pppp F. R- S. RECOVER FEB 1 3 ENGINEERING 1974 MEDC TECHNICAL FIELD INFORMATION TECHNICAL REPORTS NOTES DATA RETRIEVAL CURRENT TEXTS AWARENESS SYSTEM Notes Field Volume Analysis 6 Number Principles for Serve Washington - I January Use as in 1974 Planning Fops Division of Engineering News U S FOREST SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING FIELD NOTES This publication technical a is monthly newsletter or administrative the personal procedures mandatory This publication is the publication all This publication Headquarters. is If distributed for this purpose. Service be exclusively. to by FSM. from the Washington recommended as represents or approved However of the type of material because in should read each issue. directly to Office like all one Coordinator to increase the number of copies Regional Station and Area ask your Office sent to Manager or the your office. Use Form 7100-60 of back issues are also available from the Washington Copies and ideas of a references. for engineers. technicians not now receiving a copy and would are The personnel. information text in the publication and must not be construed and engineering engineers Information Regional Forest exchange engineering policy except or instructions not intended you among nature of the respective author opinions to published Office and can be ordered on Form 7100-60. submitted Material Office to see that the several typewritten grammar edit for Washington FSM Service-wide engineers all to. the information pages. However Editor This of Service interpretation whom field should personnel Kjell R-8 Ernest Quinn R-3 Dan Roper Fleet Stanton is its of an concerning published this Service or corporation by other than names evaluation product or service to the exclusion USDA The Department information official format for distribution retirees only. to will typed double-spaced and submit both questions and Ron Pokrandt R-10 Bill is Vischer Al Colley editing publishing Washington to Bakke R-9 WO Jim McCoy Forest be Office are R-6 Engineering or use to The Washington photos. Groven direct questions and not constitute Coordinator should Office and white Allen The use of tradefirm does submitted to the Washington Bob Hinshaw monthly newsletter - Forest submitted may vary from several sentences news items. are preferred. or glossy black by the respective Regional accurate informative and of interest to R-2 R-5 should of material articles or be reviewed should R-l R4 Division short The Coordinators for publication. for publication current timely technically be original drawings Each Region has an Information Coordinators Office The length 7113. only. All material illustrationsshould material is employees D. of the U. S. Department Agriculture own employees. and convenience conclusion recommendation be suitable. to Fran Owsley of Agriculture assumes no responsibility for the its may dates etc. 20250. of for the information of others which C. endorsement of the reader. Such or approval of use any FIELD NOTES ANALYSIS PRINCIPLES FOR USE By Project Leader Forest IN PLANNING M. DeKalb Victor Service Transportation System Planning Project INTRODUCTION During the phases with last half century the Forest meeting the in the people assigned to responsibilities of the United States through various Service has passed in it by Congress. Today a recognizing new operational Forest challenge officers join an adequate to provide environment with limited resources. The problems from limited resources arising many of us to rethink caused resources in the National Forests. system plans must be developed in Forest most Forest and in the last four years. officers the realm two processes change resource officers is Engineering However right. for planning This from the is there is in and meetings Field Notes has overt opposition. had several In fact habits are stronger than way a long functional logic to go before a part of the bigger problem traditional of development and transportation has not received notion that the concept implemented. Service that resource or management the of obtaining thinking to a total thinking. The above meetings fully This and decisions of action are Forest in agree notion to the use one unit has been extensively discussed for Forest Engineers Service publications articles during The as of mobility and a land ethic have groups interest special the relationship objectives and problems have and they serve as a been repeatedly discussed in recent foundation for the following discussion on Forest analysis Service principles for use in planning. As a result amount of theory of the need for better integrated planning time is to wildland planning being spent by Forest use design problems. which should provide officers This in in the Forest developing presentation help in the practical analysis will Service methods discuss a considerable to apply some of a resource planning aspects of development problem. 