of Class
Forest.
at
One
Materials Group.
1
Two
AA
concrete
pair
of cylinders from each
28 days. The other
49 hours.
method was
pair
used
in
pairs
of
the South Fork
was cured
batch
by the
was
Figure
1
shows the comparison of the standard
autogenous
after
shown on Figure
a line representing
is
1
28-day strength with the 49-hour strength
Compressive strengths of
curing.
RA
1180
a good
is
methods. Ontario
fit
this
water/cement ratios although
There appears
was
correlation
this
to be good
valid
present
method
used
in
as
the basis
for acceptance
with standard
conjunction
ultimate
the autogenous curing
compressive
The
method
strength.
Regional
box
and
concrete
One
the cylinders.
The
but
trial
for Forest
may
can be used
as
Ontario
this
the two
types
and
possible mixes.
all
of the autogenous curing
However
a
much
the
method
could
indication
earlier
be
of
be possible to change the specifications so that
the standard
method
has
concrete
for determining
These curing
for loan are two
by the standard
machine
capping
10 autogenous curing
complete
capping
requires a 110-volt power
on Thursdays or Fridays weekend
suggests that
other correlations
containers
are
of equipment
sets
method. These
device
containers
sets
include
compound
capable
for
available
for curing
a Curamold
and
curing
warming pot ladle
source.
of the autogenous method was noted during
was placed
concrete
periods
testing
This equipment
disadvantage
to obtain
tests
of cement
METHOD
of concrete.
cylinders simultaneously.
cylinders
compression
calipers.
it
for
1.35
-
loan to Forests. Also available
breaking
28-day
Materials Laboratory in Missoula
20 concrete
of curing
or rejection
strength. With time
concrete
extensive
between
correlation
valid
specifications would not allow the use
contract
in
for a wide range
may not be
correlation
Also
plotting.
28-day strength and
Department of Highways
USE OF THE A UTOGENOUS
Our
before
method. This line with the formula R28
to our data.
found that
between
the correlation
49-hour strength as determined by the Ontario
research on the autogenous curing
were averaged
pairs
work
could
the investigation.
When
was required to cap and break
be derived
for longer
curing
has not been done to date.
use of the autogenous curing
method
as
use.
2
detailed in
ASTM
C 684
is
recommended
5500
5000
0
4500
o
CL
x
0
4000
z
w
F-N
w
Cr
3500
3000
CL
2
0
a
0
2500
I
ýP
C
N
2000
1500
1000
500
0
49
2000
2500
3000
-HOUR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
PSI
1000
1500
AUTOGENOUS
Figure
1.
Strengths
-
Comparison of 28-Day
of Class
AA
3500
METHOD
and 49 Hour Concrete Compressive
Concrete used
3
in
S Fork
Flathead
River
Bridge
COLOR INFRARED FILM DEVELOPED TO A NEGATIVE
By Alan Koch
Aerial Photographer
A
new and
useful form of color infrared
highly
Region
6
photography
aerial
is
providing
The new
benefits to the Pacific Northwest
Region
Aerochrome
film which has been developed to a negative
2443
Infrared
Although
transparency.
film processing
aerial
film was designed
this
laboratories
of the Forest
now
have
Service.
to develop
to
a
tool
is
many
Kodak
rather than
transparency
several
a
aerial
to offer this negative
the necessary technology
development service.
CIRT
Color infrared transparency
interpreter in
other areas.
form however
In the transparency
have
required
Now
of an internegative.
is
photography
with
the
advent
first
CIRN
is
The
such
as
color infrared
stereoscope
person
who
make
his studies.
in
operationally
equipment
created the
all
for
similar
The
an Old Delft
prints
is
also
A
aerial
table
Not
with
a
tonal signatures to
fit
the job at hand.
often creates tones which have
subdued
CIRN.
the dark
This
communities.