1 Presented at the Region 4 Forest Engineers Meeting 1972 1 Salt Lake City Utah January 26 THE LEVEL OF INTENSITY OF PLANNING Forest management Service planning tools are used every a continuing adaptive is of operation level process. Planning from developing In each situation - and values involved and data collection that is they must be as analysis intense efforts as is of the transportation must be necessary and management a land a procedure for yearly maintenance and operation plan to developing system. planning at in with the tune risks to minimize irrevocable decisions. Peter Drucker follows Long-range of present Today the relation between has expressed does planning land use decisions use planning in set the stage for there is will the planning process be varied which and gives area. over a selected a broad but shallow Intensity of planning 2 At any one time upon should 2 will of the plan be considered it is Range money resources in Since only one that several planning area. the levels Such on the principle that irrevocable The step first coverage planning is long-range so that an analyst can more penetrating the following then analysis select intensity of planning the need studies. two principles can be stated be enough to minimize irrevocable should and planning when will vary within decisions. a planning and the portion area depending or aspect of the area being studied. under long-range until planning suggest that the primary system and the secondary collector system should planning a shorter time horizon Planning of on other resources and effects is in effect. This procedure does principles. Long to of lack of timber. follows the same within occur regional supplements on transportation be considered above land use planning as result the particular problem being considered function more area and be based Based on the above brief discussion 1 balance This concept requires that the intensity of the planning be minimized. should They must objectives of today with the capacity social triggering analysis arises the area or areas requiring Many tomorrows decisions. depends on the intensity of planned use and the lands within activities as deals with the futurity Service usually begins seriously because be manipulated intensively intensity in data collection variation It a need to do something about one or At present the resource usually resource decisions. and needs. the Forest when and manpower not not deal with future and must meet the flexibility react to further circumstances area. and future events planning decisions.2 economy and Land present Management Science April 1959 p 239 2 not fit the PHASES OF DIFFICULTPLANNING During the few years many planning last units and other experts. hand considerable importance They all In applying analysis. processes have been developed work and under by Forest The state where phases Service of the art require process the same any planning by the analyst. are often overlooked the present areas of sensitive occur difficulties are discussed below. One area cases in we fail to recognize the Forest individual parts established Service their weakness and A is The A 20000 maker the decision A more intensive Figure 2. The shown in and should breakdown last box could and is Figure 1. This recognized overall the existing 3 be rewritten as men the been This situation valid. than in many of Goals at during least man-months 3 months full to plan. participation of the operation. and Objectives Making Decision situation in establishing with the to 5 days have had periodic review of the Definition many but objectives have take several process can takes four have taken In leads to one of the areas of planning This exists. acre area using overlays of objectives should establishment and are no longer characteristics time spent on analyzing project. process their no system objectives for the planning to complete. already system. existing exists of the system much more difficult or analysis that of insufficient typical planning an of reviewing interrelationship and their individual use situations where - the importance a prior time period in makes objective planning non-land is a system of operation box for Definition is shown in and of Goals Objectives. This leads to principle 3 3 - Decisions about goals and objectives decisions. They must be established must allow sufficient Most planning obtained an impression continuous by redrawing in that feedback and universal. through a the feedback to the decision Perhaps Figure.1 to look like a like is goals. Such that shown in Figure essential. and between 3. 3 in view of 1. Feedback lines These flowcharts boxes phases better picture of the planning Figure goals and objectives to change operation. considered maker process and this process planning and subjected the full planning processes indicate a flowchart usually limited to points where no different than other management time to assure reasonable must then be periodically reviewed information are process can is are create not be developed Definition and Goals of Objectives Determination Information and Selection the of Techniques Analytical Definition of ternative Plans Manipulation Collection nd of Required Preliminary of Analysis Data Analysis of Alternatives Evaluation of Alternatives Decision Making NOTE all boxes have loops Figure 1. -A Planning 4 Process to all feed-back other boxes Definition and Goals of Objectives Determination Information and of Selection Analytical of Techniques Definition Alternative Collection and the Required of Plans Manipulation Preliminary Analysis of Data Analysis of Alternatives Evaluation of Alternatives Making Decision NOTE all boxes have locps Figure 2. -A Process For Defining 5 Goals to all feed-back other boxes and Objectives Definition of Alternative Plans Collection Manipulation Determination of Needed Information Analysis Decision Definition Goals and Data Making Analysis of Alternatives of and Objectives Evaluation of Figure of 3. Alternatives - Interaction Needed 6 Between Steps 4 Principle 4 - The must be working strategy for the planning Figures 4 through planner and other interested A planning brief Strategy The primarily a planning process are planning a analyst continuously. is and/or recognize a planning would probably occur This strategy of the planning phases to define is with established procedure a and to what depth various parties will the during in participate in advance planning and decisions.3 evaluation when process Planning how when phases all all interaction one phase in considered. project being definition of objectives. that determines of of the planning the early stages between iteration portions in continuous in he may be working Although necessary. One of and Interchange analyst. be involved maker should decision 8 indicate at is Forest a different abstract approaches several We parties. have adapted them to between to interaction indicate parties a with dealt level. of each strategy follows description - Figure of Information 4 supervisor controls and conducts planner/forest the study and only contacts others to present findings and gather information. - Information with Feedback The plans Alternatives decisions. may or may and then The Coordinator tests 3 planning Bruce Bishop Freeway No. Planning A alternatives and feedback and makes Proposed obtained. inputs. unit. He or another officer goes to interested parties and guides the planner between the secures information in analysis. 7 and receives feedback. Clarkson develops to others on these supervisor or his assistant directs - Figure presented based unit places itself in contact alternatives He 6 Figure and the planning interested parties The - places the forest and feedback are not be adjusted Arbitrative Planning Strategy 5 supervisor controls the studies. planner/forest planning Figure H. with interested parties Interaction Oglesby and Gene E. among Willeke assesses parties is 7 objectives not encouraged. Community Study of California Planning Procedures Highway 305 p 46 their Attitudes Towards Research Record Ranger GOALS Forest PLANNER Staff and Information and/or Alternatives SUPERVISOR Community DIAGNOSIS Regional Figure 4. - Strategy of Information Office Ranger Supervisor and Staff GOALS PLANNER Alternate Proposals and Information 110 DIAGNOSIS Community Figure 5. - Information with Feedback Plans Community or Modify Approve Forest Staff SUPERVISOR and/or Proposed RANGER Local Plans Interest Alternate Plans Other Interests Figure 6. - Arbitrative Planning PLANNER CHIEF Regional Forester needs goal s Local Government needs Other Agencies PLANNER needs goals Plans Supervisors Staff needs goals Local Interest Land Figure 7. - Is Alternative SUPERVISOR Ranger goa Resources The Coordinator CHIEF Regional Forester needs Local go81s Government needs Other Agencies N PLANNER SUPERVISOR needs goals Ranger Alternative Plans Supervisors Staff needs goals Local Interest Land Figure 8. - Resources The Coordinator Analyst goals The Coordinator Analyst The with each other. The planning synthesizes objectives. It works out 5 planning a strategy compromises Usually planning or the planning approach unit should wishes it to planning In any event group. The management in use its recognize considerable established during or just after of the analysis for the data 6 A and so unit should amount the analysis. role teams This always of effort Care should should not collects the planning analyze be taken for not planning the process and he first project or two be studied considered seriously data was the and a direction has it 75 to 95 during This results in poor 6. principle needed each of two to spend too problem major jobs much advance and in - data collection time on data collection. management and the planning unit set objectives collected data and analyzed and well. The last and biggest problem of all is to present the alternatives and expertly consequences the assessment to the decision structured to to present alternatives to creative does fit his imagination one present Or scenic views presented the to a decision amount of scarring fire Principle 7 to and consequences 7 the planning teams in a form he can observe guidance is given in for nonquantifiable particularly or hazard to on this presentation. Their charts limited in their and how on is open How Or the value of incurred Analysts experience step consequences. have the supervisor and staff and they their easily the literature a road will have on the landscape protection around and discussed the matter based reference little maker including the public therefore and innovation the increased alternatives maker frame of reference. Very said then We turned the area without any were much too difficult to read. - Present alternatives frame of reference and consequences in a as that of the decision 13 is accordingly. in the remainder of the effort. during unit to operate. in their If team planning begins what of the planner how and that state and operate operation analysis. collected and causes planning define And and analyzes effort or would 5 planning definition of objectives. often been the case that the planner percent usually best whether the planning time learning and data collection interact skills is before dilemma encountered by many of the planning problem of balancing and technical areas of conflict. principle