Other
filter
coloration
When
an
in
combinations
portrayal
coloration
many
overall
to vary
Simple manipulation
cases
maroon
of healthy
pocket
view
to
of using
a
the
black
the diapositive or prints
of filters in the printing process
than
vegetation
those found in CIRT. For
inherent in
CIRT
can
be
on the diapositive or a print can be made from
better differentiation between
provides
cast
is
used
remain to be explored
seems to offer the best all-around
a tool
stereoscopic
he wishes.
better interpretation qualities
red to magenta
to an orange-brown
the ability
is
him with
of whether
Regardless
as
CIRN
diapositives or color
simple
and white
the most intriguing aspect of
flight.
the print easier
is
mark upon.
extra print to annotate
and
prints
special
has the option
print as an inexpensive
it
especially important to the
is
only
film
be needed.
will
which
and
table
light
aerial
photogrammetrist
photo
diapositives will provide
viewing
into the field.
to store and to
easier
and white
color infrared
either
stereoscope
a light
CIRN
the interpreter
for
on the other hand can be viewed
takes his photography
it
of using
color infrared
scanning
negative
of the
printing or the use
interpreter uses a color diapositive or color print he also
example
to the
needed by these
prints
as reversal
of a color infrared
to that of CIRT.
and without the need of
stereoscopically
Perhaps
value
its
met the needs
effectively
color or black
direct
opportunity
use
efficient
the interpreter has the choice
infrared prints
that
has
to
has not
of a color infrared
CIRN
and cartographer
it
processes such
costly reproduction
inexpensive
With
known
The film diapositives and paper
possible to produce relatively
diapositives.
well
is
studies of plant diseases timber inventory geology hydrology and many
photogrammetrist or cartographer.
professions
aerial
usefulness.
4
water penetration
but
to date
is
plant
greatly enhanced.
the orange-brown
coloration
Another use of
filters in
allow for correcting
due to age
changes
the printing process
changes
-
only an educated
within
a flight
line
be color corrected
not
is
then
frame by frame
if
CIRN
infrared
highly
exceptionally
are
they
becomes
Of interest
GIRT
remains
labs
find that
latitude of
CIRN
made from
there are
products
active
some
and lower
resolution
made from
role
in
on which the
the apparent
is
CIRN
the
The
is
reduction
much
where atmospheric
feet
some
CIRN
including
dodging
and sun spot
is
to color infrared
advantages
used
in
if
effects
are
negatives
Northwest
Region
enabled
such
as slightly
the tool to play a
Forests. Table
has used
1
color infrared
ever seen
A
as
There
is
on black and white
much more information
or color
prints
few sample color infrared prints from
Service personnel
by writing to Regional
CIRN
available
are not
are
Forester
3623 Portland Oregon 97208.
5
and
film.
transparencies
have
of our National
other
from. Most
cost the ease of interpretation and multipurpose
color infrared
aerial
the film had
take less exposure time
aerial
be
the printing stage.
to work
reproducible
enlargements
color infrared
been saved
have
printing from true color negative
initial
many
of the
could
satisfying
the minimal latitude
In contrast with
higher
qualities
of
much more
shows some of the projects
negative
aerial
photography.
Response has been highly enthusiastic and most users preferred the color infrared
Comments such
is
of the under or over exposure to
of vignetting
or manual
an easy and
management
Pacific
of color
ability
This haze penetration
increase in film exposure latitude
using CIRN.
allows
by poor exposure
when automatic
therefore less labor than
While
can
made
diapositives and prints
penetrating
from above 10000
same when
the
negative.
benefits to be gained
reproductions
the haze
of contrast and clarity.
are taken
photos that have been damaged
Photo
Due
tools.
to
for in the printing process. Perhaps
been developed to a
on the other hand
critical.
the increased
compensated
CIRN
and white
find that black
to the aerial photographer
aerial film speed
on the
necessary.
amount
display an ideal
important when photos
attenuation
of
fine
dye
or atmosphere changes
as terrain
made from
be placed
should
filtration
not
does
terrain or film
conditions
filtration
Reproductions
possible.
Photogrammetristsand cartographers
from
guess as to what
changing
CIRT
of color correction.
time of flight atmospheric
in
camera can be used. Even
aerial
that
is
on these
prints
print.
than we have
uncommon.
available
USDA
on loan to interested Forest
Forest
Service
Post Office
Box
Table
1.
-
U.S.
Forest
Infrared
Service Projects Involving
Aerial Film Developed
Number
Primary Project Use
Land Use Planning
Forest
Insect
Fire Rehabilitation
and Disease
Photogrammetric
Pollution
Inventory
Mapping
Study
Experimental Watershed
Advanced
Logging System Analysis
Geological-Water
National
Resource
Study
to
the Use of Color
a Negative
of Projects
Photo Scale
9
115840
2
18000
2
18000
10
13000
2
16000
112000
and
1
110000
1
112000
Table Analysis
1
115840
Area Study
1
110000
Recreation
Inventory
1
Forest
a
6
115840
112000
and
120000
REGIONAL
REGION
REGION
Submitted
Region
is
1
engaged
in a
1
CORRIDOR TASK FORCE
UTILITY
1
by Frank Mutch
long-range
NEWS
OF ENGINEERING
DIVISION
to identify lands
effort
planning
Engineer
Electrical
for utility
suitable
corridors.
An
electrical
planning
engineer
planning
forester
In-depth
cooperation
Earl Reinsel and a landscape
with Montana States
computer technology
and
digitizing
Schnelle are on the planning
Bill
to the Government-leased
The head of Montanas
which
is
Public
involvement
biased
is
transportation
includes
also
multiple-use
a
Hagan.
Division
is
in
the latest
purchasing
Use of
progress.
in
optical
scanning
the hardware with
Service will complement
Division
Dr. Albert
access
a
key.
be run and the variance
Tsao
has a software
package
tested.
The public national and
and weighing. The computer will
be
will
a
local
are
being involved
an optimum
select
in
the
location.
from the optimum or from another
be measurable.
The
first priority
impacts
and weighing.
will
will
Once
planning
experience
technology
in
in
Other agencies
effort
later
more refinement
will
process but
the same
with some
process
can
data
different
be used
for
data and land area.
have other benefits including a possible
State-Forest Service
a practical
in
transmission lines. Other
for electrical
suitable
using the same
general land areas are identified
project work
as
common
a team and experience
data
bank
with up-to-date
application.
are interested
other States in Region
Forest
be to identify lands
be analyzed
project appraisal with
The
Energy Planning
of similar processes already
approaches can
will
This
Energy Planning
gathering
bias
utility
Tom
and
1108 computer.
an improved version
data selection
Various
the Forest
team which
architect
be extensive. The State
will
equipment and
Mutch
by Frank
position recently vacated
engineer
and involved
including
the Bureau
1.
Service team has been the catalyst
in this effort.
7
of
Land Management and
USE OF EMULSIFIED OIL IN STABILIZING
NATIVE IN-PLACE MATERIAL
Submitted by Pat Trottier and Walt Shjeflo
This project
Ranger
District
The
feet.
project involves
a
some
subgrade
from 14 to 18
is
and was
as
approximately
and needs
The
feet
includes
operation
a traveling
of the traveling
maneuverability
total
approximately 12 to 15
With
this
controlled
in
source
speed
realize
this
is
after
samples
work
mix methods
by more
We
found that
fragile soil
unavailable.
The
4-inch
mixer
pugmill
to be placed
11/2
is
from the
of which the
layer of the
The windrow
used.
feet
for this
width of
has a base
shoulder
inside
area as the
reconditioned
log-haul road
the top
oil stabilizing
are
to ensure
and complete pickup of berm.
plus an oil pressure
of 75 feet.
pump and
This train
the oil and aggregate
at
travels
oil
tank
down
trailer
the road
on the pugmill the
material
percent
at
asphalt
a
oil
controlled
by volume.
is
rate
We
had been mixed to check our volumes.
also
We
best.
of our in-place
lab methods
gauge
of native
us an approximate
to give
aggregate had been previously
had provided
were only approximate
exact
screen.
per minute.