decide and confront Parties in done with no definition of the is unit wastes studies. unit supplies methodological suggest that the coordinator-analyst one person or A 8 Figure unit promotes participation planning directly We - form which maker. is simple and in the same CONCLUSION The of the principles application and making decision will listed herein more in cost no to any planning terms of process will enhance informed expended. effort 00000900 HOW ROPS CAN SERVE AS FOPS By Leonard Della-Moretta San Dimas Equipment This article structure ROPS used tractors Engineers for ROPS in can timbered areas size of trees and from protective falling Center which a tractors structure commonly equipped with roll-over FOPS. the same protective Track-type structure to protect objects. of Automotive J395 Performance recognizes underlying are roll-over 2.9 of the Society SAE of the serve as a falling object from tractor the operator Paragraph an estimate contains Development Criteria the limit design concepts the roll-over safety problem by reminding the reader that the true safety factor of a absorption ROPS is related characteristics more to design details to than force resistance. to static energy and weldment insure structural ductility Roll-Over 14 Protective Structure considerations Similar energy-absorption introduced for 3 and 5 of SAE from falling Both sets objects drop the and procedures apparatus ý--ý FOPS by are test outlined in J231 requirements sections for safety objects. of requirements and deflected that falling include structural elements to be kept out of a critical zone the operator. This zone is are surrounding outlined SAE in 397a. The L Falling Objects load on an overturned and the load from Structure Protective are both overhead on objects falling loads applied in place and from the same direction frame fixed tractors weight ROPS and FOPS structures for timbered areas to compare different For a of a size large ROPS tree is the to to withstand falling Service tests of tractor canopy that can sizes blows from a relate be considered equally safe for tractors. inelastic deflection that must support S which we can assume to be constant W the weight of the overturned E where CS ability then be scaled from older Forest FOPS its the same absorbed from both loads we can the energy equating to its combined This relation can objects. By the tractor. in ROPS tractors some constant The energy of a falling For similar trees tree or tree top the weight falls is is is the product proportional proportional tractor can be written 1 CSSW of the design. related to the overstrength object the distortion energy of its weight and the distance to the cube of the diameter. to the height of the tree it The and therefore falls. distance also to the its diameter. If we provide constants Cd and Ce for impact-efficiency diameter Cf for density the energy for the proportion delivered to the of the trees height FOPS by a falling tree that it fell of d inches is E Cd C f Ce 15 d4 2 Equating the energies from inelastic deflection S we 1 and find 2 solving for d and lumping Agricultural Engineers Howard. In substance the paper tractor canopy of that period 26-inch diameter value at C1/4 trees. FE Paper No. C of Tractor Howard found gave adequate This data protection Canopy Tests the to a 26000-pound of - Charles W. conventional that a well-designed rounding off inappropriate after including 3 value by using American Society 1368 Results by Mr. constants CW1/4 d This formula can be scaled to find a proper all tractor from decimals fixes the 2. Therefore 4 2WV4 d where W d of tractor pounds weight tree diameter inches maximum tree yields the ROPS provisions on a conventional We can crawler study the implications tractors as in for which diameter of can infer safe FOPS protection from the tractor. 4 by the following tabulating it over the range of familiar modern table Weight Tractor we pounds Safe Tree Diameter inches John Deere 6000 18 D2 11600 21 D4 16600 23 D5 22300 24 D6 27400 26 D7 40000 28 D8 63000 32 D9 87300 34 Cat. 16 Two inferences 1 2 can be drawn Very small Even very tree tops. tractors large from this overhead furnish tractors Reconnaissance supplement the machines tabulation are not protection structurally safe from rather large-diameter trees. for falls of very large and or other safety measures appear structural provisions for safety. 000000000 17 advisable trees to WASHINGTON OFFICE OF ENGINEERING DIVISION NEWS TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS Heyward T. Taylor Assistant Director Initial Range Pole Surveying locating property between lines We Tests. have completed the National property Colorado Forests designed and the surveyors much with and less effort instruments 1 between direct line These initial tests this equipment prepared The that double Surveys will be Space Flight Center we that detects between lines air at range near Denver worked as more accurately of two consists main one property corner and and thus projects the laser signal cadastral available at survey output Operation Forest is and units scheduled Service by and is successful NASA will give training a 2 true manuals scientists and built culmination believe in survey us more are for delivery next NASA and were designed Maryland We costs. breakthrough a significant maintenance new The development Service surveyors it and spring operations for winter for the three Greenbelt quality