Service materials lab in Missoula
field
from
of texture
necessary to place the material used
is
pugmill
only approximate
Representative
is
as a low-standard
equipment length
feet
turn we computed
measured the berm
has a range
base course in a very
injected and mixed into the premeasured windrow
which
portion.
customized D-8 cat pulling a pugmill mixer and an
a
behind the mixer for a
at
the
material with CMS-2s emulsified
retained on the 3-inch
a gravel
built
We
wide.
feet
of the road. It
surfacing in a windrow
61/2
on the reconditioned
native
a stabilized
granite where
constructed
12-foot width portion
to 40 percent
to 6000
feet
and 22 miles of reconditioning
surface so our material
a gravel
from 1500
elevations range
construction
of reconstruction
to provide
decomposed
stage
new
Forest Fenn
National
material had to be imported to mix with the larger material.
sections binder
was
section
The
Drainage.
the mixing of in-place
is
passing the 200 seive
chiefly
is
River
minimum
process was designed
This
being done on the Nezperce
is
miles of
5
These roads do not have
30 percent
soil
the Selway
in
process being used
asphalt.
in
the region
roadway with
existing
The
a first in
us with an adequate
the Regional
to confirm that
Office
we were
lab
taken
mix
and our Forest
design.
Although
periodically checked
operating
within
our
our
a tolerable range
of mixtures.
We
found that
and prevent
in
the finer material
balling
we had
of the oil and dust.
The
to over wet
over wetting
8
the aggregate
to get thorough
slowed our curing
time and
mixing
we
found
down was done with
steel-wheeled
blading
a
Some
rolling
and aerating the windrow.
were made with
Rolling was done
a
nuclear
until
during
gauge
did not get a seal coat on this road this past season
believed
that
construction
material mixed and placed
all
season.
of an
open graded
wearing
administrative
pugmill.
seal
should
of such
texture
lay
down by
resulted.
to insure proper
density.
we were weathered
because
a seal
after
compaction
proper
rolling
have
a fine
coat with
We
are that the end product
restrictions
believe
in
this
will
dictated the use
that a stationary
depth and width control.
building
The
mix
material being
whereas a
and
coat cover
within
not provide
does
chips would provide
out.
It
is
the same
the traction
a seal and a texture
coarse.
All indications
exact
The
Lay
was done with both pneumatic- and
was accomplished during
curing
prior to lay down.
time in the windrow
curing
grader and the
machines.
Frequent checks
We
to allow some
advantageous
it
The
general area where
project will be finished in July
produce an adequate
of in-place
pugmill
final
material and the use of the
and placement with a paver
mixed product
good quality rock
or August
specification road. Certain
is
appears
not
would
to be a real
traveling
give
boon
more
to
available.
1974 and opened for public and logging
traffic.
9
road
REGION
4
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
Reference
5
Volume
Number 10
NOTES-Dip
October 1973 FIELD
by H. D. Hafterson
Design
Hafty
dips.
He
has given Forest
is
to be
heretofore
been
investigate
in
strictly
There
and
is
stopping
dips
with
a rational
attention
tradition
sight
in
problems to traffic
will
it
has a
safe
would appear
restrictions
the roadway
with
speed
operating
in
others
of
to
thumb
a large
of from
1/z
operating
to
11/z
feet
at
and should
number
habit or
this
may
of 20 miles
speed.
present
A
large
be
of dips built
the neighborhood
that a road of this nature
to vehicles
using the roadway. Perhaps
reveal
further attention
associated
the safety implications
glance
distance
holes
construction
are
that otherwise
first
for
often do by rules
from experience.
What
At
drainage
problem that has evidently
serve as stimulus
we
things that
roadway
for designing
basis
an obscure
to
ignored. His example should
the engineering
solely
into a roadway
hour
largely
for calling
one facet of the dip problem that deserves
investigated.
an
Service engineers
commended
unacceptable
number
deep surely must present
investigation
the need for one other design criteria
of
visibility
of this facet of dip design and
to be incorporated
in
the
design process.
W.
i
10
H.
Valentine
WASHINGTON OFFICE
OF ENGINEERING NEWS
DIVISION
TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS
Heyward
T.
Taylor
Assistant Director
ED T FY 74
The
Program.
projects
may be
Service
FY
74 Budget has been
and Missoula
Centers.
EDT
An
Report on the Skyvan
specifications have been published
since our last
list
five
Flight Evaluation
of Short SC-7 Military Skyvan
Emergency
for.
NOMEX Fabric
Trail
EQUIP TIPS
Available on
Power Converters
Electric
Improving
Now
the Durability
EDT
in
several
Field Notes.
5700-11 June 1973
EQUIP TIPS June 1973
Trucks
Light
Firefighters Shirt
Traffic Counter
Caution
current
concerning
Equip Tips and
appeared
Reports
Jacks
Specific
and the
finalized
details
from the recent Annual Plan and Progress Report.
obtained
EDT Publications.
Forest
San Dimas
program assigned to the
GSA
1973
TIPS September
EQUIP TIPS September
Wood
of Routed
July
Contract EQUIP
Signs EQUIP
1973
1973
TIPS
1973
September
Specifications
Interim
Performance Specification for Cleaning
Unit
Rest
Room
FS
Slip-on
Spec.
2300-003
Interim
Detailed
Pick-up
Specification
Specification
Truck
for
Specification
Specification
Forest
100-3
for 1-inch
Unit
Service Specification
Fly Tent
5
for Cleaning
1
Plastic
a
and
Nylon
Room
Slip-on for
i
Ton
2300-004
Laminate
Cloth-Vinyl
Amendment No.
Forest
Service
1
Linen Hose
1%z-inch
Rest
Forest.
Service Specification
5100-183e
Interim
Specification
for
Tool Rake
and Cutting
Forest
Service Specification
5100-00284a
Interim
Specification
Specification
for Kit First
Aid USFS Type I
6170-007
11
Individual
Forest
Service
Interim
Specification
Forest
Interim
Interim
Service Specification
Specification
Forest
for Kit First Aid
for
Kit
Specification
Small
Crew
8
to 10
men
6170-008
First
Service Specification
USFS Type II
Aid USFS Type III Large
Crew
20
to
25
6170-009
for Signs Sheet
Metal
7160-0010.
12
Flat Forest
Service Specification
men
OPERATIONS
Harold
Strickland
L.
Assistant Director
Formulation of national direction
under way since November 1973.
process.
A
Operations
The FY-76 program
Subsequently
list
the
is
NFS
process had
procedural
This
Regions could
and made input
changes
included
process
as
5-year
short-term
in
in
in April.
Regional
economic
in
January
and Forest
resources.
conditions energy
input
is
1
activities
Detailed
support
input
to engineering.
formation
based
upon
provided
input
current trends a
by which the
of targets
set
and budget format. Preliminary
replies
to the Washington
to follow
shows an
eight-step
Office
about the same
wheel diagram of the
equals 3 years therefore
of the
results
to match
the timber recreation
for these activities
detailed road
and
this
the process would
process will be subject
the executive
is
program-budget.
pollution
input
to
process
legislative
provides
wildlife range
necessary at
trail
and
the basis
for final
funding.
available
This requires engineering
FY-76
from
to the budget always
13
it
and a
Directors
expected
availability
Field input
and adjustments
Final budget will reflect
related
direction
1974 and
Figure
FY-76 program that
developments.
distribution
Engineering
and suggested
be shown using multi wheels.
the tentative
and unforeseen
targets
NFS
other
formed tentative national direction
for the FY-75 program-budget.
more accurately
changes
process
for the FY-76 program objectives.
order of priority
ongoing program-budget process. One revolution
Obviously
Forest
from
predict accomplishment.
national team then
expected
Hammond
of the FY-75 program formulation
budget advice was sent to the Regions
are
Office National
Frank
direction.
of Engineering along with
of national program activities
The
of Washington
our programming
in
a national meeting in which representatives
in
beginning
its
critique
the Director
team.
of the evolution
one of the members.
Regions provided
format content
to
continuation
a
been formed to work on FY-76 national
Engineering
all
is
four-member team from a cross section
System has
from
Service FY-76 program-budget has been
for the Forest
This
all
and
soil-water-air
organizational
abatement
levels.
and other
from the inception
activities
through the
final
Exec.
Orders Sec.
Memos
etc.
ý----
Policy
Program
Analysis
Develop.
FS
Eval.
Portion
Department
Develop.
Display
of
- OMB
Program Proposal
Eval.
Presidents
Display
Forest
Budget
Congressional
Service
Action
Program Proposal
4
3
5
Plus
Field Input
Expression
Priorities
of
1-8
and
of
Allocation
6
2
Funds
to
Selected Program
7
Activities
Need
Accomplishment
New
Accountability
Chiefs
Direction
Program
Evaluation
External
Influences
Equals
Direction
Negotiation
Figure
1.
-
The Program Budget
14
Process