and reduce can improve survey scheduled Radio Corporation of America. venture the in Forests Florida the instruments locating property are were developed for the Forest instruments in The equipment costs. corner property on National surveys that beams vertically production procedures. and they The two adjacent the corners. indicate will instrumentation. accurate reduced at line Tennessee and report that a laser signal a receiver at an adjacent in pole tests for range a line of sight between In property corners. and on National initial laser lands and adjoining property. Forest pole and accessory sensing equipment provide nonintervisible of Engineering being fiscal year. of Goddard under contract by of a 5-year joint scientists. OPERATIONS Harold L. Strickland Assistant Director Geometronics. Notes. The new multilayer map system was Concurrent with the development of of the organizational alternatives this for producing 18 discussed in the July mapping the maps. system The another massive 1973 issue study of Field was made cost of equipment out pointed maintain The in-house a cost-effective organization National of centralization that a greater degree signed in a letter 1200 1 when T. C. Nelson of the Center depends on area will depend The establishment following The on the Departments laboratory series will support mapping there in Fiscal location Plans are to begin Year 1975 the for the Center is Chief Foresters of phasing rate not definite selection of the approval. of the Center will not items of work base work by phasing financing. available Deputy Organization to the Regional announcing the plans for implementing a Geometronics Service Center. operation Service to the future. on November was culminated study System Forest capability would be needed for the Forest eliminate the Regional Offices units however the be transferred to the Center for aerial photography ref FSM 7140 orthophotography major project type work As the Center becomes Regional call Offices for continued consultation units. fully support to users of the ultimate and to handle direct orders will user/center be processed work to coordinate work may be load is programs Regional geometronics can be developed 19 in present units. It the future plans provide for ordering work. anticipated in procedures channels shifted from the for the Center rush jobs. through the Regional communication by users other items of each Region For the time being no major change work requested operational Regardless in as is as hoped All that appropriate. TELEPHONE NUMBERS FOR WO DIVISION OF ENGINEERING ARLINGTON VIRGINIA 22209 Area Code Name is 703 - dial prefix Ext. Room 23 extension plus five-digit Name No. Ext. Aiken Phyllis A. 58042 1109F Kolzow Albee William 58184 1207E Larse Robert W. 58018 1203 Leicht Linda A. 58184 1207D Litten K. 58077 1207K Lupien Theodore Robert G. 58129 1111 MacNamara 58104 1109D Mahan Richard 58638 57LL Mahoney 58638 57LL Marshall 58085 1113E Matson 58638 22LL McLaughlin 58155 12071 58184 1201F McRae McVay 58087 1107 59843 1101A S. 58635 1109B Nale M. 58024 1203 Neumann 58077 1207K2 Nielsen Theral 58084 1113F Owsley Frances 58071 1111 Padgett Myrtle 59843 1101C Patterson 58077 1207K1 Pelzner Adrian 58635 26LL Peyton 58638 24LL Rhoads Ronald W. 58071 11 11 Richardson 58129 1111 C. Alexander Denise Allison Raymond Angyal Margaret Atchison Bean Bell O. Stanley P. Jr. James M. W. Ernest Boisvert Brenda M. Bolen Bradley Thurl Broadway T. Ollie A. Norma Brookens Brown Wanda Bruesch Frances Colley Amon Coorsh D. L. Harry Josephine Martha Decker Deleissegues A. Richard Edward R. Dillon Dixon James F. Robert Driskell Ellis M. Grace Bybee Davis J. Lawrence Burchett Jr. Ronald P. R. William C. Benjamin D. A. Audrey B. 0. Robert H. Edward F. E. Larry given below Kay Room 58010 1113C 59843 1103 58155 12071 58018 1204 58018 1204 58120 1207H 58184 1201E 58184 1207F 58071 1111 58114 1203A 58635 1109F Iris 58635 1109A Aileene 58042 1109F Morris Frank V. 58184 1205F Murphy 58073 1101C R. Daisy Roger A. Edmund C. R. G. Thomas Frederick F. E. 58635 1109E 58073 1101C 59846 1102 58198 1207J 58084 1101C 58059 1104 58031 1201C 58638 20LL 58073 1101C 58114 1201A Rivera Joseph V. 58638 59LL 1201D Boone Y. 58638 57LL Rotty Dirck L. 58184 Alfred E. 58638 26LL Ruth Ralph E. 58184 1207M Fortune Ralph F. 58638 22LL Sam 58099 1208 Farnley George R. Forstall Barbara J. 58042 1109C Sigele Anne Gethers Carolyn D. 58635 1109F Sirois Donald L. Gibson Frost Dale 0. D. 58114 1203 Smith Henry Glover Lewis G. 58071 1111 Strickland Greenlee 58006 1207G Stroman 58042 1109C 58638 22LL M. 58071 1111 Thompson Jose rry 58084 1113B Thompson Joellen Harold R. Hammond Frank J. Harrison Carol Hartman Hazel Hendrickson i_ 58638 22LL 1109B 22LL Swinnerton John R. 58184 1201F1 Taylor Heyward T. 58087 1108A M. 58006 1207G Romaine E. 58018 1204 58638 57LL 1111 Tullis 58059 1104 Watkins Howlett 58035 1108 Webb Myles R. 1202 58638 58071 B. 1101C 58115 58046 Hostrop Bernard Herfurth Marjorie L. Harold L. 58059 Walter Robert C. 58120 1207H C. 58638 22LL Wilbert William 58084 1113F Weller Charles R. 58098 1106 Jaeger Ivonne A. 58035 1108B Wenzel 58184 1207L Jones David L. 58030 1201B Wenzlaff Gloria 58006 1207G Weston Monroe 58638 22LL Wilcox Sterling 58098 1107 Willis Johnie 58085 1113E Hyde Jerry M. Kaneko Donald Kelly Frank K. J. Kenestrick Ruth Kinworthy William G. R. 20 No. Edward T. 58635 1109E T. 58071 1111 J. 59843 1101B 58638 22LL